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Adoni

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See also: Adoni (disambiguation)
Adoni
ఆదోని, ಅದೋನಿ
City of Cotton
City, Municipality
Adoni Fort
Adoni Fort
Nickname(s): 
Adhoni, Adavani, Yadavagiri
Country India
StateAndhra Pradesh
RegionRayalaseema
DistrictKurnool
Government
 • TypeMunicipal Council - Municipal Chairman
 • MLAKonka Meenakshi Naidu (Telugu Desam Party[1])
Area
 • Total32.2 km2 (12.4 sq mi)
Elevation
435 m (1,427 ft)
Population
 (2011)
 • Total270,771
 • Rank23rd in Andhra Pradesh, 245th in India
 • Density8,400/km2 (22,000/sq mi)
DemonymAdonian
Languages
 • OfficialTelugu (official), Urdu (co-official)
 • OtherKannada, Deccani
Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)
PIN
51830x
Telephone code+91 8512
Vehicle registrationAP-21 x xxxx
Sex ratio1008 ♂/♀
Lok Sabha constituencyKurnool
Vidhan Sabha constituencyAdoni

Adoni is a city located in India approximately 180 miles (300 km) from Hyderabad and 307 miles (494 km) from Chennai. The famous Mantralayam (Swami Raghavendra's mutt) is near Adoni. It is approximately 42 km by rail. From the Railway Station, it is 16 km to Swami Raghavendra's mutt. Adoni has a population of about 270,247 persons (of whole Adoni Mandal). Adoni is 245th biggest city in terms of population in India.[2] In terms of population it secured 23rd place in state according to the census of 2011.[3][4] Once a stronghold of the medieval Vijayanagara Empire, today it has a substantial textile industry. The hill-fort, now in ruins, was an important seat of government in Islamic times and is frequently mentioned in the wars of the 18th century.[5] Adoni is located in the border of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. During British period Adoni was known as Second Mumbai as it is the hub for all types of businesses. As many rice mills are sealed due to some reasons, the production of rice is reduced. But still Adoni is the richest producer of cotton and it there is a big market yard in the town and hence the town is called as the Town of Cotton or Grain Market of South India.[6]

The town enjoys a salubrious climate and has venerated monuments of all religions.

It is one of the Revenue divisions in the district. Adoni is also one of the Roads and Buildings (R&B), Panchayat Raj (PR) and Rural Water Supply (RWS) division amongst three in the district.

History

Adoni has undergone a number of substantial changes over the past few centuries. Emerging as a military base for the Vijayanagara Empire in the 15th century, the city has evolved to become a modern, manufacturing hub. Under the Vijayanagara, the city stood at the center of the consolidation of a shifting, fragmented countryside into a more structured empire. Even after the Empire fell in the 16th century, as a product of military conflicts, the city remained a core part of Southern Indian history.

After the fall of Vijayanagar, Adoni was taken possession of by the Bijapur sovereigns. Adoni was under Bijapur in the period of 16th and 17th century.[7] It was the principal fort of the Kurnool district. In the 17th century, Kurnool was under the governorship of a hereditary line of jagirdars of African origin, who were among the most powerful nobles at court. In 1683, one noble, Siddi Masud, the governor of Kurnool and regent of Sultan Sikandar Bijapuri, retired to Adoni, where he ruled independently till 1689. In that year, he surrendered to the Mughal general Anup Singh, maharaja of Bikaner.[8] Siddi Masud is credited with improving the fort at Adoni, clearing the forest area in the vicinity of Adoni and establishing the townships of Imatiazgadh and Adilabad, and also constructing the fine Jamia Masjid.[9] Art historian Mark Zebrowski notes in his book Deccani Painting that the capture of Adoni revealed that Siddi Masud had been an avid collector of painting, and a patron of the Kurnool school of painting.

After the decline of the Mughal Empire, Adoni remained under governors appointed by the Nizams of Hyderabad. In 1760, it was held by Basalut Jung, who made it his capital. In 1786-7, Tipu Sultan besieged Adoni and after a month's siege, captured it. After his death and defeat at the hands of the English, Adoni was ceded to the English.[10]

Under British rule South India was divided into several administrative districts; Adoni fell into the district of Bellary of Madras presidency. In 1867 AD, The Adoni Municipal Council was created, along with the Bellary Municipal Council.[11] These were the only two municipal townships in the whole of Bellary district for a long time.

The city gained its present seat as part of the state of Andhra Pradesh in 1953, after the linguistic reorganization of states. On October 1, 1953, Bellary district of Madras State was divided on linguistic basis, and Adoni (along with Yemmiganur, Alur, Raayadurgam, D.Hirehaalu, Kanekallu, Bommanahaalu, and Gummagatta) were merged into Anantapuram and Kurnool district in what would later became the Andhra Pradesh state. While the city constantly shifted its governmental structure, it emerged as a trade hub as a product of its impressive bounties of grain and gold, along with cloth and textile production. Over the century, the city built up an entire industry of cotton mills, solidifying its place in the county’s modern trade economy. Today, Adoni is one of the biggest and commercial towns in Rayalaseema and also in Andhra Pradesh State.

Ruins

Of historical interest are the ruins of a royal fort dating back to the medieval empire of Vijayanagar, which flourished from the 14th to the 16th century. Several Persian and Arabic inscriptions which throw light on various aspects of historical interests are found here.

Adoni Fort

Adoni fort is one of the famous forts in India. Adoni fort is the capital city of vijayanagara kingdom by long days when Muslims The Deccan sultanates Won the battle of capital city hampi. Adoni is the capital city of such a vast area during this time adoni undergoes developing. It is one of the largest fort in vijayanagara kingdom.The fort ramparts surrounded by 50 km. The fort has number of entrance gate. Adoni fort is encircled atop on seven huge granite hills. It had built by 12 sub-forts so adoni fort is also called barakilla in Hindi. The fort has secret tunnels to reach Bellary and Hampi forts.

Historical Geography

Adoni is having many beautiful Ganesha temples and famous dargah's. Many Dargah as well as Temple are tourist place in Adoni . Everyone should visit once Adoni as it a wonderful Place.

The most well known site in the city includes the Ranmandala Hill, which houses the hanuman lord, and Dargahs. Nearby Station, The Ramjala Lake plays a crucial role as it provide water for the goddess. The lake’s direct tributary is the Tungabhadra River, which provides drinking water for the town, and also serves as a tourist attraction with its munificent water birds. With a rich cultural history, the city's physical geography reflects unique elements of (Hindu and Muslims) influence over the span of generations.

Political administration

Adoni is a Legislative Constituency and it comes under Kurnool parliamentary constituency. It is the headquarters of the mandal, the revenue division.

List of MLA's

Name Party Term
K.Meenakshi Naidu Telugu Desam Party 2009–2014
Y. Sai Prasad Reddy Indian National Congress 2004–2009
K.Meenakshi Naidu Telugu Desam Party 1999–2004
K.Meenakshi Naidu Telugu Desam Party 1994–1999
Rayachoti Ramaiah Indian National Congress 1989–1994
Rayachoti Ramaiah Indian National Congress 1985–1989
N.Prakash Jain Telugu Desam Party 1983–1985
Halvi.Satyanarayana Indian National Congress 1978–1983
Halvi. Satyanarayana Indian National Congress 1972–1978
T.J.L. Timmaiah Indian National Congress 1967–1972
H. Seetaramireddy Independent 1962–1967
G. Busanna Praja Socialist Party 1955–1962
H.R. Reddy Independent 1952–1955
T. Mallaiah Indian National Congress 1952

[12]

Geography

Adoni is located at 15°38′N 77°17′E / 15.63°N 77.28°E / 15.63; 77.28.[13] It has an average elevation of 435 metres (1427 feet). Adoni is the highest cotton cultivating and producing city in Andhra Pradesh,got fame for multi-cultural, multi-lingual, multi-religious town in Andhra Pradesh.

Weather

Adoni

Period - 1951-2000

Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
0
 
 
29
18
 
 
1
 
 
33
20
 
 
4
 
 
36
23
 
 
25
 
 
38
25
 
 
41
 
 
39
25
 
 
86
 
 
34
23
 
 
145
 
 
31
22
 
 
140
 
 
31
22
 
 
170
 
 
31
22
 
 
115
 
 
31
22
 
 
13
 
 
29
19
 
 
7
 
 
28
17
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm
Source: [14] IMD
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
0
 
 
84
64
 
 
0
 
 
91
68
 
 
0.2
 
 
97
73
 
 
1
 
 
100
77
 
 
1.6
 
 
102
77
 
 
3.4
 
 
93
73
 
 
5.7
 
 
88
72
 
 
5.5
 
 
88
72
 
 
6.7
 
 
88
72
 
 
4.5
 
 
88
72
 
 
0.5
 
 
84
66
 
 
0.3
 
 
82
63
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches

The Climate: is mainly tropical; with temperature Range between 31 °C - 45 °C in summer and 21 °C - 29 °C in winter.[15]

  • Climate: Tropical
  • Temperature Range:
  • Summer: Max 45°C and Min 31°C. (114F - 84.28F Approx.)
  • Winter: Max 29°C Min 21°C. (78F - 57F Approx.)
  • Rainfall: Seasonal
  • Clothing: Light Cottons[16]

Transportation

Rail

The Railway station of Adoni was built during British rule over 100 years ago,it exists till now, Indian Government haven't made any modification to this railway station. So it looks very aged.Recently double track has sanctioned to this station.now its looking good.

Adoni comes under South Central Railway.

Adoni railway station is on the Solapur-Guntakal line which is part of Chennai-Mumbai line and several trains run daily to these cities and New Delhi.

Adoni is on the Guntakal–Wadi Line and has daily trains to Hyderabad, Bengaluru, Mumbai, Chennai, Kanyakumari, Gulbarga, Ahmedabad, Tirupathi, Pune, Gorakhpur, Hubli, Sholapur, Bhopal, Lucknow, Madhurai, Coimbatore, Tiruvananthapuram, Kadapa, Manmad, Ahemadnagar, Rajkot, Anantapur, Raichuretc.

Trains to Mantralayam, where the Brindavan of Swami Raghavendra is situated, passes through Adoni. New Train has been introduced between Chennai and Shirdi Sai via Adoni.

Road

It enjoys good communication facilities, as it is a famous commercial center of Kurnool district. It is connected to major cities of the state by road.[16]

Two APSRTC bus stations are present in Adoni, one is in Anantapur road which is a major one, while the other is near after bridge.

Adoni is well connected by the cities like Hyderabad, Bengaluru, Kurnool, Anantapur, Vijayawada, Bellary, Tirupathi, Mysore etc. by Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation (APSRTC), Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC) and some private travel agencies.

Within the city, auto rickshaws and rented cars are a common means of commutation.

Air

Nearby Adoni the International Airport is Rajiv Gandhi International Airport, Shamshabad, Hyderabad (300 KM) roughly five and half hour drive from Adoni city.

The other International Airports nearby the city are Bengaluru (339 KM), Chennai (494 KM), Mumbai (600 KM), Delhi (1860 KM).

The Domestic airports are Bellary(68 KM), Puttaparthi (170KM), Tirupathi (420 KM), Vijayawada (429 KM).[17]

Soon there will be a Domestic airport in Kadapa (250 KM).

Adoni Mandal

The following villages comes under Adoni mandal[18]

  • Hanavalu
  • Santhekudlur
  • Pedda Harivanam
  • Yadavalle
  • Baladur
  • China Gonehal
  • Chinna Harivanam
  • Madire
  • Kadithota
  • G. Hosalli
  • Ganekal
  • Pandavagullu
  • Kuppagal
  • Pedds Thumbalam
  • Ballekallu
  • Jalibenchi
  • Doddanakeri
  • Mantriki
  • Dayyalaguddam
  • Sulthanapuram
  • Pesalabanda
  • Kapati
  • Arekal
  • Chinnapendekal
  • Sambagallu
  • Bychigeri
  • S. Kondapuram
  • Isvi (Urban)
  • V. Kondapuram
  • Basapuram (Urban)
  • Naganathana Halli
  • Naranapuram
  • Chagi
  • Dhanapuram (Urban)
  • Mandagiri (Urban)
  • Dibbanakal
  • Nettekal
  • Salakalakonda
  • Basarakodu
  • Huvvanur
  • Gonabavi (Urban)
  • Virupuram
  • Chigali

The area of Adoni town is 32.12  km2 [19]

The total area of Adoni Revenue Division is 5506.10 km2

Trade

Cotton being picked by hand in a village of Adoni mandal.

Adoni is a famous trading centre in Rayalaseema.

There is a big JLB market which is named after Jhansi Lakshmi Bai and which is situated in the heart of the town near Shahi Jamia Masjid and Sri Mahayogi Lakshmamma Avva Temple.

It is famous for gold, Textile and cotton trade.

Cotton Dhurries locally known as 'shatranjis', rich in quality and design, are produced on horizontal looms with heavy cotton threads. Their skillful weaving with beautiful color contrasts has created a sensation in the export market. Certain low cost are manufactured at Adoni in Kurnool district. They are also showcased during various events at Shilparamam, the arts and crafts village at Hyderabad.[15]

As stated earlier Adoni is called as city of Cotton as it produces large amount of cotton.

A big Shroff Bazar iss located in the heart of the city.

During British period Adoni is called as Second Mumbai as it's having every type of business.

The main exports from here are oil, cotton, rice, vegetables etc. Paddy Fields are most common here; rice being the primary cash crop.

Adoni is known as the grain market of the south. It is famous for its cloth and gold market as well as for cotton, ground nut and sunflower trading. It has more than 100 cotton mills and oil mills as such it's affectionally called the "Second Mumbai".New York is sometimes referred to as second Adoni.[20]

Education

Colleges

Adoni Arts & Science College is one of famous college and having Qualified Faculty in the AP

Intermediate

The popular intermediate colleges in Adoni are

  • Adoni Arts and science college – The Adoni Arts and Science College is the second oldest college in Kurnool.[21]
  • Dr. Jyothirmayi Junior college
  • TGP Jr College
  • Viswanarayana Junior College
  • SAI Junior College
  • Vivekananda Junior College
  • Govt. Junior College for girls
  • Sri Medha junior college
  • Sri Balaji junior college
  • Narayana junior college
  • Akshara sree junior college
  • Sree chaitanya junior college
  • Venkateshwara junior college
  • Gayatri ITI College
  • Sri Medha V junior college

Degree

The popular degree colleges in Adoni are

Polytechnics

  • Govt. Polytechnic
  • TGL Gopalsetty Polytechnic [22]

Engineering

The engineering colleges present in around Adoni are

  • Bheema Institute of Technical Science (BITS Adoni)

PG

Managememnt

Schools

Government schools

  • Sri Jihveshwara Vidyalaya H, Adoni (town)
  • Municipal High School (in the School premises, in the basement of Mahatma Gandhi statue, there is a list of Freedom Fighters of the school, is provided by the authorities).
  • Nehru Memeroial High School
  • TGLV High School - Telugu / English Medium.
  • YMK (Yelle Malleshappa Kannada) Highschool. (English Medium, Kannada Medium and Telugu Medium)
  • RKD English Medium High School
  • Girls high School
  • sri venkateshwara convent high school.
  • VKUP School
  • Masoodia Arabic High School. (A well & Reputed )
  • St Anthony's High School (RCM School)

Private and corporate

  • PLAKSHA ( KIDS WORLD OF SCHOOL)
  • National English Medium High School - ADONI [in A.P.H.B Colony]
  • AKSHARA SREE Model & IIT (Techo) School - ADONI
  • Sree Raghavendra English Medium school
  • C.Mallikarjuna Vidyalaya (e-techno school)
  • Alfa English Medium School
  • Narayana e-techno school
  • Sree chaithanya e-techno school
  • Bhashyam school
  • Milton Grammar English Medium High School
  • Chinmaya Vidyalaya,near Rly Stn—the only CBSE school in town.
  • Sri Vidya High School
  • Sri Venkateswara English Medium High School.
  • Sri Sarada Niketan English Medium High School.
  • Sree Medha Public School.
  • Gattu veeraiah chetty Government girls high school
  • Mitai Chennabasappa Kannada Elementary school (MCB)
  • Rama Krishna English Medium School - Adoni
  • Shri Jivehshwara High School - This is run by Marathi community. Telugu / English Medium.
  • St JOSEPH Convent School
  • Sandeepani Vidyalaya
  • Vivekananda English Medium School
  • Sai Ram English Medium School
  • Sai Baba English Medium School
  • SKD Residential School
  • Mani Children Public School
  • Milton Hitech&Residential High School, Adoni
  • Kiddy's e-techno School,contact no:08512-231010, Adoni
  • Prabhu Convent, Gokerjhenda
  • Sri Sai Karthikeya Educational Society (GITAM UNIVERSITY,KARNATAKA STATE OPEN UNIVERSITY STUDY & EXAMINATION CENTER, RAMJALA ROAD,TELECOM NAGAR,ADONI,CELL-9912700777,7207208777).

Demographics

As of 2011 India census,[23] Adoni had a population of 1,84,771[4][24] a class-I town. Males constitute 50.41% of the population and females 49.59%. Adoni has an average literacy rate of 68.38%, with 71.36% of the males and 50.81% of females literate. 11% of the population is under 6 years of age. Sex ratio of Adoni is 1008.[4] Urdu, English, Telugu and Kannada are widely spoken by the people here.

See also: List of cities in Andhra Pradesh
Religions in Adoni
Religion Percent
Hindus
 
 52%
Muslims
 
 45%
Christians
 
 2.3%
Others†
 
 0.7%
Distribution of religions
†Includes Sikhs (0.2%), Buddhists (<0.2%).

Famous personalities

The present minister of Minor Irrigation Projects, Andhra Pradesh, Mr T G Venkatesh was born in Adoni, He is the founder of the Rayalaseema Hakkula Ikya Vedika.[25][better source needed]

The auditorium of AAS College was named after TG Venkatesh.

The present MLA of adoni Sri konka meenakshi naidu is one of the famous personality in Andhra pradesh.... other famous personalities include kolli.nitin played a significant role in developing ADONI.

Religious points

  • Sri Kota Lakshmi Venkateswara Swamy Temple, Ranamandal Raod, ADONI.
  • Sri Mahayogi Lakshmamma Avva Temple [26]
  • Sri Rajarajeswari Devi Temple,Rajarajeswari Nagar Adoni.
  • Sri Rama Temple (Sri Raghuprema Theertha)
  • Sri Mangaraya Swamy Temple
  • Ramjala Lake
  • Sri Ranamandala Anjaneya Swamy Temple [27]
  • Sri Amba Bhavani Temple
  • Sri Kota Ashwatha Ramalingeshwara Temple
  • Sri Shanta Malleshwara Swamy Temple (or Shanta Mallappa Swamy)
  • Sri Nagareshwara Swamy Temple
  • Sri Abhaya Anjaneya Swamy Temple
  • Sri Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy Temple, Urukunda
  • Sri Raghavendra Swamy Matam, Mantralayam
  • Sri Sai Baba Temple (100 feet Sai Koti Maha Sthoopam), 2 km from
  • Sri Beeralingesawar Swamy Temple,Beerappa Nagar.
  • Sri Lakshmi Narayana Temple,TGL Colony.
  • Sri Sai Baba Temple YMK Colony.
  • Sri Thayamma Avva Temple.
  • Sri Maremma Avva Temple.
  • Sri Panduranga Swamy Temple.
  • Sri Kothi Basaveswara Temple.
  • Sri Eswara Temple.
  • Jain Temple.
  • Sri Ayappa Swamy Temple.
  • Sri renuka Yellamma Devi Temple.
  • Sri BhadraKali Sametha Veerebhadreshwara Swamy Temple,Ashwatha Nagar.

adoni

  • And many Anjaneya Temples within a radius of 30 km from Adoni
  • Peddathumblun jain third at a distance of 18 km
  • Sri Venkappa thatha mata at naganathana halli 10 k.m from adoni city

Dargah's

Dargah's in Adoni include:[28]

  • Shahi Jamia Masjid[29]- The Jamma Masjid is located within the fort it's a fine piece of Muslim architecture. It was built somewhere around 1680 AD by Siddi Masood Khan, who was an Adil Shahi Governor under the rule of Aurangzeb[30]
  • Hazrath mehboob peer saheb bharpet
  • Aastana-e-Saqqaf, Shrine Of Syed Ali Darwesh Saqqaf (RA), Syed Pet.
  • Hazrath sarvarsha vali, bharpet
  • Hazrath Shaik Sha Vali and Hazrath Sha Sha Vali in Ellarthi of Holagunda mandal
  • Hazrath Shehzada Vali, Syed Shah Jamalullah Quadri Alhamavi, Near Railway Station, Adoni.
  • Hazrath Khadar at Koutalam
  • Hazrath Diwane Saheb on Yemmiganur Road, also known as Tikka Saheb Dargah by Hindus
  • Hazrat Shaik Fareed Saheb Sufi (RA) Urs-e-Sharif in the Islamic month of 15th Safar
  • Hazrath Syed Taher Shah Khadri(RA)
  • Hazrath Syed Sha Hasan Peer khadri at Vagarur village of Manthralayam mandal. (40 km from Adoni). He is a direct descendent of Prophet Mohammad
  • Hazrat Malik Rehmaan Shah on top of the hill
  • Hazrat Inan Shah Vali (Havanapet)
  • Hazrat Gul Hussaini
  • Khwaja Syed Shah Abdul Qadir Hussainy, Chisthy Alqadri (Al-Maroof Hazrath Syed Shah Qadri (R.A). Kowthalam, Adoni, Kurnool (dt.) Andhra Pradesh
  • Hazrath Khwaja Syed Shah abdul Qadri Hussainy, Chisthy Alqadri
  • Hazrath Syed Shah Zaheeruddin Quadri Alias Syed Murshid Peer Qadri R.A, Roza Shehzade Vali, Adoni

See also

References

  1. ^ "List of Winners:Andhra Pradesh 2009". Myneta.info. Retrieved 2013-09-20.
  2. ^ "Biggest cities: India". Tiptopglobe.com. Retrieved 2013-09-20.
  3. ^ http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf
  4. ^ a b c http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf
  5. ^  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Adoni". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  6. ^ "Hotels in Adoni". India.mapsofindia.com. Retrieved 2013-09-20.
  7. ^ http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a7/Joppen1907MysoreChickDeoWadiyar1704.jpg
  8. ^ Zebrowski, Mark. Deccani Painting (1983)
  9. ^ Rangachar Vasantha, M A Mannan Basha, Islamic architecture of Deccan
  10. ^ A gazetteer of Southern India.
  11. ^ The Imperial Gazetteer of India, Volume 7. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 19081931 [vol. 1, 1909]. pp. 158–176. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  12. ^ http://andhra.yestopolitics.com/elections/assembly/ADONI/
  13. ^ "Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Adoni". Fallingrain.com. Retrieved 2013-12-02.
  14. ^ http://www.mausam.gov.in/WEBIMD/ClimatologicalAction.do?function=getStationDetails&actionParam=1&param=2&station=Raichur
  15. ^ a b http://www.dazzlingindia.com/Adonicity.html
  16. ^ a b "Adoni Travel Packages Andhra Pradesh Adoni Holidays Portal". Travelchacha.com. Retrieved 2013-09-20.
  17. ^ "Adoni Map | India Google Satellite Maps". Maplandia.com. Retrieved 2013-09-20.
  18. ^ [1][dead link]
  19. ^ [2][dead link]
  20. ^ http://adoni.repelle.in/adoni_aboutus_more.html
  21. ^ http://www.aascollege.com/about.html
  22. ^ "Polytechnic in Adoni". Retrieved 19 May 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  23. ^ Template:GR
  24. ^ http://censusindia.gov.in/towns/ap_towns.pdf
  25. ^ "T G Venkatesh - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia". En.wikipedia.org. Retrieved 2013-09-20.
  26. ^ Priya Baskaran (2011-12-04). "Aalayam Kanden: Mahayogi Lakshmamma Avva Samadhi Adoni". Aalayamkanden.blogspot.com. Retrieved 2013-09-20.
  27. ^ Priya Baskaran (2011-01-14). "Aalayam Kanden: Sri Ranamandala Anjaneya Swamy Temple, Adoni". Aalayamkanden.blogspot.com. Retrieved 2013-09-20.
  28. ^ "Adoni". Aulia-e-hind.com. Retrieved 2013-09-20.
  29. ^ "Shahi Jamia Masjid Business Activity". Retrieved 19 May 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  30. ^ "Adoni". Archived from the original on 2009-01-19. Retrieved 19 May 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
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