Jump to content

Paul McCartney

This is a good article. Click here for more information.
Page semi-protected
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by GabeMc (talk | contribs) at 02:25, 8 June 2012 (ce per DocKino's FAC comment). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Sir Paul McCartney
MBE, Hon RAM, FRCM
Black and white photgraph of McCartney standing onstage holding a bass guitar. He is wearing a dark suit.
McCartney performing in England, 2010
Background information
Birth nameJames Paul McCartney
Born (1942-06-18) 18 June 1942 (age 82)
Liverpool, England, UK
GenresRock, pop, classical, electronica
Occupation(s)Musician, composer, music producer, film producer, businessman
Instrument(s)Vocals, bass guitar, guitar, keyboards, drums, ukulele, mandolin, recorder
Years active1957–present
LabelsHear, Apple, Parlophone, Capitol, Columbia, Concord, EMI, One Little Indian, Vee-Jay
Websitewww.paulmccartney.com

Sir James Paul McCartney, MBE (born 18 June 1942) is an English musician, singer-songwriter and composer. With John Lennon, George Harrison and Ringo Starr, he gained worldwide fame as a member of the Beatles, and with Lennon formed one of the most celebrated songwriting partnerships of the 20th century. After leaving the Beatles, he began a solo career and later formed the band Wings with his first wife Linda Eastman, and singer-songwriter Denny Laine.

He has been described by Guinness World Records as "The Most Successful Composer and Recording Artist of All Time", with 60 gold discs and sales of over 100 million albums and 100 million singles.[1] His Beatles song "Yesterday" has been covered by over 2,200 artists—more than any other song in the history of recorded music. Wings' 1977 release "Mull of Kintyre", which he wrote with Laine, became one of the best-selling singles ever in the UK. McCartney is "the most successful songwriter" in UK chart history, according to Guinness.[2] As a songwriter or co-writer, he is included on thirty-one number one titles on the Billboard Hot 100, and as of 2012 he has sold over 15.5 million RIAA certified units in the United States.

He has composed film scores, classical and electronic music, and released a large catalogue of songs as a solo artist. He has taken part in projects to help international charities and has been an advocate for animal rights, vegetarianism and music education; he has been active in campaigns against landmines and seal hunting, and supported efforts such as Make Poverty History. His company MPL Communications owns the copyrights to more than 25,000 songs, including those written by Buddy Holly, as well as the publishing rights to the musicals Guys and Dolls, A Chorus Line and Grease. He is one of the UK's wealthiest people, with an estimated fortune of £475 million in 2010. He has been married three times and is the father of five children.

Childhood

Main article: Jim and Mary McCartney

McCartney was born on 18 June 1942 in Walton Hospital in Liverpool England, where his mother, Mary (née Mohin), had twelve years earlier, "satisfied her state registry requirements" for nursing, writes Beatles biographer Bob Spitz.[3] His father James, or "Jim" McCartney, was absent at his son's birth due to his work as a volunteer fire fighter during World War II.[3] Paul has one brother, Michael, born 7 January 1944, and though they were baptised in their mother's Roman Catholic faith, "religion did not play a part in their upbringing" according to biographer Barry Miles, as Jim was a Protestant turned agnostic.[4]

In 1947 McCartney began attending Stockton Wood Road Primary School, by 1952 Joseph Williams Junior School,[5] where he passed the 11-plus exam in 1953 with three others out of ninety examinees, thus gaining admission to the Liverpool Institute.[6] In 1954, while taking the bus from his home in the suburb of Speke to the Institute, he met George Harrison,[7] who had also passed the exam, meaning they could both go to a grammar school rather than a secondary modern school, which the majority of pupils attended until they were eligible to work.[8]

Exterior of a two-story brick building, with a hedge in front of it. Six windows are visible, three on each level, as are two doorways on the lower level.
20 Forthlin Road now attracts large numbers of tourists.

Mary was the family's primary wage earner, and her job as a midwife allowed them to move into 20 Forthlin Road in Allerton, where they lived through 1964.[9] Paul was the first member of his family to own a car and his mother rode a bicycle to homes where she worked; he describes an early memory of her leaving at "about three in the morning [the] streets ... thick with snow".[10] On 31 October 1956, when he was fourteen, his mother died of an embolism after a mastectomy operation to stop the spread of her breast cancer,[11] diagnosed several years prior.[12] The loss of his mother was later a point of relation with John Lennon, whose mother Julia died when he was seventeen.[13]

McCartney's father was a trumpet player and pianist who had led Jim Mac's Jazz Band in the 1920s and encouraged his son to be musical. He kept an upright piano in the front room that he purchased from Epstein's North End Music Stores.[14] His father, Joe McCartney, played an E-flat tuba.[15] Jim McCartney used to point out the bass parts in songs on the radio, and often took his son to local brass band concerts.[16] Jim gave his son a nickel-plated trumpet for his fourteenth birthday,[17] but when rock and roll became popular on Radio Luxembourg,[18] Paul traded it for a £15 Framus Zenith (model 17) acoustic guitar, realising it would be too difficult to sing "with a trumpet stuck in your mouth."[17] Being left-handed, he found right-handed guitars difficult to play, but when he saw a poster advertising a Slim Whitman concert, he realised that Whitman played left-handed with his right-handed guitar strung the opposite way. He then restrung his guitar and after some adjustments, found it easier to play.[17] McCartney wrote his first song ("I Lost My Little Girl") on the Zenith, and an early tune which became, "When I'm Sixty-Four", on the piano, for which, despite his father's advice, he took only a couple of lessons, preferring instead to learn "by ear."[14] He was heavily influenced by American rhythm and blues music, and has stated that Little Richard was his idol when he was in school. The first song he ever sang on a stage in public was "Long Tall Sally", at a Butlins holiday camp talent competition.[19]

Musical career

Main article: Paul McCartney's musical career

1957–1960: The Quarrymen

Main article: The Quarrymen

At the age of fifteen, McCartney met Lennon and his band, the Quarrymen, at the St. Peter's Church Hall fête in Woolton on 6 July 1957.[20] He joined the group soon thereafter, and formed a close working relationship with Lennon. Harrison joined in 1958 as lead guitarist, followed in 1960 by Lennon's art school friend, Stuart Sutcliffe on bass.[21] According to Beatles historian Mark Lewisohn, by May 1960 they had tried several new names, including "Johnny and the Moondogs" and "the Silver Beetles", touring Scotland under the latter name as a supporting act for Johnny Gentle.[22] The name of the group was changed to "the Beatles" in mid-August 1960, and drummer Pete Best was recruited prior to the first of what would be five engagements in Hamburg, Germany.[23]

1960–1970: The Beatles

Main article: The Beatles
A black-and-white image of Paul McCartney, George Harrison, and John Lennon playing guitars and wearing matching grey buttoned-up suit jackets with ties underneath. An audience is visible behind them on the left.
McCartney (left) in 1964 with Beatles bandmates Harrison and Lennon

From August 1960 the Beatles were booked by Allan Williams to perform in Hamburg, and during their extended stays there over the next two years they performed as the resident group at two of Bruno Koschmider's clubs, the Indra, then the Kaiserkeller, and upon returns to Liverpool at the Cavern Club.[24] In 1961 Sutcliffe left the band and McCartney reluctantly became their bass player.[25] The Beatles recorded their first published music in Hamburg, performing as the backing band for Tony Sheridan on the single "My Bonnie".[26] The recording would later bring them to the attention of a key figure in their subsequent development and commercial success, Brian Epstein, who became their manager in January 1962.[27] Epstein eventually negotiated a record contract for the group with Parlophone in May of that year.[28] After replacing Best with Ringo Starr in August, they became increasingly popular in the UK during 1963 and in the US in 1964, in a frenzied adulation that became known as "Beatlemania",[29] during which McCartney was dubbed, "the cute Beatle", according to Miles.[30] In 1965 they were each appointed as a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE).[31]

After the recording of the Beatles hit "Yesterday" (1965), McCartney contacted the BBC Radiophonic Workshop in Maida Vale London, to ask if they would record an electronic version of the song, but he never followed up.[32] When visiting artist John Dunbar's flat in London, he would bring along tapes he had compiled at then girlfriend Jane Asher's home,[33] mixes of various songs, musical pieces and comments made by McCartney that Dick James made into a demo for him.[34] Heavily influenced by American avant-garde musician John Cage, he made tape loops by recording voices, guitars, and bongos on a Brenell tape recorder, and splicing the various loops together. He reversed the tapes, sped them up, and slowed them down to create the effects he wanted, some of which were later used on Beatles' recordings, such as "Tomorrow Never Knows" (1966). He referred to the tapes as "electronic symphonies".[35] In 1966 he rented a ground floor and basement flat from Starr at 34 Montagu Square, to be used as a small studio for spoken-word recordings by poets, writers (including William S. Burroughs) and avant-garde musicians.[36] The Beatles' Apple Records then launched a sub-label, Zapple with Miles as its manager, ostensibly to release recordings of a similar aesthetic, although few releases would ultimately come of the endeavour as Apple and the Beatles slid into business and personal difficulties.[36] After touring almost non-stop for a period of nearly four years, and giving more than 1,400 live performances internationally,[37] the group gave their final commercial concert at the end of their 1966 US tour.[38]

They continued to work in the recording studio and before their break-up in 1970 produced what some critics consider to be their finest material, including the innovative and widely influential albums Revolver (1966), Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (1967), The Beatles (1968) and Abbey Road (1969).[39] Between 1963 and 1970 the group released twenty-two UK singles and twelve LPs, of which seventeen of the singles and eleven of the LPs became number ones.[40] The band topped the US Billboard Hot 100 twenty times, and recorded fourteen number one albums.[41] Lennon and McCartney became one of the most celebrated songwriting partnerships of the 20th century.[42] McCartney's contributions to the band's hit song's include: "Can't Buy Me Love" (1964), "Yesterday" (1965), Paperback Writer" and "Eleanor Rigby" (1966), "Hello, Goodbye" (1967), "Hey Jude" (1968), "Get Back (1969)", "Let It Be" and "The Long and Winding Road" (1970).[43]

In March 1969 he married Linda Eastman, whom he first met in May 1967. The couple had their first child together, Mary, named after Paul's late mother, in August 1969.[44] In October 1969 a rumour surfaced that McCartney had died in a car crash, but it was quickly proven false when a November Life magazine cover featured him and his family with the caption, "Paul is Still With Us."[45]

1970–1981: Wings

Main article: Wings (band)
Coloured image of a long-haired McCartney in the 1970s playing a guitar.
McCartney during a Wings concert, 1976

After the Beatles' break-up in 1970 McCartney continued his musical career, releasing his first solo album, McCartney, in 1970, which contained the stand-out track "Maybe I'm Amazed", written for Linda.[46] With the exception of some vocal contributions from her, it is a "one-man album with Paul playing all the instruments" himself, writes Beatles biographer Bill Harry.[47] In 1971 Paul collaborated with Linda on a second album, Ram, a UK number one which included the co-written US number one hit single, "Uncle Albert/Admiral Halsey".[48] Later that year, the pair were joined by ex-Moody Blues guitarist Denny Laine and drummer Denny Seiwell to form the group Wings, and release their first album together, Wild Life. In September 1971 the McCartney family added a second child, Stella,[49] named in honour of Linda's grandmothers.[50]

In 1973 McCartney wrote Wings' first US number one, "My Love", included on their second LP, Red Rose Speedway, and his collaboration with Linda and former Beatles' producer George Martin resulted in the James Bond theme song and Wings hit, "Live and Let Die". The song was nominated for an Oscar, and it earned Martin a Grammy for his orchestral arrangement.[51] A top-ten UK hit for the band in 1973, music professor and author Vincent Benitez describes the track as "symphonic rock at its best".[52]

In 1974 Wings achieved a second US number one, "Band on the Run"; the acclaimed album of the same name, their third, was a massive success that became Wings' first platinum LP.[53] They followed with the chart topping LPs, Venus and Mars (1975) and Wings at the Speed of Sound (1976).[54] In September 1977 a third child was born to the McCartneys, a son they named James,[55] and in November, the Wings song "Mull of Kintyre", co-written with Laine, was fast becoming "the best-selling single in UK history", writes Beatles biographer Peter Doggett.[56] Achieving double the sales of the previous record holder, "She Loves You"; the track would go on to sell 2.5 million copies, and hold the UK sales record until the 1984 charity single, "Do They Know It's Christmas?".[57] In 1977 he released Thrillington, an orchestral arrangement of Ram, under the pseudonym Percy "Thrills" Thrillington,[58] with a cover designed by Hipgnosis.[59]

While the albums London Town (1978) and Back to the Egg (1979) passed with little critical or commercial notice,[60] the latter involved McCartney's collaboration with a rock supergroup dubbed, "the Rockestra", though credited to Wings, that included Pete Townshend, David Gilmour, Gary Brooker, John Paul Jones, and John Bonham.[61] Active through 1981, Wings produced seven studio albums, five of which topped the US charts,[62] as well as their live triple LP, Wings over America,[63] one of few live albums ever to achieve the top spot in America.[64] They also recorded six US number one singles including, "Listen to What the Man Said", "Silly Love Songs, "With a Little Luck", and "Coming Up".[65]

1982–1989

In 1980 he released his second solo LP, the self-produced McCartney II, and as with his first, he composed all the music and performed the instrumentation himself.[66] The album contained the hit song "Coming Up", as well as; "Waterfalls", "Temporary Secretary", and "One of These Days".[67] In 1982 he collaborated with Stevie Wonder on the Martin produced number one hit, "Ebony and Ivory", included on McCartney's Tug of War LP, and with Michael Jackson on "The Girl Is Mine" from Thriller.[68] The following year he worked with Jackson on the US number one, "Say Say Say", and he earned a UK number one with the title track of his LP release that year, "Pipes of Peace".[69]

In 1984 McCartney wrote, produced, and starred in the feature film Give My Regards to Broad Street, a musical which "was savagely panned by the critics" according to Harry; and described by Variety as: "Characterless, bloodless, and pointless."[70] Roger Ebert awarded the film a single star and wrote, "you can safely skip the movie and proceed directly to the sound track",[71] which fared much better, reaching number one in the UK, and producing the hit single, "No More Lonely Nights", featuring Gilmour on lead guitar.[72]

He collaborated with Eric Stewart on Press to Play (1986), who co-wrote more than half the songs on the LP, and in 1988, McCartney released Снова в СССР, a Russia-only title that contained eighteen covers which he recorded over the course of two days.[73] In 1989 he joined forces with fellow Merseysiders including Gerry Marsden of Gerry and the Pacemakers and Holly Johnson of Frankie Goes to Hollywood to record an updated version of "Ferry Cross the Mersey", originally recorded twenty-five years earlier by Gerry and the Pacemakers, to generate money for the appeal fund of the Hillsborough disaster, which occurred in April that year when ninety-five Liverpool F.C. fans died as a result of their injuries.[74] The recording was a number one hit in the UK.[75] In 1989 he released Flowers in the Dirt, a collaborative effort with Elvis Costello which included musical contributions from Gilmour and Nicky Hopkins.[76]

1990–2000

In 1990 McCartney released the triple LP, Tripping the Live Fantastic, which contained select performances from the Paul McCartney World Tour, his first in over a decade.[77] The following year he ventured into orchestral music, when the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Society commissioned a musical piece by him to celebrate its sesquicentennial. He collaborated with Carl Davis to release Liverpool Oratorio; involving opera singers Dame Kiri Te Kanawa, Sally Burgess, Jerry Hadley and Willard White, with the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra and the choir of Liverpool Cathedral.[78] The Guardian was critical of the work, describing the music as "afraid of anything approaching a fast tempo", and stating that the piece has "little awareness of the need for recurrent ideas that will bind the work into a whole".[79] In response, McCartney wrote a defensive letter to the paper, which they published, where he states: "Happily, history shows that many good pieces of music were not liked by the critics of the time so I am content to ... let people judge for themselves the merits of the work."[79]

During the 1990s he twice collaborated with Youth of Killing Joke as the musical duo dubbed, "the Fireman", releasing the electronica albums: Strawberries Oceans Ships Forest (1993) and Rushes (1998).[80] Released in 1993, the rock album Off the Ground was supported by "the New World Tour", which produced the album, Paul Is Live later that year.[81] Starting in 1994 he took a four-year hiatus from his solo career to work on Apple's the Beatles Anthology project with Harrison, Starr and Martin. He recorded a radio series called "Oobu Joobu" in 1995, for the American network Westwood One, which he described as "wide-screen radio".[82] Also in 1995 Prince Charles presented him with an Honorary Fellowship of the Royal College of Music, "kind of amazing for somebody who doesn't read a note of music", commented McCartney,[83] and in December 1996 he was informed that he was to be named in the 1997 New Year Honours and knighted for services to music; his ceremony took place in March 1997.[84]

In 1997 he released the rock album Flaming Pie, and the classical work Standing Stone. In 1998 Rushes, the second electronica album by the Fireman, was released.[85] Run Devil Run (1999), featuring Ian Paice and David Gilmour, was primarily an album of covers with three McCartney originals, something he said he had "wanted to do for years", having been previously encouraged to do so by Linda, who had died in April 1998 after losing a seventeen-month battle with cancer.[86] He contributed a song, "Nova", to a tribute album of choral music dedicated to her called, A Garland for Linda (2000).[87] He continued his experimentation with orchestral music on Working Classical (1999), and was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a solo artist in March of the same year.[88] In May 2000 he was awarded a Fellowship by the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors, and in August he released the electronica album, Liverpool Sound Collage with Super Furry Animals and Youth, utilising the sound collage and musique concrète techniques that fascinated him in the mid-1960s.[89]

2001–present

In 2001 McCartney released a live album of acoustic-only performances called, Unplugged (The Official Bootleg).[90] Having witnessed the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks from the JFK airport tarmac, he was inspired to take a lead role in organising the Concert for New York City, and his studio album release that year Driving Rain included the song "Freedom", written for the event as a response to the tragedy.[91] He toured in support of Driving Rain and in 2002 released the double live album Back in the U.S. (released internationally in 2003 as Back in the World.[92] In November 2002, on the first anniversary of Harrison's death, McCartney performed at the Concert for George.[93] He has also participated in the National Football League's Super Bowl, performing "Freedom" in the pre-game show for Super Bowl XXXVI[94] and headlining the halftime show at Super Bowl XXXIX.[95]

McCartney and Starr standing on a stage facing each other both with microphones help up to their mouths. Both men are wearing dark suits, McCartney is wearing a pink shirt, and Starr a black-and-white print.
McCartney and Ringo Starr promoting The Beatles: Rock Band in 2009.

In 2005 he released the rock album Chaos and Creation in the Backyard, and the electronica offering, Twin Freaks; a collaborative project with bootleg producer and remixer Freelance Hellraiser, consisting of remixed versions of songs from throughout his solo career.[96] In 2006 he released the classical work Ecce Cor Meum; the rock album Memory Almost Full followed in 2007, and in 2008, his third Fireman release, Electric Arguments. In 2008 he performed at a concert in Liverpool to celebrate the city's year as European Capital of Culture.[97] In 2009, more than forty-five years after the Beatles first appeared on American television during the Ed Sullivan Show, he returned to the same New York theatre to perform on Late Show with David Letterman.[98] In 2010 he was honoured by President Barack Obama with the Gershwin Prize for his contributions to popular music in a live show for the White House with performances by Stevie Wonder, Lang Lang and others.[99] He returned to the White House later that year as a recipient of the Kennedy Center Honors.

McCartney's enduring fame has made him a popular choice to open new venues. In 2009 he played three sold out concerts at the newly built Citi Field in Queens, New York, constructed to replace Shea Stadium, and he released a double live album culled from those performances called, Good Evening New York City later that year.[100] In 2010 he opened the Consol Energy Center in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,[101] and in 2011 he performed the first concerts at the new Yankee Stadium, and released the classical work, "Ocean's Kingdom". He has been touring since 2001 with guitarists Rusty Anderson and Brian Ray, Paul "Wix" Wickens on keyboards and drummer Abe Laboriel, Jr. An upcoming tribute album is expected in June 2012, to coincide with his 70th birthday, featuring recordings of his songs by Kiss, Garth Brooks, Billy Joel, Brian Wilson, Willie Nelson, Steve Miller, B.B. King and others.[102] Kisses on the Bottom, a collection of standards, was released in February 2012,[103] that same month he was honoured as MusiCares Person of the Year, two days prior to his performance at the 54th Grammy Awards.[104] On 4 June 2012, McCartney closed the Queen's Diamond Jubilee Concert held outside Buckingham Palace, performing a repertoire including "Let It Be" and "Live and Let Die".[105] On 5 June, McCartney confirmed that he will close the opening ceremony of the 2012 Summer Olympic Games in London on 27 July.[106]

Musicianship

As a musician, McCartney was largely self-taught, musicologist Ian MacDonald describes his approach as, "by nature drawn to music's formal aspects yet wholly untutoured ... [He] produced technically 'finished' work almost entirely by instinct, his harmonic judgement based mainly on perfect pitch and an acute pair of ears."[107] McCartney comments: "I prefer to think of my approach to music as primitive ... rather like the primitive cave artists, who drew without training."[108]

Bass guitar

He has been acknowledged by a diverse group of bass players including, Sting, long-time Dr. Dre bassist Mike Elizondo, and Colin Moulding of XTC.[109] McCartney is known to play using a plectrum, or pick almost exclusively, but he occasionally plays fingerstyle as well.[110] During his early years with the Beatles he primarily used a Höfner 500/1 bass live and when recording, though in 1965 he began using a Rickenbacker 4001s for recording, while typically using Vox amplifiers, though by 1967 he had also began using a Fender Bassman.[111] In recent years he has used Mesa Boogie bass amplifiers while performing live.[112] McCartney confirms the influence of Motown on his playing, in particular that of James Jamerson, whom he described as a "hero", and included with Brian Wilson as his "two biggest influences".[113] He has also mentioned Stanley Clarke as a favourite bassist.[114]

"He's an egomaniac about everything else but his bass playing he'd always been a bit coy about".[115]

~ John Lennon, 1980

Whereas MacDonald identifies "She's a Woman" as the point in time which McCartney's bass playing began to evolve dramatically,[116] Beatles biographer Chris Ingham singles out Rubber Soul as the time when his bass playing, "began to come into its own", particularly on "The Word".[115] Authors Tony Bacon and Gareth Morgan agree, calling his "groove" on the track, "a high point in pop bass playing" and "the first proof on a recording of his serious technical ability on the instrument."[117] MacDonald infers the influence of James Brown's "Papa's Got a Brand New Bag", and Pickett's "In the Midnight Hour", American soul tracks from which McCartney absorbed elements and drew inspiration as he "delivers his most spontaneous bass-part to date". He also played piano on the recording.[118]

Bacon and Morgan describe his bassline for the Beatles' song "Rain" as "an astonishing piece of playing ... [McCartney] thinking in terms of both rhythm and 'lead bass' ... [choosing] the area of the neck ... he correctly perceives will give him clarity for melody without rendering his sound too thin for groove."[119] MacDonald calls it the Beatles "finest B-side", its "clangorously saturated texture resonates around McCartney's bass".[120] He describes the bassline as "so inventive that it threatens to overwhelm the track", and he draws attention to the influence of Indian classical music in "exotic melismas in the bass part".[120]

Acoustic guitar

"If I couldn't have any other instrument, I would have to have an acoustic guitar."[114]

~ McCartney, Guitar Player, July 1990

He primarily flatpicks while playing acoustic guitar, though also uses elements of fingerpicking.[114] Examples of his acoustic guitar playing on Beatles tracks include: "Yesterday", "I'm Looking Through You", "Michelle", "Blackbird", "I Will", "Mother Nature's Son" and "Rocky Raccoon".[121] McCartney singled out "Blackbird" as a personal favourite, and he described his technique for the guitar part: "I got my own little sort of cheating way of [fingerpicking], so on "Blackbird" I'm actually sort of pulling two strings at a time ... I was trying to emulate those folk players."[114] He played an Epiphone Texan on many, if not most of his acoustic recordings, but he has also used a Martin D-28.[122]

Electric guitar

"Linda was a big fan of my guitar playing, whereas I've got my doubts. I think there are proper guitar players and then there are guys like me who love playing it".[123]

~ McCartney, Guitar Player, July 1990

He played lead electric guitar on several Beatles' recordings, including what MacDonald describes as a "fiercely angular slide guitar solo" on "Drive My Car",[124] which he played on an Epiphone Casino, about which McCartney said: "If I had to pick one electric guitar it would be this."[125] He also contributed what MacDonald calls "a startling guitar solo" on the Harrison composition, "Taxman", and the "shrieking" guitar on "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" and "Helter Skelter", as well as "a coruscating pseudo-Indian" solo on "Good Morning Good Morning".[126] Of his "Taxman" solo McCartney commented: "I was very inspired by Jimi Hendrix. It was really my first voyage into feedback."[114] In 1990, when asked who his favourite guitar players were he included, Eddie Van Halen, Eric Clapton and David Gilmour, stating: "But I still like Hendrix the best."[114] In recent years he has primarily used a Gibson Les Paul for electric work, particularly while performing live.[112]

Piano

He played a piano on several Beatles' songs including, "Every Little Thing", "For No One", "A Day in the Life", "Hello, Goodbye", "Hey Jude", "Lady Madonna", "Let It Be" and "The Long and Winding Road".[127]

Vocals

McCartney's vocal style crosses several genres, for example: on "Call Me Back Again", according to Benitez, "McCartney shines as a bluesy solo vocalist", [128] while MacDonald calls "I'm Down" "a rock-and-roll classic".[129] Though critical of McCartney's performance, and the track in general, MacDonald describes "Helter Skelter" as an early attempt at heavy metal,[130] and "Hey Jude" as a "pop/rock hybrid", while pointing out McCartney's "use of gospel-style melismas" in the song and his "pseudo-soul shrieking in the fade-out".[131] In the opinion of Benitez, "Hope of Deliverance" and "Put It There" are examples of McCartney's folk music efforts,[132] while musicologist Walter Everett considers "When I'm Sixty-Four" and "Honey Pie" attempts at vaudeville.[133]

Early Influences

"[Elvis] was the guru we'd been waiting for. The messiah had arrived."[134]

~ McCartney, 2000

His earliest musical influences include Elvis Presley, Carl Perkins, Buddy Holly, Chuck Berry and Little Richard.[135] When asked why Presley was not included on the Beatles Sgt. Pepper cover, McCartney replied: "Elvis was too important and too far above the rest even to mention. I think we all assumed everyone felt that way, so we didn't put him on the list because he was more than merely a fave rave fab gear pop singer, he was Elvis the King."[136] McCartney has stated that his bassline for "I Saw Her Standing There" was "taken", as MacDonald writes, from Berry's "I'm Talking About You".[137] Along with Perkins, McCartney calls Little Richard an "idol", and "happily" admits that his own penchant for the falsetto vocalization known as "woos", was inspired by him.[138] McCartney says he wrote "I'm Down" as a vehical for his Little Richard impersonation.[139]

Creative outlets

When McCartney took his A-level exams at age nineteen, he passed only one subject – Art.[140] During the 1960s, he delved into the visual arts, becoming a close friend of leading dealers and gallery owners, explored experimental film, and regularly attended movie, theatrical and classical music performances. His first contact with the London avant-garde scene was through artist John Dunbar, who introduced him to the art dealer Robert Fraser, who in turn introduced McCartney to an array of writers and artists.[141] He later became involved in the renovation and publicising of the Indica Gallery in Mason's Yard, London — where Lennon first met Yoko Ono.[142] The Indica Gallery brought McCartney into contact with Miles, whose underground newspaper, the International Times, McCartney helped to start.[143] Miles would become de facto manager of Apple's short-lived Zapple Records label,[144] and he wrote McCartney's official biography, Many Years From Now (1997).[145]

While living at then girlfriend Jane Asher's parent's house, he took piano lessons arranged by Jane's mother, provided by a teacher from the Guildhall School of Music and Drama, a school Beatles' producer Martin had previously attended.[146] McCartney studied composers such as Karlheinz Stockhausen, and Luciano Berio.[147] He later wrote and released several pieces of modern classical music and ambient electronica, as well as writing poetry and painting. He is lead patron of the Liverpool Institute for Performing Arts, an arts school in the building formerly occupied by the Liverpool Institute for Boys. The 1837 building, which he attended during his schooldays, had become derelict by the mid-1980s, however, on 7 June 1996, Queen Elizabeth II officially opened the redeveloped building.[148]

Painting

In 1966 he met gallery-owner Robert Fraser, whose flat was visited by many well-known artists, some of which McCartney met, including; Andy Warhol, Claes Oldenburg, Peter Blake, and Richard Hamilton, and it was at Fraser's flat where McCartney first learned about art appreciation.[149] He later started buying paintings by Magritte, using his painting of an apple for the Apple Records logo, and McCartney now owns one of Magritte's easels and a pair of his spectacles.[150]

McCartney's love of painting surfaced after watching artist Willem de Kooning paint, in Kooning's Long Island studio.[151] He took up painting in 1983,[152] and in 1999, he first exhibited his work, featuring portraits of Lennon, Andy Warhol, and David Bowie in Siegen, Germany, and included photographs by Linda. He chose the gallery because Wolfgang Suttner (local events organiser) was genuinely interested in his art, and the positive reaction led to McCartney showing his work in UK galleries.[153] The first UK exhibition of his work was opened in Bristol, England with more than 50 paintings on display. McCartney had previously believed that "only people that had been to art school were allowed to paint" – as Lennon had.[153]

In October 2000, Ono and McCartney presented art exhibitions in New York and London. McCartney said, "I've been offered an exhibition of my paintings at the Walker Art Gallery in Liverpool where John and I used to spend many a pleasant afternoon. So I'm really excited about it. I didn't tell anybody I painted for 15 years but now I'm out of the closet."[154] McCartney designed a series of six postage stamps issued by the Isle of Man Post in 2002, and according to BBC News, he is the first major rock star in the world to do so.[155]

Writing and poetry

When he was young, his mother read him poems and encouraged him to read books, and his father was interested in crosswords and invited him and his brother Michael to solve them with him, so as to increase their "word power", says McCartney.[156] He was later inspired – in his school years – by Alan Durband, an English literature teacher at the Liverpool Institute.[157] Durband was a co-founder and fund-raiser at the Everyman Theatre in Liverpool, where Willy Russell also worked, and introduced McCartney to Geoffrey Chaucer's works.[158]

In 2001 he published 'Blackbird Singing', a volume of poems and lyrics to his songs for which he gave readings in Liverpool and New York City.[159] In the foreword of the book, he explains: "When I was a teenager ... I had an overwhelming desire to have a poem published in the school magazine. I wrote something deep and meaningful——which was promptly rejected——and I suppose I have been trying to get my own back ever since."[160] Years later, he wrote a poem about the death of his childhood friend, Ivan Vaughan.[160] In 2005 he collaborated with author Philip Ardagh and animator Geoff Dunbar to write, High in the Clouds: An Urban Furry Tail, which the Guardian labelled an "anti-capitalist children's book".[161]

Film

He was interested in animated films as a child, and in 1981 he asked Geoff Dunbar to direct a short animated film called Rupert and the Frog Song. McCartney was the writer and producer and he also added some of the character voices.[162] In 1992 he worked with Dunbar on an animated film about the work of French artist Honoré Daumier, which won both of them a BAFTA award.[163] In 2004 they worked together on the animated short film, Tropic Island Hum. In 1995 he made a guest appearance in the "Lisa the Vegetarian" episode of the Simpsons, and directed a short documentary about the Grateful Dead.[164]

In May 2000 he released Wingspan: An Intimate Portrait, a retrospective documentary that features behind-the-scenes film and photographs that he and Linda took of their family and bands.[165] Interspersed throughout the eighty-eight minute film is an interview by Mary McCartney with her father. Mary was the baby photographed inside McCartney's jacket on the back cover of his first solo album, McCartney, and was one of the producers of the documentary.[166]

Lifestyle

Drugs
Colour photograph of McCartney, in his sixties, playing a Höfner 500/1 electric bass. He wears a black buttoned-up suit jacket with black pants.
McCartney live in Dublin, Ireland, 2010

McCartney's introduction to drugs started in Hamburg, Germany, when the Beatles would play for long hours and were often using Preludin to maintain energy, sometimes supplied by friend Astrid Kirchherr. According to McCartney, he would usually take only one, but Lennon would often take four or five by the end of a night.[167] He recalls getting "very high" and "giggling uncontrollably" when the Beatles were introduced to marijuana by Bob Dylan in a New York hotel room in 1964.[168] His use of which soon after became habitual,[169] and according to Miles, any future Beatles' lyrics containing the words "high", or "grass" were written specifically as a reference to cannabis, as was the phrase "another kind of mind" in "Got to Get You into My Life".[170] During the filming of Help!, he claims he occasionally smoked a joint in the car on the way to the studio during filming, which often made him forget his lines.[171] Director Dick Lester says that he overheard "two beautiful women" trying to cajole McCartney into using heroin, but he refused.[171] He was introduced to cocaine by art dealer Robert Fraser, and it was readily available during the recording of Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band.[172] McCartney admits that he used the drug for about a year but stopped because of his dislike of the unpleasant melancholy he felt after the drug wore off.[173]

While initially reluctant to try LSD, he eventually did so in the fall of 1966 with friend Tara Browne.[174] He took his second "acid trip" with Lennon on 21 March 1967 after a Sgt. Pepper studio session.[175] He later became the first Beatle to discuss the drug publicly, declaring in a magazine interview that "it opened my eyes" and "made me a better, more honest, more tolerant member of society."[176] His attitude about cannabis was made public in 1967, when he added his name to a 24 July advertisement in The Times which called for its legalisation, the release of all prisoners imprisoned because of possession, and research into marijuana's medical uses. The advertisement was produced by a group called Soma and was signed by sixty-five people, including Members of Parliament, the Beatles, Epstein, RD Laing, Francis Crick, and Graham Greene.[177]

Though never arrested by Norman Pilcher's Drug Squad, as Lennon, Harrison, and Mick Jagger had been,[178] McCartney was fined for cannabis possession in 1972 by Swedish police, and soon after Scottish police found plants growing on his farm.[179] He was again arrested for marijuana possession in 1975, and in January 1980, when Wings flew to Tokyo for an eleven concert tour of Japan, as McCartney was going through customs, officials found approximately 8 ounces (218.3 g) of cannabis in his luggage, and he was arrested and taken to a local jail while the Japanese government decided what to do. After ten days, he was released without charge and deported.[180] He was again arrested for possession of marijuana in 1984 and in 1997, he spoke out in support of decriminalisation, stating "People are smoking pot anyway and to make them criminals is wrong."[181]

Activism

Paul and Linda became outspoken animal rights activists after their vegetarianism was realised when Paul happened to notice through a window, lambs in a field, as they ate a meal of lamb.[182] He has also credited the 1942 Disney film Bambi, in which the young deer's mother is shot by a hunter, as the original inspiration for him to take an interest in animal rights.[183] In his first interview after Linda's death, he promised to continue working for animal rights.[184] In 1999 he spent £3,000,000 to ensure Linda McCartney Foods remained free of genetically engineered ingredients.[185]

McCartney, in his late sixties, playing an orange electric guitar and wearing a red shirt that bears, in white writing, the words "no more land mines." His eyes are closed.
McCartney wearing a shirt that reads "no more land mines"

Following his marriage to Mills, he joined her in a campaign against landmines, becoming patrons of Adopt-A-Minefield.[186] In 2003 he played a personal concert for the wife of a wealthy banker and donated his one million dollar fee to the charity.[187] He also wore an anti-landmines t-shirt during the Back in the World tour.[188] In 2006 the McCartneys travelled to Prince Edward Island to bring international attention to the seal hunt, this would be their final public appearance together. Their arrival sparked attention in Newfoundland and Labrador where the hunt is of economic significance.[189] The couple also debated with Newfoundland's Premier Danny Williams on the CNN show Larry King Live. They further stated that the fishermen should quit hunting seals and begin a seal watching business.[190] McCartney has also criticised China's fur trade[191] and supports the Make Poverty History campaign.[192]

He has been involved with several charity recordings and performances, such as the Concerts for the People of Kampuchea, Ferry Aid, Band Aid, Live Aid, and the recording of "Ferry Cross the Mersey" (1989) following the Hillsborough disaster.[193] In 2004 he donated a song to an album to aid the "US Campaign for Burma", in support of Burmese Nobel Prize winner Aung San Suu Kyi,[194] and in 2008 he donated a song to Aid Still Required's CD to assist with the restoration of the devastation done to Southeast Asia from the 2004 Tsunami.[195]

In 2009, he wrote to the 14th Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso, and asked him why he wasn't a vegetarian, McCartney explains: "He wrote back very kindly, saying, my doctors tell me that I must eat meat. And I wrote back again, saying, you know, I don't think that's right. So we had a little correspondence [and] I think now he's vegetarian most of the time. I think he's now being told ... that he can get his protein somewhere else. It's a little old-fashioned to think that he can only get it from meat [and] It just doesn't seem right – the Dalai Lama, on the one hand, saying, 'Hey guys, don't harm sentient beings ... Oh, and by the way, I'm having a steak.'"[196]

Football

He attended the 1968 FA Cup Final played by West Bromwich Albion against the Everton Football Club, and after the match, shared cigarettes and whisky with other fans.[197] Though he has publicly professed support for Everton,[198] he has also shown support for Liverpool F.C., as in 1968 when he was photographed wearing their rosette.[199] The ex-Liverpool footballer, Albert Stubbins, was shown on the Sgt. Pepper cover,[200] and the video for his song "Pipes of Peace" (1983) recreated the 1915 Christmas football game played between German and British troops during World War I.[201] At the end of "Coming Up (Live at Glasgow)" the crowd chants "Paul McCartney!" until McCartney takes over and changes it to "Kenny Dalglish!", referring to then Liverpool and Scotland striker. At the same concert, Gordon Smith, former football player for the Rangers and Brighton & Hove Albion, met the McCartneys, and later accepted an invitation to visit their home in East Sussex in 1980. Smith later said that McCartney was "thrilled I knew Kenny Dalglish"[202]

He attended the 1986 FA Cup Final between Liverpool and Everton,[197] and performed at the Liverpool F.C. Anfield stadium in 2008, as a part of Liverpool's European Capital of Culture year. Dave Grohl from the Foo Fighters sang with McCartney on "Band on the Run", and played drums on "Back in the U.S.S.R.".[203] Ono and Olivia Harrison attended the concert, along with Ken Dodd, and the former Liverpool F.C. football manager Rafael Benítez.[204] In 2008 he ended speculation about his allegiance when he said: "Here's the deal: my father was born in Everton, my family are officially Evertonians, so if it comes down to a derby match or an FA Cup final between the two, I would have to support Everton. But after a concert at Wembley Arena I got a bit of a friendship with Kenny Dalglish, who had been to the gig and I thought 'You know what? I am just going to support them both because it's all Liverpool."[205]

Meditation

On 24 August 1967, McCartney met the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi at the London Hilton, and later went to Bangor, in North Wales, to attend a weekend 'initiation' conference, at which time he and the other Beatles learned Transcendental Meditation.[206] "The whole meditation experience was very good and I still use the mantra ... I find it soothing and I can imagine that the more you were to get into it, the more interesting it would get."[207] The time McCartney later spent in India at the Maharishi's ashram was highly productive, as nearly all of the songs that would later be recorded for The White Album and Abbey Road were composed there.[208] Although he was told never to repeat the mantra to anyone else, he admitted he told Linda, and said he meditated a lot while he was in jail in Japan.[209] In 2009 McCartney and Starr headlined a benefit concert at Radio City Music Hall, raising three million dollars for the David Lynch Foundation to fund instruction in Transcendental Meditation for at-risk youth.[210]

Personal relationships

Main article: Personal relationships of Paul McCartney

Girlfriends

Dot Rhone

McCartney's first serious girlfriend in Liverpool was Dot Rhone, whom he met at the Casbah club in 1959.[211] According to Spitz, Rhone feels McCartney had a compulsion to control situations, choosing clothes and make-up for Rhone, encouraging her to grow her hair out like Brigitte Bardot's,[212] and at least once insisting she have it re-styled, to disappointing effect.[213] When he first went to Hamburg with the Beatles, he wrote to Rhone regularly, and she accompanied Cynthia Lennon to Hamburg when they played there again in 1962.[214] The couple had a two-and-a-half-year relationship, and were due to marry until Rhone's miscarriage, when according to Spitz, McCartney now "free of obligation", ended the engagement.[215]

Jane Asher

He first met the British actress Jane Asher on 18 April 1963, when a photographer asked them to pose together at a Beatles performance at the Royal Albert Hall in London.[216] The two began a relationship and he took up residence with Asher at her parents' house at 57 Wimpole Street London, where he lived for nearly three years before the couple moved to McCartney's own house in St. John's Wood.[217] He wrote several songs while at the Ashers', including "Yesterday" and several inspired by Asher, among them "And I Love Her", "You Won't See Me", and "I'm Looking Through You".[218] They had a five-year relationship, and planned to marry, but Asher broke off the engagement after she discovered he had become involved with another woman, Francie Schwartz.[219]

Wives

Linda Eastman
Main article: Linda McCartney
McCartney, seated, playing a twelve-string acoustic guitar, Linda McCartney can be seen seated to his right.
McCartney performing with wife Linda in 1976.

Linda Eastman was a music fan who once commented: "All my teen years were spent with an ear to the radio", and who would at times be truant from school to instead see artists such as: Fabian, Bobby Darin, and Chuck Berry.[220] She was a popular photographer with groups such as: the Jimi Hendrix Experience, the Grateful Dead, the Doors, and the Beatles, whom she first met at Shea Stadium in 1966, about which she commented: "It was John who interested me at the start. He was my Beatle hero. But when I met him the fascination faded fast and I found it was Paul I liked."[221] The pair first properly met in 1967 at a Georgie Fame concert at The Bag O'Nails club,[222] during her UK assignment to take photographs of rock musicians in London,[223] Paul remembers: "The night Linda and I met, I spotted her across a crowded club, and although I would normally have been nervous chatting her up, I realised I had to ... Pushiness worked for me that night!"[221] Linda said this about their meeting: "I was quite shameless really. I was with somebody else [that night] ... and I saw Paul at the other side of the room. He looked so beautiful that I made up my mind I would have to pick him up."[221] The pair were married in 1969; he describes their relationship: "We had a lot of fun together ... just the nature of how we are, our favourite thing really is to just hang, to have fun. And Linda's very big on just following the moment."[224] He also added, "We were crazy. We had a big argument the night before we got married and it was nearly called off ... [its] miraculous that we made it. But we did."[225]

They collaborated musically after the break-up of the Beatles, and later formed Wings together in 1971, a commercially successful band that was active through 1981.[226] They were both vegetarian and supported the animal rights organisation PETA.[227] They had four children – Linda's daughter Heather (legally adopted by Paul), Mary, Stella and James – and remained married until Linda's death from breast cancer in 1998.[228] After her death, Paul stated in The Daily Mail: "I got a counsellor because I knew that I would need some help. He was great, particularly in helping me get rid of my guilt [about wishing I'd been] perfect all the time ... a real bugger. But then I thought, hang on a minute. We're just human. That was the beautiful thing about our marriage. We were just a boyfriend and girlfriend having babies."[229]

Heather Mills

In 2002 he married Heather Mills, a former model and anti-landmines campaigner.[230] In 2003, the couple had a child, Beatrice Milly, the first name in honour of Heather's late mother, the second for one of Paul's aunts.[231] They separated in April 2006 and suffered an acrimonious divorce in March 2008.[232] In 2004 he commented on media animosity toward his partners, "They [the British public] didn't like me giving up on Jane Asher", "I married a New York divorcee with a child [Linda], and at the time they didn't like that."[233]

Nancy Shevell

He married New Yorker Nancy Shevell in a civil ceremony at Old Marylebone Town Hall, London on 9 October 2011. The wedding was a "low-key affair" attended by a group of around 30 family and friends.[234] The couple had been dating since November 2007.[235] A breast cancer survivor,[236] she is a member of the board of the New York Metropolitan Transportation Authority as well as vice president of a family-owned transportation conglomerate which owns New England Motor Freight.[237]

Beatles

Template:Other uses-section

John Lennon

Despite a strained relationship with Lennon, they briefly became close again in 1974, and played music together on two occasions, the only times since the Beatles break-up in 1970.[238] In later years however, the two grew apart.[239] While McCartney would often phone, he was apprehensive about the reception he would receive, as during one call when he was told, "You're all pizza and fairytales!"[240] In McCartney's effort to avoid talking with him only about business, they often spoke of cats, baking bread, or babies.[241]

On 24 April 1976,[242] the two were watching an episode of Saturday Night Live together at Lennon's home in New York City, during which Lorne Michaels made a $3,000 cash offer for the Beatles to reunite, and while they seriously considered going to the SNL studio just a few blocks away, they decided it was "too late" and according to Lennon, this was the last time he and McCartney ever spent time together.[243] This event was fictionalised in the 2000 television film Two of Us.[244] His last telephone call to Lennon, just days before Lennon and Ono released Double Fantasy, was friendly, he said this about the phone call: "[It is] a consoling factor for me, because I do feel it was sad that we never actually sat down and straightened our differences out. But fortunately for me, the last phone conversation I ever had with him was really great, and we didn't have any kind of blow-up."[245]

Reaction to Lennon's murder
Main article: Death of John Lennon

On the morning of 9 December 1980, he awoke to the news that Lennon had been murdered the previous night, his death creating a media frenzy around the surviving members of the band.[246] During the evening of 9 December, as he was leaving an Oxford Street recording studio, he was surrounded by reporters and asked for a reaction. He was later criticised for what appeared, when published, to be a superficial response: "It's a drag".[242] He later explained, "When John was killed somebody stuck a microphone at me and said: 'What do you think about it?' I said, 'It's a dra-a-ag' and meant it with every inch of melancholy I could muster. When you put that in print it says, 'McCartney in London today when asked for a comment on his dead friend said, "It's a drag."' It seemed a very flippant comment to make."[242] He describes his first exchange with Ono after the murder, and his last conversation with Lennon:

I talked to Yoko the day after he was killed and the first thing she said was, "John was really fond of you." The last telephone conversation I had with him we were still the best of mates. He was always a very warm guy, John. His bluff was all on the surface. He used to take his glasses down, those granny glasses, and say, "It's only me." They were like a wall, you know? A shield. Those are the moments I treasure.[242]

In 1983, he said: "I would not have been as typically human and standoffish as I was if I knew John was going to die. I would have made more of an effort to try and get behind his "mask" and have a better relationship with him."[242] He said that he went home that night and watched the news on television – while sitting with his children – crying most of the evening. In 1997, he admitted the ex-Beatles were nervous at the time that they might be the "next" one murdered.[247] In 2002 he told Mojo magazine that Lennon was his greatest "hero".[248] In June 1981, six months after the murder, McCartney sang backup on Harrison's tribute to their ex-bandmate, "All Those Years Ago", which also featured Starr on drums.[249] In 1982 McCartney released "Here Today", a song Everett describes as "a haunting tribute" to their friendship.[250]

George Harrison

Harrison said this about working with McCartney: "Paul would always help along when you'd done his ten songs—then when he got 'round to doing one of my songs, he would help. It was silly. It was very selfish, actually ... There were a lot of tracks, though, where I played bass ... because what Paul would do—if he'd written a song, he'd learn all the parts for Paul and then come in the studio and say (sometimes he was very difficult): "Do this." He'd never give you the opportunity to come out with something."[251]

In late 2001, McCartney learned that Harrison was losing his battle with cancer, and upon his death on 29 November 2001, McCartney issued a statement outside his home in St. John's Wood, calling him "a lovely guy and a very brave man who had a wonderful sense of humour", "We grew up together and we just had so many beautiful times together – that's what I am going to remember. I'll always love him, he's my baby brother."[252] Harrison spent his last days in a Hollywood Hills mansion that was once leased by McCartney.[253] On the first anniversary of his death, McCartney played Harrison's "Something" on a ukulele at the Concert for George.[93] He also performed "For You Blue" and "All Things Must Pass", as well as playing the piano on Eric Clapton's rendition of "While My Guitar Gently Weeps".[254]

Ringo Starr

Though Starr once described McCartney as "pleasantly insincere", the two generally enjoy each other's company, and at least once vacationed together in Greece, including stops in Athens and on the islands Corfu and Rhodes.[255] Starr recalls: "We couldn't understand a word of the songs the hotel band were playing, so on the last night Paul and I did a few rockers like "What'd I Say." [255] There was at times discord between them as well, particularly during Beatles' sessions for "The White Album", as Apple's Peter Brown recalls, "It was a poorly kept secret among Beatle intimates that after Ringo left the studio Paul would often dub in the drum tracks himself ... [Starr] would pretend not to notice".[256] In August 1968 the two got into an argument over McCartney's critique of Starr's drum part for "Back in the USSR", which led to Starr temporarily leaving the band.[257] He returned in September[258] to find bouquets of flowers on his drum kit. Starr comments on working with McCartney: "Paul is the greatest bass player in the world. But he is also very determined ... [to] get his own way ... [thus] musical disagreements inevitably arose from time to time."[257]

Recognition and achievements

Main article: List of awards received by Paul McCartney
A colour photograph of McCartney, wearing a red coat and blue jeans playing an electric guitar and singing while performing live on a stage.
McCartney performing in Prague, 6 June 2004

McCartney has been described by Guinness World Records as "The Most Successful Composer and Recording Artist of All Time", with 60 gold discs and sales of 100 million albums, 100 million singles, and a writer's credit on forty-three songs that have sold over one million copies each.[1] According to Guinness, he is "the most successful songwriter" in UK singles chart history, and has written or co-written "188 charted records, of which 129 are different songs. Of these records, 91 reached the Top 10 and 33 made it to No.1. In total, the songs have spent 1,662 weeks on the chart (up to the beginning of 2007)."[2] In 1986 he received acclaim from the Guinness Book of Records Hall of Fame, "as the most successful musician of all-time."[259]

In the US, as a songwriter or co-writer, he is included on thirty-one number one singles on the Billboard Hot 100; including twenty with the Beatles and nine solo and/or with Wings,[260] one as a co-writer on Elton John's cover of "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds",[261] and one as a co-writer of "A World Without Love", a number one single for Peter and Gordon.[262] As of 2012, he has sold 15.5 million RIAA certified units in the United States.[263]

Although Elvis Presley has achieved the most UK number-ones as a solo artist with eighteen,[264] McCartney has been involved in more number-ones in the UK than any other artist under a variety of credits, totalling twenty-four singles: including seventeen with the Beatles, one solo, and one each with Wings, Stevie Wonder, Ferry Aid, Band Aid, Band Aid 20 and one with "The Christians et all".[265] He is the only artist to reach the UK number one as a soloist ("Pipes of Peace"), duo ("Ebony and Ivory" with Wonder), trio ("Mull of Kintyre", Wings), quartet ("She Loves You", the Beatles), quintet ("Get Back", the Beatles with Billy Preston), and as part of a musical ensemble for charity (Ferry Aid).[266]

His song "Yesterday" is thought to be the most covered in history with more than 2,200 recorded versions,[267] and according to the BBC, "The track is the only one by a UK writer to have been aired more than seven million times on American TV and radio and is third in the all-time list ... [and] is the most played song by a British writer this century in the US."[268] His 1968 Beatles composition, "Hey Jude", is also a career highlight. It achieved the highest sales in the UK that year, and topped the US charts for nine weeks, longer than any other Beatles' single. It was also the longest single ever released by the band, and at seven minutes fifteen seconds was the longest of any number one to that point. It has been covered by several notable artists, including Presley, Bing Crosby, Count Basie, and Wilson Pickett.[269] It is the best-selling Beatles' single of all-time, with sales of over five million copies achieved soon after its release.[270]

Mcartney being handed an award from President Obama, both men are wearing dark suits, an orange curtain can be seen behind them, as well as drummer Abe Laboriel Jr., who is clapping
McCartney receiving the Gershwin Award from President Obama at the White House, June 2010

He played for the largest stadium audience in history when 184,000 people paid to see him perform at Maracanã Stadium in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil on 21 April 1990,[271] that year the minor planet 4148, was named "McCartney" in his honour.[272] In July 2005 he was involved with the fastest-released single in history, when his performance of "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" with U2 at Live 8 was released before the concert was over. The single reached number six on the Billboard charts, just hours after the single's release, and hit number one on numerous online download charts across the world.[273]

On 18 June 2006, McCartney celebrated his 64th birthday, a milestone that was the subject of a tune he wrote at the age of sixteen, which would later become the Beatles' song "When I'm Sixty-Four".[274] In 2008 he received a BRIT award for Outstanding Contribution to Music,[275] as well as an honorary Doctor of Music degree from Yale University.[276] In 2012 he became the last of the "Fab Four" to receive a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.[277]

Business
Main articles: Apple Corps, MPL Communications, and Northern Songs

McCartney is one of the UK's wealthiest people, with an estimated fortune of £475 million in 2010.[278] In addition to an interest in Apple Corps, MPL Communications, an umbrella company for his business interests, owns a significant music publishing catalogue, with access to over 25,000 copyrights,[279] including the publishing rights to the musicals Guys and Dolls, A Chorus Line, and Grease.[280] He earned £40 million in 2003, making him Britain's highest media earner.[281] This rose to £48.5 million by 2005.[282] In 2006 the Trademarks Registry reported that MPL had started a process to secure the protections associated with registering the name "Paul McCartney" as a trademark.[283]

Northern Songs

Northern Songs was established in 1963 by Dick James to publish the songs of Lennon–McCartney.[284] The Beatles' partnership was replaced in 1968 by a jointly held company, Apple Corps, which continues to control Apple's commercial interests. Northern Songs was purchased by Associated Television (ATV) in 1969, and was sold in 1985 to Michael Jackson. For many years McCartney was unhappy about Jackson's purchase and handling of Northern Songs.[285]

Despite the lack of publishing rights to most of his Beatles' songs, he continues to receive his respective share of the writers' royalties, which together are 33⅓% of total commercial proceeds in the US and which vary elsewhere around the world between 50 and 55%.[286] Two of the Beatles' earliest songs—"Love Me Do" and "P.S. I Love You"—were published by an EMI subsidiary, Ardmore & Beechwood, before signing with James. McCartney acquired their publishing rights from Ardmore in the mid 1980s,[287] and they are the only two Beatles songs owned by MPL Communications.[288]

Discography

Main articles: Paul McCartney discography, Wings discography, and The Beatles discography
Solo
Wings, live, and compilations

Tours

Main article: List of Paul McCartney concert tours
See also: List of The Beatles' live performances

Arms

Coat of arms of Paul McCartney
Notes
Sir Paul McCartney's agent was Hubert Chesshyre, LVO, Clarenceux King of Arms
Crest
On a Wreath of the Colours A Liver Bird calling Sable supporting with the dexter claws a Guitar Or stringed Sable.[291]
Escutcheon
Or between two Flaunches fracted fesswise two Roundels Sable over all six Guitar Strings palewise throughout counterchanged.
Motto
ECCE COR MEUM (Behold my heart)[291]

Citations

  1. ^ a b Harry 2002, pp. 388–389.
  2. ^ a b Guinness: World Records 2009. Guinness World Records. 2008. p. 168. ISBN 978-1-904994-37-4. {{cite book}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  3. ^ a b Spitz 2005, p. 75.
  4. ^ Miles 1997, p. 4.
  5. ^ "Beatle's schoolboy photo auction". BBC. 16 August 2009. Retrieved 4 May 2012.
  6. ^ Miles 1997, p. 9.
  7. ^ Spitz 2005, p. 125.
  8. ^ Spitz 2005, pp. 82–83.
  9. ^ Benitez 2010, p. 2: Mary was the family's primary wage earner; Harry 2002, pp. 340–341: ... where they lived through 1964
  10. ^ Miles 1997, p. 6.
  11. ^ Miles 1997, p. 20.
  12. ^ Benitez 2010, p. 2.
  13. ^ Miles 1997, p. 31.
  14. ^ a b Miles 1997, p. 22.
  15. ^ Spitz 2005, p. 71.
  16. ^ Miles 1997, pp. 23–24.
  17. ^ a b c Miles 1997, p. 21.
  18. ^ Spitz 2005, p. 86.
  19. ^ Harry 2002, pp. 509: McCartney: "The first song I ever sang in public was "Long Tall Sally"., 533–534: Harry: "Long Tall Sally", was "The first number Paul ever sang on stage".
  20. ^ Spitz 2005, p. 93.
  21. ^ Lewisohn 1992, p. 18.
  22. ^ Lewisohn 1992, pp. 18–22.
  23. ^ Lewisohn 1992, pp. 17–25.
  24. ^ Lewisohn 1992, pp. 21–25: Hamburg, 31: the Cavern Club.
  25. ^ Miles 1997, p. 74: McCartney: "Nobody wants to play bass, or nobody did in those days."; Gould 2007, pp. 89: On McCartney playing bass when Sutcliff was indisposed., 94: "Sutcliff gradually began to withdraw from active participation in the Beatles, ceding his role as the group's bassist to Paul McCartney."
  26. ^ Spitz 2005, pp. 249–251.
  27. ^ Miles 1997, pp. 84–88.
  28. ^ Spitz 2005, p. 330.
  29. ^ Lewisohn 1992, pp. 75: Replacing Best with Starr., 88–94: "Beatlemania" in the UK., 136–140: "Beatlemania" in the US.
  30. ^ Miles 1997, p. 470.
  31. ^ Lewisohn 1992, p. 180.
  32. ^ Miles 1997, p. 207.
  33. ^ Miles 1997, p. 218.
  34. ^ Miles 1997, p. 217.
  35. ^ Miles 1997, pp. 219–220.
  36. ^ a b Miles 1997, pp. 238–239.
  37. ^ Gould 2007, p. 347.
  38. ^ Miles 1997, pp. 293–295.
  39. ^ Harry 2000a, pp. 1–3: Abbey Road, 107–109: The Beatles, 916–917: Revolver, 969–979: Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band; Levy 2005, pp. 8–11: Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, 14–15: Revolver, 28–29: The Beatles, 33: Abbey Road
  40. ^ Roberts 2005, p. 54.
  41. ^ Lewisohn 1992, pp. 350–351.
  42. ^ Gould 2007, p. 8–9: "one of the greatest phenomena in the history of mass entertainment", "widely regarded as the greatest concentration of singing, songwriting, and all-around musical talent that the rock'n'roll era has produced"; Spitz 2005, p. 856: "not anything like anything else ... [a] vastness of talent ... of genius, incomprehensible"
  43. ^ For song authorship see, Harry 2002, pp. 90: "Can't Buy Me Love", 313–316: "Eleanor Rigby", 358–359: "Get Back", 410–411: "Hello, Goodbye", 415–416: "Hey Jude", 508: "Let it Be", 533: "The Long and Winding Road", 678–679: "Paperback Writer", 925–929: "Yesterday". For release dates, US and UK peak chart positions of the preceding songs see, Lewisohn 1992, pp. 350–351
  44. ^ Sounes 2010, pp. 171–172: Paul and Linda's first meeting., 245–248: On their wedding., 261: On the birth of their first child Mary.
  45. ^ Gould 2007, pp. 593–594.
  46. ^ Harry 2002, p. 556.
  47. ^ Harry 2002, pp. 556–563.
  48. ^ Ingham 2009, pp. 105: Ram, 114–115: "Uncle Albert/Admiral Halsey".
  49. ^ Sounes 2010, pp. 287–288.
  50. ^ Harry 2002, pp. 613–615.
  51. ^ Harry 2002, pp. 515–516: "Live and Let Die", 641–642: "My Love".
  52. ^ Benitez 2010, p. 50: "symphonic rock at its best"; Roberts 2005, p. 311: "Live and Let Die" UK chart peak (#9).
  53. ^ Harry 2002, pp. 51–54.
  54. ^ Harry 2002, pp. 882–883: Venus and Mars, 910–911: Wings at the Speed of Sound.
  55. ^ Carlin 2009, p. 247–248.
  56. ^ Doggett 2009, p. 264.
  57. ^ Ingham 2009, pp. 107–108.
  58. ^ Lewisohn 2002, p. 168.
  59. ^ Harry 2002, pp. 840–841.
  60. ^ Ingham 2009, p. 108.
  61. ^ Harry 2002, pp. 42–43: Back to the Egg, 530–532: London Town, 758–760: the Rockestra.
  62. ^ Sounes 2010, pp. 326–327.
  63. ^ Harry 2002, pp. 904–910: Wings, 912–913: Wings over America.
  64. ^ Lewisohn 2002, p. 163.
  65. ^ Harry 2002, pp. 265–266: "Coming Up", 511–512: "Listen to What the Man Said", 788: "Silly Love Songs", 915: "With a Little Luck".
  66. ^ Harry 2002, p. 578.
  67. ^ Benitez 2010, pp. 100–103.
  68. ^ Harry 2002, pp. 311: "Ebony and Ivory", 361–362: "The Girl Is Mine", 820: Eric Stewart.
  69. ^ Harry 2002, pp. 720–722: Pipes of Peace album and song., 776–777: "Say Say Say".
  70. ^ Harry 2002, pp. 365–374.
  71. ^ Ebert, Roger (1 January 1984). "Give My Regards to Broad Street review". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 3 May 2012. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  72. ^ Harry 2002, pp. 368–369.
  73. ^ Harry 2002, pp. 100: Снова в СССР, 728: Press to Play, 820: Eric Stewart.
  74. ^ Harry 2002, pp. 327–328.
  75. ^ Roberts 2005, pp. 688–689.
  76. ^ Harry 2002, pp. 272–273: Elvis Costello, 337–338: Flowers in the Dirt.
  77. ^ Harry 2002, p. 851.
  78. ^ Harry 2002, pp. 526–528: Liverpool Oratorio, 861–862: Tripping the Live Fantastic.
  79. ^ a b Harry 2002, p. 528.
  80. ^ Harry 2002, pp. 332–334.
  81. ^ Harry 2002, pp. 656: Off the Ground, 685–686: Paul Is Live, 687: The New World Tour.
  82. ^ Miles 1997, pp. 218–219.
  83. ^ Sounes 2010, pp. 458: Honorary Fellowship, 477: McCartney, "Yeah, its kind of amazing for somebody who doesn't read a note of music".
  84. ^ Harry 2002, pp. 226–227.
  85. ^ Harry 2002, pp. 335–336: Flaming Pie, 807: Standing Stone, 770: Rushes.
  86. ^ Harry 2002, pp. 593–595: Linda's battle with cancer., 765–766: Run Devil Run.
  87. ^ Harry 2002, pp. 350–351.
  88. ^ Harry 2002, pp. 238: "as a solo artist", 710–711: Working Classical, 756–758: McCartney's Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction.
  89. ^ Harry 2002, pp. 38, 242: Music fellowship, 528–529: Liverpool Sound Collage.
  90. ^ Harry 2002, pp. 873–874.
  91. ^ Harry 2002, pp. 268–270: The Concert for New York City, 346–347: "Freedom".
  92. ^ Sounes 2010, pp. 517–518.
  93. ^ a b Doggett 2009, pp. 332–333.
  94. ^ Harry 2002, pp. 825–826.
  95. ^ Sandford 2006, p. 396.
  96. ^ Raymer 2010, p. 82.
  97. ^ "Paul McCartney Treats Liverpool to "A Day in the Life" Live Debut". Rolling Stone. 2 June 2008. Archived from the original on 1 July 2008. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
  98. ^ "Paul McCartney Stuns Manhattan With Set on Letterman's Marquee". Rolling Stone. 16 July 2009. Retrieved 4 May 2012.
  99. ^ Pareles, Jon (2 June 2010). "McCartney Is Honored at White House". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 May 2012. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  100. ^ Sounes 2010, p. 560.
  101. ^ Mervis, Scott (14 June 2010). "Paul McCartney sells out two shows at Consol". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved 3 May 2012. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  102. ^ "Joel among stars recording McCartney tribute album". Orange News. 10 February 2012. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
  103. ^ "Paul McCartney – Kisses On The Bottom". paulmccartney.com. Retrieved 7 February 2012.
  104. ^ "Paul McCartney Is 2012 MusiCares Person Of The Year". grammy.com. 13 September 2011. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
  105. ^ English, Rebecca (4 June 2012). "'Thanks for making us all so proud to be British': Prince Charles pays moving and personal tribute to 'Mummy' the Queen at spectacular Buckingham Palace Diamond Jubilee Concert". Daily Mail. Retrieved 5 June 2012. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  106. ^ "Sir Paul to end London 2012 opening ceremony". BBC. Retrieved 5 June 2012.
  107. ^ MacDonald 2005, p. 13.
  108. ^ Benitez 2010, p. 134.
  109. ^ Bacon & Morgan 2006, p. 8.
  110. ^ Bacon & Morgan 2006, p. 28.
  111. ^ Babiuk & Bacon 2002, pp. 16–17: Höfner 500/1, 44–45: Rickenbacker 4001, 85–86, 92–93, 103, 116, 134, 140, 173, 175, 187, 211: Vox amplifiers; MacDonald 2005, p. 298: Fender Bassman
  112. ^ a b Mulhern 1990, p. 19.
  113. ^ Bacon & Morgan 2006, pp. 38–39.
  114. ^ a b c d e f Mulhern 1990, p. 22.
  115. ^ a b Ingham 2009, p. 299.
  116. ^ MacDonald 2005, pp. 133–134.
  117. ^ Bacon & Morgan 2006, pp. 10, 44: Rubber Soul as the starting point for McCartney's bass improvement, 98: "a high point in pop bass playing".
  118. ^ MacDonald 2005, pp. 178–180.
  119. ^ Bacon & Morgan 2006, pp. 112–113.
  120. ^ a b MacDonald 2005, pp. 196–198.
  121. ^ MacDonald 2005, pp. 157–158: "Yesterday", 174–175: "I'm Looking Through You", 175–176: "Michelle", 291–292: "Blackbird", 305–306: "Mother Nature's Son", 308: "Rocky Raccoon", 315: "I Will".
  122. ^ Babiuk & Bacon 2002, pp. 146–147, 152, 161, 164: Epiphone Texan. 215, 218, 222, 239: Martin D-28.
  123. ^ Mulhern 1990, p. 23.
  124. ^ MacDonald 2005, pp. 166–167: "Drive My Car".
  125. ^ Babiuk & Bacon 2002, p. 149.
  126. ^ MacDonald 2005, pp. 200–201: "Taxman", 232–234: "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band", 234–235: "Good Morning Good Morning", 297–298: "Helter Skelter".
  127. ^ MacDonald 2005, pp. 128–129: "Every Little Thing", 205–206: "For No One", 227–232: "A Day In The Life", 272–273: "Hello, Goodbye", 275–276: "Lady Madonna", 337–338: "Let It Be", 239–241: "The Long and Winding Road", 302–304: "Hey Jude".
  128. ^ Benitez 2010, p. 68.
  129. ^ MacDonald 2005, p. 156.
  130. ^ MacDonald 2005, p. 298.
  131. ^ MacDonald 2005, pp. 302–304.
  132. ^ Benitez 2010, pp. 128: "Put It There", 138: "Hope of Deliverance".
  133. ^ Everett 1999, pp. 112–113: "When I'm Sixty-Four", 189–190.
  134. ^ Spitz 2005, p. 41.
  135. ^ Harry 2000a, p. 140–141: Chuck Berry; Harry 2002, pp. 420–425: Buddy Holly, 727: Elvis Presley; Mulhern 1990, p. 33: Carl Perkins and Little Richard; Spitz 2005, pp. 41, 92, 97, 124: Presley, 131–133, 225, 538: Holly, 134, 374, 446, 752: Berry
  136. ^ Harry 2002, p. 727.
  137. ^ MacDonald 2005, p. 66–67: "According to McCartney, the bassline was taken from ... "I'm Talking About You"; Mulhern 1990, p. 18: McCartney: "I'm not gonna tell you I wrote the thing when Chuck Berry's bass player did; Miles 1997, p. 94: McCartney: "I played exactly the same notes as he did and it fitted our number perfectly."
  138. ^ Mulhern 1990, p. 33.
  139. ^ MacDonald 2005, p. 156: (secondary source); Miles 1997, p. 201: (primary source)
  140. ^ Spitz 2005, p. 205.
  141. ^ Harry 2002, p. 307.
  142. ^ Harry 2000a, pp. 549–550.
  143. ^ Miles 1997, p. 232.
  144. ^ Harry 2000a, pp. 1196–1198.
  145. ^ Harry 2002, pp. 549–550.
  146. ^ Miles 1997, pp. 104–106: McCartney living at the Asher home. 110: Martin at Guildhall, 281: McCartney's piano lessons.
  147. ^ Spitz 2005, p. 597.
  148. ^ Harry 2002, pp. 517–526.
  149. ^ Miles 1997, p. 243.
  150. ^ Miles 1997, pp. 256–267.
  151. ^ Spitz 2005, p. 84.
  152. ^ Miles 1997, p. 266.
  153. ^ a b "McCartney gets arty". BBC. 30 April 1999. Retrieved 29 January 2007.
  154. ^ "McCartney and Yoko art exhibitions, 20 October 2000". BBC News. 20 October 2000. Retrieved 3 May 2012.; "Walker Gallery Exhibition: 24 May – 4 August 2002". liverpoolmuseums.org.uk. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
  155. ^ "McCartney stamps to go on sale". BBC. 18 February 2002. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
  156. ^ Miles 1997, p. 12: "word power" (primary source); Spitz 2005, p. 82: "word power" (secondary source)
  157. ^ Miles 1997, p. 40.
  158. ^ Miles 1997, p. 41.
  159. ^ Horovitz, Michael (14 October 2006). "Roll over, Andrew Motion". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 July 2009. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  160. ^ a b McCartney & Mitchell 2001, p. 13.
  161. ^ Merritt, Stephanie (17 December 2005). "It took him years to write ..." The Guardian. Retrieved 3 May 2012. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  162. ^ Harry 2002, p. 767.
  163. ^ "McCartney releases frog follow-up". BBC News. 29 February 2004. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
  164. ^ Harry 2002, pp. 386–387: the Grateful Dead documentary, 789: "Lisa the Vegetarian", 862: Tropic Island Hum.
  165. ^ Harry 2002, p. 914.
  166. ^ Lewisohn 2002, p. 21.
  167. ^ Miles 1997, pp. 66–67.
  168. ^ Miles 1997, pp. 186–189.
  169. ^ Brown & Gaines 2002, p. 182.
  170. ^ Miles 1997, p. 190.
  171. ^ a b Miles 1997, pp. 67–68.
  172. ^ Miles 1997, p. 247.
  173. ^ Miles 1997, pp. 384–385.
  174. ^ Miles 1997, pp. 379–380.
  175. ^ Miles 1997, p. 382.
  176. ^ Brown & Gaines 2002, p. 228.
  177. ^ Miles 1997, pp. 386–387.
  178. ^ Harry 2000b, pp. 712–713.
  179. ^ Miles 1997, p. 395.
  180. ^ Harry 2002, pp. 459–461.
  181. ^ Harry 2002, pp. 300–307.
  182. ^ Harry 2002, pp. 880–882.
  183. ^ "'Bambi' was cruel". BBC News. 12 December 2005. Retrieved 29 January 2007.
  184. ^ "McCartney vows to keep animal rights torch alight". BBC News. 5 August 1998. Retrieved 29 January 2007.
  185. ^ "GM-free ingredients". BBC News. 10 June 1999. Retrieved 3 January 2010.
  186. ^ "McCartney calls for landmine ban". BBC News. 20 April 2001. Retrieved 3 January 2010.
  187. ^ "McCartney plays for Ralph Whitworth". BBC News. 24 February 2003. Retrieved 3 January 2010.
  188. ^ "McCartney divorce battle: The full judgement part 2". Daily Mail. 18 March 2008. Retrieved 12 May 2012.
  189. ^ "Paul and Heather call for seal cull ban, Friday, 3 March 2006". BBC News. 3 March 2006. Retrieved 27 January 2007.
  190. ^ "Interview transcript, McCartney and Heather, Larry King Live, Seal cull". CNN. 3 March 2006. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
  191. ^ Addison, Adrian (28 November 2005). "McCartney attacks China over fur". BBC News. Retrieved 3 January 2010.
  192. ^ "Make Poverty History". Retrieved 2 December 2006.
  193. ^ Harry 2002, pp. 270: Concerts for the People of Kampuchea, 327–328: "Ferry Cross the Mersey", 514–515: Live Aid; Roberts 2005, pp. 49: Band Aid & Band Aid 20, 187: Ferry Aid
  194. ^ "US campaign for Burma protest". BBC News. 20 June 2005. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
  195. ^ "Aid Still Required". Aid Still Required. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
  196. ^ Ellen, Barbara (17 July 2010). "Interview: Paul McCartney". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 May 2012. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  197. ^ a b Ingle, Sean; Turner, Georgina; Aldred), Tanya (9 January 2004). "The Beatles and Football: Part Two". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 May 2012.
  198. ^ "Macca's a blue". Everton Football Club. Retrieved 8 March 2010.
  199. ^ "Did The Beatles Hide Their Footballing Love Away?". Haymarket Media Group. Retrieved 6 May 2012.
  200. ^ Aldred, Tanya; Ingle, Sean (11 December 2003). "Did The Beatles Like Football?". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 May 2012.
  201. ^ Murray, Scott (21 December 2007). "Joy of Six: Great Christmas Matches". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 March 2010.
  202. ^ "We Loved Them, Yeah Yeah, Yeah". DailyRecord. 9 November 2008. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
  203. ^ Petridis, Alexis (2 June 2008). "Paul McCartney: Anfield". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 May 2012.
  204. ^ Reynolds, Gillian (2 June 2008). "Sir Paul McCartney rocks Anfield stadium". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 8 March 2010.
  205. ^ Prentice, David (5 July 2008). "Sir Paul McCartney's Everton 'secret' was no surprise". Everton Banter. Retrieved 10 May 2012.
  206. ^ Lewisohn 1992, p. 261.
  207. ^ Miles 1997, p. 396.
  208. ^ Miles 1997, p. 397.
  209. ^ Miles 1997, pp. 396–404.
  210. ^ Pareles, Jon (6 April 2009). "Just Say 'Om': The Fab Two Give a Little Help to a Cause". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 July 2009.
  211. ^ Spitz 2005, p. 163.
  212. ^ Miles 1997, p. 69.
  213. ^ Spitz 2005, p. 171.
  214. ^ Spitz 2005, pp. 239–240.
  215. ^ Spitz 2005, p. 348.
  216. ^ Miles 1997, pp. 101–102.
  217. ^ Miles 1997, p. 106.
  218. ^ Miles 1997, p. 108.
  219. ^ Harry 2002, pp. 27–32: Jane Asher, 777–778: Francie Schwartz.
  220. ^ Harry 2002, p. 585.
  221. ^ a b c Harry 2002, p. 587.
  222. ^ Harry 2002, p. 45.
  223. ^ Miles 1997, pp. 432–434.
  224. ^ Miles 1997, pp. 514–515.
  225. ^ Miles 1997, p. 525.
  226. ^ Harry 2002, pp. 904–910.
  227. ^ Harry 2002, pp. 716–718: PETA, 880–882: Vegetarianism.
  228. ^ Harry 2002, pp. 585–601.
  229. ^ Harry 2002, pp. 600–601.
  230. ^ Harry 2002, pp. 568–578.
  231. ^ Sounes 2010, p. 523.
  232. ^ Sounes 2010, pp. 532: Separation, 546: Divorce.
  233. ^ "McCartney's lament: I can't buy your love". Sydney Morning Herald. 12 June 2004.
  234. ^ "Sir Paul McCartney marrying for the third time". BBC News. 9 October 2011. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
  235. ^ Chan, Sewell (7 November 2007). "Former Beatle Linked to Member of M.T.A. Unit". New York Times. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
  236. ^ Smith, Emily (7 November 2007). "Macca's Nancy fought cancer". The Sun. Retrieved 2 December 2011. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  237. ^ "Nancy Shevell – Vice President – Administration". NEMF.com. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
  238. ^ Sandford 2006, pp. 227–229.
  239. ^ Miles 1997, p. 587.
  240. ^ Miles 1997, p. 588.
  241. ^ Miles 1997, p. 590.
  242. ^ a b c d e Harry 2002, p. 505.
  243. ^ Miles 1997, p. 592.
  244. ^ Harry 2002, pp. 869–870.
  245. ^ Goodman, Joan. "Playboy Interview: Paul and Linda McCartney". Playboy. 31, no. 12 (December 1984): 82.
  246. ^ Carlin 2009, pp. 255–257.
  247. ^ Miles 1997, p. 594.
  248. ^ Harry 2002, p. 506.
  249. ^ Harry 2002, p. 20.
  250. ^ Everett 1999, p. 10.
  251. ^ Glazer, Mitchell. "Growing Up at 33⅓: The George Harrison Interview". Crawdaddy (February 1977): 35–36.
  252. ^ Poole, Oliver; Davies, Hugh (1 December 2001). "I'll always love him, he's my baby brother, says tearful McCartney". The Telegraph. Retrieved 4 May 2012. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  253. ^ "Harrison death mystery solved". BBC News. 13 February 2002. Retrieved 4 May 2012.
  254. ^ Harry 2003, pp. 138–139.
  255. ^ a b Harry 2002, p. 815.
  256. ^ Brown & Gaines 2002, p. 289.
  257. ^ a b Harry 2002, p. 816.
  258. ^ Lewisohn 1992, p. 296.
  259. ^ Harry 2002, p. 388.
  260. ^ "Most No. 1s By Artist (All-Time)". Billboard.com. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
  261. ^ "Chart History: Lucy in the Sky With Diamonds – Elton John". Billboard.com. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
  262. ^ "Peter & Gordon". Billboard.com. Retrieved 3 May 2012.; Harry 2002, p. 922; Gould 2007, p. 250
  263. ^ "Top Selling Artists". RIAA. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
  264. ^ Roberts 2005, pp. 398–400.
  265. ^ Roberts 2005, pp. 49: Band Aid & Band Aid 20, 54–55: the Beatles, 187: Ferry Aid, 311–312: Solo, Wings, Stevie Wonder and "The Christians et all".
  266. ^ Roberts 2005, pp. 311–312.
  267. ^ "Sir Paul is Your Millennium's greatest composer". BBC. 3 May 1999. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
  268. ^ "McCartney's Yesterday earns US accolade". BBC. 17 December 1999. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
  269. ^ Harry 2000a, pp. 516–518.
  270. ^ Sounes 2010, p. 223.
  271. ^ Badman 1999, p. 444.
  272. ^ "Minor planet number 4148 has been named in honor of former Beatle Paul McCartney". IAU Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 9 March 2010.
  273. ^ "Live 8 single". BBC. 13 July 2005. Retrieved 3 January 2010.
  274. ^ Miles 1997, p. 319.
  275. ^ "Sir Paul McCartney picks up special Brit award in London". NME. 20 February 2008. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
  276. ^ "Yale gives Paul McCartney honorary music degree". USA Today. 26 May 2008. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
  277. ^ Sinha, Piya (9 February 2012). "Paul McCartney finally gets Walk of Fame star". Reuters. Retrieved 9 February 2012.
  278. ^ "Sunday Times Rich List 2010: Music millionaires". The Daily Telegraph. UK. 24 April 2010. Retrieved 15 July 2010.
  279. ^ "Sir Paul is 'pop billionaire'". BBC News. 6 January 2002. Retrieved 13 July 2009.
  280. ^ Harry 2002, pp. 630–632.
  281. ^ "McCartney tops media rich list". BBC News. 30 October 2003. Retrieved 3 January 2010.
  282. ^ "48 million in 2005". The Telegraph. 18 May 2006. Archived from the original on 7 May 2008. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
  283. ^ Muir, Hugh (14 October 2006). "Paul McCartney Trademark". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
  284. ^ Spitz 2005, p. 365.
  285. ^ Harry 2002, pp. 456–459.
  286. ^ Southall & Perry 2006, p. 195.
  287. ^ Southall & Perry 2006, pp. 192–193.
  288. ^ Harry 2002, p. 536.
  289. ^ Harry 2002, pp. 845–851; Lewisohn 2002, pp. 170–171
  290. ^ Harry 2002, pp. 851–861.
  291. ^ a b "Ex-Beatle granted coat of arms". BBC News: World Edition. 22 December 2002. Retrieved 9 March 2010.

Sources

Further reading

Template:Wikipedia books

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Paul McCartney.
Wikiquote has quotations related to Paul McCartney.


Template:Persondata

Template:Link FA Template:Link GA Template:Link GA

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_McCartney&oldid=496537048"