Macedonian language

	Dialect divisions of Macedonian
Northern Lower Polog Crna Gora Kumanovo / Kratovo Western/Northwestern Central Upper Polog Reka Mala Reka / Galičnik Debar Drimkol / Golo Brdo Vevčani / Radοžda Upper Prespa / Ohrid Lower Prespa	Eastern Mariovo / Tikveš Štip / Strumica Maleševo / Pirin Southeastern Korča Kostur Nestram Solun / Voden Ser / Drama

Macedonian
Macedonian
Македонски јазик; Makedonski jazik
Pronunciation	[maˈkɛdɔnski]
Native to	Albania ; Bulgaria ; Greece ; North Macedonia ; Serbia ; Macedonian diaspora
Region	The Balkans
Native speakers	1.6 – 3 million
Language family	Indo-European (Satem Group) Balto-Slavic Slavic South Slavic Eastern South Slavic Macedonian; ; ; ; ;
Writing system	Cyrillic (Macedonian variant)
Official status
Official language in	Republic of Macedonia; recognised as minority language in parts of:; Albania; Romania; Serbia
Regulated by	Macedonian Language Institute "Krste Misirkov" at the Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje
Language codes
ISO 639-1	mk
ISO 639-2	mac (B) ; mkd (T)
ISO 639-3	mkd
	; Countries with significant Macedonian-speaking populations.; (Click on image for the legend)

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Template:Two other uses

Macedonian (македонски јазик, pronounced [maˈkɛdɔnski ˈjazik] ^ⓘ) is the official language of the Republic of Macedonia and a member of the Eastern group of South Slavic languages. Standard Macedonian was implemented as the official language of the Socialist Republic of Macedonia in June 1945^[8] after being codified in the 1940s and 1950s; it has accumulated a thriving literary tradition.

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Macedonian dialects form a dialect continuum with Serbian to the north, and Bulgarian to the east.^[9]

AfD: Nominated for deletion; see Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Macedonian language

Geographical distribution

The population of the Republic of Macedonia was 2,022,547 in 2002, with 1,644,815 speaking Macedonian as the native language.^[10] Outside of the Republic, there are Macedonians living in other parts of the geographical area of . There are ethnic minorities in neighbouring Albania, in Bulgaria, in Greece, and in Serbia. According to the official Albanian census of 1989, 4,697 ethnic Macedonians reside in Albania.^[11]

A large number of Macedonians live outside the traditional Balkan Macedonian region, with Australia, Canada and the United States having the largest emigrant communities. According to a 1964 estimate, approximately 580,000 Macedonians live outside of the Macedonian Republic,^[12] nearly 30% of the total population. The Macedonian spoken by communities outside the republic dates back to before the standardisation of the language^{[citation needed]} and retains many dialectic though, overall, mutually intelligible variations.^{[citation needed]} The Macedonian language has the status of official language only in the Republic of Macedonia, and is a recognised minority language in parts of Albania, Romania, and Serbia. There are provisions for learning the Macedonian language in Romania as Macedonians are an officially recognised minority group. The language is taught in some universities in Australia, Canada, Croatia, Italy, Russia, Serbia, the United States, and the United Kingdom among other countries.

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The varieties spoken by the communities claiming ethnic Macedonian identity^[13] in parts of northern Greece, especially those in the Greek provinces of West and Central Macedonia, are today usually classified as part of the Macedonian language, with those in East Macedonia being transitional towards Bulgarian.^[14] Bulgarian linguistics traditionally regards them all as part of the Bulgarian diasystem together with the rest of Macedonian.^[15]^[16] However, the codification of standard Macedonian has been in effect only in the Republic of Macedonia, and the Slavonic dialects spoken in Greece are thus practically "roofless",^[17] with their speakers having little access to standard or written Macedonian.

Unlike in the Republic of Macedonia, many speakers of the language in Greece choose not to identify ethnically as "Macedonians", but as ethnic Greeks (Slavophone Greeks) or dopii (locals). Therefore, the simple term "" as a name for the Slavic language is often avoided in the Greek context, and vehemently rejected by most Greeks, for whom Macedonian has very different connotations. Instead, the language is often called simply "Slavic" or "Slavomacedonian", with "Macedonian Slavic" often being used in English. Speakers themselves variously refer to their language as makedonski, makedoniski ("Macedonian"), slaviká (Template:Lang-el, "Slavic"), dópia or entópia (Template:Lang-el, "local/indigenous [language]"),^[18] bălgarski, balgàrtzki, bolgàrtski or bulgàrtski ("Bulgarian"), naši ("our own [language]"), or stariski ("the old [language]").

The exact number of speakers in Greece is difficult to ascertain, with estimates ranging between 20,000 and 250,000.^[19]^[20]^[21]^[2] Jacques Bacid estimates in his 1983 book that "over 200,000 Macedonian speakers remained in Greece".^[22] Other sources put the numbers of speakers at 180,000^[23]^{[unreliable source?]},^[24] 220,000^[25] 250,000^[26] while Yugoslav sources vary, some putting the estimated number of "Macedonians in Greek Macedonia" at 150,000–200,000 and others at 300,000^[27]. The Encyclopedia Britannica^[28]^{[dead link‍]} and the Reader's Digest World Guide both put the figure of ethnic Macedonians in Greece at 1.8% or c.200,000 people, with the native language roughly corresponding with the figures. The UCLA also states that there are 200,000 Macedonian speakers in Greece.^[29]^[30] A 2008 article in the Greek newspaper Eleftherotipia put the estimate at 20,000.^[31]

The largest group of speakers are concentrated in the Florina, Kastoria, Edessa, Giannitsa, Ptolemaida and Naousa regions. During the Greek Civil War, the codified Macedonian language was taught in 87 schools with 10,000 students in areas of northern Greece under the control of Communist-led forces, until their defeat by the National Army in 1949.^[32] In recent years, there have been attempts to have the language recognised as a minority language ^[13].

Usage

The total number of Macedonian speakers is highly disputed. Although the precise number of speakers is unknown, figures of between 1.6 million (from Ethnologue) and 2–2.5 million have been cited; see Topolinjska (1998) and Friedman (1985). The general academic consensus is that there are approximately 2 million speakers of the Macedonian language, accepting that "it is difficult to determine the total number of speakers of Macedonian due to the official policies of the neighbouring Balkan states and the fluid nature of emigration" Friedman (1985:?). According to the latest censuses and figures, the number of speakers of Macedonian is:

State	Number
State	Lower Range	Higher Range
Macedonia	1,700,000^[33]	2,022,547^[34]
Albania	4,697^[35]	30,000^[36]
Bulgaria^[37]	unknown	unknown
Greece	35,000 ^[19]	200,000 ^[2]
Serbia	14,355^[38]	30,000^{[citation needed]}
Rest of the Balkans	15,939^[39]	25,000
Canada	37,050^{[citation needed]}	150,000^[40]
Australia	71,994^[41]	200,000^[40]
Germany	62,295^[42]	85,000^[40]
Italy	50,000^[43]	74,162^[44]
United States of America	45,000^[45]	200,000^[40]
Switzerland	6,415^[46]	60,362^[47]
Rest of World	101,600^[40]	110,000^[48]
Total	2,289,904	3,200,000

Dialects

Based on a large group of features, Macedonian dialects can be divided into Eastern and Western groups (the boundary runs approximately from Skopje and Skopska Crna Gora along the rivers Vardar and Crna). In addition, a more detailed classification can be based on the modern reflexes of the Proto-Slavic reduced vowels (yers), vocalic sonorants, and the back nasal *ǫ. That classification distinguishes between the following 5 groups:^[50]

Western Dialects:

Eastern Dialects:

Northern Group
Eastern Group

The Ser-Drama-Lagadin-Nevrokop dialect and Maleševo-Pirin dialect are considered to also be Bulgarian dialects^[51] or transitional dialects between Macedonian and Bulgarian.^{[citation needed]}

Phonology

This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

Map of the use of the intervocalic phoneme kj in the Macedonian language (1962)

Map of the use of the intervocalic phoneme gj in the Macedonian language (1962)

Vowels of Macedonian^[52]
	Front	Central	Back
Close	и /i/		у /u/
Mid	е /ɛ/		о /ɔ/
Open		а /a/

In addition, the schwa [ə] may appear in certain dialects or loanwords.

Consonants of Macedonian^[52]
	Bilabial		Labio- Dental		Dental		Alveolar	Post- Alveolar		Palatal		Velar
Nasal	m				n					ɲ
Plosive	p	b			t	d				c	ɟ	k	ɡ
Affricate					t͡s	d͡z		t͡ʃ	d͡ʒ
Fricative			f	v	s	z		ʃ	ʒ			x
Approximant										j
Trill							r
Lateral					ɫ		l

Macedonian exhibits final obstruent devoicing and syllabic /r/

Other than recent loanwords, word stress in Macedonian is antepenultimate, meaning it falls on the third from last syllable in words with three or more syllables, and on the first or only syllable in other words. By comparison, in standard Bulgarian, the stress can fall anywhere within a word.

Grammar

Macedonian grammar is markedly analytic in comparison with other Slavic languages, having lost the common Slavic case system. The Macedonian language shows some special and, in some cases, unique characteristics due to its central position in the Balkans.

Literary Macedonian is the only South Slavic literary language that has three forms of the definite article, based on the degree of proximity to the speaker, and a past tense formed by means of an auxiliary verb "to have", followed by a past passive participle in the neuter.

Both double object and mediative (sometimes referred to as renarrative or admirative) mood are also found in the Bulgarian language, although the use of double object is much more restricted in the Bulgarian standard (see also Bulgarian syntax).

Vocabulary

As a result of the close relatedness with Bulgarian and Serbian, Macedonian shares a considerable amount of its lexicon with these languages. Other languages which have been in positions of power, such as Ottoman Turkish and increasingly English also provide a significant proportion of the loan words. Prestige languages, such as Old Church Slavonic, which occupies a relationship to modern Macedonian comparable to the relationship of medieval Latin to modern Romance languages, and Russian also provided a source for lexical borrowings.

During the standardization process, there was deliberate care taken to try and purify the lexicon of the language. "Serbisms" and "Bulgarisms", which had become common due to the influence of these languages in the region were rejected in favor of words from native dialects and archaisms. One example was the word for "event", настан [ˈnastan], which was found in certain examples of folk poetry collected by the Miladinov Brothers in the 19th century, while the Macedonian writer Krste Misirkov had previously used the word собитие [ˈsɔbitiɛ].^[53] This is not to say that there are no Serbisms, Bulgarisms or even Russianisms in the language, but rather that they were discouraged on a principle of "seeking native material first".^[54]

The language of the writers at the turn of 19th century abounded with Russian and, more specifically, Old Church Slavonic lexical and morphological elements which in the contemporary norm are substituted with more current models.^[55] Thus, the now slightly archaized forms with suffixes –ние and –тел, adjectives with the suffixes –телен and others, are now constructed following patterns more typical of Macedonian morphology. For example, дејствие corresponds to дејство, лицемерие → лицемерство, развитие → развиток, определение → определба, движение → движење, продолжител → продолжувач, победител → победник, убедителен → убедлив, etc.^[55] Many of these words are now synonymous or have taken on a slightly different nuance in meaning.

Many words and expressions were borrowed from the Serbian language to replace those taken from Old Church Slavonic, but also present in the Bulgarian language, which include известие → извештај, количество → количина, согласие → слога, etc.^[55] This change was aimed at bringing written Macedonian closer to spoken language and distancing it from the Bulgarian language which has kept its numerous Russian loans, and represents a successful puristic attempt at abolishing a lexicogenic tradition once common in written literature.^[55]

Writing system

Alphabet

The modern Macedonian alphabet was developed by linguists in the period after the Second World War, who based their alphabet on the phonetic alphabet of Vuk Stefanović Karadžić, though a similar writing system was used by Krste Misirkov in the late 19th century. The Macedonian language had previously been written using the Early Cyrillic alphabet, or later using the Cyrillic alphabet with local adaptations from either the Serbian or Bulgarian alphabets.

The following table provides the upper and lower case forms of the Macedonian alphabet, along with the IPA value for each letter:

Cyrillic IPA	А а /a/	Б б /b/	В в /v/	Г г /ɡ/	Д д /d/	Ѓ ѓ /ɟ/	Е е /ɛ/	Ж ж /ʒ/	З з /z/	Ѕ ѕ /dz/	И и /i/
Cyrillic IPA	Ј ј /j/	К к /k/	Л л /l/	Љ љ /lj/	М м /m/	Н н /n/	Њ њ /ɲ/	О о /ɔ/	П п /p/	Р р /r/	С с /s/
Cyrillic IPA	Т т /t/	Ќ ќ /c/	У у /u/	Ф ф /f/	Х х /x/	Ц ц /ts/	Ч ч /tʃ/	Џ џ /dʒ/	Ш ш /ʃ/

Orthography

Macedonian orthography is consistent and phonemic in practice, an approximation of the principle of one grapheme per phoneme. A principle represented by Adelung's saying, "write as you speak and read as it is written" („пишувај како што зборуваш и читај како што е напишано“). However, as with most, if not all, living languages it has its share of inconsistencies and exceptions.

Examples

Lord's Prayer Template:MultiCol

Оче наш (Cyrillic alphabet)

Оче наш, кој си на небото,

да се свети името Твое,

да биде царството Твое,

да биде волјата Твоја,

како на небото, така и на Земјата!

Лебот наш насушен дај нѝ го денес

и прости нѝ ги долговите наши

како што им ги проштеваме и ние

на нашите должници.

И не воведи нè во искушение,

но избави нè од лукавиот.

Амин!

| class="col-break " |

Oče naš (Latin alphabet)

Oče naš, koj si na neboto

da se sveti imeto Tvoe,

da bide carstvoto Tvoe,

da bide voljata Tvoja,

kako na neboto, taka i na Zemjata!

Lebot naš nasušen daj nì go denes

i prosti nì gi dolgovite naši

kako što im gi proštevame i nie

na našite dolžnici.

I ne vovedi nè vo iskušenie,

no izbavi nè od lukaviot.

Amin!

Template:EndMultiCol

History

The region of Macedonia and the Republic of Macedonia are located on the Balkan peninsula. The Slavs first came to the Balkan Peninsula in the sixth and seventh centuries AD. In the ninth century, the Byzantine Greek monks Saints Cyril and Methodius developed the first writing system for the Slavonic languages. At this time, the Slavic dialects were so close as to make it practical to develop the written language on the dialect of a single region. There is dispute as to the precise region, but it is likely that they were developed in the region around Thessalonika. The Ohrid Literary School was established in Ohrid in 886 by Saint Clement of Ohrid on orders of Boris I of Bulgaria. In the fourteenth century, the Ottoman Turks invaded and conquered most of the Balkans, incorporating Macedonia into the Ottoman Empire. While the written language, now called Old Church Slavonic, remained static as a result of Turkish domination, the spoken dialects moved further apart. During the increase of national consciousness in the Balkans, standards for the languages of Slovene, Serbo-Croatian and Bulgarian were created. As Turkish influence in Macedonia waned, schools were opened up that taught the Bulgarian standard language in areas with significant Bulgarian population. The concept of the various Macedonian dialects as a part of the Bulgarian language can be seen from early vernacular texts from Macedonia such as the four-language dictionary of Daniel Mоscopolites, the works of Kiril Peichinovich and Yoakim Karchovski, and some vernacular gospels written in the Greek alphabet. These written works influenced by or completely written in the local Slavic vernacular appeared in Macedonia in the 18th and beginning of the 19th century and their authors referred to their language as Bulgarian.^[56] The earliest lexicographic evidence of these local dialects can be found in a lexicon from the 16th century written in the Greek alphabet.^[57]

In 1845 the Russian scholar Viktor Grigorovich travelled in the Balkans in order to study the south Slavic dialects of Macedonia. His work articulated for the first time a distinct pair of two groups of Bulgarian dialects: Eastern and Western (spoken in today Western Bulgaria and Republic of Macedonia). According to his findings, a part of the Western Bulgarian variety, spoken in Macedonia, was characterized by traces of Old Slavic nasal vowels.^[58] It wasn't until the works of Krste Misirkov that parts of what had been regarded as West Bulgarian dialects were defined as a separate 'Macedonian' language. Misirkov was born in a village near Pella in Greek Macedonia. Although literature had been written in the Slavic dialects of Macedonia before, arguably the most important book published in relation to the Macedonian language was Misirkov's On Macedonian Matters, published in 1903. In that book, he argued for the creation of a standard literary Macedonian language from the central dialects of Macedonia which would use a phonemic orthography.

After the first two Balkan wars, the region of Macedonia was split among Greece, Bulgaria, and the Serbia (Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, Yugoslavia). Yugoslavia occupied the area that is currently the Republic of Macedonia incorporating it into the Kingdom as "Southern Serbia". During this time, Yugoslav Macedonia became known as Vardar Banovina (Vardar province) and the language of public life, education and the church was Serbo-Croatian. In the other two parts of Macedonia, the respective national languages, Greek and Bulgarian, were made official. In Bulgarian (Pirin) Macedonia, the local dialects continued to be described as dialects of Bulgarian.

During the second World War, a part of Yugoslav Macedonia was occupied by the Bulgarian army, who were allied with the Axis. The standard Bulgarian language was reintroduced in schools and liturgies. The Bulgarians were initially welcomed as liberators from Serbian domination until connections were made between the imposition of the Bulgarian language and unpopular Serbian assimilation policies; the Bulgarians were quickly seen as conquerors by communist movement.

There were a number of groups fighting the Bulgarian occupying force, some advocating independence and others union with Bulgaria. The eventual outcome was that almost all of Vardar Banovina (i.e. the areas which geographically became known as Vardar Macedonia) was incorporated into the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia as a constituent Socialist Republic with the Macedonian language holding official status within both the Federation and Republic. The Macedonian language was proclaimed the official language of the Republic of Macedonia at the First Session of the Assembly for the National Liberation of Macedonia, held on August 2, 1944. The first official Macedonian grammar was developed by Krume Kepeski. One of the most important contributors in the standardisation of the Macedonian literary language was Blaže Koneski. The first document written in the literary standard Macedonian language is the first issue of the Nova Makedonija newspaper in 1944. Makedonska Iskra (Macedonian Spark) was the first Macedonian newspaper to be published in Australia, from 1946 to 1957. A monthly with national distribution, it commenced in Perth and later moved to Melbourne and Sydney.

Common expressions

Здраво (Zdravo) — Hello
Добро утро (Dobro utro) - Good morning
Добар ден (Dobar den) - Good afternoon
Добрa вечер (Dobra večer) — Good evening
Добра ноќ (Dobra nokj) — Good night
До видување (Do viduvanje) - Good bye
Кој сте Вие? (Koj ste Vie?) [formal, masculine] — Who are you?
Која сте Вие? (Koja ste Vie?) [formal, feminine] — Who are you?
Кој си ти? (Koj si ti?) [informal, masculine] — Who are you?
Која си ти? (Koja si ti?) [informal, feminine] — Who are you?
Кои сте вие? (Koi ste vie?) [plural form] - Who are you?
Како си? (Kako si?) [informal] — How are you?
Какo сте? (Kako ste?) [formal, and also plural form] - How are you?
Да (da) - Yes
Не (ne) - No
Можеби (Možebi) - Maybe
Што правиш? (Što praviš?) [informal] — What are you doing?
Што правите? (Što pravite?) [formal, and also plural form] - What are you doing?
Добро сум (Dobro sum) — I’m fine
Сè најубаво (Sè najubavo) — All the best
Поздрав[и] (Pozdrav[i]) — Regards
Благодарам (Blagodaram) [formal and informal] — Thank you
Молам (Molam) — Please or You're welcome [depends]
Извинете! (Izvinete!) [formal] — Sorry!
Извини! (Izvini!) [informal] — Sorry!
Те сакам! (Te sakam!) - I love you!
Колку е часот? (Kolku e časot) — What's the time?
Дали зборувате ...? (Dali zboruvate ...?) — Do you speak…?

…англиски (angliski) — English

…македонски (makedonski) — Macedonian

…германски (germanski) — German

…руски (ruski) — Russian

…српски (srpski) — Serbian

…хрватски (hrvatski) — Croatian

…словенечки (slovenečki) — Slovene

…грчки (grčki) — Greek

…бугарски (bugarski) — Bulgarian

…албански (albanski) — Albanian

…босански (bosanski) — Bosnian

…италијански (italijanski) — Italian

…француски (francuski) — French

…шпански (španski) — Spanish

…кинески (kineski) — Chinese

…арапски (arapski) — Arabian

Ќе се видиме наскоро (Kjе se vidime naskoro) - We'll see each other soon
Ќе се видиме утре (Kjе se vidime utre) - We'll see each other tomorrow

Political views on the language

As with the issue of Macedonian ethnicity, the politicians, linguists and common people from Macedonia and neighbouring countries have opposing views about the existence and distinctiveness of the Macedonian language.

In the ninth century AD, saints Cyril and Methodius introduced Old Church Slavonic, the first Slavic language of literacy. Written with their newly invented Glagolitic script, this language was based largely on the dialect of Slavs spoken in Thessaloniki; this dialect is closest to present day Bulgarian and Macedonian.^[59]

Although described as being dialects of Bulgarian prior to the establishment of the standard^[15],^[60] the current academic consensus (outside the Balkans) is that Macedonian is an autonomous language within the South Slavic dialect continuum.^[61]^{[verification needed]}

Bulgarian view

In most sources in and out of Bulgaria before the Second World War, the southern Slavonic dialect continuum covering the area of today's Republic of Macedonia and Northern Greece was referred to as a group of Bulgarian dialects. The local variants of the name of the language were also balgàrtzki, bùgarski or bugàrski; i.e. Bulgarian.^[62] Although Bulgaria was the first country to recognize the independence of the Republic of Macedonia, most of its academics, as well as the general public, regard the language spoken there as a form of Bulgarian.^[6] However after years of diplomatic impasse caused by an academic dispute, in 1999 the government in Sofia solved the problem with the Macedonian Language under the euphemistic formula: "the official language of the country (Republic of Macedonia) in accordance with its constitution".^[63]

Greek view

Greeks object to the use of the "Macedonian" name in reference to the modern Slavic language, calling it "Slavomacedonian" (Template:Lang-el), a term coined by some members of the Slavic-speaking community of northern Greece itself.^[64]

References

^ Macedonian language on Britannica
^ ^a ^b ^c Ethnologue report for Macedonian
^ Although the precise number of speakers is unknown, figures of between 1.6 million (from Ethnologue) and 2–2.5 million have been cited, see Topolinjska (1998) and Friedman (1985). The general academic consensus is that there are approximately 2 million speakers of the Macedonian language, accepting that "it is difficult to determine the total number of speakers of Macedonian due to the official policies of the neighbouring Balkan states and the fluid nature of emigration." Friedman (1985:?).
^ [1]
^ Hill (1999:?)
^ European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages
^ Macedonian language, official in Dužine and Jabuka
^ [2]
^ Language profile Macedonian, UCLA International Institute
^ Popis na Naselenie, Domaćinstva i Stanovi vo Republika Makedonija, 2002 - Vkupno naselenie na Republika Makedonija spored majčin jazik.
^ Artan & Gurraj (2001:219)
^ Topolinjska (1998:?)
^ ^a ^b "Report of the independent expert on minority issues, Gay McDougall Mission to Greece 8–16 September 2008" (PDF). Greek Helsinki Monitor. 2009-02-18. {{cite news}}: |first= missing |last= (help)
^ Schmieger, R. 1998. "The situation of the Macedonian language in Greece: sociolinguistic analysis", International Journal of the Sociology of Language 131, 125–55.; Friedman (2001).
^ ^a ^b Institute of Bulgarian Language (1978), Единството на българския език в миналото и днес (in Bulgarian), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, p. 4, OCLC 6430481; Стойков (Stoykov), Стойко (2002) [1962], Българска диалектология (Bulgarian dialectology) (in Bulgarian), София: Акад. изд. "Проф. Марин Дринов", ISBN 9544308466, OCLC 53429452 Cite error: The named reference "unity" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
^ Шклифов, Благой. Проблеми на българската диалектна и историческа фонетика с оглед на македонските говори, София 1995, с. 14.; Шклифов, Благой. Речник на костурския говор, Българска диалектология, София 1977, с. кн. VІІІ, с. 201–205,
^ Trudgill P. (2000), "Greece and European Turkey: From Religious to Linguistic Identity". In: Stephen Barbour and Cathie Carmichael (eds.), Language and Nationalism in Europe, Oxford : Oxford University Press, p.259.
^ Greek Helsinki Monitor - Report about Compliance with the Principles of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities
^ ^a ^b Michel Candelier, ed. ; Ana-Isabel Andrade ... (2004), Janua Linguarum — The Gateway to Language, Council of Europe, ISBN 9287153124{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link), See Page 90, (Full Document)
^ Poulton, Hugh (1997). Macedonia and Greece: The Struggle to Define a New Balkan Nation. McFarland. p. 193. ISBN 0786402288.
^ Shea, John (1992), The Real Macedonians, Newcastle, p. 148, ISBN 0646105043, >Poulton, Hugh (1995), Who are the Macedonians?, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, p. 167, ISBN 1850652384, abstract from page 125
^ Jacques Bacid, Ph.D. Macedonia Through the Ages. Columbia University, 1983.
^ GeoNative - Macedonia
^ L. M. Danforth, The Macedonian Conflict: Ethnic Nationalism in a Transnational World 1995, Princeton University Press
^ Hill, P. (1999) "Macedonians in Greece and Albania: A Comparative study of recent developments". Nationalities Papers Volume 27, 1 March 1999, page 44(14)
^ Shea, John (1997), [0786402288 Macedonia and Greece — The Struggle to Define a New Balkan Nation], McFarland, p. 180 {{citation}}: Check |url= value (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
^ Poulton, H.(2000), "Who are the Macedonians?",C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, page 167,
As often occurs with Yugoslav sources, there appears to be confusion about the number of Macedonians in Greek Macedonia at present: some Yugoslav sources put the latter figure at 300,000, while more sober estimates put the number at 150,000 - 200,000
^ http://www.britannica.com/new-multimedia/pdf/wordat077.pdf
^ UCLA Language Materials Project: Language Profile
^ UCLA Language Materials Project: Language Profile
^ Eletherotipia article
^ Simpson, Neil (1994), Macedonia Its Disputed History, Victoria: Aristoc Press, pp. 101, 102 & 91, ISBN 0646204629 {{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
^ Macedonian census ^{[failed verification]}
^ 2002 census
^ 1989 census
^ Albania : 4.2.2 Language issues and policies : Cultural Policies and Trends in Europe
^ This people speak predominantly Bulgarian. See 2001 census data by mother tongue: [3]
^ Serbian census
^ A combination of Balkan Censuses: [4], [5],2005 census, 2003 Census and [http://www.stat.si/popis2002/si/rezultati/rezultati_red.asp?ter=SLO&st=7
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Estimate from the MFA
^ Australian government statistics
^ property=file.xls 2006 figures
^ Estimate from the Macedonian MFA
^ Italian government statistics
^ American FactFinder
^ Swiss government statistics
^ Swiss government statistics
^ 2001 census, 2001 census, 2001 census , Population Estimate from the MFA, OECD Statistics, 2002 census, 2002 census, 2006 census, 2008 census, 2008 census, 2003 census, 2005 census, Statistics New Zealand:Language spoken (total responses) for the 1996-2006 censuses (Table 16), 2003 Census and 2002 census
^ After Z. Topolińska and B. Vidoeski (1984), Polski-macedonski gramatyka konfrontatiwna, z.1, PAN.
^ Comrie & Corbett (2002:247)
^ Стойков (Stoykov), Стойко (2002) [1962], Българска диалектология (Bulgarian dialectology) (in Bulgarian), София: Акад. изд. "Проф. Марин Дринов", ISBN 9544308466, OCLC 53429452
^ ^a ^b Lunt (1952:1)
^ In his most famous work "On the Macedonian Matters" (available online), Misirkov uses the word собитие (a Russian loan taken from Bulgarian) where настан is used today.
^ Friedman (1998:?)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Т. Димитровски. Литературната лексика на македонскиот писмен јазик во XIX в. и нашиот однос кон неа: Реферати на македонските слависти за VI Меѓународен славистички конгрес во Прага, Скопје, 1968 (T. Dimitrovski. The literary vocabulary of the Macedonian written language in the 19th century and our attitude to it. Abstracts of Macedonian slavists for the 6th International Slavistic Congress in Prague. Skopje, 1968)
^ F. A. K. Yasamee "NATIONALITY IN THE BALKANS: THE CASE OF THE MACEDONIANS" in Balkans: A Mirror of the New World Order, Istanbul: EREN, 1995; pp. 121–132.
^ 'Un Lexique Macedonien Du XVIe Siecle', Giannelli, Ciro. Avec la collaboration de Andre Vaillant, 1958
^ Seriot (1997:177)
^ Dostál (1965:69)
^ Стойков (Stoykov), Стойко (2002) [1962], Българска диалектология (Bulgarian dialectology) (in Bulgarian), София: Акад. изд. "Проф. Марин Дринов", ISBN 9544308466, OCLC 53429452
^ Trudgill (1992:?)
^ Шклифов, Благой and Екатерина Шклифова, Български деалектни текстове от Егейска Македония, София 2003, с. 28–33 (Shklifov, Blagoy and Ekaterina Shklifova. Bulgarian dialect texts from Aegean Macedonia Sofia 2003, p. 28–36)
^ 1999/02/22 23:50 Bulgaria Recognises Macedonian Language
^ Although acceptable in the past, current use of this name in reference to both the ethnic group and the language can be considered pejorative and offensive by ethnic Macedonians. In the past, the Macedonian Slavs in Greece seemed relieved to be acknowledged as "Slavomacedonians". Pavlos Koufis, a native of Greek Macedonia, pioneer of ethnic Macedonian schools in the region and local historian, says in Laografika Florinas kai Kastorias (Folklore of Florina and Kastoria), Athens 1996:
"[During its Panhellenic Meeting in September 1942, the KKE mentioned that it recognises the equality of the ethnic minorities in Greece] the KKE recognised that the Slavophone population was ethnic minority of Slavomacedonians]. This was a term, which the inhabitants of the region accepted with relief. [Because] Slavomacedonians = Slavs+Macedonians. The first section of the term determined their origin and classified them in the great family of the Slav peoples."

The Greek Helsinki Monitor reports:

"... the term Slavomacedonian was introduced and was accepted by the community itself, which at the time had a much more widespread non-Greek Macedonian ethnic consciousness. Unfortunately, according to members of the community, this term was later used by the Greek authorities in a pejorative, discriminatory way; hence the reluctance if not hostility of modern-day Macedonians of Greece (i.e. people with a Macedonian national identity) to accept it."

Bibliography

Comrie, Bernard; Corbett, Greville (2002), "The Macedonian language", The Slavonic Languages, New York: Routledge Publications
Dostál, Antonín (1965), "The Origins of the Slavonic Liturgy", Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 19, Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University: 67–87, doi:10.2307/1291226
Hill, P. (1999), ""Macedonians in Greece and Albania: A comparative study of recent developments"", Nationalities Papers, 27 (1): 17, doi:10.1080/009059999109163
Friedman, Victor (2001), "Macedonian", in Garry, Jane; Rubino, Carl (eds.), Facts about the World's Languages: An Encyclopedia of the Worlds Major Languages, Past and Present, New York: Holt, pp. 435–439
Friedman, Victor (1998), "The implementation of standard Macedonian: problems and results", International Journal of the Sociology of Language (131): 31–57
Hoxha, Artan; Gurraj, Alma (2001), "Local self-government and decentralization: case of Albania. History, reformes [sic] and challenges.", Local Self Government and Decentralization in South-East Europe:Proceedings of the Workshop held in Zagreb, 6th April 2001 (PDF), pp. 194–224

Levinson, David; O'Leary, Timothy (1992), Encyclopedia of World Cultures, G.K. Hall, p. 239, ISBN 0816118086

Lunt, Horace G. (1952), Grammar of the Macedonian Literary Language, Skopje{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Mahon, Milena (1998), "The Macedonian question in Bulgaria", Nations and Nationalism, 4 (3): 389–407, doi:10.1111/j.1354-5078.1998.00389.x
Poulton, Hugh (2000), Who Are the Macedonians?, United Kingdom: C. Hurst & Co. Ltd., ISBN 0253345987
Seriot, Patrick (1997), "Faut-il que les langues aient un nom? Le cas du macédonien", in Tabouret-Keller, Andrée (ed.), Le nom des langues. L'enjeu de la nomination des langues, vol. 1, Louvain: Peeters, pp. 167–190
Topolinjska, Z. (1998), "In place of a foreword: facts about the Republic of Macedonia and the Macedonian language", International Journal of the Sociology of Language (131): 1–11
Trudgill, Peter (1992), "Ausbau sociolinguistics and the perception of language status in contemporary Europe", International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 2 (2): 167–177, doi:10.1111/j.1473-4192.1992.tb00031.x

External links

Documents

A grammar of Macedonian by Victor Friedman
Macedonian grammar, Krume Kepeski – 1946, in Macedonian
Macedonian orthography and dictionary, Blaže Koneski and Krum Tošev – 1950, in Macedonian
Grammar of the Macedonian Literary Language, Horace Lunt – 1952