Philippine Marine Corps
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| Philippine Marine Corps | |
|---|---|
| Hukbong Kawal Pandagat ng Pilipinas | |
 Seal of the Philippine Marine Corps | |
| Founded | November 7, 1950 |
| Country |  Philippines |
| Branch |  Philippine Navy |
| Type | Marines |
| Role | Amphibious and expeditionary warfare |
| Size | 10,300[1] |
| Part of |  Armed Forces of the Philippines |
| Garrison/HQ | Fort Bonifacio, Taguig City |
| Motto(s) | Karangalan, Katungkulan, Kabayanihan ("Honor, Duty, Heroism") or ("Honor, Deber, Heroismo") |
| Colors | Scarlet, Gold and Blue |
| Anniversaries | 7 November |
| Engagements | |
| Website | www |
| Commanders | |
| Commander-in-Chief |  President Bongbong Marcos |
| Secretary of National Defense | .svg){kind=small} Gilberto C. Teodoro |
| Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines |  GEN Romeo S. Brawner Jr., PA |
| Flag Officer-in-Command of the Philippine Navy | VADM Toribio Adaci Jr., PN |
| Commandant | MGEN Arturo G. Rojas, PN(M)[2] |
| Deputy Commandant of the Philippine Marine Corps | Vacant |
| Command Sergeant Major | Senior Master Sergeant Albert L. Lopez, PN(M) |
| Insignia | |
| Flag |  |
| Battledress identification patch |  |
| Emblem |  |
The Philippine Marine Corps (PMC) (Filipino: Hukbong Kawal Pandagat ng Pilipinas) is a naval infantry force under the command of the Philippine Navy. The PMC conducts amphibious, expeditionary, and special operations missions.
History
[edit]
"The task of training these young men into Marines is vested upon us. Today, as we start training them, we will be striking the first hammer blow in forging the "cutting edge" of the Armed Forces."
On orders from President Elpidio Quirino and Ramon Magsaysay, then Secretary of National Defense, the Corps was organized on November 7, 1950, as a Company of the Philippine Fleet's 1st Marine Battalion, then headquartered in Naval Base Cavite, Cavite City. Personnel from the United States Army and United States Marine Corps helped train the first Philippine Marines in combat and amphibious duties in Fort Bonifacio in Makati and in various other locations. Lieutenant Senior Grade Manuel Gomez was its first commandant, with then Lieutenant Junior Grade Gregorio Lim assisting him, with six other officers (4 seconded from the Navy and two from the Philippine Army) joining them, several of these officers being veterans of the Second World War.
Their hard work and training would pay off as the Marine Company conducted its first amphibious landing on April 19, 1951, in Umiray, Quezon, and took part in battle for the first time on June 4 of the same year in Nueva Ecija against communist rebels. These and other notable battles in various parts of the country, as well as overseas deployments to Korea, led to the Navy's decision to complete the 1st Marine Battalion with the raising of B Company in 1955 and the Headquarters and Service Company also in the same year, thus the marine battalion of one HQ company and two marine rifle companies, with now LCDR Lim in charge, was finally complete. (November 7, the date of the 1955 formal raising of the 1st Marine Battalion, is the official date of the Corps Birthday to this very day.)
Further marine companies and a weapons company would later be formed to augment the expansion of the force in the 1960s, and the abilities even expanded to VIP protection, and would also see the raising of its very own drum and bugle corps. The Marines would see themselves in action in securing the Spratly Islands in 1971 and in combating Muslim separatist forces and a strong New People's Army in the following years as the force became the Philippine Marine Brigade with the formation of the 2nd and 3rd Marine Battalions, the Headquarters Service Group, the 1st Provisional Tactical Battalion which saw action in Mindanao against Islamic separatists, and the Marine Training Group, later the Philippine Marines Training Group.
To highlight these changes the force was renamed as the Philippine Marines in 1976.
As the 1980s arrived, the force expansion was accompanied by battles against both communists and armed Islamist rebels all over the country, and in 1986 even took part in the successful People Power Revolution. The latter years would also see them in action as one coup d'état after another was launched against the Corazon Aquino administration, all ending in failure. It also saw Rodolfo Biazon becoming the first and only Marine Corps general to head the Armed Forces as Chief of Staff after a fruitful term as Superintendent of the Philippine Military Academy, the first and only Marine Corps general officer to occupy the office so far in PMA history.[3]
The 1990s would see further expansion as the force, as part of the Philippine Navy, became the Philippine Marine Corps in 1995 as the force turned 45 years old. The early 2000s (decade) would see the Marine Corps once more facing not just communists and Islamic militants but also terrorist groups as well.
The Marines were also seen in action in the Battle of Zamboanga City in 2013 providing amphibious assault and fire-support for the Infantry forces. During the Battle of Marawi in 2017, they were also seen fighting against the Islamic state militants as their Vehicles like LAV-300s and V-150s are modified with wooden planks to protect them against IEDs and RPGs.
On 2018, Filipino lawmakers were proposing a law to make the Marines as an independent branch of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, but the ties with the Navy would still remain.[4] Defense Secretary Lorenzana has opposed this proposal.[5]
On July 17, 2024, the PMC renamed the Marine Battalion Landing Team 4 (MBLT-4) to the Marine Security Battalion.[6]
Culture
[edit]The Philippine Marines share the traditions of both the US and Spanish marine units especially in the uniform and rank system. But the Corps has its own traditions as well.
Official traditions and customs
[edit]Core Values and Motto
[edit]Karangalan, Katungkulan, Kabayanihan (Honor, Duty, Valor) are not just the Marine Corps motto but also the main Core Values of the Philippine Marines of today, emphasizing the kind of values that service personnel of the PMC will always live on every day.
PMC's seal
[edit]The seal incorporates the sun with its eight rays from the Flag of the Philippines, the anchor symbolizing the naval heritage and bond of the Corps as it is a part of the Philippine Navy, the closed loop rope (different from the rope in the USMC arms) symbolizing the links of Marines to one another and to show that a Philippine Marine once will be a Philippine Marine always, and the scroll showing the Marine Corps motto and Core Values: Karangalan, Katungkulan, Kabayanihan (Honor, Duty, Valor). As with the USMC, blue represents the naval heritage while the official Marine Corps colors of scarlet and gold are also present, forming the base of Marine Corps guidons, and all three form the basis for the battle color as opposed to the latter two which is the USMC color basis.
Battle Color of the Philippine Marine Corps
[edit]The battle color, maintained by Marine Barracks Rudiardo Brown in Fort Bonifacio, Taguig City, Metro Manila, is in navy blue with two golden scrolls, one indicating the name of the corps at the top and the other, surrounding the anchor and the sun, indicating the Marine Corps motto and core values, all in red lettering. The battle color incorporates both the anchor and the sun with eight rays from the seal, but also includes the three stars of the national flag symbolizing the Philippines's three major island groups above the anchor. The color is similar to the one used by the USMC during the First World War.
Organization
[edit]
The Philippine Marine Corps is organized into four maneuver brigades, a Combat Service and Support Brigade (CSSB), the Coastal Defense Regiment (CDR) and independent units such as the Marine Special Operations Group (MARSOG) and the Marine Security and Escort Group (MSEG). The four maneuver brigades provide administrative and logistical support to the units assigned to them, while the CSSB acts as a training and administrative command for the Field Artillery (FABN) and Assault Armor (AABN) battalions.[7]
In addition, 6 Marine Reserve Brigades are under the control of the Naval Reserve Command, which are spread out to 6 different regions across the country.
Marine Brigades
[edit]The Philippine Marine Corps has four Marine Brigades, each of which are primarily responsible for various operations and doctrines relating to intelligence gathering, reconnaissance, and amphibious and coastal patrol missions for both coastal and inter-island operations.[8]
The PMC's Marine Brigades are the following units:[8]
- 1st Marine Brigade (1MBde)
- 2nd Marine Brigade (2MBde)
- 3rd Marine Brigade (3MBde)
- 4th Marine Brigade (4MBde)
Marine Rifle Battalions
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The Philippine Marine Corps has twelve regular Marine Battalions.[9] Three battalions are assigned to each of the four maneuver brigades and a single battalion is rotated back to the Marine headquarters for refit and retraining for at least six months up to one year before redeployment to operational areas in the southern Philippines.[10]
Each of the twelve battalions is organized into three rifle companies and a headquarters and service company. The battalions are augmented with elements of other units, such as artillery, armored vehicles or watercraft, for specific tasks. These units, when supported with assets from the CSSB form the core of a Marine Battalion Landing Team (MBLT). A combat engineer unit from the Naval Combat Engineer Brigade (NCEBde) or Seabees can be attached for construction, survivability, mobility and countermobility support. Elements from the Marine Special Operations Group (MARSOG) can also be attached for reconnaissance and unconventional warfare support to make it Special Operations Capable (SOC).[10]
The PMC's marine battalion teams are the following units:[8]
- Marine Battalion Landing Team - 1 (MBLT-1)
- Marine Battalion Landing Team - 2 (MBLT-2)
- Marine Battalion Landing Team - 3 (MBLT-3)
- Marine Battalion Landing Team - 4 (MBLT-4)
- Marine Battalion Landing Team - 5 (MBLT-5)
- Marine Battalion Landing Team - 6 (MBLT-6)
- Marine Battalion Landing Team - 7 (MBLT-7)
- Marine Battalion Landing Team - 8 (MBLT-8)
- Marine Battalion Landing Team - 9 (MBLT-9)
- Marine Battalion Landing Team - 10 (MBLT-10)
- Marine Battalion Landing Team - 11 (MBLT-11)
- Marine Battalion Landing Team - 12 (MBLT-12)
Force Reconnaissance Group
[edit]
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The Force Reconnaissance Group, formerly the Marine Special Operations Group, was first activated as the Force Reconnaissance Battalion on August 19, 1972[11]
The Force Recon Battalion (FRBn) is organized into a Headquarters, Service and Training Company and four Recon Companies, numbered 61st, 62nd, 63rd, and 64th. Each company is attached to a Marine Brigade as a quick maneuvering force. It specializes in sea, air, and land operations, like its counterpart in the Naval Special Operations Command of the Philippine Navy, ranging from surveillance, close combat, demolition, intelligence, and underwater operations in support of overall naval operations.
Marine Reserve Brigades
[edit]The Philippine Marine Corps has a total of three Marine Reserve Brigades, which are primarily responsible for training marine reservists in both combat operations in wartime preparedness and humanitarian assistance missions in times of natural disasters.[8]
The PMC's marine reserve brigades are the following units:[8]
- 7th Marine Brigade (Reserve)
- 8th Marine Brigade (Reserve)
- 9th Marine Brigade (Reserve)
7th Marine Brigade (Reserve)
[edit]The 7th Marine Brigade (Reserve) was activated as a provisional unit of the Philippine Navy on October 22, 1996, pursuant to Section I General Order No. 229 ONA dated October 21, 1996 during the term of Vice Admiral Pio Carranza AFP as FOIC, PN. It was assigned to the Naval Reserve Command and placed under the operational control of the Commandant, Philippine Marine Corps.[12] It is the Main Active Reserve Force of the Philippine Marine Corps with 3 operational Marine Battalions Composed of active men & women from different backgrounds & experiences, that are integrated to the regular & special units of the Corps. Given the same (MOS) training that enable the 7th MBde personnel to have interoperability with the rest of the Corps. Administrative control rest on the Naval Reserve Command (NRC), Philippine Navy while Operational is with the Philippine Marine Corps (MC9). Its motto is "Always Faithful, Always Ready" and nicknamed "Shadow Warriors".
Combat & Service Support Forces
[edit]Field Artillery Battalion
[edit]The Field Artillery Battalion (FABN) is currently organized into a Headquarters and Service Company and several howitzer batteries which are attached to the maneuver brigades to support their operations. It is equipped with the M101A1 howitzer, the OTO Melara Model 56/14 pack howitzer and the Soltam M71A1 155 howitzer. The unit also provides a limited air-defense capability through a token number of Bofors 40 mm L/60 guns, Oerlikon 20mm guns and M2 Browning guns, either in truck-mounted or towed configuration.
Assault Armor Battalion
[edit]The Assault Armor Battalion (AABN) contains a Headquarters and Service Company, an Armor Maintenance Company (Armor Mnt Co.), an Assault Amphibian Company (AAV Co.), and a Light Armor Vehicle Company (LAV Co.). It is tasked with providing the maneuver brigades with armored assets to support their operations. The unit's inventory consists of AAV-7s, LAV-150s, and LAV-300s.
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Philippine Marine Corps' KAAV-7A1 during DAGIT-PA 03-19 exercises -
A LAV-300 vehicle of the Philippine Marine Corps (PMC) -
Gage Commando V-150
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Marine Drum and Bugle Team
[edit]The Marine Drum and Bugle Team (MDBT) is the prime musical unit of the Philippine Marine Corps and the only Drum and Bugle Corps in the entire Armed Forces of the Philippines that provides marching band and musical services in support of the ceremonial and morale activities of the Corps. This is patterned along the lines of the United States Marine Drum and Bugle Corps and is stationed at Marine Barracks R. Brown in Taguig.
Marine Scout Snipers
[edit]The Marine Scout Snipers (MSS) is the first unit in the Armed Forces of the Philippines dedicated exclusively to sniping and marksmanship. The Scout Snipers are notable for being able to effectively hit and neutralize targets at 800 metres (2,600 ft) using only 7.62 mm rounds.[citation needed] The Marine Scout Snipers are renowned for the development and manufacture of their own weapon, the Colt M16A1 based Marine Scout Sniper Rifle.
Philippine Marine Corps Marine Silent Drill Platoon
[edit]Also headquartered in Makati, this is the premier military drill team of the Corps and one of 4 such units in the AFP, patterned after the United States Marine Corps Silent Drill Platoon. Like its US counterpart it does a unique silent precision exhibition drill using the M1 Garand rifles with fixed bayonets demonstrating the Corps's professionalism and discipline in all events where it is a part of.
Coastal Defense Regiment
[edit]
The Coastal Defense Regiment is a newly formed unit of the Philippine Marine Corps, founded on August 7, 2020. The unit is part of the Philippine Navy's Defense Capability Program, and also serves as a part of the Philippine Navy's Active Archipelagic Defense Strategy, which aims to improve and increase sea control capabilities based on anti-access and area denial operations, while maintaining overall territorial integrity, asserting the country's sovereignty in the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and extended continental shelf, and protect Sea Lines of Communications (SLOCs). In early 2022 the defense department signed a contract for the unit to acquire the BrahMos Shore Based Anti Ship Missile System from India at a cost of $375 million and were delivered in April 2024 in order to increase the units capabilities on defending coastlines, deterring enemy littoral ships and amphibious forces, and support overall naval operations and littoral capabilities. The unit is expected to be fully functional within 2025.[13] [14] The regiment comprises the Shore-Based Anti-Ship Missile (SBASM) Battalion and the Shore-Based Air Defense System (SBADS) Battalion which were both activated in June 2022.[15][16][17]
The Coastal Defense Regiment will comprise two battalions:[8]
- Shore Based Anti-Ship Missile Battalion (SBASMBn)- currently uses the BrahMos missile system.
- Shore Based Air-Defense Battalion (SBADBN)- currently being trained for future medium and long-range anti-air interception operations.
Other Combat Support Units
[edit]The Philippine Marine Corps also has a variety of combat support units under the Combat & Service Support Forces, which also assists the PMC to their operations.[8]
- Combat Support Brigade (CSBde)
- Headquarters & Headquarters Combat Support Battalion (HHCSB)
- Marine Corps Assault Boat Battalion (MCAABBN)- responsible for day and night transport operations and sea assault missions.
- Combat Engineering Battalion (Provisional) (CEBN (P))- responsible for engineering operations, which includes construction missions to facilitate troop insertion of troops in various terrains, as well as demolition operations.
- Marine Corps Intelligence Battalion (Provisional) (MCIBn (P))- responsible for information gathering and intelligence operations.
- Service Support Regiment (SSR)
- Service Support Battalion (SSBN)
General Support & Sustainment Forces
[edit]The Philippine Marine Corps has several general support & sustainment forces, which are primarily tasked towards force development, headquarters support, and supplies management.[8]
These forces consist of the following:[8]
- Marine Base Arturo Asuncion (MBAA)
- Headquarters & Headquarters Service Group (HHSG)
- Marine Corps Force Development Center (MCFDC)
- Marine Security and Escort Group (MESG)
- Marine Corps Finance Center (Provisional) (MCFC (P))
- Marine Base Gregorio Lim (MBGL)
- Philippine Marine Corps Supply Company (PMCSC)
Marine Security and Escort Group
[edit]
The Marine Security and Escort Group (MSEG) is responsible for security of naval facilities and vital government installations, and also the protection of VIPs. The unit also fills most of the PMC's ceremonial duties, and mounts the honor guard at the Rizal Monument in Rizal Park, Manila.
Marine Bases
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- Marine Barracks Rudiardo Brown (Marine Base Manila), Fort Bonifacio, Taguig City.[18]
- Marine Barracks Gregorio Lim (Marine Base Ternate), Ternate, Cavite
- Marine Barracks Arturo Asuncion (Marine Base Zamboanga), Zamboanga City
- Marine Barracks Domingo Deluana (Marine Base Tawi-Tawi), Tawi-Tawi
- Camp Gen. Teodulfo Bautista, Jolo, Sulu
In November 2021, the Philippine Marines broke ground for the construction of its new headquarters inside the Bataan Technology Park complex in Morong, Bataan.[19]
The BRP Sierra Madre
[edit]The BRP Sierra Madre is a Philippine Navy vessel that was intentionally beached off the shoal of Ayungin (also known as the Second Thomas Shoal) in 1999. It has since been occupied by a dozen Filipino Marines, all of whom take turns for an assignment of 5 months in order to assert the rights of sovereignty and jurisdiction of the Philippines on the island against Chinese demands. The history of the building and its occupants was put on the spotlight on March 29, 2014, when journalists were able to take pictures of the Chinese Coast Guard attempting to block a Philippine civilian ship bringing supplies to the Sierra Madre Marines.[20]
Ranks
[edit]Officers
[edit]| Rank group | General / flag officers | Senior officers | Junior officers | |||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Philippine Marine Corps[21] |
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| General | Lieutenant general | Major general | Brigadier general | Colonel | Lieutenant colonel | Major | Captain | First lieutenant | Second lieutenant | |||||||||||||||
Enlisted
[edit]| Rank group | Senior NCOs | Junior NCOs | Enlisted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Philippine Marine Corps[21] |
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| Chief master sergeant | Senior master sergeant | Master sergeant | Technical sergeant | Staff sergeant | Sergeant | Corporal | Private first class | Private | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Note: senior NCOs in command positions in the PMC have their rockers curved rather than straight in all orders of dress, staff NCOs keep the straight rockers.
Equipment
[edit]
The Philippine Marine Corps has made use of its existing equipment to conduct its operations while modernization projects are underway. The Republic Act No. 7898 declares the policy of the State to modernize the military to a level where it can effectively and fully perform its constitutional mandate to uphold the sovereignty and preserve the patrimony of the republic. The law, as amended, has set conditions that should be satisfied when the defense department procures major equipment and weapon systems for the marine corps.
These are acquisition projects of the government that have been signed and awaiting delivery for the modernization of the marine corps.
- The Philippine Navy intends to acquire 60 new Tactical Combat Vehicles for the PMC, as part of the Horizon 2 phase of the Revised AFP Modernization Program.
- 12 V-300 and 15 V-150 wheeled armored vehicles will have their turrets upgraded, and 7 V-150s will also undergo mobility upgrades as part of the Horizon 2 phase of the Revised AFP Modernization Program. Indian company Larsen & Toubro was contracted to conduct the said upgrade works.[22]
- The Philippine Navy has ordered 702 units of ATGL-L rocket propelled grenade launchers and munitions from Bulgaria's Arsenal JSCo. for the PMC. These would replace the ageing 90mm recoilless rifles, which would in turn be mounted on light vehicles. The typical Marine squad table of organization will also be revised to include the ATGL-L RPG as part of its squad weapon. The weapons and munitions were delivered on 14 April 2021, and will be tested, while Marine units will undergo training with the new weapon.[23]
- 7,491 new body armor and 9,528 new combat helmets were ordered from Israel's Maron Dolphin in August 2020.[24][25]
- The PMC is procuring new 60mm, 81mm, and 120mm Mortars. 30 units M-98 81mm mortars expected to be delivered from Spain's EXPAL Systems SA,[26] while the procurement process is still ongoing for the acquisition of 60mm and 120mm mortars.
- The Philippine Navy signed a contract with India to acquire three batteries of shore-based anti-ship missile system, most likely the Indian-made PJ-10 BrahMos Coastal Defense Battery System, to be operated by the PMC.[14][27]
- The Philippine Navy plans to acquire two or three batteries of shore-based air defense missile systems, to be operated by the PMC to defend naval and marine installations and the BrahMos anti-ship missile batteries.[28]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ International Institute for Strategic Studies (February 25, 2021). The Military Balance 2021. London: Routledge. p. 294. ISBN 9781032012278.
- ^ Philippine News Agency (May 10, 2023). "Rojas is new PH Marine Corps commandant". Philippine News Agency. Philippines.
- ^ "Resume". www.senate.gov.ph. Retrieved June 19, 2020.
- ^ "Press release". www.senate.gov.ph. Retrieved June 19, 2020.
- ^ Mangosing, Frances (March 20, 2018). "Lorenzana frowns on proposal to make Marines a separate branch". INQUIRER.net.
- ^ "Philippine Marine Corps to Secure Maritime Routes with New Unit". July 17, 2024.
- ^ "Philippine Marine Corps (official website)". Archived from the original on September 13, 2002. Retrieved June 25, 2006.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "Marine Forces — Philippine Marine Corps". www.marinecorps.mil.ph.
- ^ IISS (2012), p. 276
- ^ a b "The Philippine Marine Battalions". The Philippine Marine Corps. Archived from the original on June 30, 2010. Retrieved July 30, 2010.
- ^ "The Philippine Marine Corps". Archived from the original on June 28, 2016. Retrieved April 30, 2015.
- ^ "Philippine Marines Coastal Defense Regiment showcases future capabilities".
- ^ a b Mangosing, Frances (January 8, 2021). "PH Marines show off coastal defense maneuvers, plans". INQUIRER.net. Retrieved February 1, 2021.
- ^ Sadongdong, Martin (June 24, 2022). "Marines, Army activate new battalions". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved July 2, 2022.
- ^ Nepomuceno, Priam (April 7, 2022). "PMC activates battalion to operate BrahMos missile system". Philippine News Agency. Retrieved July 2, 2022.
- ^ "India delivers first batch of BrahMos missile system to Philippines: Why this is a big deal". April 19, 2024.
- ^ "The Philippine Marine Corps". Archived from the original on December 3, 2013.
- ^ "PHL Marines breaks ground on new headquarters in Bataan | Bases Conversion and Development Authority".
- ^ "China-Philippines navy spat captured on camera – BBC News". BBC News. March 30, 2014. Retrieved September 28, 2019.
- ^ "Light Armor System Upgrade Joint Project of the Philippine Navy and Philippine Air Force". Philippine Defense Resource. January 11, 2020. Retrieved August 13, 2021.
- ^ Montero, Max (August 25, 2019). "Squad Rocket Launcher Light Acquisition Project of the Philippine Navy (Marines)". Philippine Defense Resource. Retrieved January 21, 2020.
- ^ "Israel's Marom Dolphin to supply body armor vests and helmets to Philippine Navy". December 9, 2020.
- ^ "Philippine Marines Adopt Marom-Dolphin Fusion System - Soldier Systems Daily". July 6, 2022.
- ^ Montero, Max (August 2, 2019). "Mortar Acquisition Project Lot 2 – 81mm Mortar of the Philippine Navy (Marines)". Philippine Defense Review. Retrieved January 20, 2020.
- ^ "Shore-Based Anti-Ship Missile System Acquisition of the Philippine Navy (Marines)". Philippine Defense Resource. June 1, 2020. Retrieved August 13, 2021.
- ^ "Shore-Based Air Defense Missile System Acquisition of the Philippine Navy". Philippine Defense Resource. December 15, 2019. Retrieved August 13, 2021.
Works consulted
[edit]- International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) (2012). "The Military Balance 2012". The Military Balance: Annual Estimates of the Nature and Size of the Military Forces of the Principal Powers. London: IISS. ISSN 0459-7222.
Bibliography
[edit]- Gallant Warriors From The Sea: The Philippine Marines Today, March 8, 1998 by Franz Tinio Lopez ISBN 9719303700, ISBN 978-9719303701.
External links
[edit]
- Official Website of Philippine Marine Corps (archived)
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