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Telstar

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For other uses, see Telstar (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Telstra.
Telstar
Model of a Telstar satellite, on display at Conservatoire national des arts et métiers
ManufacturerHughes, EADS Astrium, Space Systems/Loral, Airbus Defence and Space
Country of originUnited States
OperatorAT&T, Telesat
ApplicationsCommunications
Specifications
RegimeMedium Earth / Geostationary
Production
StatusIn service
Launched21
Universal newsreel about Telstar 1

Telstar is the name of various communications satellites. The first two Telstar satellites were experimental and nearly identical. Telstar 1 launched on top of a Thor-Delta rocket on July 10, 1962. It successfully relayed through space the first television pictures, telephone calls, and telegraph images, and provided the first live transatlantic television feed. Telstar 2 was launched May 7, 1963. Telstar 1 and 2—though no longer functional—still orbit the Earth.[1]

Description

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External audio
audio icon Felker Talking Telstar, 1962, Dr. Jean Felker's speech starts at 4:20, WNYC[2]

Belonging to AT&T, the original Telstar was part of a multi-national agreement among AT&T (USA), Bell Telephone Laboratories (USA), NASA (USA), GPO (United Kingdom) and the direction générale des Télécommunications (France) to develop experimental satellite communications over the Atlantic Ocean. Bell Labs held a contract with NASA, paying the agency for each launch, independent of success.[3]

Six ground stations were built to communicate with Telstar, one each in the US, France, the UK, Canada, West Germany and Italy. The American ground station—built by Bell Labs—was Andover Earth Station, in Andover, Maine. The main British ground station was at Goonhilly Downs, Cornwall. The BBC, as international coordinator, used this location. The standards 525/405 conversion equipment (filling a large room) was researched and developed by the BBC and located in the BBC Television Centre, London. The French ground station was at Pleumeur-Bodou [a]. The Canadian ground station was at Charleston, Nova Scotia. The German ground station was at Raisting in Bavaria. The Italian ground station (Fucino Space Centre) was at Fucino, near Avezzano, in Abruzzo.

The satellite was built by a team at Bell Telephone Laboratories that included John Robinson Pierce, who created the project;[4] Rudy Kompfner, who invented the traveling-wave tube transponder that the satellite used;[4][5] and James M. Early, who designed its transistors and solar panels.[6] The satellite is roughly spherical, measures 34.5 inches (880 mm) in length, and weighs about 170 lb (77 kg). Its dimensions were limited by what would fit on one of NASA's Delta rockets. Telstar was spin-stabilized, and its outer surface was covered with solar cells capable of generating 14 watts of electrical power.

The original Telstar had a single innovative transponder that could relay data, a single television channel, or multiplexed telephone circuits. Since the spacecraft spun, it required an array of antennas around its "equator" for uninterrupted microwave communication with Earth. An omnidirectional array of small cavity antenna elements around the satellite's "equator" received 6 GHz microwave signals to relay back to ground stations. The transponder converted the frequency to 4 GHz, amplified the signals in a traveling-wave tube, and retransmitted them omnidirectionally via the adjacent array of larger box-shaped cavities. The prominent helical antenna received telecommands from a ground station.

Launched by NASA aboard a Delta rocket from Cape Canaveral on July 10, 1962, Telstar 1 was the first privately sponsored space launch. A medium-altitude satellite, Telstar was placed into an elliptical orbit completed once every 2 hours and 37 minutes, inclined at an angle of approximately 45 degrees to the equator, with perigee about 952 km (592 mi) from Earth and apogee about 5,933 km (3,687 mi) from Earth[7]: 3-5  This is in contrast to the 1965 Early Bird Intelsat and subsequent satellites that travel in circular geostationary orbits.[7]: 3-5 

Due to its non-geosynchronous orbit, similar to a Molniya orbit, availability of Telstar 1 for transatlantic signals was limited to the 30 minutes in each 2.5-hour orbit when the satellite passed over the Atlantic Ocean. Ground antennas had to track the satellite with a pointing error of less than 0.06 degrees as it moved across the sky at up to 1.5 degrees per second.[citation needed]

177 ft. long horn antenna at AT&T's satellite ground station in Andover, Maine, built to communicate with Telstar

Since the transmitters and receivers on Telstar were not powerful, ground antennas had to be 90 ft (27 m) tall. Bell Laboratory engineers designed a large horizontal conical horn antenna with a parabolic reflector at its mouth that re-directed the beam. This particular design had very low sidelobes, and thus made very low receiving system noise temperatures possible. The aperture of the antennas was 3,600 sq ft (330 m2). The antennas were 177 ft (54 m) long and weighed 380 short tons (340,000 kg). Morimi Iwama and Jan Norton of Bell Laboratories were in charge of designing and building the electrical portions of the azimuth-elevation system that steered the antennas. The antennas were housed in radomes the size of a 14-story office building. Two of these antennas were used, one in Andover, Maine, and the other in France at Pleumeur-Bodou. The GPO antenna at Goonhilly Downs in Great Britain was a conventional 26-meter-diameter paraboloid.

In service

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Telstar 1 relayed its first, and non-public, television pictures—a flag outside Andover Earth Station—to Pleumeur-Bodou on July 11, 1962.[8] Almost two weeks later, on July 23, at 3:00 p.m. EDT, it relayed the first publicly available live transatlantic television signal.[9] The broadcast was shown in Europe by Eurovision and in North America by NBC, CBS, ABC, and the CBC.[9] The first public broadcast featured CBS's Walter Cronkite and NBC's Chet Huntley in New York, and the BBC's Richard Dimbleby in Brussels.[9] The first pictures were the Statue of Liberty in New York and the Eiffel Tower in Paris.[9] The first broadcast was to have included remarks by President John F. Kennedy, but the signal was acquired before the president was ready, so engineers filled the lead-in time with a short segment of a televised game between the Philadelphia Phillies and the Chicago Cubs at Wrigley Field.[9][10][11] The Phillies' second baseman Tony Taylor was seen hitting a ball pitched by the Cubs' Cal Koonce to deep right field, caught by fielder George Altman for the out. From there, the video switched first to Washington, DC; then to Cape Canaveral, Florida; to the Seattle World's Fair; then to Quebec and finally to Stratford, Ontario.[9] The Washington segment included remarks by President Kennedy,[10] talking about the price of the American dollar, which was causing concern in Europe. When Kennedy denied that the United States would devalue the dollar it immediately strengthened on world markets; Cronkite later said that "we all glimpsed something of the true power of the instrument we had wrought."[9][12]

That evening, Telstar 1 also relayed the first satellite telephone call, between U.S. vice-president Lyndon Johnson and the chairman of AT&T, Frederick Kappel. It successfully transmitted faxes, data, and both live and taped television, including the first live transmission of television across an ocean from Andover, Maine, US, to Goonhilly Downs, England, and Pleumeur-Bodou, France.[13][clarification needed] (An experimental passive satellite, Echo 1, had been used to reflect and redirect communications signals two years earlier, in 1960.) In August 1962, Telstar 1 became the first satellite used to synchronize time between two continents, bringing the United Kingdom and the United States to within 1 microsecond of each other (previous efforts were accurate to only 2,000 microseconds).[14]

The Telstar 1 satellite also relayed computer data between two IBM 1401 computers. The test, performed on October 25, 1962, sent a message from a transmitting computer in Endicott, New York, to the earth station in Andover, Maine. The message was relayed to the earth station in France, where it was decoded by a second IBM 1401 in La Gaude, France.[15]

Telstar 1, which had ushered in a new age of the commercial use of technology, became a victim of the military technology of the Cold War era. The day before Telstar 1 launched, a U.S. high-altitude nuclear bomb (called Starfish Prime) had energized the Earth's Van Allen Belt where Telstar 1 went into orbit. This vast increase in a radiation belt, combined with subsequent high-altitude blasts, including a Soviet test in October, overwhelmed Telstar's fragile transistors.[16][17][18] It went out of service in November 1962, after handling over 400 telephone, telegraph, facsimile, and television transmissions.[10] It was restarted by a workaround in early January 1963.[19] The additional radiation associated with its return to full sunlight[clarification needed] once again caused a transistor failure, this time irreparably, and Telstar 1 went back out of service on February 21, 1963.

Experiments continued, and by 1964, two Telstars, two Relay units (from RCA), and two Syncom units (from the Hughes Aircraft Company) had operated successfully in space. Syncom 2 was the first geosynchronous satellite and its successor, Syncom 3, broadcast pictures from the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo. The first commercial geosynchronous satellite was Intelsat I ("Early Bird") launched in 1965.

Telstar was considered a technical success. According to a US. Information Agency (USIA) poll, Telstar was better known in Great Britain than Sputnik had been in 1957.[20]

Newer Telstars

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Subsequent Telstar satellites were advanced commercial geosynchronous spacecraft that share only their name with Telstar 1 and 2.

The second wave of Telstar satellites launched with Telstar 301 in 1983, followed by Telstar 302 in 1984 (which was renamed Telstar 3C after it was carried into space by Shuttle mission STS-41-D),[21] and by Telstar 303 in 1985.

The next wave, starting with Telstar 401, came in 1993; which was lost in 1997 due to a magnetic storm, and then Telstar 402 was destroyed shortly after launch in 1994.[22] It was replaced in 1995 by Telstar 402R, eventually renamed Telstar 4.

Telstar 10 was launched in China in 1997 by APT Satellite Company, Ltd.

In 2003, Telstars 4–8 and 13—Loral Skynet's North American fleet—were sold to Intelsat. Telstar 4 suffered complete failure prior to the handover. The others were renamed the Intelsat Americas 5, 6, etc. At the time of the sale, Telstar 8 was still under construction by Space Systems/Loral, and it was finally launched on June 23, 2005, by Sea Launch.

Telstar 18 was launched in June 2004 by sea launch. The upper stage of the rocket underperformed, but the satellite used its significant stationkeeping fuel margin to achieve its operational geostationary orbit. It has enough on-board fuel remaining to allow it to exceed its specified 13-year design life.

Telesat launched Telstar 12 Vantage in November 2015 on a H2A204 variant of the H-IIA rocket,[23] and it commenced service in December 2015.[24]

Telstar 19V was launched on 22 July 2018.

Telstar 18V was launched on 10 September 2018, on a SpaceX Falcon 9.[25][26]

Satellites

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Name Manufacturer Launch date Launch vehicle Launch place Orbital position Bus Mass
Telstar 1 Bell Laboratories July 10, 1962 Delta-DM19 Cape Canaveral LC-17B — Telstar Bus 77 kg (170 lb)
Telstar 2 Bell Laboratories May 7, 1963 Delta B Cape Canaveral LC-17B — Telstar Bus 79 kg (174 lb)
Telstar 301 Hughes July 28, 1983 Delta-3920 PAM-D Cape Canaveral LC-17A 76° W HS-376 625 kg (1,378 lb)
Telstar 302 Hughes August 30, 1984 Space Shuttle Discovery Kennedy LC-39A 125° W HS-376 625 kg (1,378 lb)
Telstar 303 Hughes June 17, 1985 Space Shuttle Discovery Kennedy LC-39A 76° W HS-376 630 kg (1,390 lb)
Telstar 401 Lockheed Martin December 16, 1993 Atlas IIAS AC-108 Cape Canaveral LC-36B 97° W AS-7000 3,375 kg (7,441 lb)
Telstar 402 Lockheed Martin September 9, 1994 Ariane 42L Kourou ELA-2 89° W
planned 		AS-7000 3,485 kg (7,683 lb)
Telstar 4 Lockheed Martin September 24, 1995 Ariane 42L Kourou ELA-2 89° W AS-7000 3,410 kg (7,520 lb)
Telstar 5 Space Systems/Loral May 24, 1997 Proton-K/Block-DM4 Baikonur 81/23 97° W SSL 1300 3,600 kg (7,900 lb)
Telstar 6 Space Systems/Loral February 15, 1999 Proton-K/Block-DM3 Baikonur 81/23 93° W SSL 1300 3,763 kg (8,296 lb)
Telstar 7 Space Systems/Loral September 25, 1999 Ariane 44LP Kourou ELA-2 127° W SSL 1300 3,790 kg (8,360 lb)
Telstar 8 Space Systems/Loral June 23, 2005 Zenit-3SL Sea Launch 89° W SSL 1300S 5,493 kg (12,110 lb)
Telstar 9
(not launched) 		Space Systems/Loral — — — — SSL 1300S 5,493 kg (12,110 lb)
Telstar 10 Space Systems/Loral October 16, 1997 Long March 3B Xichang 3B 76,5° E SSL 1300 3,700 kg (8,200 lb)
Telstar 11 Matra Marconi Space November 29, 1994 Atlas IIA Cape Canaveral LC-36A 37,5° W Eurostar-2000 2,361 kg (5,205 lb)
Telstar 11N Space Systems/Loral February 26, 2009 Zenit-3SLB Baikonur 45/1 37,5° W SSL 1300 4,012 kg (8,845 lb)
Telstar 12 Space Systems/Loral October 19, 1999 Ariane 44LP Kourou ELA-2 15° W SSL 1300 3,814 kg (8,408 lb)
Telstar 12V EADS Astrium November 24, 2015 H-IIA-204 Tanegashima YLP-1 15° W Eurostar-3000 5,000 kg (11,000 lb)
Telstar 13 Space Systems/Loral August 8, 2003 Zenit-3SL Sea Launch 121° W SSL 1300 4,737 kg (10,443 lb)
Telstar 14 Space Systems/Loral January 11, 2004 Zenit-3SL Sea Launch 63° W SSL 1300 4,694 kg (10,348 lb)
Telstar 14R Space Systems/Loral May 20, 2011 Proton-M/Briz-M Baikonur 200/39 63° W SSL 1300 5,000 kg (11,000 lb)
Telstar 18 Space Systems/Loral June 29, 2004 Zenit-3SL Sea Launch 138° E SSL 1300 4,640 kg (10,230 lb)
Telstar 18V Space Systems/Loral September 10, 2018 Falcon 9 B5 Cape Canaveral SLC-40 138° E SSL 1300 7,060 kg (15,560 lb)
Telstar 19V Space Systems/Loral July 22, 2018 Falcon 9 B5 Cape Canaveral SLC-40 63° W SSL 1300 7,076 kg (15,600 lb)

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "1962-ALPHA EPSILON 1". US Space Objects Registry. June 19, 2013. Archived from the original on October 5, 2013. Retrieved October 2, 2013.
  2. ^ "Felker Talking Telstar". WNYC. Retrieved October 31, 2016.
  3. ^ "TELSTAR 1: The First Satellite to Relay Signals from Earth to Satellite and Back : History of Information". www.historyofinformation.com. Retrieved June 10, 2024.
  4. ^ a b Gavaghan, Helen (1998). Something New Under the Sun: Satellites and the Beginning of the Space Age. Springer. ISBN 0-387-94914-3.
  5. ^ Sivan, Leo (1994). Microwave Tube Transmitters. Springer. ISBN 0-412-57950-2.
  6. ^ Markoff, John (January 19, 2004). "James Early, engineer, 81; Helped Create A Transistor". Obituaries. The New York Times.
  7. ^ a b Dalgleish, Don I. (30 June 1989). "1: The development of satellite communication". An Introduction to Satellite Communications. Institution of Electrical Engineers. ISBN 978-0863411328. LCCN 89168323. OCLC 23238420. OL 2277460M. Retrieved 28 November 2023 – via Google Books.
  8. ^ "IEEE History Center: First Transatlantic Transmission of a Television Signal via Satellite, 1962". IEEE History Center. 2002. Archived from the original on February 23, 2007. Retrieved July 23, 2009.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g Walter Cronkite. "Telstar". NPR. Retrieved July 23, 2009.
  10. ^ a b c Clary, Gregory (July 13, 2012). "50th anniversary of satellite Telstar celebrated". Light Years (blog). CNN. Archived from the original on July 15, 2012. Retrieved July 15, 2012.
  11. ^ "Philadelphia Phillies vs Chicago Cubs". Box Score. Baseball-Almanac.com. July 23, 1962. Retrieved July 15, 2012.
  12. ^ Telstar, Kennedy, and World Gold & Currency Markets, YouTube
  13. ^ Video: A Day in History. Telstar Brings World Closer, 1962/07/12 (1962). Universal Newsreel. 1962. Retrieved February 20, 2012.
  14. ^ "Significant Achievements in Space Communications and Navigation, 1958–1964" (PDF). NASA-SP-93. NASA. 1966. pp. 30–32. Retrieved October 31, 2009.
  15. ^ "IBM Archives: IBM and Telstar". www.ibm.com. January 23, 2003. Retrieved May 26, 2019.
  16. ^ Glover, Daniel R. (April 12, 2005). "TELSTAR". NASA Experimental Communications Satellites. Archived from the original on September 5, 2007. Retrieved September 1, 2007.
  17. ^ Early, James M. (1990). "Telstar I – Dawn of a New Age". Southwest Museum of Engineering, Communications and Computation. Retrieved July 11, 2012.
  18. ^ Mayo, J.S.; et al. (July 1963). "The Command System Malfunction of the Telstar Satellite" (PDF). Bell System Technical Journal. 42 (4): 1631–1657. doi:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1963.tb04044.x. Archived from the original on August 10, 2013. Retrieved May 18, 2016.
  19. ^ Lorenz, Ralph D.; Harland, David Michael (2005). Space Systems Failures: Disasters and Rescues of Satellites, Rocket and Space Probes. Springer. p. 266. ISBN 0-387-21519-0.
  20. ^ Glover, Daniel R. "Chapter 6, NASA Experimental Communications Satellites, 1958–1995". NASA. Retrieved October 23, 2011.
  21. ^ "NASA – STS-41D". NASA. Retrieved July 15, 2012.
  22. ^ "Gas leak led to Telstar 402 explosion". Flight Global. February 28, 1995. Retrieved February 7, 2023.
  23. ^ "Telesat orders high throughput satellite to replace Telstar 12 and expand capacity at 15 Degrees west" (Press release). Telesat. November 24, 2015. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
  24. ^ "Telesat's new Telstar 12 VANTAGE satellite now operational three weeks after launch" (PDF) (Press release). Telesat. December 15, 2015. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
  25. ^ Cooper, Ben (August 22, 2018). "Rocket Launch Viewing Guide for Cape Canaveral". Launchphotography.com. Archived from the original on February 9, 2016. Retrieved August 24, 2018.
  26. ^ "Telstar 18 Vantage Mission". September 10, 2018. Retrieved April 20, 2019.

Notes

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  1. ^ Pleumeur-Bodou (48°47′10″N 3°31′26″W / 48.78611°N 3.52389°W / 48.78611; -3.52389)
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