Jump to content

1899

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by 2a04:4a43:952f:f873:fca7:4565:eb2f:939b (talk) at 07:12, 20 June 2024 (rving Hoar vandalism from 24 Jan). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Millennium: 2nd millennium
Centuries:
Decades:
Years:
1899 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar1899
MDCCCXCIX
Ab urbe condita2652
Armenian calendar1348
ԹՎ ՌՅԽԸ
Assyrian calendar6649
Baháʼí calendar55–56
Balinese saka calendar1820–1821
Bengali calendar1306
Berber calendar2849
British Regnal year62 Vict. 1 – 63 Vict. 1
Buddhist calendar2443
Burmese calendar1261
Byzantine calendar7407–7408
Chinese calendar戊戌年 (Earth Dog)
4596 or 4389
    — to —
己亥年 (Earth Pig)
4597 or 4390
Coptic calendar1615–1616
Discordian calendar3065
Ethiopian calendar1891–1892
Hebrew calendar5659–5660
Hindu calendars
 - Vikram Samvat1955–1956
 - Shaka Samvat1820–1821
 - Kali Yuga4999–5000
Holocene calendar11899
Igbo calendar899–900
Iranian calendar1277–1278
Islamic calendar1316–1317
Japanese calendarMeiji 32
(明治32年)
Javanese calendar1828–1829
Julian calendarGregorian minus 12 days
Korean calendar4232
Minguo calendar13 before ROC
民前13年
Nanakshahi calendar431
Thai solar calendar2441–2442
Tibetan calendar阳土狗年
(male Earth-Dog)
2025 or 1644 or 872
    — to —
阴土猪年
(female Earth-Pig)
2026 or 1645 or 873

1899 (MDCCCXCIX) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1899th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 899th year of the 2nd millennium, the 99th year of the 19th century, and the 10th and last year of the 1890s decade. As of the start of 1899, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

Events

January 1899

January 1: Cuba free.
January 21: Opel car.

February 1899

March 1899

March 6: Aspirin.

April 1899

May 1899

June 1899

July 1899

  • July 1
  • July 2Pope Leo XIII venerates four missionaries who were executed in Asia as martyrs of the Roman Catholic Church. Jean-Charles Cornay will be canonized as a saint in 1988, while Paul Liu Hanzuo, Peter Lieou and Louis Gabriel Taurin Dufresse will be canonized 100 years after their veneration by Pope John Paul II on October 1, 2000.
  • July 3 – Swiss-born American boxer Frank Erne wins the world lightweight championship by defeating champion George "Kid" Lavigne in a decision after 20 rounds in Buffalo, New York.
  • July 4 – The most famous skeleton of a dinosaur ever found intact, a Diplodicus, is discovered at the Sheep Creek Quarry in the western United States near Medicine Bow, Wyoming. The expedition team, financed by Andrew Carnegie for the Carnegie Museum of Natural History in Pittsburgh and led by William Harlow Reed, bestows the name "Dippy" on the Diplodicus carnegii, which becomes well known after Carnegie has plaster cast replicas made for donation to museums all over the world. The diplodicus dinosaurs are estimated to have roamed in North America more than 152,000,000 years ago.[70]
  • July 5
    • In Chicago, the first juvenile court in the United States, the Cook County Circuit Court Juvenile Justice Division, hears its first cases with R. S. Tuthill as its judge.[71]
    • The 1895 Trade and Navigation agreement between the Japanese and Russian empires goes into effect, with each country was given "a full freedom of ship and cargo entrance to all places, ports, and rivers on the other country's territory."[72]
  • July 6 – An assassin attempts to kill Milan Obrenović, who had been King of Serbia before abdicating in 1889, and had more recently been appointed by his son, King Alexander, as Commander-in-chief of the Serbian Army. General Obrenović is uninjured, but begins a campaign to seek out and arrest the radicals in Serbia.
  • July 7The Great Lakes Towing Company (GLT), later part of The Great Lakes Group, is incorporated by John D. Rockefeller and William G. Mather to acquire more than 150 tugboats to control shipping in four of the North American Great Lakes (Lake Huron, Lake Michigan, Lake Erie and Lake Superior) and quickly builds a monopoly on Great Lakes traffic.
  • July 8 – The Lorelei Fountain, sculpted by Ernst Herter from white marble, is unveiled in The Bronx in New York City across from the Bronx County Courthouse.
  • July 9 – The Latin American Plenary Council, called by Pope Leo XIII on December 25 for the Roman Catholic bishops of lands in Central America and South America to address the question of "how to guard the interests of the Latin race", closes in Rome after six weeks. The bishops agree that Catholics should not "to celebrate with heretics" (specifically, non-Catholics) in religious ceremonies or to attend heretic church services, on pain of excommunication; that every republic in Latin America should have "a truly Catholic University" for education in the "sciences, literature and the good arts"; that missionary work to the Indian populations is "the grave duty of the ecclesiastical as well as civil authority to carry civilization to the tribes that remain faithless"; and that priests should be encouraged to study at the Pius Latin American Seminary in Rome.[73]
  • July 10
  • July 11 – In Turin in Italy, Giovanni Agnelli and eight investors form the Italian automobile manufacturer F.I.A.T. (Fabbrica Italiana Automobili Torino, the Italian Automobile Manufacturers of Turin), producers of the Fiat motor vehicles.
  • July 12 – The British freight ship City of York sinks after striking reefs at Rottnest Island, off the coast of Western Australia, due to a misunderstanding of signal flare fired from the island's lighthouse. The ship, which was nearing the end of a 90-day voyage from the U.S. (San Francisco) to Fremantle, Western Australia, evacuates its 26 crew in two lifeboats, but one of the boats overturns and 11 men, including Captain Phillip Jones, drown.
  • July 13 – A tornado kills 13 people in the U.S. village of Herman, Nebraska.
  • July 14 – The first Republic of Acre is declared by former Spanish journalist Luis Gálvez Rodríguez de Arias in the Amazon jungle in South America, and lasts for nine months.
  • July 15
    • Japan's first comprehensive copyright law takes effect and, on the same day, Japan agrees to join the Berne Convention on respect of copyright laws of other nations.
    • General Emilio Aguinaldo, who has commanded the Filipino resistance against the Spanish government, informs the U.S. Army General Thomas M. Anderson that he intends to assume authority for the Philippine Islands in areas conquered by the Filipinos from the Spaniards.[74]
  • July 16 – The first soccer football game in El Salvador between two organized teams takes place at the Campo Marte field in Santa Ana, where a local team hosts a team of players from San Salvador. The Santa Ana team wins, 2 to 0.[75]
  • July 17
  • July 18 – The patent for the first sofa bed (a foldable bed frame that can be stored under the cushions of a couch) is taken out by African-American inventor Leonard C. Bailey. He receives U.S. Patent No. 629,286 on June 2, 1900.
  • July 19 – U.S. Secretary of War Russell A. Alger submits his resignation at the request of U.S. President McKinley, following public outrage over the United States Army beef scandal, in which the War Department purchased tainted beef for soldiers during the Spanish-American War.
  • July 20
    • A white lynch mob in Tallulah, Louisiana carries out the killing of five white Italian shopkeepers from Sicily who have opened stores in the town to sell produce and meat, after accusations that the Sicilians were driving the American stores out of business. None of the suspects in the lynching are prosecuted.[77]
    • Park Row Building in New York City is completed and becomes the world's tallest building, a title it holds until 1908.
  • July 21 – The Newsboys' strike takes place, when the Newsies of New York go on strike (until August 2).[78]
  • July 22 – The torture and lynching of Frank Embree takes place in the town of Fayette, Missouri, after Embree, a black 19-year-old man, is accused by a mob of raping a white 14-year-old girl. Shortly after Embree has received 100 lashes from a whip, a photographer takes Embree's photo, followed by another one after Embree's hanging.[79]
  • July 23 – The U.S. capital of Washington, D.C. retires its short-lived cable car system, the day after Columbia Railway Company converts exclusively to electric powered cars
  • July 24 – In the first trade treaty signed by the U.S. after the passage of the Dingley Act, which authorizes the U.S. President to negotiate reductions of tariffs up to 20% if the other side does the same, France and the United States sign an agreement for a 20% reduction of France's existing tariffs on 635 of 654 specific items, in return for the U.S. reduction between 5% and 20% of duty fees on 126 items.[80]
  • July 25 – France's Minister of War levies out punishments against officers who participated in the Dreyfus affair, removing General Georges-Gabriel de Pellieux from his duties as Military Governor of Paris, and removing General Oscar de Négrier from the War Council.[81]
  • July 26 – The President of the Dominican Republic, dictator Ulises Heureaux, is assassinated during a visit to the city of Moca. Vice President Wenceslao Figuereo succeeds to the office.[78]
  • July 27 – Gold is discovered in Nome, Alaska, leading to the Nome Gold Rush.[82]
  • July 28 – The All Cubans, a team of professional baseball players from Cuba, begins a barnstorming tour of the U.S. with games against white and black teams, starting with a 12-4 win over a local team at Weehawken, New Jersey
  • July 29 – The first international Peace Conference ends, with the signing of the First Hague Convention.
  • July 30 – The Harriman Alaska Expedition ends successfully.
  • July 31Duke of York Island, off Antarctica, is discovered by explorer Carsten Borchgrevink and the British Southern Cross Expedition.[83]

August 1899

September 1899

October 1899

November 1899

Moscow Art Theatre production of Uncle Vanya

December 1899

Date unknown

Births

Births
January · February · March · April · May · June · July · August · September · October · November · December

January

Antal Páger
Max Theiler

February

Café Filho
Mildred Trotter
Ramon Novarro
Lillian Disney
Erich Kästner

March

Frederik IX of Denmark
Gloria Swanson
Lavrentiy Beria

April

Walter Lantz
Duke Ellington

May

Fred Astaire
Suzanne Lenglen

June

Fritz Albert Lipmann

July

George Cukor
James Cagney
Ernest Hemingway
Gustav Heinemann

August

P. L. Travers
Sir Alfred Hitchcock
Béla Guttmann

September

Sir Macfarlane Burnet
Jimmie Davis

October

Franz Jonas
Nikolay Bogolyubov
László Bíró

November

Pat O'Brien
Iskander Mirza
Abu al-Qasim al-Khoei

December

Sir Noël Coward
Martin Luther King Sr.
Humphrey Bogart

Date unknown

Deaths

Deaths
January · February · March · April · May · June · July · August · September · October · November · December

January–February

Alfred Sisley
Paul Reuter
Emma Hardinge Britten
Antonio Luna

March–April

May–June

July–August

Robert Bunsen
Gregorio del Pilar
Frances Laughton Mace

September–October

November–December

Garret Hobart

Date unknown

References

  1. ^ "Mr. Hoar's Part in the Filipino War". The New York Times. January 15, 1900. p. 1.
  2. ^ Stewart, Estelle May (1936). Handbook of American trade-unions: 1936 edition. United States Bureau of Labor Statistics. United States Government Printing Office.
  3. ^ Leach, Nicholas (2009). Devon's Lifeboat Heritage. Chacewater: Twelveheads Press. pp. 49–50.
  4. ^ Hodges, C. Walter (1969). The Overland Launch. (Children's book.)
  5. ^ "Canadian Pacific Railway", by Donald M. Bain, in Encyclopedia of North American Railroads. ed. by William D. Middleton, et al. (Indiana University Press, 2007) p. 197
  6. ^ "R.M.S. Oceanic (II)". Jeff Newman. Archived from the original on September 19, 2009. Retrieved January 18, 2010.
  7. ^ "The Oceanic at Liverpool— Largest Vessel in the World to Start for Here Sept. 6". The New York Times. August 27, 1899. p. 19.
  8. ^ ""Vessel Goes Down at Night During a Squall and Is Not Missed until Morning", San Francisco Call, January 15, 1899". Archived from the original on October 27, 2022. Retrieved April 17, 2022.
  9. ^ William Dinwiddie, Puerto Rico, its Conditions and Possibilities (Harper & Brothers, 1899) p. 261
  10. ^ "Bohol participation in the Philippine Revolution". Webline Bohol, Philippines. Provincial Government of Bohol. 1999. Retrieved April 16, 2020.
  11. ^ George Henry White", in Black Americans in Congress, 1870-2007, ed. by Robert A. Brady (U.S. Government Printing Office, 2008) p. 260
  12. ^ Anton A. Huurdeman, The Worldwide History of Telecommunications (Wiley, 2003) p. 215
  13. ^ Joseph Kinsey Howard, Montana: High, Wide, and Handsome (University of Nebraska Press, 2003) p. 67
  14. ^ George Gawrych, The Crescent and the Eagle: Ottoman Rule, Islam and the Albanians, 1874-1913 (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2006) p. 125
  15. ^ Arthur W. J. G. Ord-Hume, Perpetual Motion (Adventures Unlimited Press, 2015) p.146
  16. ^ Marie-France Barrier, Ranavalona, dernière reine de Madagascar (Balland, 1996) pp. 273-274
  17. ^ "Suntory | About Us | History : Digest". Suntory. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
  18. ^ "Annual Report 2016 - The History of Suntory Beverage & Food" (PDF). 2016. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
  19. ^ Kenneth N. Johnson, Kansas University Basketball Legends (Arcadia Publishing, 2013)
  20. ^ "The White Man's Burden" Archived March 10, 2022, at the Wayback Machine, commentary by Mary Hamer, The Kipling Society
  21. ^ Brian McAllister Linn, The Philippine War, 1899–1902 (University Press of Kansas, 2000) p. 52
  22. ^ Sergei Pushkarev, Self-government and Freedom In Russia (Taylor & Francis, 2019)
  23. ^ "War Department Investigating Commission", by Joseph Smith, in The War of 1898, and U.S. Interventions, 1898–1934: An Encyclopedia, ed. by Benjamin R. Beede (Taylor & Francis, 1994) pp. 582-584
  24. ^ "Accuses Kansas Colonel; Lieut. Hall, by Affidavits of Others, Charges W.S. Metcalf with Shooting an Unarmed Prisoner", New York Times, November 21, 1899
  25. ^ "Climate History: The Great Arctic Outbreak of February 1899" Archived April 18, 2022, at the Wayback Machine, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
  26. ^ Ian Collard, The British Cruise Ship An Illustrated History 1844-1939 (Amberley Publishing, 2013)
  27. ^ "Loubet, Émile François", Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition, Volume 17 (1911), p. 26
  28. ^ Brian S. McBeth, Gunboats, Corruption, and Claims: Foreign Intervention in Venezuela, 1899-1908 (Greenwood Press, 2001) pp. 13-14
  29. ^ ""Laurier, Sir Wilfrid", by Réal Bélanger, in Dictionary of Canadian Biography". Archived from the original on June 1, 2022. Retrieved April 19, 2022.
  30. ^ "Sunderlandships.com". Archived from the original on October 31, 2022. Retrieved April 19, 2022.
  31. ^ "Motoring Firsts". National Motor Museum Trust. Archived from the original on August 21, 2010. Retrieved August 26, 2010.
  32. ^ "Marketing History as Social Responsibility", by Christopher Gerteis, in Japan Since 1945: From Postwar to Post-Bubble (Bloomsbury, 2013) p. 235
  33. ^ Anthony B. Cochran, Out of the Storm: A Legacy (Outskirts Press, 2018) p. 252
  34. ^ Andia, Gianfranco; Duroc, Yvan; Tedjini, Smail (January 19, 2018). Non-Linearities in Passive RFID Systems: Third Harmonic Concept and Applications. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781119490739.
  35. ^ Harry Barnard, Independent Man: The Life of Senator James Couzens (Wayne State University Press, 2002) p. 53
  36. ^ "Aspirin". Milestones: Aspirin. German Patent and Trademark Office. October 18, 2022. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  37. ^ "Commercial and Corporate Law in Japan", by Harald Baum and Eiji Takahashi, in History of Law in Japan Since 1868 (Brill, 2005) p. 355
  38. ^ Petrie, Anne (2017). The Story of Kent. The History Press.
  39. ^ "Jungner, Ernst Waldemar", in Innovators in Battery Technology: Profiles of 95 Influential Electrochemists, by Kevin Desmond (McFarland Publishing 2016) p. 116
  40. ^ "Encinal County Abolished" Archived September 15, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, The Laws of Texas, 1897-1902, Volume 11 (Gammel Book Company, 1902) pp.10–11.
  41. ^ "Gotham Tragedy, Gotham Memory" Archived October 31, 2022, at the Wayback Machine, by Christopher Gray, City-Journal (New York City), Winter 2003
  42. ^ "Windsor Hotel Lies in Ashes", The New York Times, March 18, 1899, p. 1
  43. ^ "World's oldest cinema to reopen in France's La Ciotat" Archived October 31, 2022, at the Wayback Machine, France 24, September 10, 2013
  44. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k The American Monthly Review of Reviews (June 1899), pp. 539-542
  45. ^ Penguin Pocket On This Day. Penguin Reference Library. 2006. ISBN 0-14-102715-0.
  46. ^ Bruce A. Elleman, International Competition in China, 1899-1991 (Taylor & Francis, 2015) p. 10
  47. ^ a b c d The American Monthly Review of Reviews (June 1899), pp. 664-669
  48. ^ "Nurmijärwen murhamies renki Karl Emil Malmelin wangittu". Digikansalliskirjasto (in Finnish). Uusi Suometar. May 25, 1899. Retrieved September 29, 2021.
  49. ^ Keskisarja, Teemu (2015). Kirves: Toivo Harald Koljosen rikos ja rangaistus (in Finnish). Siltala. ISBN 978-952-234-324-6.
  50. ^ Alberto Santos-Dumont, My Airships: The Story of My Life Archived April 19, 2022, at the Wayback Machine (Riverside Press, 1904) p.117
  51. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l The American Monthly Review of Reviews (July 1899), pp. 25-29
  52. ^ Edward Robb Ellis, The Epic of New York City: A Narrative History (Avalon Press, 1966) p. 461
  53. ^ "Multifinned Sea Monster", in Mysterious Creatures: A Guide to Cryptozoology, ed. by George M. Eberhart (ABC-CLIO, 2002) p. 360
  54. ^ Fernando Meléndez Zumaeta (April 20, 2015). ""Loreto: ¿Estado Federal o República?"". Lima: La Región. Archived from the original on October 4, 2022.
  55. ^ Norman Friedman, Naval Firepower: Battleship Guns and Gunnery in the Dreadnought Era (Pen & Sword Books Ltd., 2013) p. 18
  56. ^ Orenstein, Arbie (1991) [1975]. Ravel: Man and Musician. Mineola, US: Dover. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-486-26633-6.
  57. ^ Donovan Rawcliffe, Occult and Supernatural Phenomena (Dover Publications, 1988) p. 245
  58. ^ Carruth, Gordon, ed. (1962). The Encyclopedia of American Facts and Dates (3rd ed.). Thomas Y. Crowell. pp. 384–387.
  59. ^ "Herman swept from the earth". Evening World-Herald. June 14, 1899. Retrieved October 6, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  60. ^ Eric L. Mills, Biological Oceanography: An Early History, 1870-1960 (University of Toronto Press, 2012) p.83
  61. ^ Volkert, Klaus, ed. (2015). David Hilbert: Grundlagen der Geometrie. Springer. p. ix; Grattan-Guinness, Ivor (2005). Landmark Writings in Western Mathematics 1640-1940 Elsevier. p. 713.
  62. ^ Moore, Jerrold Northrop (1984). Edward Elgar: A Creative Life. Oxford University Press. p. 273. ISBN 0-19-315447-1.
  63. ^ a b c d e The American Monthly Review of Reviews (August 1899)
  64. ^ "Lee, Fitz", in African American War Heroes, ed. by James B. Martin (ABC-CLIO, 2014) p. 105
  65. ^ Ismail Hakkı Kadı and A.C.S. Peacock, Ottoman-Southeast Asian Relations (Brill, 2019) p. 385
  66. ^ Bertrand M. Roehner and Tony Syme, Pattern and Repertoire in History (Harvard University Press, 2009) p. 311
  67. ^ The History and Invention of the Paperclip
  68. ^ "Understanding sacrifice and sanctity in Benin indigenous religion, Nigeria: a case study", by Flora Edouwaye S. Kaplan, in Beyond Primitivism: Indigenous Religious Traditions and Modernity, ed. by Jacob K. Olupona (Routledge, 2004) p. 198
  69. ^ Lewenson, Sandra B. (2013). Taking Charge: Nursing, Suffrage, and Feminism in America, 1873-1920. Routledge. p. 95.
  70. ^ "A specimen-level phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision of Diplodocidae (Dinosauria, Sauropoda)", by Emanuel Tschopp, et al., PeerJ, 2015
  71. ^ "Cook County Juvenile Court", by Christopher M. Bellas, in Encyclopedia of Community Corrections (SAGE Publications, 2012) p. 84
  72. ^ "Military Activity in the EEZ: Exclusive or Excluded Right", by Captain Alexander S. Skaridov, in Freedom of Seas, Passage Rights and the 1982 Law of the Sea Convention (Martinus Nijhoff, 2009) p. 251
  73. ^ A History of Christianity in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, 1450-1990: A Documentary Sourcebook (Eerdmans Publishing, 2007) pp. 366-367
  74. ^ Dean C. Worcester, The Philippines Past and Present (Macmillan Company 1914, reprinted by Outlook Verlag 2018) p. 86
  75. ^ Gomez, Omar. "Historia" [History] (in Spanish). El Balon Cusctatleco. Retrieved May 16, 2011.
  76. ^ Henning, Joseph M. (2000). Outposts of Civilization: Race, Religion, and the Formative Years of American-Japanese Relations. New York University Press. p. 134.
  77. ^ " 'Corda e Sapone' (Rope and Soap): how the Italians were lynched in the USA" Archived May 15, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, by Ken Scambray, L'Italo-Americano (December 13, 2012)
  78. ^ a b The American Monthly Review of Reviews (September 1899) pp. 277-280
  79. ^ Courtney Baker, Humane Insight: Looking at Images of African American Suffering and Death p. 55
  80. ^ David A. Lake, Power, Protection, and Free Trade: International Sources of U.S. Commercial Strategy, 1887–1939 (Cornell University Press, 2018) p. 130
  81. ^ "French Officers Punished— Gens. Pellieux and de Negrier and Capt. Villaneuve in Disgrace", The New York Times, July 26, 1899, p. 1
  82. ^ Berton, Pierre (1972). Klondike: The Last Great Gold Rush, 1896-1899. Anchor Canada.
  83. ^ C. E. Borchgrevink, First on the Antarctic Continent: Being an Account of the British Antarctic Expedition, 1898-1900 (London: George Newnes, Ltd., 1901)
  84. ^ Shashi Shekhar Prasad Singh, Offshore Operations and Engineering (CRC Press, 2019) p. 8-29
  85. ^ Donald Keene, Emperor of Japan: Meiji and His World, 1852-1912 (Columbia University Press, 2005) p. 553
  86. ^ "The Ford Story", Henry Ford Heritage Association
  87. ^ "Car Falls and 36 Are Killed— Disaster on a New Trolley Line Near Bridgeport", The New York Times, August 7, 1899, p. 1
  88. ^ "U.S. Naval Forces, Marianas" Archived August 11, 2022, at the Wayback Machine, GlobalSecurity.org
  89. ^ "At Least 5,000 Lives Lost— Exact Puerto Rican Hurricane Figures May Never Be Known", The New York Times, August 31, 1899, p. 4
  90. ^ "The Hurricane of San Ciriaco: Disaster, Politics, Society in Puerto Rico, 1899–1901" Archived March 5, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, by Stuart B. Schwartz, Hispanic American Historical Review (1992)
  91. ^ "Professional Information". The Major Taylor Society. Archived from the original on February 11, 2012. Retrieved January 23, 2012.
  92. ^ David Brock Katz, General Jan Smuts and his First World War in Africa, 1914–1917 (Casemate Publishers, 2022) p.14
  93. ^ "Luzon Campaigns", by Jerry Keenan and Spencer C. Tucker, in The Encyclopedia of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History (ABC-CLIO, 2009)
  94. ^ Helen G. Edmonds, Black Faces in High Places: Negroes in Government (Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1971) p. 231
  95. ^ "No White Men in These Towns— Hobson City, Ala., Lincolnville, S.C., and Princeton, N.C., for Negroes Only", The New York Times, August 20, 1899, p. 7
  96. ^ R. Michael Wilson, Great Train Robberies of the Old West (TwoDot Publishing, 2006) p. 135
  97. ^ "Korean International" Archived September 10, 2022, at the Wayback Machine, in Encyclopedia of Korean Culture [출처: 한국민족문화대백과사전(Korea International)] (in Korean)
  98. ^ "Llest Colliery Explosion - Pontyrhyl - 1899". Northern Mine Research Society. Retrieved June 6, 2023.
  99. ^ "Cabinet Crisis in Germany", The New York Times, August 20, 1899, p. 7
  100. ^ "Stonehenge Offered for Sale— The Owner Asks the British Government £125,000 for the Ruin", The New York Times, August 22, 1899, p. 1
  101. ^ "The Man who Bought Stonehenge", This-Is-Amesbury.co.UK]
  102. ^ a b c d e The American Monthly Review of Reviews (October 1899) pp. 407-410
  103. ^ R.K. Keating, Velodrome Racing and the Rise of the Motorcycle (McFarland, 2021) p. 222
  104. ^ Benjamin Brawley, A Social History of The American Negro (Outlook Verlag, 2019) p. 282
  105. ^ "Lynching Is Part of the Religion of Our People: Faith in the Christian South", by Donald G. Mathews in Religion in the American South: Protestants and Others in History and Culture (University of North Carolina Press, 2019) pp. 175-176
  106. ^ "Race Trouble in Georgia— Darien Abandoned by Negroes, Who Are Massing in a Swamp", The New York Times, August 26, 1899, p. 2
  107. ^ "Troops Round Up Negroes", The New York Times, August 27, 1899, p. 5
  108. ^ Betty S. Veronico, Images of America: Lighthouses of the Bay Area (Arcadia Publishing, 2008) p. 34
  109. ^ Leslie Derfler, Alexandre Millerand: The Socialist Years (De Gruyter, 2018) p. 207
  110. ^ "White Men Hanged in Indian Territory", The New York Times, August 26, 1899, p. 2
  111. ^ ""The Atbara Bridge US Engineers trump UK Competitors in Africa", American Architecture magazine". Archived from the original on June 4, 2016. Retrieved August 14, 2022.
  112. ^ Jørs, Erik; Thomsen, Jane Froelund (2017). "Mining occupational safety and health: hazards and good practices in formal and informal mining". Mining Occupational Safety and Health. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. doi:10.1136/oemed-2018-icohabstracts.695.
  113. ^ "Gen. Wood Arrests Jimenez— He Will Not Permit the Presidential Aspirant to Proceed to Santo Domingo", The New York Times, August 30, 1899, p. 7
  114. ^ "Rebels Elect a President— Provisional Dominican Revolutionary Government Is Formed", The New York Times, August 31, 1899, p. 7
  115. ^ Auclair, Philippe (January 6, 2015). "Only in Marseille: where ultras rule and temptation is never far away | Philippe Auclair". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved November 6, 2017.
  116. ^ A. Adu Boahen, African Perspectives on Colonialism (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987) p. 48
  117. ^ Walter Kolvenbach, Employee Councils in European Companies (Springer, 2013) p. 97
  118. ^ "Rhode Island History and Facts of Interest", Rhode Island Secretary of State's Office.
  119. ^ "A Journey to the Summit of Mount Kenya, British East Africa", by Halford John Mackinder, The Geographical Journal (May 1900) pp. 453–476
  120. ^ "Cazemajou, Marius Gabriel", in Historical Dictionary of Niger, ed. by Abdourahmane Idrissa, et al. (Scarecrow Press, 2012) pp. 113-114
  121. ^ Paul K. Davis, Besieged: 100 Great Sieges from Jericho to Sarajevo (Oxford University Press, 2003) p. 272
  122. ^ "Bushranger on an ostrich rides again". The Lead South Australia. June 25, 2017. Retrieved August 24, 2021.
  123. ^ Lee Jun, The History of Korean Railway by Photographs (Korea Transport Institute, 2014)
  124. ^ a b c d e f g h i j The American Monthly Review of Reviews (November 1899) pp. 537-540
  125. ^ "Serious Anti-Boer Riot in London; Thousands of Men Assemble and Prevent Anti-War Meeting", The New York Times, September 25, 1899, p. 1
  126. ^ Herbert M. Mason Jr., VFW: Our First Century (Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States, 1999) p. 29
  127. ^ Dr. R. D. M. Verbeek, Kort verslag over de aarden zeebeving op Ceram, den 30sten september 1899 (Brief Report on the Earthquake and Seaquake on Ceram, September 30th, 1899) (Batavia Landsdrukkerij, 1900) p. 1–11
  128. ^ "The New Baseball Circuit— President Quin Announces the Association Teams", The New York Times, October 1, 1899, p. 11
  129. ^ "Pacific Islands", in The Statesman's Year-Book for the Year 1946 (Macmillan and Co., Ltd., 1946) p. 1057
  130. ^ Gregg Jones, Honor in the Dust: Theodore Roosevelt, War in the Philippines, and the Rise and Fall of America's Imperial Dream (Penguin Publishing Group, 2012) p. 108
  131. ^ Cedric L Joseph, Anglo-American Diplomacy and the Reopening of the Guyana-Venezuela Boundary Controversy, 1961-1966 (Trafford Publishing, 2008)
  132. ^ Roger Webster, The Illustrated at the Fireside: True Southern African Stories (Spearhead, 2003) pp. 46-47
  133. ^ Peter L. Fishback, The British Army Reference for Ulysses Scholars (F.F. Simulations 2020) p. 139
  134. ^ "M'Kinley Now Chicago's Guest; His Cabinet With Him; Reception Committes Escort the Nation's Chief, Minister Mariscal and Premier Laurier", The Chicago Sunday Tribune, October 8, 1899, p. 1
  135. ^ Winston Groom, The Allies: Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin, and the Unlikely Alliance That Won World War II (National Geographic Society, 2018) p. 50
  136. ^ Joseph W. Esherick, The Origins of the Boxer Uprising(University of California Press, 1987) p. 250
  137. ^ Milton Lehman, Robert H. Goddard: Pioneer of Space Research (Da Capo Press, 1988) p. 16
  138. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k The American Monthly Review of Reviews (December 1899) pp. 662-666
  139. ^ Phill Ball, Morbo: The Story of Spanish Football (WSC Books Ltd, 2003) p. 89
  140. ^ Guillermo Plazas Olarte, La guerra civil de los Mil Días: Estudio militar (in Spanish) (Academia Boyacense de Historia, 1985) p. 47
  141. ^ Frank W. Sweet, The Evolution of Indirect Fire (Backintyme Publishing, 2000) pp. 28–33
  142. ^ "Louise Masset" Archived September 14, 2022, at the Wayback Machine, CapitalPunishment.UK
  143. ^ "Neutrality compromised: Swaziland and the Anglo-Boer War, 1899 - 1902", by Huw M. Jones, South African Military History Journal (October 1999)
  144. ^ Émile Gentil, La chute de l'empire de Rabah (reprinted by Hachette Press, 1971) pp. 574–584
  145. ^ "Condition of Mr. Hobart: Vice President Will Not Again Resume His Political Duties", The New York Times, November 1, 1899, p. 1
  146. ^ "'I Make Politics My Recreation': Vice President Garret A. Hobart and Nineteenth Century Republican Business Politics", by Michael J. Connolly, in New Jersey History (2010), p. 38
  147. ^ "Jeffries Won the Fight; Decision Awarded on Points in the Twenty-fifth Round", The New York Times, November 4, 1899, p. 3
  148. ^ James M. Flammang, 100 Years of the American Auto: Millennium Edition (Publications International, 1899) p. 19
  149. ^ Indian States A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey (Asian Educational Services, 1922) p. 412
  150. ^ Brian McAllister Linn, The Philippine War, 1899–1902 (University Press of Kansas, 2000) pp. 186-187
  151. ^ Guillermo Plazas Olarte, La Guerra Civil de los Mil Días: Estudio Militar (The 1000-days Civil War: A Military Study) (Academia Boyacense de Historia, 1985) p. 54
  152. ^ "The 1899 Orange Free State football team tour of Europe: 'Race', imperial loyalty and sporting contest", by Chris Bolsmann, in Sport Past and Present in South Africa: (Trans)forming the Nation, ed. by Scarlett Cornelissen (Taylor & Francis, 2013) pp. 89-90
  153. ^ Miranda Carter, George, Nicholas and Wilhelm: Three Royal Cousins and the Road to World War I (Alfred A. Knopf, 2011) p.223
  154. ^ André Wessels, The Anglo-Boer War (1899-1902): White man’s war, black man’s war, traumatic war (Sun Media, 2010) p.46
  155. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r The American Monthly Review of Reviews (January 1900) pp. 23-26
  156. ^ "de Cisneros, Eleonora", in Notable American Women, 1607–1950: A Biographical Dictionary, ed. by Edward James, Janet James and Paul Boyer (Harvard University Press, 2010) p. 450
  157. ^ Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver, Elections in Europe: A Data Handbook (Nomos Publishing, 2010) p. 1541
  158. ^ Edward Mead Earle, Turkey, the Great Powers, and the Bagdad Railway: A Study in Imperialism (Macmillan, 1923) p. 455
  159. ^ "The hidden story behind the founder of Barcelona" Archived September 21, 2022, at the Wayback Machine, Unidad Editorial Información Deportiva (MARCA.com), July 20, 2016
  160. ^ Patrick Robertson, Robertson's Book of Firsts: Who Did What for the First Time (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2011)
  161. ^ German Chancellor Bernhard von Bulow criticizes the idea, along with newspapers in all three nations. Paul Ham, 1914: The Year the World Ended (Random House Australia, 1914) p. 74
  162. ^ "Congratulations to the Glasgow School of Art as they celebrate 100th anniversary of the Mackintosh Building". Museums Galleries Scotland. December 15, 2009. Archived from the original on February 4, 2010. Retrieved July 7, 2010.
  163. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k The American Monthly Review of Reviews (February 1900) pp. 153-157
  164. ^ "Big Rock Fell". Green Bay, Wisconsin: Green Bay Semi-Weekly Gazette. December 27, 1899. p. 1. Retrieved July 15, 2017 – via newspapers.com.
  165. ^ Porter, Remy (February 5, 2019). "Set the Flux Capacitor for 12/30/1899". The Daily WTF. Retrieved September 25, 2022.
  166. ^ helenclu (July 22, 2022). "Excel incorrectly assumes that the year 1900 is a leap year - Office". learn.microsoft.com. Retrieved September 25, 2022.
  167. ^ helenclu (May 5, 2022). "Differences between the 1900 and the 1904 date system - Office". learn.microsoft.com. Retrieved September 25, 2022.
  168. ^ Fischer, Steven R., Island at the End of the World, p. 153
  169. ^ "Our Story | The History of The Timken Company since 1899". Retrieved July 15, 2020.
  170. ^ "Eighteen Years in Uganda and East Africa". World Digital Library. 1908. Retrieved September 24, 2013.
  171. ^ "Dr. Virginia M. Alexander". U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved October 18, 2017.
  172. ^ "Ruth Poll Dies". The Cash Box. March 26, 1955. p. 17. Retrieved March 19, 2023.
  173. ^ "'Round the Wax Circle". The Cash Box. October 15, 1949. p. 9. Retrieved March 19, 2023.
  174. ^ "BBC Two - Russia's Lost Princesses - Beyond the portraits". BBC. Retrieved January 14, 2022.
  175. ^ "Hart Crane | American poet". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved July 27, 2021.
  176. ^ "Rufino Arellanes Tamayo" (in Spanish). El Colegio Nacional. Retrieved June 1, 2019.
  177. ^ David Bolchover (2017). The Greatest Comeback: From Genocide To Football Glory; The Story of Béla Guttman Archived November 12, 2022, at the Wayback Machine
  178. ^ Ingham, Robert (2005). "Braddock [née Bamber], Elizabeth Margaret". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/37214. Retrieved October 22, 2015. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) (subscription required)
  179. ^ "Gertrude Berg | American actress, producer and screenwriter". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved January 25, 2021.
  180. ^ Appletons' Annual Cyclopedia and Register of Important Events of the Year ... D. Appleton & Company. 1900. p. 619.