2020 24 Hours of Le Mans: Difference between revisions
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Revision as of 14:04, 19 September 2020
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The 88th 24 Hours of Le Mans (Template:Lang-fr) will be an automobile endurance event at the Circuit de la Sarthe, Le Mans, France. It will be the 88th running of the 24 Hour race organised by the Automobile Club de l'Ouest, and the penultimate round of the 2019–20 FIA World Endurance Championship. The event is scheduled to be held from 19 to 20 September 2020. The event was originally scheduled for 13 to 14 June 2020 but was postponed to September due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Background
The 24 Hours of Le Mans, was proposed in 1922 by the automotive journalist Charles Faroux to Georges Durand, the president of the automotive group, the Automobile Club de l'Ouest (ACO) and the industrialist Emile Coquilem to test car reliability and fuel-efficiency.[1][2] It is considered one of the world's most prestigious motor races and is part of the Triple Crown of Motorsport.[3]
The 2020 event, which is the 88th edition of the race was proposed to take place on the 13 and 14 of June. However, due to restrictions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic the race was postponed to the 19 and 20 September.[4][5] This is the second occasion that the 24 Hours of Le Mans has been held in September, with the 1968 edition being postponed because of civil unrest.[6][7] As a result of the postponement of the race around two hours of extra night running will take place.[8] A virtual event of the race took place on the original dates in June.[9] In August the Automobile Club de l’Ouest and the Sarthe Prefecture announced that the event would be held without fans present due to a rise in COVID-19 cases as organisers had stated in June that a limited amount of spectators would be present at the race.[10][11][12]
Originally the 2020 24 Hours of Le Mans was to be the final round of the 2019/20 FIA World Endurance Championship.[13] Due to postponements and cancellations of races caused by COVID-19, the race became the penultimate round of 8 in the championship.[7][14] 29 entries of the 60 car grid across the four classes are eligible to score points in the World Endurance Championship. The LMP2 class has the largest grid at 24 entries, however just 8 cars will be able to score points.[7]
The event usually takes place over a week, however this year to save costs the test day the cancelled and the event was condensed into 4 days of action on track, with the race starting at 14:30 on Saturday and 11 hours of practice compared to 12 hours in other years.[15][16][17][18] As a result of the test day being scrapped, drivers who had not raced at the circuit within the last five years had to complete a minimum of 10 laps (including a minimum of five full timed laps) in the first two free practice sessions. In addition they were required to attend a session with an ACO approved simulator operator before 15 September.[8] The traditional scrutineering events in the city centre itself has been moved to the circuit.[15][19] COVID-19 procedures which adhered to French law were in place at the event.[20] A new qualifying procedure known as "Hyperpole" was introduced for this event. Originally qualifying would take place on Wednesday and Thursday, with 45 minutes of qualifying between 11:15 pm and midnight on the Wednesday. The top six in each class would return to the track on Thursday at 9pm for a half hour session to determine pole position in each class.[21][22] Due to schedule changes qualifying was held on Thursday afternoon with the hyperpole session taking place on Friday morning.[18][15]
| Date | Time (local: CEST) | Event [18] |
|---|---|---|
| Wednesday, 16 September | 08:00 - 18:00 | Administrative and technical checks (Scrutineering) |
| Thursday, 17 September | 10:00 - 13:00 | Practice |
| 14:00 - 17:00 | ||
| 17:15 - 18:00 | Qualifying 1 | |
| 20:00 - 00:00 | Practice | |
| Friday, 18 September | 10:00 - 11:00 | Practice |
| 11:30 - 12:00 | Qualifying 2 - Hyperpole | |
| Saturday, 19 September | 10:30 - 10:45 | Warm-up |
| 14:30 | Start of the 88th 24 Hours of Le Mans | |
| Sunday, 20 September | 14:30 | Finish of the 88th 24 Hours of Le Mans |
Emanuele Pirro five time winner at the 24 Hours of Le Mans was named as the Grand Marshall.[23][24][25] Carlos Tavares, CEO of the PSA Group, was the official starter of the race.[26][27][23] Tavares will also drive a Peugeot 908, which won the race 2009, just before the start as a nod to the manufacturer's impending return and past successes.[28] The 24 hours race will be supported by the Road to Le Mans race which is the fourth round of the Michelin Le Mans Cup and a Porsche Carrera Cup race which will form the third round of the Porsche Carrera Cup France and the first round of the Porsche Carrera Cup Deutschland.[23][29] For this year's race the gravel traps at the Mulsanne corner have been made smaller with more tarmac run off to decrease the amount of disruption caused by a car going off.[23]
Entries
Automatic entries
Automatic entry invitations were earned by teams that won their class in the 2019 24 Hours of Le Mans, or won championships in the European Le Mans Series, Asian Le Mans Series, and the Michelin Le Mans Cup. The second-place finishers in the European Le Mans Series in LMP2 and LMGTE championships also earned an automatic invitation each.[30] Two participants from the WeatherTech SportsCar Championship were chosen by the series to be automatic entries by the ACO regardless of their performance or category. As invitations were granted to teams, they were allowed to change their cars from the previous year to the next, but not allowed to change their category. The LMGTE class invitations from the European and Asian Le Mans Series were allowed to choose between the Pro and Am categories. European Le Mans Series' LMP3 (Le Mans Prototype 3) champion is required to field an entry in LMP2 while the Asian Le Mans Series LMP3 champion were permitted to choose between LMP2 or LMGTE Am. The Michelin Le Mans Cup Group GT3 (GT3) champion was limited to the LMGTE Am category.
| Reason invited[31] | LMP1 | LMP2 | LMGTE Pro | LMGTE Am |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st in the 24 Hours of Le Mans [22] |  Toyota Gazoo Racing
|
 Signatech Alpine Matmut
|
 AF Corse
|
 Team Project 1
|
| 1st in the European Le Mans Series (LMP2 and LMGTE) [22] | IDEC Sport
|
 Luzich Racing
| ||
| 2nd in the European Le Mans Series (LMP2 and LMGTE) [22] |  G-Drive Racing
|
Dempsey-Proton Racing
| ||
| 1st in the European Le Mans Series (LMP3) | EuroInternational
|
|||
| WeatherTech SportsCar Championship at-large entries |  Cameron Cassels
|
Richard Heistand
| ||
| 1st in the Asian Le Mans Series (LMP2 and GT) | G-Drive Racing with Algarve
|
 HubAuto Corsa
| ||
| 1st in the Asian Le Mans Series (LMP2 Am) | Rick Ware Racing
|
|||
| 1st in the Asian Le Mans Series (LMP3) [32] |  Nielsen Racing
|
– or – | Nielsen Racing
| |
| 1st in the Michelin Le Mans Cup (GT3) [22] |  Kessel Racing
| |||
Entry list
For the first time since the mid 1970s there will be two all female driver line up competing for Richard Mille Racing Team (LMP2) and Iron Lynx in the Iron Dames project (LMGTE) in the race,[33] this is the first time that women have raced in the LMP2 class.[7] During second free practice Dwight Merriman driving the number 17 IDEC ORECA-Gibson 07 car crashed coming out of the Porsche Curves.[34] Merriman was not cleared by medical staff to drive, as he had sustained a back injury and was replaced by Patrick Pilet.[35][36]
Porsche's factory GT team are running a special livery to mark 50 years since Porsche's first overall win at Le Mans.[37][38]
| Icon | Series |
|---|---|
| WEC | FIA World Endurance Championship |
| ELMS | European Le Mans Series |
| ALMS | Asian Le Mans Series |
| WTSC | WeatherTech SportsCar Championship |
| 24LM | 24 Hours of Le Mans only |
Qualifying
The new qualifying format for the Le Mans event, which had been three qualifying sessions, will reduce qualifying to two single sessions. The 45-minute Thursday late afternoon qualifying session will determine the field, except for the top six cars in each category. The top six cars in each class participate in a 30-minute shootout on Friday morning, known as "Le Mans Hyperpole". The shootout will determine the pole position in each category.[21] Cars will be placed on the starting grid in order by category, with all LMP1s at the front of the field regardless of lap time, followed by LMP2, LMGTE Pro, and LMGTE Am. The cars will be placed in following order: the 6 cars that qualified for Hyperpole by best Hyperpole session lap time, and then followed by the rest of the cars in the class that did not qualify for Hyperpole by best lap time set during first qualifying session.[55]
All five entries in the LMP1 class progressed to the hyperpole portion of qualifying. The 95 and 97 Aston Martin Racing Vantage's, along with car 51 and 71 AF Corse Ferrari's and Porsche 911 RSR-19 cars 91 and 92 progressed to Hyperpole in LMGTE Pro. LMGTE Am saw the 98 Aston Martin Racing Vantage and the 90 TF Sport Vantage along with Gulf Racing, the number 61 Luzich Racing Ferrari, Dempsey-Proton Racing Porsche with car 77 and the Team Project 1 Porsche with car 56 going through to hyperpole. In LMP2 the Racing Team Nederlands entry along with entries from the Jackie Chan DC Racing team, the number 22 and 32 United Autosports and G-Drive Racing's number 26 car all qualified for the hyperpole session.[56]
| Pos.[57] | Class | No. | Team | Qualifying | Hyperpole | Grid |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | LMP1 | 7 | Toyota Gazoo Racing | 3:17.089 | 3:15.267 | 1 |
| 2 | LMP1 | 1 | Rebellion Racing | 3:21.598 | 3:15.822 | 2 |
| 3 | LMP1 | 8 | Toyota Gazoo Racing | 3:17.336 | 3:16.649 | 3 |
| 4 | LMP1 | 3 | Rebellion Racing | 3:24.632 | 3:18.330 | 4 |
| 5 | LMP1 | 4 | ByKolles Racing Team | 3:24.468 | 3:23.043 | 5 |
| 6 | LMP2 | 22 | United Autosports | 3:27.148 | 3:24.528 | 6 |
| 7 | LMP2 | 26 | G-Drive Racing | 3:27.366 | 3:24.860 | 7 |
| 8 | LMP2 | 29 | Racing Team Nederland | 3:26.648 | 3:25.062 | 8 |
| 9 | LMP2 | 33 | High Class Racing | 3:27.611 | 3:25.426 | 9 |
| 10 | LMP2 | 32 | United Autosports | 3:27.598 | 3:25.671 | 10 |
| 11 | LMP2 | 37 | Jackie Chan DC Racing | 3:27.097 | 3:25.785 | 11 |
| 12 | LMP2 | 38 | Jota | 3:27.728 | 12 | |
| 13 | LMP2 | 16 | G-Drive Racing by Algarve | 3:27.767 | 13 | |
| 14 | LMP2 | 31 | Panis Racing | 3:27.791 | 14 | |
| 15 | LMP2 | 36 | Signatech Alpine Elf | 3:27.794 | 15 | |
| 16 | LMP2 | 27 | DragonSpeed USA | 3:27.913 | 16 | |
| 17 | LMP2 | 42 | Cool Racing | 3:28.509 | 17 | |
| 18 | LMP2 | 39 | SO24-Has by Graff | 3:28.574 | 18 | |
| 19 | LMP2 | 30 | Duqueine Team | 3:29.091 | 19 | |
| 20 | LMP2 | 25 | Algarve Pro Racing | 3:29.402 | 20 | |
| 21 | LMP2 | 21 | DragonSpeed USA | 3:29.741 | 21 | |
| 22 | LMP2 | 47 | Cetilar Racing | 3:29.880 | 22 | |
| 23 | LMP2 | 35 | Eurasia Motorsport | 3:30.497 | 23 | |
| 24 | LMP2 | 24 | Nielsen Racing | 3:30.897 | 24 | |
| 25 | LMP2 | 50 | Richard Mille Racing Team | 3:31.020 | 25 | |
| 26 | LMP2 | 34 | Inter Europol Competition | 3:31.393 | 26 | |
| 27 | LMP2 | 11 | EuroInternational | 3:33.747 | 27 | |
| 28 | LMGTE Pro | 91 | Porsche GT Team | 3:52.036 | 3:50.874 | 28 |
| 29 | LMGTE Pro | 51 | AF Corse | 3:51.244 | 3:51.115 | 29 |
| 30 | LMGTE Pro | 95 | Aston Martin Racing | 3:50.872 | 3:51.241 | 30 |
| 31 | LMGTE Pro | 97 | Aston Martin Racing | 3:50.925 | 3:51.324 | 31 |
| 32 | LMGTE Pro | 71 | AF Corse | 3:51.988 | 3:51.515 | 32 |
| 33 | LMGTE Pro | 92 | Porsche GT Team | 3:52.142 | 3:51.770 | 33 |
| 34 | LMGTE Pro | 63 | WeatherTech Racing | 3:52.508 | 34 | |
| 35 | LMGTE Am | 61 | Luzich Racing | 3:53.292 | 3:51.266 | 36 |
| 36 | LMGTE Am | 77 | Dempsey-Proton Racing | 3:53.334 | 3:51.322 | 37 |
| 37 | LMGTE Am | 56 | Team Project 1 | 3:53.598 | 3:51.647 | 38 |
| 38 | LMGTE Am | 98 | Aston Martin Racing | 3:52.778 | 3:52.105 | 39 |
| 39 | LMGTE Am | 90 | TF Sport | 3:52.961 | 3:52.299 | 40 |
| 40 | LMGTE Am | 86 | Gulf Racing | 3:52.970 | 3:52.346 | 41 |
| 41 | LMGTE Am | 83 | AF Corse | 3:53.621 | 42 | |
| 42 | LMGTE Am | 99 | Dempsey-Proton Racing | 3:53.670 | 43 | |
| 43 | LMGTE Am | 57 | Team Project 1 | 3:53.838 | 44 | |
| 44 | LMGTE Am | 54 | AF Corse | 3:54.144 | 45 | |
| 45 | LMGTE Am | 88 | Dempsey-Proton Racing | 3:54.281 | 46 | |
| 46 | LMGTE Am | 70 | MR Racing | 3:54.628 | 47 | |
| 47 | LMGTE Am | 72 | Hub Auto Racing | 3:55.308 | 48 | |
| 48 | LMGTE Am | 55 | Spirit of Race | 3:55.772 | 49 | |
| 49 | LMGTE Am | 75 | Iron Lynx | 3:56.141 | 50 | |
| 50 | LMGTE Am | 66 | JMW Motorsport | 3:56.383 | 51 | |
| 51 | LMGTE Am | 78 | Proton Competition | 3:56.475 | 52 | |
| 52 | LMGTE Am | 85 | Iron Lynx | 3:556.833 | 53 | |
| 53 | LMGTE Am | 60 | Iron Lynx | 3:57.876 | 54 | |
| 54 | LMGTE Am | 62 | Red River Sport | 4:00.084 | 55 | |
| 55 | LMGTE Am | 89 | Team Project 1 | 4:00.691 | 56 | |
| - | LMGTE Pro | 82 | Risi Competizione | No Time[Q 1] | 35 | |
| - | LMGTE Am | 52 | AF Corse | No Time[Q 1] | 57 | |
| - | LMP2 | 17 | IDEC Sport | No Time | PL[Q 2] | |
| - | LMP2 | 28 | IDEC Sport | No Time | PL[Q 2] |
- ^ a b The No. 82 Risi Ferrari and No. 52 AF Corse Ferrari had all their qualifying lap times deleted after both teams broke parc fermé regulations by lifting the car.[58][59]
- ^ a b The No. 17 and No. 28 IDEC Oreca-Gibsons will start from pit lane after the conclusion of the first racing lap due to failing to participate in qualifying.[60]
See also
References
- ^ "Commemoration of the 90th anniversary of the Le Mans 24 Hours". Automobile Club de l'Ouest. 1 February 2013. Archived from the original on 2 June 2019. Retrieved 2 June 2019.
- ^ "Le Mans — How It Began". Road & Track. 16 May 2007. Archived from the original on 11 September 2015. Retrieved 2 June 2019.
- ^ Hargreaves, Eilidh (13 May 2019). "An insider's guide to the Le Mans 24hours: how to experience the ultimate endurance race in style". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 30 May 2019. Retrieved 2 June 2019.
- ^ "Les 24 Heures du Mans reportées aux 19 et 20 septembre 2020". 24h-lemans.com.
- ^ "The 24 Hours of Le Mans postponed to 19/20th September 2020". Federation Internationale de l'Automobile. 18 March 2020.
- ^ "The 24 Hours of Le Mans show will go on". 24h-lemans.com.
- ^ a b c d "WEC - Heading to Le Mans for Penultimate Round of 2019/20 Season". Federation Internationale de l'Automobile. 9 September 2020.
- ^ a b "24 Hour of Le Mans: what's new for 2020?". www.fiawec.com.
- ^ "24 Hours of Le Mans Virtual to take place on 13-14 June". Federation Internationale de l'Automobile. 15 May 2020.
- ^ "The 2020 24 Hours of Le Mans to be raced behind closed doors". Federation Internationale de l'Automobile. 10 August 2020.
- ^ Watkins, Gary. "Le Mans 24 Hours 2020 to be held without spectators amid COVID-19 spike". Autosport.com.
- ^ Watkins, Gary. "Le Mans 24 Hours 2020 rescheduled race will be open to spectators". Autosport.com.
- ^ "2019-2020 WEC Provisional Calendar Revealed". www.fiawec.com.
- ^ Dagys, John. "Bahrain as Season Finale in Revised 2019-20 Schedule – Sportscar365". sportscar365.com.
- ^ a b c Watkins, Gary. "New, condensed four-day timetable revealed for 2020 Le Mans 24 Hours". Autosport.com.
- ^ "WEC - Details of 24 Hours of Le Mans race week revealed". Federation Internationale de l'Automobile. 10 April 2020.
- ^ Watkins, Gary. "No official test day prior to rescheduled Le Mans 24h in September". Autosport.com.
- ^ a b c "WEC - 2020 24 HOURS OF LE MANS FORMAT REVEALED". Federation Internationale de l'Automobile. 18 June 2020.
- ^ "La grande semaine des 24 Heures du Mans 2020 : 13 – 20 septembre". Automobile Club l'ouest. ACO. Retrieved 15 April 2020.
- ^ "WEC - 2020 24 Hours of Le Mans: the COVID-19 protocol in force". Federation Internationale de l'Automobile. 10 September 2020.
- ^ a b Watkins, Gary (18 December 2019). "New 'Hyperpole' Le Mans 24 Hours qualifying format to be introduced". autosport.com. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
- ^ a b c d e "En Hyperpole pour les 24 Heures du Mans 2020 !". 24h-lemans.com.
- ^ a b c d https://assets.lemans.org/explorer/pdf/courses/2020/24-heures-du-mans/press/september/press-kit.pdf
- ^ "Emanuele Pirro, Grand Marshal of the 2020 24 Hours of Le Mans". 24h-lemans.com.
- ^ "Emanuele Pirro named Grand Marshal of the 2020 24 Hours of Le Mans". www.fiawec.com.
- ^ "Carlos Tavares to wave the start flag at the 24 Hours of Le Mans". www.fiawec.com.
- ^ "24 Hours of Le Mans – Starter Carlos Tavares is passionate about cars and technology". 24h-lemans.com.
- ^ "24 Hours of Le Mans – Carlos Tavares at the wheel of a Peugeot 908". 24h-lemans.com.
- ^ "New calendar with eleven races and spectacular season-opening at Le Mans". Porsche.com. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
- ^ "Six Le Mans Auto Invites Granted After Portimao Weekend". sportscar365.com. 28 October 2019. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
- ^ https://assets.lemans.org/explorer/pdf/courses/2020/24-heures-du-mans/press/february/reveal-entry-list-24-heures-du-mans-2020.pdf
- ^ "24 Heures du Mans – Nielsen Racing finalises ORECA 07-Gibson livery". 24h-lemans.com.
- ^ "WIM - TWO ALL-FEMALE CREW AT THE START OF THE 24 HOURS OF LE MANS 2020". Federation Internationale de l'Automobile. 15 September 2020.
- ^ Cleeren, Filip. "Le Mans 24 Hours: Buemi keeps Toyota on top in twice red-flagged FP2". Autosport.com.
- ^ "Patrick Pilet steps in to replace Dwight Merriman at the last minute". 24h-lemans.com.
- ^ Watkins, Gary. "Porsche factory driver Pilet gets late Le Mans call-up at IDEC Sport". Autosport.com.
- ^ "Preview, FIA World Endurance Championship, round 7, Le Mans/France: Porsche cars line up with special liveries - Dr. Ing. h.c. F. Porsche AG Presse-Datenbank". Dr. Ing. h.c. F. Porsche AG.
- ^ "Porsche GT Team unveils special Le Mans liveries". www.fiawec.com.
- ^ "List of Competitors, drivers and cars allowed to take part in Free Practice 1 & 2 AMENDED" (PDF). Automobile Club de l'Ouest. 17 September 2020. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
- ^ a b c Goodwin, Graham (10 August 2020). "Post ELMS – And Pre FIA WEC – Spa Notebook". Dailysportscar. Dailysportscar. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
- ^ a b c Lloyd, Daniel (31 August 2020). "G-Drive by Algarve Secures Late Le Mans Entry with Tandy, Jarvis". sportscar365. John Dagys Media. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
- ^ a b Dagys, John (15 July 2020). "Era Drivers Confirmed in IDEC Sport Oreca for 24H Le Mans". sportscar365. John Dagys Media. Retrieved 15 July 2020.
- ^ Lloyd, Daniel (18 September 2020). "Pilet to Replace Merriman in IDEC Sport Oreca". sportscar365. John Dagys Media. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
- ^ a b Goodwin, Graham (7 September 2020). "Montoya Set To Join DragonSpeed At Le Mans 24 Hours". Dailysportscar. Dailysportscar. Retrieved 7 September 2020.
- ^ Dagys, John (11 August 2020). "McMurry Completes Algarve Pro Lineup". sportscar365. John Dagys Media. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
- ^ a b c Lloyd, Daniel (18 August 2020). "Panis Racing Confirms All-French LMP2 Lineup for Le Mans". sportscar365. John Dagys Media. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
- ^ a b c Goodwin, Graham (17 August 2020). "Eurasia Confirm Foster, Mehri & Yamanaka For 2020 24 Hours Of Le Mans". Dailysportscar. Dailysportscar. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
- ^ a b c Lloyd, Daniel (8 September 2020). "Visser Completes Richard Mille Racing Lineup". sportscar365. John Dagys Media. Retrieved 8 September 2020.
- ^ a b c "WeatherTech Racing Moves To GTE Pro For Le Mans 24 Hours". Dailysportscar. 7 August 2020. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
- ^ a b c Dagys, John (21 May 2020). "Gounon Completes All-French Risi Lineup; Team Confirms Entry". sportscar365. John Dagys Media. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
- ^ Goodwin, Graham (8 September 2020). "Larry Ten Voorde and Vincent Abril Join Le Mans Entry". Dailysportscar. Dailysportscar. Retrieved 8 September 2020.
- ^ a b c d e Dagys, John (17 August 2020). "Car Guy, Luzich Firm Up Le Mans Plans". sportscar365. John Dagys Media. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
- ^ Lloyd, Daniel (8 September 2020). "Abril Replaces Sekiguchi in CarGuy Ferrari Squad". sportscar365. John Dagys Media. Retrieved 8 September 2020.
- ^ a b c Goodwin, Graham (25 August 2020). "Le Mans Record Set To Be Smashed". dailysportscar.com. dailysportcar.com. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
- ^ "2020 24 Hours of Le Mans Supplementary Regulations - version 1" (PDF). ACO. 18 December 2019. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
- ^ "WEC - Toyota and Aston Martin Score 1-2 in Qualifying Practice at Le Mans". Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile. 17 September 2020. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
- ^ "FIA WEC 88° Edition des 24 Heures du Mans Qualifying – after Hyperpole" (PDF). Automobile Club de l'Ouest. 18 September 2020. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
- ^ "Decision No. 35" (PDF). Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile. 17 September 2020. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
- ^ "Decision No. 36" (PDF). Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile. 17 September 2020. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
- ^ "FIA WEC 88° Edition des 24 Heures du Mans Provisional Starting Grid" (PDF). Automobile Club de l'Ouest. 18 September 2020. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
External links