English in New Mexico: Difference between revisions
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===Words and phrases=== |
===Words and phrases=== |
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Some characteristic usage in English (often borrowed from Spanish): |
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* ''A la maquina'' {{IPA|[ä lä ˈmäːkinä]}} (literally |
* ''A la maquina'' {{IPA|[ä lä ˈmäːkinä]}} (literally 'to the machine' in Spanish): usually used as a startled expression, sometimes shortened to ''a la''.{{sfn|Wilson|2015}} |
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* ''[[Acequia]]'': the word for [[ditch]] in Spanish, and common within the entire [[Middle Rio Grande Valley AVA|Rio Grande Valley]].{{sfn |Wozniak| 1998}}{{sfn | ''Encyclopedia.com'' | 2010}} |
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* '' |
* ''[[Acequia]]'': the word for '[[ditch]]' in Spanish, and common within the entire [[Middle Rio Grande Valley AVA|Rio Grande Valley]].{{sfn |Wozniak| 1998}}{{sfn | ''Encyclopedia.com'' | 2010}} |
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* ''Canales'': Spanish for '[[Rain gutter|rain]] and [[street gutter]]s', heard in the northern parts of the state.{{sfn |''Encyclopedia.com'' |2010}} |
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* ''Coke'': any generic carbonated [[soft drink]], as also commonly used in [[Southern American English]].<ref>{{Harvcoltxt |Labov |Ash| Boberg |2006 |p=289}}</ref> |
* ''Coke'': any generic carbonated [[soft drink]], as also commonly used in [[Southern American English]].<ref>{{Harvcoltxt |Labov |Ash| Boberg |2006 |p=289}}</ref> |
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* ''Corazón'': the word for [[heart]] in Spanish, can be connotative of sweetheart |
* ''Corazón'': the word for '[[heart]]' in Spanish, can be connotative of sweetheart/dear, courage, and spirit.{{sfn |Madrid |2011 |p=304}} |
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* ''[[Howdy]]'': used as a greeting in [[ |
* ''[[Howdy]]'' (contraction of ''how do you do''): used as a greeting in [[Western American English]], including [[Texan English]] and throughout rural regions of New Mexico.{{sfn |Skandera |2007 |p=355}} |
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* ''Hui'' {{IPA|[ˈu:ˈi:]}}: a fear-based or startled interjection, similar to ''[[wikt:eek|eek]]''. |
* ''Hui'' {{IPA|[ˈu:ˈi:]}}: a fear-based or startled interjection, similar to ''[[wikt:eek|eek]]''. |
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* ''O sí (seguro)'': {{sfn| Wilson |2015}} literally |
* ''O sí (seguro)'': {{sfn| Wilson |2015}} literally 'Oh yeah (sure)' in Spanish, is used as an ironic reaction or as a sincere questioning of a statement. |
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* ''Ombers'' {{IPA|[ˈɒmbɚːz]}}: an interjection commonly used to express playful disapproval or shaming of another, similar to ''[[wikt:tsk tsk|tsk tsk]]''.{{sfn|Wilson|2015}} |
* ''Ombers'' {{IPA|[ˈɒmbɚːz]}}: an interjection commonly used to express playful disapproval or shaming of another, similar to ''[[wikt:tsk tsk|tsk tsk]]''.{{sfn|Wilson|2015}} |
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* ''Sick to the stomach'': from [[Northern American English]], a term to describe feeling very upset, worried, or angry.{{sfn |''Encyclopedia.com'' |2010}} |
* ''Sick to the stomach'': from [[Northern American English]], a term to describe feeling very upset, worried, or angry.{{sfn |''Encyclopedia.com'' |2010}} |
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* ''Vigas'': the Spanish word for [[rafter]]s, especially common in the northern part of the state.{{sfn |''Encyclopedia.com'' |2010}} |
* ''Vigas'': the Spanish word for '[[rafter]]s', especially common in the northern part of the state.{{sfn |''Encyclopedia.com'' |2010}} |
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===Miscellaneous features=== |
===Miscellaneous features=== |
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Revision as of 09:02, 30 October 2017
| English in New Mexico | |
|---|---|
| Region | New Mexico |
Indo-European
| |
| Latin script | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | None |
English in New Mexico refers to varieties of Western American English and Chicano English native to the U.S. state of New Mexico.[1] Neighboring languages in the region include New Mexican Spanish, Navajo, and numerous other Native American languages.
History
After the Mexican–American War, New Mexico and all its inhabitants came under the governance of the English-speaking United States, and for the next hundred years, English speakers increased in number.[2] The numbers increased especially thanks to the trade-routes of the Old Spanish Trail and the Santa Fe Trail. New Mexico was culturally isolated after the New Mexico Campaign during the American Civil War. Aside from the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway, the isolation was similar to when New Mexico was culturally isolated from the rest of Spanish America. In 1910, English became the more widely spoken language in New Mexico,[3] however New Mexican Spanish is popular and still spoken throughout the state and, as such, is given a special status of recognition.[4] After statehood, the Spanish dialect continued to evolve, alongside newcomers, thanks to increases in travel, for example, along U.S. Route 66.[5] Some words, such as coyote, have become loanwords into American English after becoming so prevalent in Spanish-influenced New Mexican English.[6]
According to 2006 dialect research, Albuquerque and Santa Fe natives speak Western American English, though with a local development: a full–fool merger (or near-merger), in which pool for example merges towards the sound of pull.[7] In this north-central region of the state, studies have also documented a kicak type of Chicano English – Northern New Mexico Chicano English – primarily spoken by rural Hispanic New Mexicans, and characterized by a unique vowel shift.[8][9][10] Such studies show that the English of bilingual New Mexican Chicanos has been found to have a lower/shorter/weaker voice-onset time than that of typical monolingual New Mexicans,[11] and the former are more likely to show monophthongization of the /eɪ/ vowel.[12] In the twenty-first century, the English of the region has gained some cultural attention (particularly its Albuquerque or "Burqueño" speakers),[13] notably through exaggerated parody in two viral YouTube videos called "Shit Burqueños (New Mexicans) Say", produced in 2012 by an Albuquerque comedy group.[14]
Lexical overview
Scholarship on the English of New Mexico mostly mentions the region's unique vocabulary. The vocabulary of the Spanish and Native American languages has intermixed with English in the state of New Mexico, leading to unique loanwords and interjections.[1] Multiple places across New Mexico also have names originating from various language other than English, including New Mexican Spanish, Navajo, and Tiwa. Due to this, some places even have multiple names.[15]
Words and phrases
Some characteristic usage in English (often borrowed from Spanish):
- A la maquina [ä lä ˈmäːkinä] (literally 'to the machine' in Spanish): usually used as a startled expression, sometimes shortened to a la.[13]
- Acequia: the word for 'ditch' in Spanish, and common within the entire Rio Grande Valley.[16][1]
- Canales: Spanish for 'rain and street gutters', heard in the northern parts of the state.[1]
- Coke: any generic carbonated soft drink, as also commonly used in Southern American English.[17]
- Corazón: the word for 'heart' in Spanish, can be connotative of sweetheart/dear, courage, and spirit.[18]
- Howdy (contraction of how do you do): used as a greeting in Western American English, including Texan English and throughout rural regions of New Mexico.[19]
- Hui [ˈu:ˈi:]: a fear-based or startled interjection, similar to eek.
- O sí (seguro): [13] literally 'Oh yeah (sure)' in Spanish, is used as an ironic reaction or as a sincere questioning of a statement.
- Ombers [ˈɒmbɚːz]: an interjection commonly used to express playful disapproval or shaming of another, similar to tsk tsk.[13]
- Sick to the stomach: from Northern American English, a term to describe feeling very upset, worried, or angry.[1]
- Vigas: the Spanish word for 'rafters', especially common in the northern part of the state.[1]
Miscellaneous features
- Or what and Or no are added to end of sentences to exemplify the needed confirmation in a prior statement.[13] Examples, "Can you see, or no?" or "Are we late, or what?"
- New Mexico chile has had a large impact on New Mexico's cultural heritage, so large in fact, that it was entered into the congressional record as being spelled 'chile', and not chili.[20][21] In New Mexico there is a differentiation for chili, which most New Mexicans equate to chili con carne.[22]
See also
Notes
- ^ a b c d e f Encyclopedia.com 2010.
- ^ Julyan & Till 1999, p. 12.
- ^ Valle 2003, p. 15.
- ^ Domenici 2004, p. 10664.
- ^ Hinckley 2012, p. 9.
- ^ University of New Mexico 1948.
- ^ Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006:67, 70)
- ^ Hernández, Pilar (1993). "Vowel shift in Northern New Mexico Chicano English. Mester 22: 227-234.
- ^ Busby, M. (2004). The Southwest. The Greenwood Encyclopedia of American Regional Cultures. Greenwood Press. pp. 270–271. ISBN 978-0-313-32805-3. Retrieved August 29, 2014 – via Google Books.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - ^ Hernández, Pilar (1993). "Vowel shift in Northern New Mexico Chicano English". Mester. 22: 227–234.
- ^ Balukas, Colleen; Koops, Christian (2014). "Spanish-English bilingual voice onset time in spontaneous code-switching". International Journal of Bilingualism. doi:10.1177/1367006913516035. ISSN 1367-0069. Retrieved May 25, 2015.
{{cite journal}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - ^ High Desert Linguistics 2014, p. 21.
- ^ a b c d e Wilson 2015.
- ^ "¡Colores!". PBS. September 20, 2013. Retrieved August 29, 2014 – via KNME.org..
- ^ Valdez 2011.
- ^ Wozniak 1998.
- ^ Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006:289)
- ^ Madrid 2011, p. 304.
- ^ Skandera 2007, p. 355.
- ^ King 2009.
- ^ Smith & Kraig 2013.
- ^ Montaño 2001.
References
 | This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (March 2015) |
- "Romanized Arabic–English Code-switching on Facebook" (PDF). 11th High Desert Linguistics Conference. High Desert Linguistics Society. November 2014. Retrieved November 5, 2015 – via ResearchGate.
{{cite journal}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Balukas, Colleen; Koops, Christian (2014). "Spanish-English bilingual voice onset time in spontaneous code-switching". International Journal of Bilingualism. doi:10.1177/1367006913516035. ISSN 1367-0069. Retrieved May 25, 2015.
{{cite journal}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Gilbert, G. G.; Ornstein-Galicia, J. L. (1978). Problems in applied educational sociolinguistics: Readings on language and culture problems of United States ethnic groups. Janua Linguarum: Series Minor. Walter de Gruyter GmbH. ISBN 978-90-279-7726-7. Retrieved November 4, 2015 – via Google Books.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Boyle, Elizabeth; Evans, Anne-Marie (2008). Reading America: New Perspectives on the American Novel. Cambridge Scholars Pub. ISBN 978-1-84718-777-2. Retrieved November 4, 2015 – via Google Books.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - "Center for Applied Linguistics" (PDF). Washington, DC. Retrieved August 29, 2014 – via Library of Congress. Results of the survey at "Browse by". American Memory. Library of Congress. Retrieved August 29, 2014.
{{cite web}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Domenici, Pete (2004). "Resolution to express the sense of the Senate regarding English plus other languages". Congressional Record. 145 (Pt. 8: May 24, 1999 to June 8 1999). United States Congress. ISBN 978-0-16-073054-2. Retrieved May 27, 2015 – via Google Books.
{{cite journal}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Hinckley, J. (2012). The Route 66 Encyclopedia. MBI Publishing. ISBN 978-1-61058-688-7. Retrieved May 27, 2015 – via Google Books.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - "IDEA – International Dialects of English Archive". Accents and Dialects of New Mexico. May 6, 2015. Retrieved May 19, 2015.
- Julyan, Bob; Till, Tom (1999). New Mexico's Wilderness Areas: The Complete Guide. Big Earth Publishing.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - King, L. S. (2009). Frommer's Santa Fe, Taos and Albuquerque. Frommer's Complete Guides. Wiley. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-470-43795-7. Retrieved May 31, 2015 – via Google Books.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (2006), The Atlas of North American English, Berlin: Mouton-de Gruyter, pp. 187–208, ISBN 3-11-016746-8
{{citation}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - "New Mexico Facts". Encyclopedia.com. June 10, 2010. Retrieved January 5, 2015.
{{cite web}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Madrid, A. L. (2011). Transnational Encounters: Music and Performance at the U.S.–Mexico Border. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-987611-2. Retrieved August 3, 2015 – via Google Books.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Montaño, M. C. (2001). Tradiciones Nuevomexicanas: Hispano Arts and Culture of New Mexico. University of New Mexico Press. p. 254. ISBN 978-0-8263-2137-4. Retrieved May 31, 2015 – via Google Books.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Skandera, P. (2007). Phraseology and Culture in English. Topics in English Linguistics [TiEL]. De Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-019786-0. Retrieved October 23, 2015 – via Google Books.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) - Smith, A.; Kraig, B. (2013). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America. Oxford University Press. p. 382. ISBN 978-0-19-973496-2. Retrieved May 31, 2015 – via Google Books.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Weigle, M.; Levine, F.; Stiver, L. (2009). Telling New Mexico: A New History. Museum of New Mexico Press. ISBN 978-0-89013-579-2. Retrieved November 16, 2015 – via Google Books.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Edgerton, S. Y.; de Lara, J. P. (2001). Theaters of Conversion: Religious Architecture and Indian Artisans in Colonial Mexico. University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 978-0-8263-2256-2. Retrieved November 16, 2015 – via Google Books.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Miller, Joseph; Federal Writers' Program (2013) [1945]. The WPA Guide to New Mexico: The Colorful State. Works Progress Administration / Trinity University Press. ISBN 978-1-59534-229-4. Retrieved November 16, 2015 – via Google Books.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Kessell, J. L. (1995). Kiva, Cross & Crown: The Pecos Indians and New Mexico, 1540-1840. Southwest Parks and Monuments Association. ISBN 978-1-877856-56-3.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Valle, S. D. (2003). Language Rights and the Law in the United States: Finding Our Voices. Bilingual education and bilingualism. Multilingual Matters. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-85359-658-2. Retrieved May 27, 2015 – via Google Books.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - "The New Mexico Quarterly". Vol. 18. University of New Mexico Press. 1948. Retrieved August 29, 2014 – via Google Books.
{{cite news}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help)[full citation needed] - Wozniak, Frank E. (1998). Irrigation in the Rio Grande Valley, New Mexico: A study and annotated bibliography of the development of irrigation systems (PDF). United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved January 8, 2015.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - "American English Dialect Recordings" (PDF). Center for Applied Linguistics. Retrieved August 29, 2014 – via Library of Congress.
{{cite web}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Valdez, Roberto (2011). Some Homelands and Place Names of New Mexico. Council on Geographic Names and Authorities (COGNA) Conference 2011. Empresas de R.V. Retrieved May 31, 2015 – via YouTube.
{{cite AV media}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - Wilson, Damian (May 21, 2015). The Burqueno Dialect. New Mexico News Port. Retrieved May 25, 2015 – via YouTube.
{{cite AV media}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) Short video interview with Damian Wilson (an assistant professor, coordinator of the Sabine Ulibarri Spanish as a Heritage Language Program, at the University of New Mexico), about New Mexican Spanish and English peculiarities.
