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===ANT-18===
===ANT-18===
The most prolific version of the Link Trainer was the ANT-18 (Army Navy Trainer model 18), which was in its turn, a slightly enhanced version of Link's ''C3'' model. This model was also produced in Canada for both the [[Royal Canadian Air Force]] and the [[Royal Air Force]] with a somewhat modified instrument panel, where its model designation was ''D2''.<ref>Jaspers, Henrik. [http://home.wanadoo.nl/hjaspers000/ "Paper to Royal Aeronautical Society Conference."] ''wanadoo.nl'', May 2004. Retrieved: 30 March 2009.</ref> It was used by many countries for pilot training before and during the Second World War, especially in the [[British Commonwealth Air Training Plan]].
The most prolific version of the Link Trainer was the ANT-18 (Army Navy Trainer model 18), which was in its turn, a slightly enhanced version of Link's ''C3'' model. This model was also produced in Canada for both the [[Royal Canadian Air Force]] and the [[Royal Air Force]] with a somewhat modified instrument panel, where its model designation was ''D2''.<ref>Jaspers, Henrik. [http://home.wanadoo.nl/hjaspers000/ "Paper to Royal Aeronautical Society Conference."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070319002900/http://home.wanadoo.nl/hjaspers000/ |date=19 March 2007 }} ''wanadoo.nl'', May 2004. Retrieved: 30 March 2009.</ref> It was used by many countries for pilot training before and during the Second World War, especially in the [[British Commonwealth Air Training Plan]].


The ANT-18 featured rotation through all three axes, effectively simulated all flight instruments, and modeled common conditions such as pre-[[Stall (flight)|stall]] buffet, overspeed of the retractable [[Landing gear|undercarriage]], and [[Spin (flight)|spin]]ning. It was fitted with a removable opaque canopy, which could be used to simulate blind flying, and was particularly useful for instrument and navigation training.
The ANT-18 featured rotation through all three axes, effectively simulated all flight instruments, and modeled common conditions such as pre-[[Stall (flight)|stall]] buffet, overspeed of the retractable [[Landing gear|undercarriage]], and [[Spin (flight)|spin]]ning. It was fitted with a removable opaque canopy, which could be used to simulate blind flying, and was particularly useful for instrument and navigation training.
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* Two Link Trainers are on display at the [[Museum of Flight#Restoration facility|Museum of Flight restoration facility]] at Paine Field near Seattle, Washington. One is in fully functional condition with the adjoining instructors table.{{citation needed|date=May 2017}}
* Two Link Trainers are on display at the [[Museum of Flight#Restoration facility|Museum of Flight restoration facility]] at Paine Field near Seattle, Washington. One is in fully functional condition with the adjoining instructors table.{{citation needed|date=May 2017}}


* The [[Millville Army Air Field Museum]] at the Millville Airport, Millville, New Jersey owns two Link Trainers, and has one, operational, on display in the World War II Link Trainer building.<ref>[http://www.visitnj.org/millville-army-air-field-museum "Millville Army Air Field Museum."] ''New Jersey Department of State.'' Retrieved: 10 December 2011.</ref>
* The [[Millville Army Air Field Museum]] at the Millville Airport, Millville, New Jersey owns two Link Trainers, and has one, operational, on display in the World War II Link Trainer building.<ref>[http://www.visitnj.org/millville-army-air-field-museum "Millville Army Air Field Museum."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105034648/http://www.visitnj.org/millville-army-air-field-museum |date= 5 November 2012 }} ''New Jersey Department of State.'' Retrieved: 10 December 2011.</ref>


* A circa 1943 Link Trainer with instructor's desk is on display at NASA's [[Ames Research Center]], Moffett Field, Mountain View, Calif. This trainer was physically and mechanically restored to full working order in 1992. This trainer did not originally have the wings and tail assembly installed. They were often omitted on trainers made during World War II. However, a set of "paddle style" wings and tail assembly was manufactured from original Link documentation specs, and added during the restoration.<ref>[http://www.simlabs.arc.nasa.gov/Quicktour/start.html "Link Trainer."] ''simlabs.arc.nasa.gov.'' Retrieved: 16 September 2010.</ref> Updated Dec. 19, 2015 - This trainer has been moved and is now on public display at the Moffett Field Historical Society Museum, Moffett Field, Mountain View, CA.{{citation needed|date=May 2017}}
* A circa 1943 Link Trainer with instructor's desk is on display at NASA's [[Ames Research Center]], Moffett Field, Mountain View, Calif. This trainer was physically and mechanically restored to full working order in 1992. This trainer did not originally have the wings and tail assembly installed. They were often omitted on trainers made during World War II. However, a set of "paddle style" wings and tail assembly was manufactured from original Link documentation specs, and added during the restoration.<ref>[http://www.simlabs.arc.nasa.gov/Quicktour/start.html "Link Trainer."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619141501/http://www.simlabs.arc.nasa.gov/Quicktour/start.html |date=19 June 2010 }} ''simlabs.arc.nasa.gov.'' Retrieved: 16 September 2010.</ref> Updated Dec. 19, 2015 - This trainer has been moved and is now on public display at the Moffett Field Historical Society Museum, Moffett Field, Mountain View, CA.{{citation needed|date=May 2017}}


==See also==
==See also==
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==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons category|Link Trainer}}
{{Commons category|Link Trainer}}
*[http://www.link.com/history.html The Link Company (now part of L-3 Communications)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070206162020/http://www.link.com/history.html The Link Company (now part of L-3 Communications)]
*[http://www.mapsairmuseum.org/linktrainer.htm The Link Trainer]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040604050341/http://www.mapsairmuseum.org/linktrainer.htm The Link Trainer]
*[http://www.allstar.fiu.edu/aerojava/link.htm Edwin Link Bio]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20041210184714/http://www.allstar.fiu.edu/aerojava/link.htm Edwin Link Bio]
*[http://www.linktrainer.nl Link Trainer History]
*[http://www.linktrainer.nl Link Trainer History]


Revision as of 11:46, 16 May 2017

Link trainer in use at a British Fleet Air Arm station in 1943

The term Link Trainer, also known as the "Blue box" and "Pilot Trainer"[1] is commonly used to refer to a series of flight simulators produced between the early 1930s and early 1950s by the Link Aviation Devices, Inc, founded and headed by Ed Link, based on technology he pioneered in 1929 at his family's business in Binghamton, New York. During World War II, they were used as a key pilot training aid by almost every combatant nation.

The original Link Trainer was created in 1929 out of the need for a safe way to teach new pilots how to fly by instruments. Ed Link used his knowledge of pumps, valves and bellows gained at his father's Link Piano and Organ Company to create a flight simulator that responded to the pilot's controls and gave an accurate reading on the included instruments. More than 500,000 US pilots were trained on Link simulators,[2] as were pilots of nations as diverse as Australia, Canada, Germany, United Kingdom, Israel, Japan, Pakistan, and the USSR. Following WWII, Air Marshall Robert Leckie (wartime RAF Chief of Staff) said “The Luftwaffe met its Waterloo on all the training fields of the free world where there was a battery of Link Trainers.”[3]

The Link Flight Trainer has been designated as a Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.[2] The Link Company, now the Link Simulation & Training division of L3 Technologies, continues to make aerospace simulators.[4]

Origins

Link Trainer at Freeman Field, Seymour, Indiana. Freeman Field was a US Army Air Force field in World War II.

Edwin Link had developed a passion for flying in his boyhood years, but was not able to afford the high cost of flying lessons. So, upon leaving school in 1927, he started developing a simulator, an exercise which took him 18 months. His first pilot trainer, which debuted in 1929, resembled an overgrown toy airplane from the outside, with short wooden wings and fuselage mounted on a universal joint. Organ bellows from the Link organ factory, the business his family owned and operated in Binghamton, New York, driven by an electric pump, made the trainer pitch and roll as the pilot worked the controls.[5]

Link's first military sales came as a result of the Air Mail scandal, when the Army Air Corps took over carriage of U.S. Air Mail. Twelve pilots were killed in a 78-day period due to their unfamiliarity with Instrument Flying Conditions. The large scale loss of life prompted the Air Corps to look at a number of solutions, including Link's pilot trainer. The Air Corps was given a stark demonstration of the potential of instrument training when, in 1934, Link flew in to a meeting in conditions of fog that the Air Corps evaluation team regarded as unflyable.[5] As a result, the Air Corps ordered the first six pilot trainers at $3,500 each.

Link and his company had struggled through the Depression years but after gaining Air Corps interest the business expanded rapidly and during World War II, the ANT-18 Basic Instrument Trainer, known to tens of thousands of fledgling pilots as the "Blue Box" (although it was painted in colors other than blue in other countries), was standard equipment at every air training school in the United States and Allied nations. During the war years, Link produced over 10,000 Blue Boxes, turning one out every 45 minutes.[4][3]

Several models of Link Trainers were sold in a period ranging from 1934 through to the late 1950s. These trainers kept pace with the increased instrumentation and flight dynamics of aircraft of their period, but retained the electrical and pneumatic design fundamentals pioneered in the first Link.

Trainers built from 1934 up to the early 1940s had a color scheme that featured a bright blue fuselage and yellow wings and tail sections. These wings and tail sections had control surfaces that actually moved in response to the pilot's movement of the rudder and stick. However, many trainers built during mid to late World War II did not have these wings and tail sections due to material shortages and critical manufacturing times.

Pilot Maker

The Pilot Maker was Link's first model. It was an evolution of his 1929 prototype and was used in Mr. Link's Link Flying School and later by other flying schools. During the Depression years versions of the Pilot Maker were also sold to amusement parks. In fact, his patent (US1825462 A) for the Pilot Maker was titled Combination Training Device for Student Aviators and Entertainment Apparatus.[3]

ANT-18

The most prolific version of the Link Trainer was the ANT-18 (Army Navy Trainer model 18), which was in its turn, a slightly enhanced version of Link's C3 model. This model was also produced in Canada for both the Royal Canadian Air Force and the Royal Air Force with a somewhat modified instrument panel, where its model designation was D2.[6] It was used by many countries for pilot training before and during the Second World War, especially in the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan.

The ANT-18 featured rotation through all three axes, effectively simulated all flight instruments, and modeled common conditions such as pre-stall buffet, overspeed of the retractable undercarriage, and spinning. It was fitted with a removable opaque canopy, which could be used to simulate blind flying, and was particularly useful for instrument and navigation training.

ANT-18 design and construction

The instrument panel of the Link Trainer at the Shuttleworth Collection in the UK

The ANT-18 consists of two main components:

The first major component is the trainer itself. The trainer consists of a wooden box approximating the shape of a fuselage and cockpit, which is connected via a universal joint to a base.[7] Inside the cockpit is a single pilot's seat, primary and secondary aircraft controls, and a full suite of flight instruments. The base contains several complicated sets of air-driven bellows to create movement, a vacuum pump which both drives the bellows and provides input to a number of aircraft instruments, a device known as a Telegon Oscillator which supplies power the remaining pilot and instructor instruments, and a Wind Drift analog computer.

The second major component is an external instructor's desk, which consists of a large map table; a repeated display of the pilot's main flight instruments; and the Automatic Recorder, a motorized ink marker also known as the "crab." The crab is driven by the Wind Drift computer and moves across the glass surface of the map table, plotting the pilot's track. The desk includes circuits for the pilot and instructor to communicate with each other via headphones and microphones, and controls for the instructor to alter wind direction and speed.[8]

The ANT-18 has three main sets of bellows. One set of four bellows (fore and aft and both sides of the cockpit) controls movement in the pitch and roll planes. A very complicated set of bellows at the front of the fuselage controls movement in the yaw plane. This Turning Motor is a complex set of 10 bellows, two crank shafts and various gears and pulleys derived from early player piano motors. The Turning Motor can rotate the entire fuselage through 360 degree circles at variable rates of speed. A set of electrical slip ring contacts in the lower base compartment supplies electrical continuity between the fixed base and the movable fuselage.

A third set simulates vibration such as stall buffet.[9] Both the trainer and the instructor's station are powered from standard 110VAC/240VAC power outlets via a transformer, with the bulk of internal wiring being low voltage. Simulator logic is all analog and is based around vacuum tubes.

Surviving Trainers

A number of Link Trainers are known to survive around the world. Many ANT-18 simulators survive around the world today.

Australia

At least 22 ANT-18 trainers survive in Australia, in various states of repair.[10] A number of these are in museums, but the majority are in the custody of the Australian Air Force Cadets, who were given them in the 1950s by the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF). They were maintained until 1975 by the RAAF, and as a result many are still in relatively good condition, being either fully or partially operational. The number of operational ANT-18s has been boosted in recent years by the restoration of several machines. One such unit is on static display at Fighterworld, adjacent to the Williamtown RAAF base outside Newcastle Australia, another in working condition is housed near the Redcliffe Aerodrome at Shapcott Base, home of 212 (City of Redcliffe) Squadron Australian Air Force Cadets. A Link Trainer is on display at the Aviation Heritage Museum in Bull Creek, Western Australia.[11] A Link Trainer is on display at the Queensland Air Museum in Caloundra, Queensland.[12] A Link Trainer is on display at the South Australian Aviation Museum in Port Adelaide, South Australia.[13]

Canada

Link Trainer at the Western Canada Aviation Museum

A fully functional Link Trainer is owned and operated by the Canadian Harvard Aircraft Association of Tillsonburg, Ontario. Other Link Trainers are on display at the Canadian Air and Space Museum, the Western Canada Aviation Museum, the Canadian War Museum, Commonwealth Air Training Plan Museum[14], the Bomber Command Museum of Canada, and the Canadian Bushplane Heritage Centre. There is also a Link Trainer on display at the North Atlantic Aviation Museum in Gander, Newfoundland, Canada; it was used in the television series Above and Beyond (2006). Another Link Trainer is on display at the Claresholm Museum in Claresholm, Alberta, where the No. 15 Service Flying Training School was situated during World War II. A Link Trainer is on display at the No. 6 RCAF Dunnville Museum in Dunnville, Ontario, where the No. 6 Service Flying Training School was located. A Link Trainer is on display at The Hangar Flight Museum.[15] A Link Trainer is on display at the Canadian Museum of Flight.[16]

Czech republic

The Aviation Museum at Kbely, Prague has a Link Trainer.[17]

Netherlands

The Aviodome in Lelystad has a "Blue Box" Link Trainer marked PH-UBZ on display.

New Zealand

Malta

Portugal

Serbia

At least three examples are known to exist out of which Aviation Museum in Belgrade owns one[21] and Aeroklub Valjevo, Valjevo owns one example that was still operational in the '80s; nowadays it requires a new set of vacuum tubes but otherwise it is in a good state.

South Africa

Sweden

United Kingdom

The Link Trainer at the Shuttleworth Collection in the UK

A number of Link Trainers are known to exist in Britain. Known survivors are located at:

United States

A Link Trainer on display at the Frontiers of Flight Museum
  • A second is on display at the Air Victory Museum in Lumberton, New Jersey.[69]
  • A second is in storage at the Delta Flight Museum in Atlanta, Georgia. It is only partially restored.[73]
  • A second is on display at the CT&I Techworks! in Binghamton, New York.[75]
  • A second is in storage at the Paul E. Garber Preservation, Restoration, and Storage Facility of the National Air and Space Museum in Suitland, Maryland.[77]
  • A third is in storage at the Paul E. Garber Preservation, Restoration, and Storage Facility of the National Air and Space Museum in Suitland, Maryland.[78]
  • A fourth is in storage at the Paul E. Garber Preservation, Restoration, and Storage Facility of the National Air and Space Museum in Suitland, Maryland.[79]
  • A fifth is in storage at the Paul E. Garber Preservation, Restoration, and Storage Facility of the National Air and Space Museum in Suitland, Maryland.[80]
  • Two additional Link Trainers are maintained by the corporate successor to Link Aviation, L-3 Link Simulation and Training, at its Arlington, Texas headquarters.[citation needed]
  • The Millville Army Air Field Museum at the Millville Airport, Millville, New Jersey owns two Link Trainers, and has one, operational, on display in the World War II Link Trainer building.[81]
  • A circa 1943 Link Trainer with instructor's desk is on display at NASA's Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Mountain View, Calif. This trainer was physically and mechanically restored to full working order in 1992. This trainer did not originally have the wings and tail assembly installed. They were often omitted on trainers made during World War II. However, a set of "paddle style" wings and tail assembly was manufactured from original Link documentation specs, and added during the restoration.[82] Updated Dec. 19, 2015 - This trainer has been moved and is now on public display at the Moffett Field Historical Society Museum, Moffett Field, Mountain View, CA.[citation needed]

See also

References

Notes
  1. ^ Kelly 1970, p. 33.
  2. ^ a b "The Link Flight Trainer". ASME International. 10 June 2000. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
  3. ^ a b c Van Hoek, Susan; Link, Marion Clayton (1993). From Sky to Sea, A Story of Edwin Link (2nd ed.). Flagstaff, AZ: Best Publishing Co. ISBN 0941332276.
  4. ^ a b "U.S. Air Force Fact Sheet: Link Trainer." National Museum of the United States Air Force. Retrieved: 20 February 2010.
  5. ^ Jaspers, Henrik. "Paper to Royal Aeronautical Society Conference." Archived 19 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine wanadoo.nl, May 2004. Retrieved: 30 March 2009.
  6. ^ Kelly 1970, pp. 70–71.
  7. ^ Kelly 1970, pp. 65–68.
  8. ^ Kelly 1970, pp. 65–66.
  9. ^ "ADF Serials, A13 Link Trainer." adf-serials.com. Retrieved: 29 September 2010.
  10. ^ "Link Trainer". Aviation Heritage Museum. Aviation Heritage Museum. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
  11. ^ "LINK TRAINER C/N D4 282". Queensland Air Museum. Queensland Air Museum Inc. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
  12. ^ "General Displays". South Australian Aviation Museum. South Australian Aviation Museum. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
  13. ^ Sigurdson, Greg. "Canada 150 Vignette – 035 of 150 British Commonwealth Air Training Plan Training -- The Link Trainer Part I". Commonwealth Air Training Plan Museum. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
  14. ^ "LINK TRAINER". The Hangar Flight Museum. The Hangar Flight Museum. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
  15. ^ "Link Trainer". Canadian Museum of Flight. Canadian Museum of Flight. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
  16. ^ Kotek, Martin. "Link Trainer." planes.cz, June 2009. Retrieved: 23 December 2011.
  17. ^ "FLIGHT SIMULATOR [LINK TRAINER]". MOTAT. MOTAT. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
  18. ^ "Miscellaneous Exhibits". Malta Aviation Museum. Malta Aviation Museum Foundation. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
  19. ^ "TAP". Museu do Ar (in Portuguese). Força Aérea Portuguesa. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
  20. ^ "Link Flight Trainer AN-2550-1". Aeronautical Museum Belgrade. Aeronautical Museum-Belgrade. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
  21. ^ "Air Trainers Limited AT50 Jet Instrument Flying Trainer". The South African Airways Museum Society. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
  22. ^ "Link-Trainer". Västerås Flygmuseum. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
  23. ^ "Link Trainer Type AN-T-18: Simulator". Brooklands Museum. Brooklands Museum Trust Ltd. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
  24. ^ "History of 130". 130 Bornemouth Squadron. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
  25. ^ "Wellingborough School CCF." RAF via rafsection.com. Retrieved: 29 September 2010.
  26. ^ "Link D4 Procedure trainer". Imperial War Museums. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
  27. ^ "Welcome To The RAF Manston History Museum Website." rafmanston.co. Retrieved: 11 December 2011.
  28. ^ "D-4 LINK TRAINER". Tangmere Military Aviation Museum. Tangmere Military Aviation Museum. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
  29. ^ "COMBAT SIMULATOR". Tangmere Military Aviation Museum. Tangmere Military Aviation Museum. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
  30. ^ "MUSEUM'S LINK TRAINER READY TO FLY". Tangmere Military Aviation Museum. Tangmere Military Aviation Museum. 27 April 2015. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
  31. ^ "TANGMERE'S LINK TRAINERS". Tangmere Military Aviation Museum. Tangmere Military Aviation Museum. June 2008. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
  32. ^ "Exhibits". North East Land, Sea and Air Museums. North East Land, Sea and Air Museums. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
  33. ^ "Link Instrument Flying Trainer Type D4" (PDF). Trenchard Museum RAF Halton. Trenchard Museum. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
  34. ^ "MORE LINK TRAINERS ARRIVE AT HALTON'S AIR HERITAGE CENTRE". Royal Air Force. UK Crown. 26 October 2015. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
  35. ^ "Flying Training Area". Norfolk and Suffolk Aviation Museum. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
  36. ^ "Museum". The 100th Bomb Group Memorial Museum. 100th Bomb Group Memorial Museum. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
  37. ^ Geoghegan, William. "Edwin A. Link's Flight Trainer." geoghegan.us. Retrieved: 24 December 2011.
  38. ^ "Link Trainer Has Arrived". Wings of the North. 8 November 2015. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
  39. ^ "Wi-Fi, Food and More". Orlando Melbourne International Airport. Orlando Melbourne International Airport. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
  40. ^ "Permanent Exhibits". Robertson. Roberson Museum and Science Center. Archived from the original on 3 October 2013. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
  41. ^ "The Link Flight Trainer". ASME. Roberson Museum and Science Center. 10 June 2000. p. 7. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
  42. ^ "AERONOTES" (PDF). Empire State Aerosciences Museum. Winter 2016–2017. p. 9. Retrieved 13 May 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date format (link)
  43. ^ "Link AN-T-18 Trainer". Hill Air Force Base. 19 October 2010. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
  44. ^ "TRAVIS AIR MUSEUM NEWS" (PDF). Travis Air Force Base Heritage Center. June 2000. p. 4. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
  45. ^ "The Link Trainer Flight Simulator". Naval Air Station Fort Lauderdale Museum. NAS Fort Lauderdale Museum. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
  46. ^ "Link Trainer". Prairie Aviation Museum. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
  47. ^ "Memorabilia Collections". Valiant Air Command Warbird Museum. Valiant Air Command. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
  48. ^ "Other Vehicles & Attractions". Tri-State Warbird Museum. Tri-State Warbird Museum. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
  49. ^ "Link Trainer". National Museum of the US Air Force. 4 May 2015. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
  50. ^ "Link Trainer – Flight Simulator". American Treasure Tour. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
  51. ^ "Link Trainer". Estrella Warbirds Museum. Estrella Warbirds Museum, Inc. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
  52. ^ "The 1942 Model C-3 Link Trainer". Western Museum of Flight. Western Museum of Flight. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
  53. ^ "LINK Trainer". Heritage Flight Museum. Heritage Flight Museum. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
  54. ^ "Link Flight Trainer". MOST. Milton J. Rubenstein Museum of Science & Technology. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
  55. ^ "LINK TRAINER (MEZZANINE)". National Naval Aviation Museum. Naval Aviation Museum Foundation. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
  56. ^ Collias, Nicholas (28 July 2004). "Hard-corps History". Boise Weekly. Boise Weekly. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
  57. ^ "Link C-3". Retrieved 14 May 2017.
  58. ^ "Link Trainers--Then and Now". MAAPS. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
  59. ^ "Link Trainer". War Eagles Air Museum. War Eagles Air Museum. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
  60. ^ "Link Trainer". Iowa Aviation Heritage Museum. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
  61. ^ "Reconstructed Link Trainer Flight Simulator". Combat Air Museum. Combat Air Museum. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
  62. ^ "[Homepage]". Minter Field Air Museum. Minter Field Air Museum. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
  63. ^ "1929 Link Trainer". Port Townsend Aero Museum. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
  64. ^ "TUSKEGEE AIRMEN [-] A PROUD HERITAGE [-] RECOUNTS HISTORY OF BLACK AIRMEN IN WORLD WAR II". Museum of Aviation. Archived from the original on 24 June 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
  65. ^ "MUSEUM DISPLAYS". Selfridge Military Air Museum. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
  66. ^ Heaton, Dan (21 March 2011). "World War II-Era Link Trainer Joins Museum Display". 127th Wing. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
  67. ^ "Link C-3 "Blue Box"". Air Victory Museum. Air Victory Museum. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
  68. ^ "GAT-1 Trainer". Air Victory Museum. Air Victory Museum. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
  69. ^ a b "Greater St. Louis Air & Space Museum Gives Link D-4 Trainer a Workout". Greater St. Louis Air & Space Museum. 31 August 2011. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
  70. ^ a b O'Neil, Tim (14 August 2011). "Old flight simulators being readied for take-off in Cahokia". St. Louis Post Dispatch. STLtoday.com. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
  71. ^ "Object Record [Link Trainer Model AN-T-18 Flight Simulator]". PastPerfect Online. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
  72. ^ "Object Record [Link Trainer (Partially Restored)]". PastPerfect Online. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
  73. ^ "Link Bluebox". TechWorks!. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
  74. ^ "Link General Aviation Trainer (GAT)". TechWorks!. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
  75. ^ "Flight Simulator, Link Trainer, ANT-18". Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
  76. ^ "Link Trainer, 1-CA-1 (Model F, C-8)". Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
  77. ^ "Flight Simulator, Link Trainer, School Trainer, "Jitterbug, Jr."". Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
  78. ^ "Flight Simulator, Link Trainer, Pilot Maker, Serial No. 3". Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
  79. ^ "Link GAT-1 Trainer (Modified)". Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
  80. ^ "Millville Army Air Field Museum." Archived 5 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine New Jersey Department of State. Retrieved: 10 December 2011.
  81. ^ "Link Trainer." Archived 19 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine simlabs.arc.nasa.gov. Retrieved: 16 September 2010.
Bibliography
  • Kelly, Lloyd L. as told to Robert B. Parke. The Pilot Maker. New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1979, First edition 1970. ISBN 0-448-02226-5.
  • Van Hoek, Susan and Marion Clayton Link. From Sky to Sea: A Story of Edwin A. Link. 2nd edition, 1993, Best Publishing Co. ISBN 0941332276.
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