Jump to content

Research stations in Antarctica: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Do you support cruelty to animals?
Tag: Removal of interwiki link; Wikidata is live
m Reverted edits by 92.13.201.205 (talk) to last revision by Lugia2453 (HG)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{GeoGroupTemplate}}<!-- this is at the top because users expect coordinate information at the top right of articles -->
Fish suffer greatly when caught, farmed and killed for their flesh. While fisheries would like you to believe otherwise, numerous studies, including a recent study by the Roslin Institute and the University of Edinburgh, have found conclusive evidence that fish do feel pain.[1]
A number of governments maintain permanent '''[[research station]]s''' in [[Antarctica]] and these bases are widely distributed. Unlike the bases set up in the [[Arctic]] (see [[Drifting ice station]]), the research stations of the [[Antarctic]] are constructed either on rock or on ice that is (for practical purposes) fixed in place. [[File:Antarctica Station Map.gif|thumb|Map shows the location of permanent Antarctic research stations]]
Many of the stations are [[Demographics of Antarctica|staffed]] around the year. A total of 30 countries (as of October 2006), all signatories to the [[Antarctic Treaty System|Antarctic Treaty]], operate seasonal (summer) and year-round research stations on the continent.
The population of people doing and supporting science on the continent and nearby islands varies from approximately 4,000 during the summer season to 1,000 during winter.{{citation needed|late=June 2007|date=December 2011}} In addition to these permanent stations, approximately [[Antarctic field camps|30 field camps]] are established each summer to support specific projects.<ref>[http://www.nsf.gov/pubs/1997/antpanel/4past.htm 4.0 Antarctica - Past and Present<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>{{Dubious|date=August 2011}}<!-- This cite seems to be only about United States stations, not the whole of the Antarctic -->


== Research stations==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- align="center" bgcolor="#cccccc"
! Base || Open || Country || Established || Operator || Situation || Coordinates || [[Time zone]]
|-
| [[Aboa (research station)|Aboa]] || Summer || {{flagicon|Finland}} [[Finland]] || 1988 || [[Finnish Antarctic Research Program]] || [[Queen Maud Land]] || {{coord|73|03|S|13|25|W|type:landmark_region:AQ|name=Aboa (Finland)}} ||
|-
| [[Vernadsky Research Base]] || Permanent || {{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Ukraine]] || 1994 || || [[Galindez Island]] || {{coord|65|14|44.6|S|64|15|26|W|type:landmark_region:AQ|name=Vernadsky Research Base (Ukraine)}} || {{hs|i}}UTC-3
|-
| [[Almirante Brown Antarctic Base]] || Summer || {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Argentina]] || 1951 || [[Instituto Antartico Argentino|Argentine Antarctic Institute]] || [[Antarctic Peninsula]] <!-- [[Paradise Bay]] --> || {{coord|64|53|42.4|S|62|52|16.8|W|type:landmark_region:AQ|name=Almirante Brown Antarctic Base (Argentina)}} || {{hs|i}}UTC-3
|-
| [[Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station]] || Permanent || {{flagicon|USA}} [[United States]] || 1957 || [[United States Antarctic Program]] || Geographical [[South Pole]] || {{coord|90|S|0|E|type:landmark_region:AQ|name=Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station (USA)}} || {{hs|x}}UTC+12*
|-
| [[Artigas Base]] || Permanent || {{flagicon|Uruguay}} [[Uruguay]] || 1984 || [[Uruguayan Antarctic Institute]] || [[King George Island (Antarctica)|King George Island]] || {{coord|62|11|3.4|S|58|54|11.9|W|type:landmark_region:AQ|name=Artigas Base (Uruguay)}} || {{hs|i}}UTC-3
|-
| [[Asuka Station (Antarctica)|Asuka Station]] || unmanned observation || {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Japan]] || 1985 ||[[National Institute of Polar Research]]|| [[Queen Maud Land]] || {{coord|71|31|34|S|24|08|17|E|type:landmark_region:AQ|name=Asuka Station (Japan)}} ||
|-
| [[General Belgrano II|Belgrano II]] || Permanent || {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Argentina]] || 1979 || [[Instituto Antartico Argentino|Argentine Antarctic Institute]] || [[Coats Land]] || {{coord|77|52|27.8|S|34|37|14.9|W|type:landmark_region:AQ|name=General Belgrano II (Argentina)}} || {{hs|i}}UTC-3
|-
| [[Bellingshausen Station]] || Permanent || {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Russia]] || 1968 || || [[King George Island (Antarctica)|King George Island]] || {{coord|62|11|47|S|58|57|39|W|type:landmark_region:AQ|name=Bellingshausen Station (Russia)}} ||
|-
| [[Base General Bernardo O'Higgins Riquelme|Bernardo O'Higgins Station]] || Permanent || {{flagicon|Chile}} [[Chile]] || 1948 || [[Chilean Army]], Logistics || [[Antarctic Peninsula]] || {{coord|63|19|15|S|57|53|56.2|W|type:landmark_region:AQ|name=Bernardo O'Higgins Riquelme Station (Chile)}} || {{hs|h}}UTC-4*
|-
| [[Bharathi (research station)|Bharati]] || Permanent || {{flagicon|India}} [[India]] || 2012 || [[Indian Antarctic Program]] || [[Larsemann Hills]] || {{coord|69|24|28|S|76|11|14|E|type:landmark_region:AQ|name=Bharathi Station (India)}} ||
|-
| [[Byrd Station]] || Summer || {{flagicon|USA}} [[United States]] || 1957 || [[United States Antarctic Program]] || [[Marie Byrd Land]] || {{coord|80|01|00|S|119|32|00|W|type:landmark_region:AQ|name=Byrd Station (USA)}} ||
|-
| [[Captain Arturo Prat Base]] || Permanent || {{flagicon|Chile}} [[Chile]] || 1947 || [[Chilean Navy]] || [[Greenwich Island]] || {{coord|62|28|45|S|59|39|51|W|type:landmark_region:AQ|name=Captain Arturo Prat Base (Chile)}} || {{hs|h}}UTC-4*
|-
| [[Casey Station]] || Permanent || {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Australia]] || 1957 || [[Australian Antarctic Division]] || [[Vincennes Bay]] || {{coord|66|16|55.6|S|110|31|31.9|E|type:landmark_region:AQ|name=Casey Station (Australia)}} || {{hs|t}}UTC+8
|-
| [[Comandante Ferraz Brazilian Antarctic Base]] || Permanent || {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Brazil]] || 1984 || [[Brazilian Antarctic Program]] || [[King George Island (Antarctica)|King George Island]] || {{coord|62|05|00|S|58|23|28.2|W|type:landmark_region:AQ|name=Comandante Ferraz Brazilian Antarctic Base (Brazil)}} ||
|-
| [[Concordia Station]] || Permanent || {{flagicon|France}} [[France]]<br/>{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Italy]] || 2005 || || [[Dome C]], [[Antarctic Plateau]] || {{coord|75|06|00|S|123|20|00|E|type:landmark_region:AQ|name=Concordia Station (France)}} ||
|-
| [[Dakshina Gangotri|Dakshin Gangotri Station]] || Replaced by [[Maitri|Maitri Station]]|| {{flagicon|India}} [[India]] || 1984~1991 || [[Indian Antarctic Program]] || [[Queen Maud Land]] || {{coord|70|45|S|11|46|E|type:landmark_region:AQ|name=Dakshin Gangotri Station (India)}} ||
|-
| [[Davis Station]] || Permanent || {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Australia]] || 1957 || [[Australian Antarctic Division]] || [[Princess Elizabeth Land]] || {{coord|68|34|35.3|S|77|58|9.2|E|type:landmark_region:AQ|name=Davis Station (Australia)}} || {{hs|s}}UTC+7
|-
| [[Dome F|Dome Fuji Station]] || Permanent || {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Japan]] || 1995 ||[[National Institute of Polar Research]]|| [[Queen Maud Land]] || {{coord|77|19|01|S|39|42|12|E|type:landmark_region:AQ|name=Dome Fuji Station (Japan)}} ||
|-
| [[Dumont d'Urville Station]] || Permanent || {{flagicon|France}} [[France]] || 1956 || || [[Adélie Land]] || {{coord|66|39|47.3|S|140|00|5.3|E|type:landmark_region:AQ|name=Dumont d'Urville Station (France)}} || {{hs|v}}UTC+10
|-
| [[Base Presidente Eduardo Frei Montalva]] and [[Villa Las Estrellas]] || Permanent || {{flagicon|Chile}} [[Chile]] || 1969 || [[Chilean Air Force]] || [[King George Island (Antarctica)|King George Island]] || {{coord|62|11.7|S|58|58.7|W|type:landmark_region:AQ|name=Base Presidente Eduardo Frei Montalva (Chile)}} || {{hs|h}}UTC-4*
|-
| [[Esperanza Base]] || Permanent || {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Argentina]] || 1975 || [[Instituto Antartico Argentino|Argentine Antarctic Institute]] || [[Hope Bay]] || {{coord|63|23|50.3|S|56|59|49.3|W|type:landmark_region:AQ|name=Esperanza Base (Argentina)}} || {{hs|i}}UTC-3
|-
| [[Gabriel de Castilla Spanish Antarctic Station]] || Summer || {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Spain]] || 1989 || Marine biology <ref>[http://www.utm.csic.es/baegab.asp BAE Gabriel de Castilla]</ref>|| [[Deception Island]] || {{coord|62|58|40.5|S|60|33|38.4|W|type:landmark_region:AQ|name=Gabriel de Castilla Spanish Antarctic Station (Spain)}} ||
|-
| [[Georg von Neumayer Station]] || Replaced by [[Neumayer Station]] || {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Germany]] || 1981-1992 || [[Alfred Wegener Institute]] || [[Queen Maud Land]] <!-- [[Atka-Bay]] --> || {{coord|70|37|00|S|08|22|00|W|type:landmark_region:AQ|name=Georg von Neumayer Station (Germany)}} || {{hs|l}}UTC
|-
| [[Gonzalez Videla Station]] || Summer || {{flagicon|Chile}} [[Chile]] || 1951 || [[Chilean Air Force]] || Paradise Bay, Water Boat Point. || {{coord|64|49|24|S|62|51|29|W|type:landmark_region:AQ|name=Gonzalez Videla Station (Chile)}} ||
|-
| [[Great Wall Station]] || Permanent || {{flagicon|China}} [[China]] || 1985 || Meteorology || [[King George Island (Antarctica)|King George Island]] || {{coord|62|13|02|S|58|57|41.5|W|type:landmark_region:AQ|name=Great Wall Station (China)}} ||
|-
| [[Halley Research Station]] || Permanent || {{flagicon|UK}} [[United Kingdom]] || 1956 || [[British Antarctic Survey]] || [[Brunt Ice Shelf]] || {{coord|75|35|00|S|26|34|00|W|type:landmark_region:AQ|name=Halley Research Station (UK)}} ||
|-
| [[Henryk Arctowski Polish Antarctic Station]] || Permanent || {{flagicon|Poland}} [[Poland]] || 1977 || Oceanobiology, Oceanography, Geology, Geomorphology, Glaciology, Meteorology, Climatology, Seismology, Magnetism and Ecology || [[King George Island (Antarctica)|King George Island]] || {{coord|62|09|0.14|S|058|28|2.1|W|type:landmark_region:AQ|name=Henryk Arctowski Polish Antarctic Station (Poland)}} ||
|-
| [[Jang Bogo Station]] (proposed) || Permanent || {{flagicon|South Korea}} [[South Korea]] || 2014 || Korea Antarctic Research Program|| [[Terra Nova Bay]] || ||
|-
| [[Jinnah Antarctic Station]] || Summer || {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Pakistan]] || 1991 || [[Pakistan Antarctic Programme]] || [[Sør Rondane Mountains]], [[Queen Maud Land]] || {{coord|70|24|S|25|45|E|type:landmark_region:AQ|name=Jinnah Antarctic Station (Pakistan)}} ||
|-
| [[Juan Carlos I Antarctic Base]] || Summer || {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Spain]] || 1988 || [[CSIC]]. Laboratory, investigation and meteorogical station. <ref>[http://www.utm.csic.es/bae.asp?switchlang=2 SAS Juan Carlos I]</ref>|| [[South Bay]], [[Livingston Island]] || {{coord|62|39|45.9|S|60|23|25.3|W|type:landmark_region:AQ|name=Juan Carlos I Base (Spain)}} ||
|-
| [[Jubany]] || Permanent || {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Argentina]] || 1953 || [[Instituto Antartico Argentino|Argentine Antarctic Institute]] || [[King George Island (Antarctica)|King George Island]] || {{coord|62|14|16.7|S|58|40|0.2|W|type:landmark_region:AQ|name=Jubany (Argentina)}} || {{hs|i}}UTC-3
|-
| [[King Sejong Station]] || Permanent || {{flagicon|South Korea}} [[South Korea]] || 1988 || Korea Antarctic Research Program || [[King George Island (Antarctica)|King George Island]] || {{coord|62|13|23.2|S|58|47|13.4|W|type:landmark_region:AQ|name=King Sejong Station (South Korea)}} ||
|-
| [[European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica#Kohnen Station.2C Queen Maud Land|Kohnen-Station]] || Summer || {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Germany]] || 2001 || [[Alfred Wegener Institute]] || [[Queen Maud Land]] || {{coord|75|00|S|00|04|E|type:landmark_region:AQ|name=Kohnen-Station (Germany)}} ||
|-
| [[Kunlun Station]] || Summer || {{flagicon|China}} [[China]] || 2009 || [[Chinese Arctic and Antarctic Administration]] || [[Dome A]] || {{coord|80|25|01|S|77|06|58|E|type:landmark_region:AQ|name=Kunlun Station (China)}} ||
|-
| [[Law-Racoviţă Station]] || Summer || {{flagicon|Romania}} [[Romania]] || 1986 || [[Romanian Polar Research Institute]] || [[Larsemann Hills]], [[Princess Elizabeth Land]] || {{coord|69|23|18.9|S|76|22|50.75|E|type:landmark_region:AQ|name=Law-Racoviţă Station (Romania)}} ||
|-
| [[Leningradskaya Station]] || Re-opening in 2007/2008 || {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Russia]] || 1971 || [[Russian Antarctic Expedition]] || [[Oates Coast]], [[Victoria Land]] || {{coord|69|30|00|S|159|23|00|E|type:landmark_region:AQ|name=Leningradskaya Station (Russia)}} ||
|-
| [[Machu Picchu Research Station]] || Summer || {{flagicon|Peru}} [[Peru]] || 1989 || [[Peruvian Antarctic Institute]] (INANPE) <ref>[http://www.rree.gob.pe/portal/pwinanpe.nsf/MarcoInicial?OpenFrameSet INANPE]</ref> || [[Admiralty Bay (South Shetland Islands)|Admiralty Bay]], [[King George Island (Antarctica)|King George Island]] || {{coord|62|05|29.9|S|58|28|15.4|W|type:landmark_region:AQ|name=Machu Picchu Research Station (Peru)}} ||
|-
| [[Maitri|Maitri Station]] || Permanent || {{flagicon|India}} [[India]] || 1989 || [[Indian Antarctic Program]] || [[Schirmacher Oasis]] || {{coord|70|45|57.7|S|11|43|56.2|E|type:landmark_region:AQ|name=Maitri Station (India)}} ||
|-
| [[Maldonado Base]] || Summer|| {{flagicon|Ecuador}} [[Ecuador]] || 1990 || || [[Greenwich Island]] || {{coord|62|26|56.6|S|59|44|29|W|type:landmark_region:AQ|name=Maldonado Base (Ecuador)}} ||
|-
| [[Marambio Base]] || Permanent || {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Argentina]] || 1969 || [[Instituto Antartico Argentino|Argentine Antarctic Institute]] || Seymour-Marambio Island || {{coord|64|14|27.1|S|56|37|26.7|W|type:landmark_region:AQ|name=Marambio Base (Argentina)}} || {{hs|i}}UTC-3
|-
| [[Zucchelli Station|Mario Zucchelli Station]] || Summer || {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Italy]] || 1986 || Oceanobiology, Oceanography, Geology, Geomorphology, Glaciology, Meteorology, Climatology, Seismology, Magnetism and Ecology <ref>[http://www.italiantartide.it Una finestra sull'Antartide]</ref>|| Terra Nova Bay, Ross Sea || {{coord|74|41|39.9|S|164|06|46.5|E|type:landmark_region:AQ|name=Mario Zucchelli Station (Italy)}} || {{hs|x}}UTC+12
|-
| [[Mawson Station]] || Permanent || {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Australia]] || 1954 || [[Australian Antarctic Division]] || [[Mac Robertson Land (Antarctica)|Mac Robertson Land]] || {{coord|67|36|10.1|S|62|52|22.8|E|type:landmark_region:AQ|name=Mawson Station (Australia)}} || {{hs|r}}UTC+6
|-
| [[McMurdo Station]] || Permanent || {{flagicon|USA}} [[United States]] || 1956 || [[United States Antarctic Program]] || [[Ross Island]] || {{coord|77|50|43.4|S|166|40|11.2|E|type:landmark_region:AQ|name=McMurdo Station (USA)}} || {{hs|x}}UTC+12*
|-
| [[Mendel Polar Station]] || Summer || {{flagicon|Czech Republic}} [[Czech Republic]] || 2006 || biological, geological and climate research ||[[James Ross Island]] || {{coord|63|48|6.5|S|57|53|7.9|W|type:landmark_region:AQ|name=Mendel Polar Station (Czech Republic)}} ||
|-
| [[Mirny Station]] || Permanent || {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Russia]] || 1956 || glaciology, seismology, meteorology, polar lights, cosmic radiation, and marine biology || [[Davis Sea]] || {{coord|66|33|10.4|S|93|00|34.8|E|type:landmark_region:AQ|name=Mirny Station (Russia)}} ||
|-
| [[Mizuho Station (Antarctica)|Mizuho Station]] ||irregular (transshipment station)|| {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Japan]] || 1970 || [[National Institute of Polar Research]] || || {{coord|70|41|53|S|44|19|54|E|type:landmark_region:AQ|name=Mizuho Station (Japan)}} ||
|-
| [[Molodyozhnaya Station (Antarctica)|Molodyozhnaya Station]] || Re-opening in 2007/2008 || {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Russia]]<br/>{{flagicon|Belarus}} [[Belarus]] || 1962 || Meteorology [http://www.tvr.by/eng/news.asp?id=15751&date=17.03.2006%2019:31:00#1]<br/>[[Russian Antarctic Expedition]]|| || {{coord|67|39|57.0|S|45|50|33.2|E|type:landmark_region:AQ|name=Molodyozhnaya Station (Russia)}} ||
|-
| [[Neumayer Station]] || Permanent || {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Germany]] || 1992 || [[Alfred Wegener Institute]] || [[Atka Bay]] || {{coord|70|39|5.6|S|08|15|51.9|W|type:landmark_region:AQ|name=Neumayer Station (Germany)}} || {{hs|l}}UTC
|-
| [[Neumayer-Station III]] || Permanent || {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Germany]] || 2009 || [[Alfred Wegener Institute]] || [[Atka Bay]] || {{coord|70|40|8|S|08|16|1.95|W|type:landmark_region:AQ|name=Neumayer-Station III (Germany)}} || {{hs|l}}UTC
|-
| [[Novolazarevskaya Station]] || Permanent || {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Russia]] || 1961 || || [[Queen Maud Land]] || {{coord|70|49|21.1|S|11|38|40.1|E|type:landmark_region:AQ|name=Novolazarevskaya Station (Russia)}} ||
|-
| [[Orcadas Base]] || Permanent || {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Argentina]] || 1904 || [[Instituto Antartico Argentino|Argentine Antarctic Institute]], [[Argentine Navy]] || [[Laurie Island]], [[South Orkney Islands]] || {{coord|60|44|15.5|S|44|44|22|W|type:landmark_region:AQ|name=Orcadas Base (Argentina)}} || {{hs|i}}UTC-3
|-
| [[Palmer Station]] || Permanent || {{flagicon|USA}} [[United States]] || 1968 || Science labs, a dock and a helicopter pad. || [[Anvers Island]] || {{coord|64|46|27.1|S|64|03|11|W|type:landmark_region:AQ|name=Palmer Station (USA)}} || {{hs|h}}UTC-4
|-
| [[Princess Elisabeth Base]] || Permanent || {{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Belgium]] || 2007 || Energy-passive research station. || [[Queen Maud Land]] || {{coord|71|34|12|S|23|12|00|E|type:landmark_region:AQ|name=Princess Elisabeth Base (Belgium)}} ||
|-
| [[Professor Julio Escudero Base]] || Permanent || {{flagicon|Chile}} [[Chile]] || 1994 || [[Instituto Antártico Chileno|Chilean Antarctic Institute]] || [[King George Island (Antarctica)|King George Island]] || {{coord|62|12|4.2|S|58|57|45.3|W|type:landmark_region:AQ|name=Professor Julio Escudero Base (Chile)}} || {{hs|h}}UTC-4*
|-
| [[Progress Station]] || Summer || {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Russia]] || 1988 || [[Russian Antarctic Expedition]] || [[Prydz Bay]] || {{coord|69|22|48.2|S|76|23|19.1|E|type:landmark_region:AQ|name=Progress Station (Russia)}} ||
|-
| [[Rothera Research Station]] || Permanent || {{flagicon|UK}} [[United Kingdom]] || 1975 || [[British Antarctic Survey]] || [[Adelaide Island]] || {{coord|67|34|08.3|S|68|07|29.1|W|type:landmark_region:AQ|name=Rothera Research Station (UK)}} ||
|-
| [[Russkaya Station]] || Re-opening in 2007/2008 || {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Russia]] || 1980 || [[Russian Antarctic Expedition]] || [[Marie Byrd Land]] || {{coord|74|46|00|S|136|52|00|W|type:landmark_region:AQ|name=Russkaya Station (Russia)}} || {{hs|f}}UTC-6<ref name=Ruskaya_Time>http://www.french-polar-team.fr/R1_Russkaya_Station_Antarctica.php</ref>
|-
| [[San Martín Base]] || Permanent || {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Argentina]] || 1951 || [[Instituto Antartico Argentino|Argentine Antarctic Institute]] || [[Barry_Island_(Debenham_Islands)|Barry Island]] || {{coord|68|07|48.9|S|67|06|7.2|W|type:landmark_region:AQ|name=San Martín Base (Argentina)}} || {{hs|i}}UTC-3
|-
| [[SANAE IV]] ([[South African National Antarctic Expedition]]) || Permanent || {{flagicon|South Africa}} [[South Africa]] || 1962 (SANAE I) || [[South African National Antarctic Programme]]|| [[Vesleskarvet]] in [[Queen Maud Land]] || {{coord|71|40|21.9|S|2|50|24.9|W|type:landmark_region:AQ|name=SANAE IV (South Africa)}}||
|-
| [[St. Kliment Ohridski Base]] || Permanent || {{flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[Bulgaria]] || 1988 || Biological research, laboratorial and meteorological measurements. First [[Eastern Orthodoxy|Eastern Orthodox]] chapel, [[St. Ivan Rilski Chapel|St. Ivan Rilski]] || [[Emona Anchorage]], [[Livingston Island (South Shetland Islands)|Livingston Island]] || {{coord|62|38|29|S|60|21|53|W|type:landmark_region:AQ|name=St. Kliment Ohridski Base (Bulgaria)}} ||
|-
| [[Scott Base]] || Permanent || {{flagicon|New Zealand}} [[New Zealand]] || 1957 || Antarctic physical environments, Southern Ocean and Antarctic ecosystems. || [[Ross Island]] || {{coord|77|50|58.5|S|166|46|5.9|E|type:landmark_region:AQ|name=Scott Base (New Zealand)}} || {{hs|x}}UTC+12
|-
| [[Showa Station (Antarctica)|Showa Station]] || Permanent || {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Japan]] || 1957 || [[National Institute of Polar Research]] || [[East Ongul Island]] || {{coord|69|00|15.6|S|39|34|48.9|E|type:landmark_region:AQ|name=Showa Station (Japan)}} || {{hs|o}}UTC+3
|-
| [[Signy Research Station]] || Summer (Permanent 1947-1995)|| {{flagicon|UK}} [[United Kingdom]] || 1947 || [[British Antarctic Survey]] || [[Signy Island]], [[South Orkney Islands]] || {{coord|60|43|S|45|36|W|type:landmark_region:AQ|name=Signy Research Station (UK)}} ||
|-
| [[Siple Station]] || Permanent || {{flagicon|USA}} [[United States]] || 1973 || [[STAR Lab]] || || {{coord|75|55|S|83|55|W|type:landmark_region:AQ|name=Siple Station (USA)}} || {{hs|o}}UTC+3
|-
| [[Svea (research station)|Svea Research Station]] || Summer || {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Sweden]] || 1988 || [[Swedish Polar Research Secretariat]] || [[Queen Maud Land]] || {{coord|74|35|00|S|11|13|00|W|type:landmark_region:AQ|name=Svea (Sweden)}} ||
|-
| [[Tor (research station)|Tor Station]] || Summer || {{flagicon|Norway}} [[Norway]] || 1993 || [[Norwegian Polar Institute]] || [[Queen Maud Land]] || {{coord|71|53|20|S|05|09|30|E|type:landmark_region:AQ|name=Tor Station (Norway)}} ||
|-
| [[Troll (research station)|Troll Station]] || Permanent || {{flagicon|Norway}} [[Norway]] || 1990 || [[Norwegian Polar Institute]] || [[Queen Maud Land]] || {{coord|72|00|43.5|S|2|31|56|E|type:landmark_region:AQ|name=Troll Station (Norway)}} ||
|-
| [[WAIS Divide|WAIS Divide Camp]] || Summer || {{flagicon|USA}} [[United States]] || 2005 || United States Antarctic Program, Collect a deep ice core || [[West Antarctic Ice Sheet]] || {{coord|79|28|S|112|04|W|type:landmark_region:AQ|name=WAIS Divide Camp}} ||
|-
| [[Wasa (research station)|Wasa Research Station]] || Summer || {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Sweden]] || 1989 || Swedish Polar Research Secretariat || [[Queen Maud Land]] || {{coord|73|03|S|13|25|W|type:landmark_region:AQ|name=Wasa Station (Sweden)}} ||
|-
| [[Vostok Station]] || Permanent || {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Russia]] || 1957 || [[Russian Antarctic Expedition]] || [[Antarctic Ice Sheet]] || {{coord|78|27|51.8|S|106|50|14|E|type:landmark_region:AQ|name=Vostok Station (Russia)}} || {{hs|r}}UTC+6
|-
| [[Sun Yat-Sen Station|Zhongshan (Sun Yat-Sen) Station]] || Permanent || {{flagicon|China}} [[China]] || 1989 || [[Polar Research Institute of China]] (PRIC) || [[Larsemann Hills]] in [[Prydz Bay]] || {{coord|69|22|24|S|76|22|12|E|type:landmark_region:AQ|name=Zhongshan (Sun Yat-Sen) Station (China)}} ||


|}
Fish, as well as unintended victims including dolphins, birds, and turtles, are captured in huge fishing trawls and squeezed for hours along with any netted rocks and other debris.
:''*'' Observes [[daylight saving time]].


==See also==
Dragged from the ocean depths, fish undergo excruciating decompression. The intense internal pressure ruptures their swimbladders, pops out their eyes, and pushes their stomachs through their mouths.
*[[Antarctic field camps]]
*[[Demographics of Antarctica]]
*[[List of Antarctic expeditions]]
*[[Transport in Antarctica]]
*[[Winter-over syndrome]]
*[[Drifting ice station]] (for analogous stations in the [[Arctic]])


==References==
They are then tossed onboard where many slowly suffocate or are crushed to death. Others are still alive when their throats and bellies are cut open.[2]
{{reflist|2}}


==External links==
More than 2 billion fish (mainly catfish and trout) are raised on factory farms every year. On such "farms" a 15-inch catfish is allowed only one cubic foot of living space. Rainbow trout are confined in shallow concrete troughs.[3]
*[http://members.eunet.at/castaway/stations/aa-bases.html Research stations]
*[https://www.comnap.aq/facilities COMNAP Main Antarctic Facilities]


{{Antarctica |expanded}}
According to author Joan Dunayer, "Because of crowding and filth, infections and parasite infestations plague intensively reared fishes, whose symptoms include scattered hemorrhages; red, swollen, and oozing gills; eroded skin, tails, and fins; and degeneration of internal organs. Fifty or more skin lice may latch onto a caged salmon from head to tail and eat into the salmon's flesh. Afflicted fishes scrape themselves against their cage in a futile effort to relieve the intense irritation." [4]
{{Polar exploration |state=collapsed}}


<!--Categories-->
At slaughter most salmon are dumped into water infused with carbon dioxide, making it painful for them to breathe. The carbon dioxide paralyzes them, but most are still conscious when their gill arches are slit for bleeding. Catfish are shocked with electricity, but if the current is too weak they remain conscious when their heads are cut off.[5]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Research stations in Antarctica}}
[[Category:Outposts of Antarctica| ]]
[[Category:Science and technology in Antarctica]]
[[Category:Research stations]]
[[Category:Antarctica-related lists]]
[[Category:Government research]]


<!--In other languages-->
Mother pigs (sows), spend most of their lives in individual "gestation" crates that are approximately seven-feet-long and two-feet-wide — too small for them to even turn around. Just before giving birth, they are moved to "farrowing" crates, which are not large enough for them to even turn around or build nests for their young.[1]
[[af:Antarktiese navorsingstasies]]

[[ar:ملحق:قائمة القواعد في أنتاركتيكا]]
According to a March 2004 article in the Des Moines Register, "A pregnant sow's biological need to build a nest before having her litter is so great that some sows confined in modern hog buildings will rub their snouts raw on the concrete floor while trying to satisfy the drive."
[[da:Polarstationer i Antarktis]]

[[de:Forschungsstationen in der Antarktis]]
The deprived environment produces neurotic coping behaviors such as repetitive bar biting, sham chewing (chewing nothing), and obsessively pressing on water bottles.[2,3]
[[es:Anexo:Bases antárticas permanentes]]

[[eo:Esploraj stacioj en Antarkto]]
After visiting several pig factory farms, investigator Lauren Ornelas wrote, "what will remain with me forever is the sound of desperate pigs banging their heads against immovable doors and their constant and repeated biting at the prison bars that held them captive. This, I now know, is a sign of mental collapse."
[[fr:Liste de bases antarctiques]]

[[os:Антарктикон станцæты номхыгъд]]

[[it:Basi scientifiche in Antartide]]
Piglets are taken from their mothers when they are as young as 10 days old and packed into pens until they are separated to be raised for breeding or meat. They too are overcrowded and prone to stress-related behaviors, such as cannibalism and tail-biting.
[[hu:Antarktiszi kutatóállomások listája]]

[[nl:Lijst van onderzoeksstations op Antarctica]]
Rather than give the animals more space and a better environment to prevent these problems, factory farmers chop off the piglets' tails and often use pliers to break off the ends of their teeth.[4] Factory farmers also rip chunks out of the young animals' ears for identification purposes and rip out the males' testicles to prevent them from producing sexual pheremones[5]. All of these excruciating procedures are done without any use of painkillers.[6]
[[ja:南極観測基地の一覧]]

[[no:Forskningsstasjoner i Antarktis]]
According to a November 10, 2002 article in the New York Times, "Sick pigs, being unproductive 'production units' are clubbed to death on the spot." Other common methods used to kill sick pigs include: "thumping" (slamming animals' heads against the floor until they die), drowning them with a hose, and standing on their necks.[7, 8, 9]
[[pl:Stacje polarne w Antarktyce]]

[[pt:Anexo:Lista de estações de pesquisas na Antártica]]
Approximately 100 million pigs are killed in the U.S. each year.[10] Cruelty at slaughterhouses is commonplace. An April 10, 2001 story in the Washington Post reports that, "Hogs...are dunked in tanks of hot water after they are stunned to soften the hides for skinning. As a result, a botched slaughter condemns some hogs to being scalded and drowned. Secret videotape from an Iowa pork plant shows hogs squealing and kicking as they are being lowered into the water."
[[ru:Список полярных станций в Антарктике]]

[[sr:Становништво и насеља на Антарктику]]
According to slaughter plant worker, Tommy Vladak, "After they left me, the hogs would go up a hundred-foot ramp to a tank where they're dunked in 140° water...Water any hotter than that would take the meat right off their bones...There's no way these animals can bleed out in the few minutes it takes to get up the ramp. By the time they hit the scalding tank, they're still fully conscious and squealing. Happens all the time." [11]
[[sv:Lista över forskningsstationer i Antarktis]]

[[uk:Антарктичні дослідницькі станції]]
[[zh:南极科学考察站]]
Pigs "have the cognitive ability to be quite sophisticated. Even more so than dogs and certainly [more so than] three-year-olds," says Dr. Donald Broom, Cambridge University professor and former scientific advisor to the Council of Europe. One study found that they can even learn to play simple video games.

Pigs naturally live and spend their time in groups. They express friendships with each other through vocalizations and body language. Like human children, piglets are particularly fond of play and chase one another, play-fight, tumble down hills, and generally engage in a wide variety of enjoyable activities. Pigs are very active, traveling up to 30 miles a day at a quick pace. Noted ethologist, Dr. Alex Stolba, observed that pigs living in a natural environment also spend much of their day grazing and rooting. Pigs raised on factory farms are denied all of these behaviors.


Over 95% of the chickens raised to lay eggs in the U.S. are forced to live crammed together inside battery cages, small barren wire cages stacked in rows inside filthy windowless sheds that can stretch the length of two football fields.[1]

To see a battery cage from the hen's perspective, click on the animation below:



Typical battery cages confine five to 11 hens. With each hen given less than half a square foot of living space (an area less than a standard 8.5" x 11" piece of paper), she is unable to walk freely or even fully stretch her wings.[2]

Virtually every natural instinct and desire is thwarted by the battery cage, denying the hens the ability to build a nest, forage, roost, dust bathe, see the sun, or even feel the earth or grass below their feet.


In addition to the severe mental and social deprivation, forcing a naturally active bird to spend her entire life in a cramped and nearly stationary position causes numerous health problems including lameness, bone brittleness, and muscle weakness.[3]

Nearly 30% of hens have broken bones at the time they are slaughtered.[4]

Sickness and disease run rampant in these squalid living conditions, but in an attempt to minimize costs, even the sickest of hens are denied veterinary care.

Because egg laying is cyclical, and waiting for that cycle to proceed naturally does not always maximize profits, many egg farms use a technique called "forced molting" in which hens are starved for up to 12 days in order to stress their bodies into another egg laying cycle.[5] Poultry researcher Dr. Ian Duncan calls forced molting "a barbaric practice" which causes "great suffering", but the practice continues in the name of profit.[6]

Since 2000, numerous undercover investigations at egg farms in Ohio[7], Connecticut[8], Minnesota[9], Maryland[10], and New Jersey[11] have illustrated that cruelty is not the exception, but rather the rule.

The investigations have documented the following widespread abuses:

Hens with broken, damaged, and feces-covered feathers packed into tiny wire battery cages so small they cannot even spread their wings.
Diseased hens suffering from huge, untreated growths and infections, as well as blindness, and birds unable to walk.
Hens trapped in the wire of their cages, left without any access to food or water.
Dead hens left to decompose in cages with live hens still producing eggs for human consumption.
Hens who have escaped their cages wandering in manure pits with no access to water.
Live hens thrown away in trash bins or dumpsters, left to die among carcasses.
For every egg-laying hen confined in a battery cage, there is a male chick who was killed at the hatchery. Because egg-laying chicken breeds have been genetically selected exclusively for maximum egg production, they don't grow fast or large enough to be profitably raised for meat. Consequently, male chicks of egg-laying breeds are of no economic value and are literally discarded the day they hatch, usually by the cheapest, most convenient means available. Every day, hundreds of thousands of male chicks are killed by suffocation in plastic bags, decapitation, gassing, being left to die in dumpsters, or being thrown alive into grinders.[12,13,14]

Once a hen's egg production declines, she will either be slaughtered for low-grade chicken meat products or disposed of like her brothers by being thrown alive into a grinding machine or suffocated in a plastic bag or dumpster.[15,16] Another method of disposal used by the egg industry is to pack the live hens into containers and bulldoze them into the ground, thus burying them alive.[17]

During the pre-dawn hours of a cold December morning, two undercover Mercy For Animals investigators discovered a hen they later named Hope. She had been tossed in a trashcan by a worker at the egg farm and left to die amid the rotting bodies of countless dead hens.

As one investigator recalled, "The already unbearable consciousness of this hell worsened when I noticed movement in one of the trash bins. I easily would have mistaken this hen, determined to survive, for a lifeless corpse had she not lifted her tiny head, stared at me with curiosity, and blinked her eyes from atop the pile."

Hope was given a second chance at life that morning when investigators reached into that rusted steel bin and lifted her to safety. Today, after being left for dead by the egg industry, Hope has fully recovered. Her sinus infection, wing hematoma, bruises, abrasions, and damaged feathers have all been treated and cured. Today she lives free of the cruel battery cage, enjoying the company of other rescued chickens on a wonderful farmed animal sanctuary.

As more and more people are switching from beef to poultry, the number of birds raised and killed for meat is sky-rocketing.

More than 8 billion "broiler" (meat-type) chickens and over 270 million turkeys are slaughtered each year in the United States.[1]

Overcrowded by the thousands into ammonia-laden sheds where disease runs rampant, the birds often cannot even flap their wings.[2,3] Most will never see sunlight or breathe fresh air, except on their way to the slaughterhouse.

The birds are forced to breathe air from oxygen-deficient sheds, full of pathogenic microbes, carbon dioxide, methane, hydrogen sulfide, excretory ammonia fumes, and lung-destroying dust and dander. The high ammonia levels cause painful skin and respiratory problems for the birds.[4]


Chickens have been genetically manipulated to grow much larger and more quickly than their ancestors. According to a May 26, 1997 article in Feedstuffs, an agribusiness journal, "...broilers now grow so rapidly that the heart and lungs are not developed well enough to support the remainder of the body, resulting in congestive heart failure and tremendous death losses."

Modern broiler chickens also experience crippling leg disorders and lameness because their legs are not capable of supporting their abnormally heavy bodies.

Researchers have found that this lameness is so chronically painful that lame chickens will repeatedly choose food that has painkillers added to it over regular feed.[5] Another study found that 26% of broiler chickens are severely crippled and that 90% cannot walk normally.[6]

Turkeys also suffer from unnatural breeding. According to another Feedstuffs article, "turkeys have been bred to grow faster and heavier but their skeletons haven't kept pace, which causes 'cowboy legs'. Some turkeys have problems standing and fall and are trampled on..." [7]

Those who don't die on the factory farm are shipped to the slaughterhouse at just a fraction of their natural lifespan. At the slaughterhouse, fully conscious chickens and turkeys are shackled upside-down by their ankles to a moving conveyor belt. The birds are then given intensely painful electric shocks[8], which are intended to immobilize them to make it easier to slit their throats.[9] The shocks are frequently not powerful enough to render them unconscious.[10] After being shocked, the birds' throats are slashed, usually by a mechanical blade, and blood begins rushing out of their bodies.

Inevitably, the blade misses some birds who then proceed to the next station on the assembly line: the scalding tank. According to USDA statistics, millions of birds every year have their bodies submerged in scalding hot water (about 143° F) while they are fully conscious.[11,12,13] According to Virgil Butler, a former Tyson slaughterhouse worker, "When this happens, the chickens flop, scream, kick, and their eyeballs pop out of their heads. Then, they often come out the other end with broken bones and disfigured and missing body parts because they've struggled so much in the tank."

Poultry are not protected under the Humane Slaughter Act or the Animal Welfare Act.

Chickens are inquisitive animals who, when in natural surroundings, enjoy dust-bathing, making nests, roosting in trees, and searching for food.
Like us, chickens form friendships and strong family ties. They love their young and mourn the loss of loved ones.

According to animal behaviorist Dr. Chris Evans, chickens are as smart as mammals, including some primates. He explains that chickens are able to understand that recently hidden objects still exist, which is beyond the capacity of small children. Furthermore, Dr. Joy Mench, professor and director of the Center for Animal Welfare at the University of California at Davis explains, "Chickens show sophisticated social behavior. They can recognize more than a hundred other chickens and remember them. They have more than thirty types of vocalizations."

Cattle raised for beef are subjected to numerous painful procedures during their lives. These include the repeated infliction of third degree burns (branding), having their testicles ripped out (castration), and the removal of their horns. To minimize costs, all of these practices are routinely conducted without any painkillers.[1]

The majority of cattle spend their lives on overcrowded feedlots, "standing ankle deep in their own waste eating a diet that makes them sick", as Michael Pollen writes in the New York Times.

Typical cattle feed includes corn which the animals cannot properly digest, and "fillers" such as sawdust or chicken manure. This unnatural diet can lead to an array of health problems, such as bloat, acidosis (bovine heart burn), diarrhea, ulcers, liver disease, and general weakening of the immune system.[2]

During transport to feedlots, auctions, and slaughterhouses, cattle also endure extreme cruelty. Food is not given to the animals during transport or the day before since it will not be converted into profitable flesh. Some cattle succumb to pneumonia, dehydration, or heat exhaustion, and may even freeze to the sides of transport vehicles during long trips.

Dr. Lester Friedlander, a former USDA veterinarian, put it this way: "In the summertime, when it's 90, 95 degrees, they're transporting cattle from 12 to 15 hundred miles away on a trailer, 40 to 45 head crammed in there, and some collapse from heat exhaustion. This past winter, we had minus-50-degree weather with the wind chill. Can you imagine if you were in the back of a trailer that's open and the wind-chill factor is minus 50 degrees, and that trailer is going 50 to 60 miles an hour?" [3]


Those who make it to the slaughterhouse alive are often electrically prodded off the truck.

Federal law requires that cattle be stunned (rendered insensible to pain) prior to slaughter. Most cattle are shot in the head with a "pistol" that thrusts a metal rod through the skull and into the brain. However, the law is rarely enforced and routinely violated since shooting a struggling animal is difficult and production lines move at an alarming pace.[4] As a result, some animals go through the slaughter process kicking and screaming as they are skinned and dismembered while fully conscious.

An April 10, 2001 Washington Post expose revealed: "It takes 25 minutes to turn a live steer into steak at the modern slaughterhouse where Ramon Moreno works... The cattle were supposed to be dead before they got to Moreno. But too often they weren't. 'They blink. They make noises,' he said softly. 'The head moves, the eyes are wide and looking around.' Still Moreno would cut. On bad days, he says, dozens of animals reached his station clearly alive and conscious. Some would survive as far as the tail cutter, the belly ripper, and the hide puller. 'They die,' said Moreno, 'piece by piece.'"

Cows produce milk for the same reason that humans do—to nourish their young—but calves born on dairy farms are taken from their mothers when they are just one day old and fed milk replacers so that humans can have the milk instead.[1,2]

In order to keep a steady supply of milk, the cows are repeatedly impregnated. Several times a day, dairy cows are hooked by their udders to electronic milking machines that can cause the cows to suffer electrical shocks, painful lesions, and mastitis.

Some spend their entire lives standing on concrete floors; others are crammed into massive mud lots.


Although cows would naturally make only enough milk to meet the needs of their calves (around 16 pounds a day), genetic manipulation, antibiotics, and hormones are used to force each cow to produce more than 18,000 pounds of milk a year (an average of 50 pounds a day).[3,4,5]

Cows on factory farms suffer from a variety of health problems including mastitis, a painful inflammation of the mammary glands. In order to further increase profits, Bovine Growth Hormone (BGH), a synthetic hormone, is now being injected into cows to get them to produce even more milk. The hormones adversely affect the cows' health and increase the rate of birth defects in their calves.[6] BGH may also cause breast and prostate cancer in humans.[7]

Cows have a natural lifespan of about 25 years and can produce milk for eight or nine years, but the stress caused by factory farm conditions leads to disease, lameness, and reproductive problems that render cows worthless to the dairy industry by the time they are four or five years old, at which time they are sent to the slaughterhouse.[8,9]

cruelty in a crate
Few consumers realize that veal is a direct by-product of the dairy industry. Dairy cows must be impregnated in order to produce milk. While female calves are slaughtered or added to the dairy herd, many male calves are taken from their mothers when they are as young as one day old and chained in tiny stalls to be raised for veal.[10,11]

The confinement is so extreme that they cannot even turn around or lie down comfortably.[12] As author John Robbins notes, "The veal calf would actually have more space if, instead of chaining him in such a stall, you stuffed him into the trunk of a subcompact car and kept him there for his entire life."


Many veal calves are deliberately kept anemic in order to produce light-colored meat, which fetches higher prices in restaurants. Their liquid-based, iron-deficient diets cause numerous health problems.

Motherless and alone, they suffer from ulcers, diarrhea, pneumonia, and lameness.[13,14] After three to 18 weeks of this deprivation, they are trucked to the slaughterhouse and butchered.

Cows are extremely gentle and affectionate animals. They form strong bonds with one another, particularly between mother and child. As Michael Klaper M.D. recalls: "The very saddest sound in all my memory was burned into my awareness at age five on my uncle's dairy farm in Wisconsin. A cow had given birth to a beautiful male calf...On the second day after birth, my uncle took the calf from the mother and placed him in the veal pen in the barn—only ten yards away, in plain view of his mother. The mother cow could see her infant, smell him, hear him, but could not touch him, comfort him, or nurse him. The heartrending bellows that she poured forth—minute after minute, hour after hour, for five long days—were excruciating to listen to. They are the most poignant and painful auditory memories I carry in my brain."

Revision as of 21:50, 13 January 2013

Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap

Download coordinates as:

A number of governments maintain permanent research stations in Antarctica and these bases are widely distributed. Unlike the bases set up in the Arctic (see Drifting ice station), the research stations of the Antarctic are constructed either on rock or on ice that is (for practical purposes) fixed in place.

Map shows the location of permanent Antarctic research stations

Many of the stations are staffed around the year. A total of 30 countries (as of October 2006), all signatories to the Antarctic Treaty, operate seasonal (summer) and year-round research stations on the continent. The population of people doing and supporting science on the continent and nearby islands varies from approximately 4,000 during the summer season to 1,000 during winter.[citation needed] In addition to these permanent stations, approximately 30 field camps are established each summer to support specific projects.[1][dubious – discuss]

Research stations

Base Open Country Established Operator Situation Coordinates Time zone
Aboa Summer Finland Finland 1988 Finnish Antarctic Research Program Queen Maud Land 73°03′S 13°25′W / 73.050°S 13.417°W / -73.050; -13.417 (Aboa (Finland))
Vernadsky Research Base Permanent Ukraine Ukraine 1994 Galindez Island 65°14′44.6″S 64°15′26″W / 65.245722°S 64.25722°W / -65.245722; -64.25722 (Vernadsky Research Base (Ukraine)) UTC-3
Almirante Brown Antarctic Base Summer Argentina Argentina 1951 Argentine Antarctic Institute Antarctic Peninsula 64°53′42.4″S 62°52′16.8″W / 64.895111°S 62.871333°W / -64.895111; -62.871333 (Almirante Brown Antarctic Base (Argentina)) UTC-3
Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station Permanent United States United States 1957 United States Antarctic Program Geographical South Pole 90°S 0°E / 90°S 0°E / -90; 0 (Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station (USA)) UTC+12*
Artigas Base Permanent Uruguay Uruguay 1984 Uruguayan Antarctic Institute King George Island 62°11′3.4″S 58°54′11.9″W / 62.184278°S 58.903306°W / -62.184278; -58.903306 (Artigas Base (Uruguay)) UTC-3
Asuka Station unmanned observation Japan Japan 1985 National Institute of Polar Research Queen Maud Land 71°31′34″S 24°08′17″E / 71.52611°S 24.13806°E / -71.52611; 24.13806 (Asuka Station (Japan))
Belgrano II Permanent Argentina Argentina 1979 Argentine Antarctic Institute Coats Land 77°52′27.8″S 34°37′14.9″W / 77.874389°S 34.620806°W / -77.874389; -34.620806 (General Belgrano II (Argentina)) UTC-3
Bellingshausen Station Permanent Russia Russia 1968 King George Island 62°11′47″S 58°57′39″W / 62.19639°S 58.96083°W / -62.19639; -58.96083 (Bellingshausen Station (Russia))
Bernardo O'Higgins Station Permanent Chile Chile 1948 Chilean Army, Logistics Antarctic Peninsula 63°19′15″S 57°53′56.2″W / 63.32083°S 57.898944°W / -63.32083; -57.898944 (Bernardo O'Higgins Riquelme Station (Chile)) UTC-4*
Bharati Permanent India India 2012 Indian Antarctic Program Larsemann Hills 69°24′28″S 76°11′14″E / 69.40778°S 76.18722°E / -69.40778; 76.18722 (Bharathi Station (India))
Byrd Station Summer United States United States 1957 United States Antarctic Program Marie Byrd Land 80°01′00″S 119°32′00″W / 80.01667°S 119.53333°W / -80.01667; -119.53333 (Byrd Station (USA))
Captain Arturo Prat Base Permanent Chile Chile 1947 Chilean Navy Greenwich Island 62°28′45″S 59°39′51″W / 62.47917°S 59.66417°W / -62.47917; -59.66417 (Captain Arturo Prat Base (Chile)) UTC-4*
Casey Station Permanent Australia Australia 1957 Australian Antarctic Division Vincennes Bay 66°16′55.6″S 110°31′31.9″E / 66.282111°S 110.525528°E / -66.282111; 110.525528 (Casey Station (Australia)) UTC+8
Comandante Ferraz Brazilian Antarctic Base Permanent Brazil Brazil 1984 Brazilian Antarctic Program King George Island 62°05′00″S 58°23′28.2″W / 62.08333°S 58.391167°W / -62.08333; -58.391167 (Comandante Ferraz Brazilian Antarctic Base (Brazil))
Concordia Station Permanent France France
Italy Italy		 2005 Dome C, Antarctic Plateau 75°06′00″S 123°20′00″E / 75.10000°S 123.33333°E / -75.10000; 123.33333 (Concordia Station (France))
Dakshin Gangotri Station Replaced by Maitri Station India India 1984~1991 Indian Antarctic Program Queen Maud Land 70°45′S 11°46′E / 70.750°S 11.767°E / -70.750; 11.767 (Dakshin Gangotri Station (India))
Davis Station Permanent Australia Australia 1957 Australian Antarctic Division Princess Elizabeth Land 68°34′35.3″S 77°58′9.2″E / 68.576472°S 77.969222°E / -68.576472; 77.969222 (Davis Station (Australia)) UTC+7
Dome Fuji Station Permanent Japan Japan 1995 National Institute of Polar Research Queen Maud Land 77°19′01″S 39°42′12″E / 77.31694°S 39.70333°E / -77.31694; 39.70333 (Dome Fuji Station (Japan))
Dumont d'Urville Station Permanent France France 1956 Adélie Land 66°39′47.3″S 140°00′5.3″E / 66.663139°S 140.001472°E / -66.663139; 140.001472 (Dumont d'Urville Station (France)) UTC+10
Base Presidente Eduardo Frei Montalva and Villa Las Estrellas Permanent Chile Chile 1969 Chilean Air Force King George Island 62°11.7′S 58°58.7′W / 62.1950°S 58.9783°W / -62.1950; -58.9783 (Base Presidente Eduardo Frei Montalva (Chile)) UTC-4*
Esperanza Base Permanent Argentina Argentina 1975 Argentine Antarctic Institute Hope Bay 63°23′50.3″S 56°59′49.3″W / 63.397306°S 56.997028°W / -63.397306; -56.997028 (Esperanza Base (Argentina)) UTC-3
Gabriel de Castilla Spanish Antarctic Station Summer Spain Spain 1989 Marine biology [2] Deception Island 62°58′40.5″S 60°33′38.4″W / 62.977917°S 60.560667°W / -62.977917; -60.560667 (Gabriel de Castilla Spanish Antarctic Station (Spain))
Georg von Neumayer Station Replaced by Neumayer Station Germany Germany 1981-1992 Alfred Wegener Institute Queen Maud Land 70°37′00″S 08°22′00″W / 70.61667°S 8.36667°W / -70.61667; -8.36667 (Georg von Neumayer Station (Germany)) UTC
Gonzalez Videla Station Summer Chile Chile 1951 Chilean Air Force Paradise Bay, Water Boat Point. 64°49′24″S 62°51′29″W / 64.82333°S 62.85806°W / -64.82333; -62.85806 (Gonzalez Videla Station (Chile))
Great Wall Station Permanent China China 1985 Meteorology King George Island 62°13′02″S 58°57′41.5″W / 62.21722°S 58.961528°W / -62.21722; -58.961528 (Great Wall Station (China))
Halley Research Station Permanent United Kingdom United Kingdom 1956 British Antarctic Survey Brunt Ice Shelf 75°35′00″S 26°34′00″W / 75.58333°S 26.56667°W / -75.58333; -26.56667 (Halley Research Station (UK))
Henryk Arctowski Polish Antarctic Station Permanent Poland Poland 1977 Oceanobiology, Oceanography, Geology, Geomorphology, Glaciology, Meteorology, Climatology, Seismology, Magnetism and Ecology King George Island 62°09′0.14″S 058°28′2.1″W / 62.1500389°S 58.467250°W / -62.1500389; -58.467250 (Henryk Arctowski Polish Antarctic Station (Poland))
Jang Bogo Station (proposed) Permanent South Korea South Korea 2014 Korea Antarctic Research Program Terra Nova Bay
Jinnah Antarctic Station Summer Pakistan Pakistan 1991 Pakistan Antarctic Programme Sør Rondane Mountains, Queen Maud Land 70°24′S 25°45′E / 70.400°S 25.750°E / -70.400; 25.750 (Jinnah Antarctic Station (Pakistan))
Juan Carlos I Antarctic Base Summer Spain Spain 1988 CSIC. Laboratory, investigation and meteorogical station. [3] South Bay, Livingston Island 62°39′45.9″S 60°23′25.3″W / 62.662750°S 60.390361°W / -62.662750; -60.390361 (Juan Carlos I Base (Spain))
Jubany Permanent Argentina Argentina 1953 Argentine Antarctic Institute King George Island 62°14′16.7″S 58°40′0.2″W / 62.237972°S 58.666722°W / -62.237972; -58.666722 (Jubany (Argentina)) UTC-3
King Sejong Station Permanent South Korea South Korea 1988 Korea Antarctic Research Program King George Island 62°13′23.2″S 58°47′13.4″W / 62.223111°S 58.787056°W / -62.223111; -58.787056 (King Sejong Station (South Korea))
Kohnen-Station Summer Germany Germany 2001 Alfred Wegener Institute Queen Maud Land 75°00′S 00°04′E / 75.000°S 0.067°E / -75.000; 0.067 (Kohnen-Station (Germany))
Kunlun Station Summer China China 2009 Chinese Arctic and Antarctic Administration Dome A 80°25′01″S 77°06′58″E / 80.41694°S 77.11611°E / -80.41694; 77.11611 (Kunlun Station (China))
Law-Racoviţă Station Summer Romania Romania 1986 Romanian Polar Research Institute Larsemann Hills, Princess Elizabeth Land 69°23′18.9″S 76°22′50.75″E / 69.388583°S 76.3807639°E / -69.388583; 76.3807639 (Law-Racoviţă Station (Romania))
Leningradskaya Station Re-opening in 2007/2008 Russia Russia 1971 Russian Antarctic Expedition Oates Coast, Victoria Land 69°30′00″S 159°23′00″E / 69.50000°S 159.38333°E / -69.50000; 159.38333 (Leningradskaya Station (Russia))
Machu Picchu Research Station Summer Peru Peru 1989 Peruvian Antarctic Institute (INANPE) [4] Admiralty Bay, King George Island 62°05′29.9″S 58°28′15.4″W / 62.091639°S 58.470944°W / -62.091639; -58.470944 (Machu Picchu Research Station (Peru))
Maitri Station Permanent India India 1989 Indian Antarctic Program Schirmacher Oasis 70°45′57.7″S 11°43′56.2″E / 70.766028°S 11.732278°E / -70.766028; 11.732278 (Maitri Station (India))
Maldonado Base Summer Ecuador Ecuador 1990 Greenwich Island 62°26′56.6″S 59°44′29″W / 62.449056°S 59.74139°W / -62.449056; -59.74139 (Maldonado Base (Ecuador))
Marambio Base Permanent Argentina Argentina 1969 Argentine Antarctic Institute Seymour-Marambio Island 64°14′27.1″S 56°37′26.7″W / 64.240861°S 56.624083°W / -64.240861; -56.624083 (Marambio Base (Argentina)) UTC-3
Mario Zucchelli Station Summer Italy Italy 1986 Oceanobiology, Oceanography, Geology, Geomorphology, Glaciology, Meteorology, Climatology, Seismology, Magnetism and Ecology [5] Terra Nova Bay, Ross Sea 74°41′39.9″S 164°06′46.5″E / 74.694417°S 164.112917°E / -74.694417; 164.112917 (Mario Zucchelli Station (Italy)) UTC+12
Mawson Station Permanent Australia Australia 1954 Australian Antarctic Division Mac Robertson Land 67°36′10.1″S 62°52′22.8″E / 67.602806°S 62.873000°E / -67.602806; 62.873000 (Mawson Station (Australia)) UTC+6
McMurdo Station Permanent United States United States 1956 United States Antarctic Program Ross Island 77°50′43.4″S 166°40′11.2″E / 77.845389°S 166.669778°E / -77.845389; 166.669778 (McMurdo Station (USA)) UTC+12*
Mendel Polar Station Summer Czech Republic Czech Republic 2006 biological, geological and climate research James Ross Island 63°48′6.5″S 57°53′7.9″W / 63.801806°S 57.885528°W / -63.801806; -57.885528 (Mendel Polar Station (Czech Republic))
Mirny Station Permanent Russia Russia 1956 glaciology, seismology, meteorology, polar lights, cosmic radiation, and marine biology Davis Sea 66°33′10.4″S 93°00′34.8″E / 66.552889°S 93.009667°E / -66.552889; 93.009667 (Mirny Station (Russia))
Mizuho Station irregular (transshipment station) Japan Japan 1970 National Institute of Polar Research 70°41′53″S 44°19′54″E / 70.69806°S 44.33167°E / -70.69806; 44.33167 (Mizuho Station (Japan))
Molodyozhnaya Station Re-opening in 2007/2008 Russia Russia
Belarus Belarus		 1962 Meteorology [1]
Russian Antarctic Expedition		 67°39′57.0″S 45°50′33.2″E / 67.665833°S 45.842556°E / -67.665833; 45.842556 (Molodyozhnaya Station (Russia))
Neumayer Station Permanent Germany Germany 1992 Alfred Wegener Institute Atka Bay 70°39′5.6″S 08°15′51.9″W / 70.651556°S 8.264417°W / -70.651556; -8.264417 (Neumayer Station (Germany)) UTC
Neumayer-Station III Permanent Germany Germany 2009 Alfred Wegener Institute Atka Bay 70°40′8″S 08°16′1.95″W / 70.66889°S 8.2672083°W / -70.66889; -8.2672083 (Neumayer-Station III (Germany)) UTC
Novolazarevskaya Station Permanent Russia Russia 1961 Queen Maud Land 70°49′21.1″S 11°38′40.1″E / 70.822528°S 11.644472°E / -70.822528; 11.644472 (Novolazarevskaya Station (Russia))
Orcadas Base Permanent Argentina Argentina 1904 Argentine Antarctic Institute, Argentine Navy Laurie Island, South Orkney Islands 60°44′15.5″S 44°44′22″W / 60.737639°S 44.73944°W / -60.737639; -44.73944 (Orcadas Base (Argentina)) UTC-3
Palmer Station Permanent United States United States 1968 Science labs, a dock and a helicopter pad. Anvers Island 64°46′27.1″S 64°03′11″W / 64.774194°S 64.05306°W / -64.774194; -64.05306 (Palmer Station (USA)) UTC-4
Princess Elisabeth Base Permanent Belgium Belgium 2007 Energy-passive research station. Queen Maud Land 71°34′12″S 23°12′00″E / 71.57000°S 23.20000°E / -71.57000; 23.20000 (Princess Elisabeth Base (Belgium))
Professor Julio Escudero Base Permanent Chile Chile 1994 Chilean Antarctic Institute King George Island 62°12′4.2″S 58°57′45.3″W / 62.201167°S 58.962583°W / -62.201167; -58.962583 (Professor Julio Escudero Base (Chile)) UTC-4*
Progress Station Summer Russia Russia 1988 Russian Antarctic Expedition Prydz Bay 69°22′48.2″S 76°23′19.1″E / 69.380056°S 76.388639°E / -69.380056; 76.388639 (Progress Station (Russia))
Rothera Research Station Permanent United Kingdom United Kingdom 1975 British Antarctic Survey Adelaide Island 67°34′08.3″S 68°07′29.1″W / 67.568972°S 68.124750°W / -67.568972; -68.124750 (Rothera Research Station (UK))
Russkaya Station Re-opening in 2007/2008 Russia Russia 1980 Russian Antarctic Expedition Marie Byrd Land 74°46′00″S 136°52′00″W / 74.76667°S 136.86667°W / -74.76667; -136.86667 (Russkaya Station (Russia)) UTC-6[6]
San Martín Base Permanent Argentina Argentina 1951 Argentine Antarctic Institute Barry Island 68°07′48.9″S 67°06′7.2″W / 68.130250°S 67.102000°W / -68.130250; -67.102000 (San Martín Base (Argentina)) UTC-3
SANAE IV (South African National Antarctic Expedition) Permanent South Africa South Africa 1962 (SANAE I) South African National Antarctic Programme Vesleskarvet in Queen Maud Land 71°40′21.9″S 2°50′24.9″W / 71.672750°S 2.840250°W / -71.672750; -2.840250 (SANAE IV (South Africa))
St. Kliment Ohridski Base Permanent Bulgaria Bulgaria 1988 Biological research, laboratorial and meteorological measurements. First Eastern Orthodox chapel, St. Ivan Rilski Emona Anchorage, Livingston Island 62°38′29″S 60°21′53″W / 62.64139°S 60.36472°W / -62.64139; -60.36472 (St. Kliment Ohridski Base (Bulgaria))
Scott Base Permanent New Zealand New Zealand 1957 Antarctic physical environments, Southern Ocean and Antarctic ecosystems. Ross Island 77°50′58.5″S 166°46′5.9″E / 77.849583°S 166.768306°E / -77.849583; 166.768306 (Scott Base (New Zealand)) UTC+12
Showa Station Permanent Japan Japan 1957 National Institute of Polar Research East Ongul Island 69°00′15.6″S 39°34′48.9″E / 69.004333°S 39.580250°E / -69.004333; 39.580250 (Showa Station (Japan)) UTC+3
Signy Research Station Summer (Permanent 1947-1995) United Kingdom United Kingdom 1947 British Antarctic Survey Signy Island, South Orkney Islands 60°43′S 45°36′W / 60.717°S 45.600°W / -60.717; -45.600 (Signy Research Station (UK))
Siple Station Permanent United States United States 1973 STAR Lab 75°55′S 83°55′W / 75.917°S 83.917°W / -75.917; -83.917 (Siple Station (USA)) UTC+3
Svea Research Station Summer Sweden Sweden 1988 Swedish Polar Research Secretariat Queen Maud Land 74°35′00″S 11°13′00″W / 74.58333°S 11.21667°W / -74.58333; -11.21667 (Svea (Sweden))
Tor Station Summer Norway Norway 1993 Norwegian Polar Institute Queen Maud Land 71°53′20″S 05°09′30″E / 71.88889°S 5.15833°E / -71.88889; 5.15833 (Tor Station (Norway))
Troll Station Permanent Norway Norway 1990 Norwegian Polar Institute Queen Maud Land 72°00′43.5″S 2°31′56″E / 72.012083°S 2.53222°E / -72.012083; 2.53222 (Troll Station (Norway))
WAIS Divide Camp Summer United States United States 2005 United States Antarctic Program, Collect a deep ice core West Antarctic Ice Sheet 79°28′S 112°04′W / 79.467°S 112.067°W / -79.467; -112.067 (WAIS Divide Camp)
Wasa Research Station Summer Sweden Sweden 1989 Swedish Polar Research Secretariat Queen Maud Land 73°03′S 13°25′W / 73.050°S 13.417°W / -73.050; -13.417 (Wasa Station (Sweden))
Vostok Station Permanent Russia Russia 1957 Russian Antarctic Expedition Antarctic Ice Sheet 78°27′51.8″S 106°50′14″E / 78.464389°S 106.83722°E / -78.464389; 106.83722 (Vostok Station (Russia)) UTC+6
Zhongshan (Sun Yat-Sen) Station Permanent China China 1989 Polar Research Institute of China (PRIC) Larsemann Hills in Prydz Bay 69°22′24″S 76°22′12″E / 69.37333°S 76.37000°E / -69.37333; 76.37000 (Zhongshan (Sun Yat-Sen) Station (China))
* Observes daylight saving time.

See also

References

  1. ^ 4.0 Antarctica - Past and Present
  2. ^ BAE Gabriel de Castilla
  3. ^ SAS Juan Carlos I
  4. ^ INANPE
  5. ^ Una finestra sull'Antartide
  6. ^ http://www.french-polar-team.fr/R1_Russkaya_Station_Antarctica.php
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Research_stations_in_Antarctica&oldid=532923852"