Jump to content

Kołobrzeg: Difference between revisions

Coordinates: 54°11′N 15°35′E / 54.183°N 15.583°E / 54.183; 15.583
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Too much weight is being put on a single source in German without preview in Google Books to confirm the accuracy of working translation
restore source. The source is an excellent scholary work by an expert and verifiable.
Line 48: Line 48:
=== Early Middle Ages: Slavic Pomeranian stronghold ===
=== Early Middle Ages: Slavic Pomeranian stronghold ===


Slavic immigration reached [[Farther Pomerania]] in the 7th century.<ref>Jan M Piskorski, Pommern im Wandel der Zeit, 1999, p.29 ISBN 839061848</ref><ref>Ole Harck, Christian Lübke, Zwischen Reric und Bornhöved: Die Beziehungen zwischen den Dänen und ihren slawischen Nachbarn vom 9. Bis ins 13. Jahrhundert: Beiträge einer internationalen Konferenz, Leipzig, 4.-6. Dezember 1997, Franz Steiner Verlag, 2001, p.15, ISBN 3515076719</ref> In the late 9th century, a [[Pomeranians (Slavic tribe)|Slavic Pomeranian]] stronghold was built at the site of modern [[Budzistowo]]<ref name=Schich>Winfried Schich, Ralf Gebuhr, Peter Neumeister, ''Wirtschaft und Kulturlandschaft: Gesammelte Beiträge 1977 bis 1999 zur Geschichte der Zisterzienser und der "[[Germania Slavica]]", BWV Verlag, 2007, p.280, ISBN 3830503784</ref> near modern Kołobrzeg,<ref name=Koebler341>Gerhard Köbler, ''Historisches Lexikon der Deutschen Länder: die deutschen Territorien vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart'', 7th edition, C.H.Beck, 2007, p.341, ISBN 3406549861</ref> replacing nearby [[Bardy-Świelubie]], a multi-ethnic emporium, as the center of the region.<ref name=Harck1516>Ole Harck, Christian Lübke, Zwischen Reric und Bornhöved: Die Beziehungen zwischen den Dänen und ihren slawischen Nachbarn vom 9. Bis ins 13. Jahrhundert: Beiträge einer internationalen Konferenz, Leipzig, 4.-6. Dezember 1997, Franz Steiner Verlag, 2001, pp.15,16, ISBN 3515076719</ref> The [[Persante]] (Parseta) valley, where both the emporium and the stronghold were located, was one of the [[Pomeranians (Slavic tribe)|Slavic Pomeranians]]' core settlement areas.<ref name=Jarnut-Johanek>Jörg Jarnut, Peter Johanek, ''Die Frühgeschichte der europäischen Stadt im 11. Jahrhundert'', Köln-Weimar-Wien 1998, pp.273-305, republished in Winfried Schich, Ralf Gebuhr, Peter Neumeister, ''Wirtschaft und Kulturlandschaft - Siedlung und Wirtschaft im Bereich der [[Germania Slavica]]'', BWV Verlag, 2007, pp. 263–282, ISBN 3830503784</ref> The stronghold consisted of a fortified [[burgh]] with a suburbium.<ref name=Mueller>Eckhard Müller-Mertens, Heidelore Böcker, ''Konzeptionelle Ansätze der Hanse-Historiographie'', Porta Alba, 2003, p.133, ISBN 3933701066</ref><ref name=Jarnut-Johanek />
Slavic immigration reached [[Farther Pomerania]] in the 7th century.<ref>Jan M Piskorski, Pommern im Wandel der Zeit, 1999, p.29 ISBN 839061848</ref><ref>Ole Harck, Christian Lübke, Zwischen Reric und Bornhöved: Die Beziehungen zwischen den Dänen und ihren slawischen Nachbarn vom 9. Bis ins 13. Jahrhundert: Beiträge einer internationalen Konferenz, Leipzig, 4.-6. Dezember 1997, Franz Steiner Verlag, 2001, p.15, ISBN 3515076719</ref> In the late 9th century, a [[Pomeranians (Slavic tribe)|Slavic Pomeranian]] stronghold was built at the site of modern [[Budzistowo]]<ref name=Schich>Winfried Schich, Ralf Gebuhr, Peter Neumeister, ''Wirtschaft und Kulturlandschaft: Gesammelte Beiträge 1977 bis 1999 zur Geschichte der Zisterzienser und der "[[Germania Slavica]]", BWV Verlag, 2007, p.280, ISBN 3830503784</ref> near modern Kołobrzeg,<ref name=Koebler341>Gerhard Köbler, ''Historisches Lexikon der Deutschen Länder: die deutschen Territorien vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart'', 7th edition, C.H.Beck, 2007, p.341, ISBN 3406549861</ref> replacing nearby [[Bardy-Świelubie]], a multi-ethnic emporium, as the center of the region.<ref name=Harck1516>Ole Harck, Christian Lübke, Zwischen Reric und Bornhöved: Die Beziehungen zwischen den Dänen und ihren slawischen Nachbarn vom 9. Bis ins 13. Jahrhundert: Beiträge einer internationalen Konferenz, Leipzig, 4.-6. Dezember 1997, Franz Steiner Verlag, 2001, pp.15,16, ISBN 3515076719</ref> The [[Persante]] (Parseta) valley, where both the emporium and the stronghold were located, was one of the [[Pomeranians (Slavic tribe)|Slavic Pomeranians]]' core settlement areas.<ref>Jörg Jarnut, Peter Johanek, ''Die Frühgeschichte der europäischen Stadt im 11. Jahrhundert'', Köln-Weimar-Wien 1998, pp.273-305, republished in Winfried Schich, Ralf Gebuhr, Peter Neumeister, ''Wirtschaft und Kulturlandschaft - Siedlung und Wirtschaft im Bereich der [[Germania Slavica]]'', BWV Verlag, 2007, p.263, ISBN 3830503784</ref> The stronghold consisted of a fortified [[burgh]] with a suburbium.<ref name=Mueller>Eckhard Müller-Mertens, Heidelore Böcker, ''Konzeptionelle Ansätze der Hanse-Historiographie'', Porta Alba, 2003, p.133, ISBN 3933701066</ref><ref>Jörg Jarnut, Peter Johanek, ''Die Frühgeschichte der europäischen Stadt im 11. Jahrhundert'', Köln-Weimar-Wien 1998, pp.273-305, republished in Winfried Schich, Ralf Gebuhr, Peter Neumeister, ''Wirtschaft und Kulturlandschaft - Siedlung und Wirtschaft im Bereich der [[Germania Slavica]]'', BWV Verlag, 2007, p.277, ISBN 3830503784</ref>


The [[Pomeranians (Slavic tribe)|Pomeranians]] mined salt in salt pans located in two downstream hills, ''Salzberg'' and ''Zillenberg''.<ref name=Jarnut-Johanek /> They also engaged in fishing, and used the salt to conserve primarily [[herring]]s for trade.<ref name=Jarnut-Johanek /> Other important occupations were [[metallurgy]] and [[smithery]], based on local [[iron ore]] reserves, other crafts like the production of combs from horn, and in the surrounding areas, agriculture. Important sites in the settlement were a place for periodical markets and a tavern, mentioned as ''forum et taberna'' in 1140.<ref name=Jarnut-Johanek />
The [[Pomeranians (Slavic tribe)|Pomeranians]] mined salt<ref name=Jarnut282/> in salt pans located in two downstream hills, ''Salzberg'' and ''Zillenberg''.<ref name=Jarnut278>Jörg Jarnut, Peter Johanek, ''Die Frühgeschichte der europäischen Stadt im 11. Jahrhundert'', Köln-Weimar-Wien 1998, pp.273-305, republished in Winfried Schich, Ralf Gebuhr, Peter Neumeister, ''Wirtschaft und Kulturlandschaft - Siedlung und Wirtschaft im Bereich der [[Germania Slavica]]'', BWV Verlag, 2007, p.278, ISBN 3830503784</ref> They also engaged in fishing, and used the salt to conserve primarily [[herring]]s for trade.<ref name=Jarnut274>Jörg Jarnut, Peter Johanek, ''Die Frühgeschichte der europäischen Stadt im 11. Jahrhundert'', Köln-Weimar-Wien 1998, pp.273-305, republished in Winfried Schich, Ralf Gebuhr, Peter Neumeister, ''Wirtschaft und Kulturlandschaft - Siedlung und Wirtschaft im Bereich der [[Germania Slavica]]'', BWV Verlag, 2007, p.274, ISBN 3830503784</ref> Other important occupations were [[metallurgy]] and [[smithery]], based on local [[iron ore]] reserves, other crafts like the production of combs from horn, and in the surrounding areas, agriculture.<ref name=Jarnut289>Jörg Jarnut, Peter Johanek, ''Die Frühgeschichte der europäischen Stadt im 11. Jahrhundert'', Köln-Weimar-Wien 1998, pp.273-305, republished in Winfried Schich, Ralf Gebuhr, Peter Neumeister, ''Wirtschaft und Kulturlandschaft - Siedlung und Wirtschaft im Bereich der [[Germania Slavica]]'', BWV Verlag, 2007, p.289, ISBN 3830503784</ref> Important sites in the settlement were a place for periodical markets and a tavern, mentioned as ''forum et taberna'' in 1140.<ref name=Jarnut282/>


In the 9th and 10th centuries, the burgh was the largest of several smaller ones in the Persante area, and as such is thought to have functioned as the center of the local [[Pomeranians (Slavic tribe)|Slavic Pomeranian]] subtribe. By the turn from the 10th to the 11th century, the smaller burghs in the Persante area were given up. Only two burghs remained and underwent an enlargement, these were the burghs near the later towns of Kolberg (Kolobrzeg) and [[Belgard]] (Białogard).<ref name=Jarnut-Johanek />
In the 9th and 10th centuries, the burgh was the largest of several smaller ones in the Persante area, and as such is thought to have functioned as the center of the local [[Pomeranians (Slavic tribe)|Slavic Pomeranian]] subtribe.<ref name=Jarnut289/> By the turn from the 10th to the 11th century, the smaller burghs in the Persante area were given up.<ref name=Jarnut289/> Only two burghs remained and underwent an enlargement, these were the burghs near the later towns of Kolberg (Kolobrzeg) and [[Belgard]] (Białogard).<ref name=Jarnut289/>


==== Piast Poland and conversion ====
==== Piast Poland and conversion ====
Line 61: Line 61:
The missionary efforts of bishop [[Reinbern]] were not successful, the [[Pomeranians]] revolted in 1005 and regained political and spiritual independence.<ref name="Berend">Nora Berend, ''Christianization and the Rise of Christian Monarchy: Scandinavia, Central Europe and Rus' C. 900-1200'', Cambridge University Press, 2007, p.293, ISBN 0521876168, 9780521876162</ref><ref name="Warner">David Warner, ''Ottonian Germany: The Chronicon of Thietmar of Merseburg'', Manchester University Press, 2001, p.358, ISBN 0719049261, 9780719049262</ref><ref name="Borgolte">Michael Borgolte, Benjamin Scheller, ''Polen und Deutschland vor 1000 Jahren: Die Berliner Tagung über den"akt von Gnesen"'', Akademie Verlag, 2002, p.282, ISBN 3050037490, 9783050037493</ref><ref name="Wille">Michael Müller-Wille, ''Rom und Byzanz im Norden: Mission und Glaubenswechsel im Ostseeraum während des 8.-14. Jahrhunderts: internationale Fachkonferenz der deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft in Verbindung mit der Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur, Mainz: Kiel, 18.-25. 9. 1994'', 1997, p.105, ISBN 3515074988, 9783515074988</ref> In 1013 Bolesław Chrobry removed his troops from Pomerania in face of war with Holy Roman Emperor Henry the Third<ref name="Kalendarium">[http://serwis.kolobrzeg.eu/historia_kalendarium.htm] Historic calendar of the city's Official webpage </ref>.
The missionary efforts of bishop [[Reinbern]] were not successful, the [[Pomeranians]] revolted in 1005 and regained political and spiritual independence.<ref name="Berend">Nora Berend, ''Christianization and the Rise of Christian Monarchy: Scandinavia, Central Europe and Rus' C. 900-1200'', Cambridge University Press, 2007, p.293, ISBN 0521876168, 9780521876162</ref><ref name="Warner">David Warner, ''Ottonian Germany: The Chronicon of Thietmar of Merseburg'', Manchester University Press, 2001, p.358, ISBN 0719049261, 9780719049262</ref><ref name="Borgolte">Michael Borgolte, Benjamin Scheller, ''Polen und Deutschland vor 1000 Jahren: Die Berliner Tagung über den"akt von Gnesen"'', Akademie Verlag, 2002, p.282, ISBN 3050037490, 9783050037493</ref><ref name="Wille">Michael Müller-Wille, ''Rom und Byzanz im Norden: Mission und Glaubenswechsel im Ostseeraum während des 8.-14. Jahrhunderts: internationale Fachkonferenz der deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft in Verbindung mit der Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur, Mainz: Kiel, 18.-25. 9. 1994'', 1997, p.105, ISBN 3515074988, 9783515074988</ref> In 1013 Bolesław Chrobry removed his troops from Pomerania in face of war with Holy Roman Emperor Henry the Third<ref name="Kalendarium">[http://serwis.kolobrzeg.eu/historia_kalendarium.htm] Historic calendar of the city's Official webpage </ref>.


During his campaigns in the early 12th century, [[Bolesław III Wrymouth]] [[Pomerania during the High Middle Ages|reacquired Pomerania for Poland]], and made the [[House of Pomerania|local "Griffin" dynasty]] his vassals. The stronghold was captured by the Polish army in the winter of 1107/08, when the inhabitants (''cives et oppidani'') including a duke (''dux Pomeranorum'') surrendered without resistance.<ref name=Jarnut-Johanek /> A previous Polish siege of the burgh had been unsuccessful, though the duke had fled the burgh, the Polish army was unable to break through the forifications and the two gates.<ref name=Jarnut-Johanek /> The army had however looted and burned the suburbium, which was not or only lightly fortified. The descriptions given by the contemporary chroniclers make it possible that a second, purely militarily used castle existed near the settlement, yet neither is this certain nor have archaeological efforts been able to locate traces thereof.<ref name=Jarnut-Johanek />
During his campaigns in the early 12th century, [[Bolesław III Wrymouth]] [[Pomerania during the High Middle Ages|reacquired Pomerania for Poland]], and made the [[House of Pomerania|local "Griffin" dynasty]] his vassals. The stronghold was captured by the Polish army in the winter of 1107/08, when the inhabitants (''cives et oppidani'') including a duke (''dux Pomeranorum'') surrendered without resistance.<ref name=Jarnut275>Jörg Jarnut, Peter Johanek, ''Die Frühgeschichte der europäischen Stadt im 11. Jahrhundert'', Köln-Weimar-Wien 1998, pp.273-305, republished in Winfried Schich, Ralf Gebuhr, Peter Neumeister, ''Wirtschaft und Kulturlandschaft - Siedlung und Wirtschaft im Bereich der [[Germania Slavica]]'', BWV Verlag, 2007, p.275, ISBN 3830503784</ref> A previous Polish siege of the burgh had been unsuccessful, though the duke had fled the burgh, the Polish army was unable to break through the forifications and the two gates.<ref name=Jarnut273274>Jörg Jarnut, Peter Johanek, ''Die Frühgeschichte der europäischen Stadt im 11. Jahrhundert'', Köln-Weimar-Wien 1998, pp.273-305, republished in Winfried Schich, Ralf Gebuhr, Peter Neumeister, ''Wirtschaft und Kulturlandschaft - Siedlung und Wirtschaft im Bereich der [[Germania Slavica]]'', BWV Verlag, 2007, pp.273-274, ISBN 3830503784</ref> The army had however looted and burned the suburbium, which was not or only lightly fortified.<ref name=Jarnut273274/> The descriptions given by the contemporary chroniclers make it possible that a second, purely militarily used castle existed near the settlement, yet neither is this certain nor have archaeological efforts been able to locate traces thereof.<ref name=Jarnut274ff>Jörg Jarnut, Peter Johanek, ''Die Frühgeschichte der europäischen Stadt im 11. Jahrhundert'', Köln-Weimar-Wien 1998, pp.273-305, republished in Winfried Schich, Ralf Gebuhr, Peter Neumeister, ''Wirtschaft und Kulturlandschaft - Siedlung und Wirtschaft im Bereich der [[Germania Slavica]]'', BWV Verlag, 2007, pp.274 ff, ISBN 3830503784</ref>


During the subsequent [[Conversion of Pomerania|Christianization of the area]] by [[Otto of Bamberg]], a St. Mary's church was built.<ref name=Schich/>. With this the German influence grew in strenght<ref name="Epoki"/>. After Boleslaw's death, the [[Duchy of Pomerania]] regained independence{{Fact|date=June 2009}}, before the dukes became vassals of [[Denmark]] and the [[Holy Roman Empire]] in the late 12th century.
During the subsequent [[Conversion of Pomerania|Christianization of the area]] by [[Otto of Bamberg]], a St. Mary's church was built.<ref name=Schich/>. With this the German influence grew in strenght<ref name="Epoki"/>. After Boleslaw's death, the [[Duchy of Pomerania]] regained independence{{Fact|date=June 2009}}, before the dukes became vassals of [[Denmark]] and the [[Holy Roman Empire]] in the late 12th century.


Besides St. Mary's , a St. John's church and a St. Petri's chapel were build.<ref name=Jarnut282>Jörg Jarnut, Peter Johanek, ''Die Frühgeschichte der europäischen Stadt im 11. Jahrhundert'', Köln-Weimar-Wien 1998, pp.273-305, republished in Winfried Schich, Ralf Gebuhr, Peter Neumeister, ''Wirtschaft und Kulturlandschaft - Siedlung und Wirtschaft im Bereich der [[Germania Slavica]]'', BWV Verlag, 2007, p.282, ISBN 3830503784</ref> St. John's was in 1222 granted to [[Mogilno Abbey]], while St. Petri's decayed before 1300.<ref name=Jarnut282/>
Besides St. Mary's , a St. John's church and a St. Petri's chapel were build.<ref name=Jarnut-Johanek />


=== High and Late Middle Ages: A new town ===
=== High and Late Middle Ages: A new town ===
Line 72: Line 72:
During the [[Ostsiedlung]], a new town was founded by German settlers some kilometers off the site of the former Slavic burgh.<ref name="Buchholz p.75">Werner Buchholz, ''Pommern'', Siedler, 1999, p.75, ISBN 3886802728</ref><ref name=Brather156/><ref>Torsten Kempke in Ole Harck, Christian Lübke, ''Zwischen Reric und Bornhöved: die Beziehungen zwischen den Dänen und ihren slawischen Nachbarn vom 9. bis ins 13. Jahrhundert : Beiträge einer internationalen Konferenz'', Leipzig, 4.-6. Dezember 1997, Franz Steiner Verlag, 2001, p.16, ISBN 3515076719</ref> On May 23, 1255, this town was chartered under [[Lübeck law]] by [[Wartislaw III, Duke of Pomerania]],<ref>Copy of the charter (in Latin), printed in Heinrich Gottfried Philipp Gengler, Codex juris Municipalis Germaniae Medii Aevi: Regesten und Urkunden zur Verfassungs- und Rechtsgeschichte der deutschen Städte im Mittelalter, F. Enke, 1863, p.609, [http://books.google.de/books?id=NdkcAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA609&dq=Colberg+Regesten free view]</ref><ref name=Koebler341A>Gerhard Köbler, ''Historisches Lexikon der Deutschen Länder: die deutschen Territorien vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart'', 7th edition, C.H.Beck, 2007, p.341, ISBN 3406549861:"1255 erhielt die deutsche Siedlung nördlich der slawischen Siedlung Stadtrect von Lübeck."</ref> and more German settlers from the Holy Roman Empire arrived, attracted by the duke.<ref name=Brather156>Sebastian Brather, ''Archäologie der westlichen Slawen: Siedlung, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft im früh- und hochmittelalterlichen Ostmitteleuropa'', Walter de Gruyter, 2001, p.156, ISBN 3110170612</ref> Herrman von Gleichen, German bishop of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kammin]], was one of the signatories of the treaty and also supported the [[Ostsiedlung|German colonisation of the region]].<ref name="Epoki"/> The German settlers received several privileges such as exemption from certain taxes.<ref name="Epoki"/> According to the city's website, the local Slavic population was unable to compete economically with the German arrivals and impoverished.<ref name="Epoki"/>
During the [[Ostsiedlung]], a new town was founded by German settlers some kilometers off the site of the former Slavic burgh.<ref name="Buchholz p.75">Werner Buchholz, ''Pommern'', Siedler, 1999, p.75, ISBN 3886802728</ref><ref name=Brather156/><ref>Torsten Kempke in Ole Harck, Christian Lübke, ''Zwischen Reric und Bornhöved: die Beziehungen zwischen den Dänen und ihren slawischen Nachbarn vom 9. bis ins 13. Jahrhundert : Beiträge einer internationalen Konferenz'', Leipzig, 4.-6. Dezember 1997, Franz Steiner Verlag, 2001, p.16, ISBN 3515076719</ref> On May 23, 1255, this town was chartered under [[Lübeck law]] by [[Wartislaw III, Duke of Pomerania]],<ref>Copy of the charter (in Latin), printed in Heinrich Gottfried Philipp Gengler, Codex juris Municipalis Germaniae Medii Aevi: Regesten und Urkunden zur Verfassungs- und Rechtsgeschichte der deutschen Städte im Mittelalter, F. Enke, 1863, p.609, [http://books.google.de/books?id=NdkcAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA609&dq=Colberg+Regesten free view]</ref><ref name=Koebler341A>Gerhard Köbler, ''Historisches Lexikon der Deutschen Länder: die deutschen Territorien vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart'', 7th edition, C.H.Beck, 2007, p.341, ISBN 3406549861:"1255 erhielt die deutsche Siedlung nördlich der slawischen Siedlung Stadtrect von Lübeck."</ref> and more German settlers from the Holy Roman Empire arrived, attracted by the duke.<ref name=Brather156>Sebastian Brather, ''Archäologie der westlichen Slawen: Siedlung, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft im früh- und hochmittelalterlichen Ostmitteleuropa'', Walter de Gruyter, 2001, p.156, ISBN 3110170612</ref> Herrman von Gleichen, German bishop of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kammin]], was one of the signatories of the treaty and also supported the [[Ostsiedlung|German colonisation of the region]].<ref name="Epoki"/> The German settlers received several privileges such as exemption from certain taxes.<ref name="Epoki"/> According to the city's website, the local Slavic population was unable to compete economically with the German arrivals and impoverished.<ref name="Epoki"/>


A new St. Mary's church was built within the new town before the 1260s,<ref name=Jarnut-Johanek /> while St. Mary's in the former Pomeranian stronghold was turned into a nuns' abbey.<ref name=Schich/> Henceforth, the name "Kolberg" (earlier German spelling Colberg) was used for the German town<ref name=Koebler341A/> exclusively, while the nearby former stronghold was turned into a village and renamed "Old Town" or "Old Kolberg" ({{lang-la|antiqua civitatae Colbergensis}}, {{lang-de|Altstadt or Alt-Kolberg}}), first documented in 1277 and used until 1945 when it was renamed "Budzistowo".<ref name=Mueller/><ref name=Schich/>
A new St. Mary's church was built within the new town before the 1260s,<ref>Jörg Jarnut, Peter Johanek, ''Die Frühgeschichte der europäischen Stadt im 11. Jahrhundert'', Köln-Weimar-Wien 1998, pp.273-305, republished in Winfried Schich, Ralf Gebuhr, Peter Neumeister, ''Wirtschaft und Kulturlandschaft - Siedlung und Wirtschaft im Bereich der [[Germania Slavica]]'', BWV Verlag, 2007, p.280, ISBN 3830503784</ref> while St. Mary's in the former Pomeranian stronghold was turned into a nuns' abbey.<ref name=Schich/> Henceforth, the name "Kolberg" (earlier German spelling Colberg) was used for the German town<ref name=Koebler341A/> exclusively, while the nearby former stronghold was turned into a village and renamed "Old Town" or "Old Kolberg" ({{lang-la|antiqua civitatae Colbergensis}}, {{lang-de|Altstadt or Alt-Kolberg}}), first documented in 1277 and used until 1945 when it was renamed "Budzistowo".<ref name=Mueller/><ref name=Schich/>


[[File:Kolobrzeg-Baszta-Lontowa-080428-024.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Fuse Tower, last remnant of the medieval fortification]]
[[File:Kolobrzeg-Baszta-Lontowa-080428-024.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Fuse Tower, last remnant of the medieval fortification]]

Revision as of 17:27, 8 June 2009

"Kolberg" redirects here. For other uses, see Kolberg (disambiguation).
Kołobrzeg
Town center
Town center
Coat of arms of Kołobrzeg
Coat of arms
Country Poland
VoivodeshipWest Pomeranian
CountyKołobrzeg County
GminaKołobrzeg (urban gmina)
Established10th century
Town rights1255
Government
 • MayorJanusz Gromek
Area
 • Total
25.67 km2 (9.91 sq mi)
Population
 (2006)
 • Total
44,794
 • Density1,700/km2 (4,500/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code
78-100 to 78-106
Area code+48 94
Car platesZKL
Websitehttp://www.kolobrzeg.pl

Kołobrzeg Template:Audio-IPA-pl (Template:Lang-de ⓘ; Template:Lang-csb; Template:Lang-la) is a city in Middle Pomerania in north-western Poland with some 50,000 inhabitants (as of 2000). Kołobrzeg is located on the Parsęta River on the south coast of the Baltic Sea (in the middle of the section divided by the Oder and Vistula Rivers). It has been the capital of Kołobrzeg County in West Pomeranian Voivodship since 1999, and previously was in Koszalin Voivodship (1950-1998).

The name of the town was first mentioned by Thietmar of Merseburg as Salsa Cholbergiensis. It was re-founded during the High Middle Ages, taking its position as the regional center from a nearby Slavic Pomeranian stronghold at the site of modern Budzistowo[1][2][3]. As a Hanseatic town chartered with Lübeck law, the town, known as Colberg, later spelling Kolberg, was the urban center of the secular reign of the Cammin bishops, residing at Cammin (Kamień Pomorski) within the Duchy of Pomerania throughout the High and Late Middle Ages. When Kolberg was part of Brandenburgian Pomerania during the Early Modern Age, it withstood Napoleon's troops in the Siege of Kolberg. From 1815, it was part of the Prussian province of Pomerania. The German era lasted until 1945, when the town became Polish and the Germans were expelled. The town, devastated in the preceding Battle of Kolberg, was rebuilt but lost its status as the regional center to nearby Koszalin.

Etymology

"Kołobrzeg" literally means "by the shore" in Polish: "koło" translates as "by"[4] and "brzeg" translates as "shore"[5]. Polish historians declare its original name came from the words "kół" and "brzeg", meaning a settlement surrounded by wooden defensive wall, and was later Germanised into "Kolberg".[6] German sources state that the name was given by Germans and meant to describe a borough (Burg originally which became -berg) near the dunes.[citation needed]

History

Early Middle Ages: Slavic Pomeranian stronghold

Slavic immigration reached Farther Pomerania in the 7th century.[7][8] In the late 9th century, a Slavic Pomeranian stronghold was built at the site of modern Budzistowo[2] near modern Kołobrzeg,[9] replacing nearby Bardy-Świelubie, a multi-ethnic emporium, as the center of the region.[10] The Persante (Parseta) valley, where both the emporium and the stronghold were located, was one of the Slavic Pomeranians' core settlement areas.[11] The stronghold consisted of a fortified burgh with a suburbium.[1][12]

The Pomeranians mined salt[13] in salt pans located in two downstream hills, Salzberg and Zillenberg.[14] They also engaged in fishing, and used the salt to conserve primarily herrings for trade.[15] Other important occupations were metallurgy and smithery, based on local iron ore reserves, other crafts like the production of combs from horn, and in the surrounding areas, agriculture.[16] Important sites in the settlement were a place for periodical markets and a tavern, mentioned as forum et taberna in 1140.[13]

In the 9th and 10th centuries, the burgh was the largest of several smaller ones in the Persante area, and as such is thought to have functioned as the center of the local Slavic Pomeranian subtribe.[16] By the turn from the 10th to the 11th century, the smaller burghs in the Persante area were given up.[16] Only two burghs remained and underwent an enlargement, these were the burghs near the later towns of Kolberg (Kolobrzeg) and Belgard (Białogard).[16]

Piast Poland and conversion

St John's, a remains of the early medieval settlement in modern Budzistowo

After the Polish conquest of the area in the late 10th century, the chronicle of Thietmar of Merseburg (975-1018) mentions salsa Cholbergiensis as the see of the short-lived Diocese of Kolberg, set up during the Congress of Gniezno in 1000 and placed under the Archdiocese of Gniezno.[9] The congress was organised by Polish ruler Bolesław Chrobry and Holy Roman Emperor Otto III, and also led to the establishment of bishoprics in Kraków and Wrocław, connecting the territories of the Polish state.[17]

The missionary efforts of bishop Reinbern were not successful, the Pomeranians revolted in 1005 and regained political and spiritual independence.[18][19][20][21] In 1013 Bolesław Chrobry removed his troops from Pomerania in face of war with Holy Roman Emperor Henry the Third[22].

During his campaigns in the early 12th century, Bolesław III Wrymouth reacquired Pomerania for Poland, and made the local "Griffin" dynasty his vassals. The stronghold was captured by the Polish army in the winter of 1107/08, when the inhabitants (cives et oppidani) including a duke (dux Pomeranorum) surrendered without resistance.[23] A previous Polish siege of the burgh had been unsuccessful, though the duke had fled the burgh, the Polish army was unable to break through the forifications and the two gates.[24] The army had however looted and burned the suburbium, which was not or only lightly fortified.[24] The descriptions given by the contemporary chroniclers make it possible that a second, purely militarily used castle existed near the settlement, yet neither is this certain nor have archaeological efforts been able to locate traces thereof.[25]

During the subsequent Christianization of the area by Otto of Bamberg, a St. Mary's church was built.[2]. With this the German influence grew in strenght[17]. After Boleslaw's death, the Duchy of Pomerania regained independence[citation needed], before the dukes became vassals of Denmark and the Holy Roman Empire in the late 12th century.

Besides St. Mary's , a St. John's church and a St. Petri's chapel were build.[13] St. John's was in 1222 granted to Mogilno Abbey, while St. Petri's decayed before 1300.[13]

High and Late Middle Ages: A new town

Brick Gothic basilica St. Mary's

During the Ostsiedlung, a new town was founded by German settlers some kilometers off the site of the former Slavic burgh.[3][26][27] On May 23, 1255, this town was chartered under Lübeck law by Wartislaw III, Duke of Pomerania,[28][29] and more German settlers from the Holy Roman Empire arrived, attracted by the duke.[26] Herrman von Gleichen, German bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Kammin, was one of the signatories of the treaty and also supported the German colonisation of the region.[17] The German settlers received several privileges such as exemption from certain taxes.[17] According to the city's website, the local Slavic population was unable to compete economically with the German arrivals and impoverished.[17]

A new St. Mary's church was built within the new town before the 1260s,[30] while St. Mary's in the former Pomeranian stronghold was turned into a nuns' abbey.[2] Henceforth, the name "Kolberg" (earlier German spelling Colberg) was used for the German town[29] exclusively, while the nearby former stronghold was turned into a village and renamed "Old Town" or "Old Kolberg" (Template:Lang-la, Template:Lang-de), first documented in 1277 and used until 1945 when it was renamed "Budzistowo".[1][2]

Fuse Tower, last remnant of the medieval fortification

Already in 1248, the Kammin bishops and the Pomeranian dukes had interchanged the terrae Stargard and Kolberg, leaving the bishops in charge of the latter.[31] When in 1276 they became the souvereign of the town also, they moved their residence there, while the administration of the diocese was done from nearby Köslin (now Koszalin).[31] In 1345, the bishops became Imperial immediate dukes in their secular reign.[31]

In 1361, Kolberg joined the Hanseatic League.

When the property of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Kammin was secularized during the Protestant Reformation in 1534, their secular reign including the Kolberg area became intermediately ruled by a Lutheran titular bishop, before it was turned into a Sekundogenitur of the House of Pomerania.[31]

In XV century the city traded with Scotland, Amsterdam and Scandinavia[17]. Beer,salt, honey, wool and flour were exported, while merchants imported textiles from England, southern fruits, and cod liver oil. In XVI century, the city reached 5 thousand inhabitants[17]. According to the city's website, the Slavs in the city were discriminated, and their rights in trade and crafts were limited, with bans on performing certain types of professions and taking certain positions[17].

Modern era: In Prussia

Town hall. Karl Friedrich Schinkel planned the Neogothic building in 1826 as a subsitute for the destroyed predecessor. Built 1829-32.[32]

Kolberg with most of Farther Pomerania was granted to Brandenburg-Prussia in the 1648 Treaty of Westphalia, and since the Treaty of Stettin (1653) was part of the Province of Pomerania, becoming part of the Kingdom of Prussia in 1701. In 1761 the town was captured by the Russian commander Peter Rumyantsev during the Seven Years' War, but at the end of the war it was returned to Prussia.

During Napoleon's invasion of Prussia during the War of the Fourth Coalition, the town was besieged by French armies from April 26 to July 2, 1807. The city's defense, led by then Lieutenant-Colonel August von Gneisenau, held out until the war was ended by the Treaty of Tilsit. Kolberg became part of the Prussian Province of Pomerania in 1815 after the final defeat of Napoleon. Until 1872 it was administered within the Fürstenthum District ("Duchy District", resembling the area's former special status), after which it was within Kolberg-Körlin.

Between 1924 and 1935 the American-German painter Lyonel Feininger, a tutor at the Staatliches Bauhaus, visited Kolberg repeatedly and painted the cathedral and environs of the town.

Polish minority

During the period 1875-1914 Polish minority in Kołobrzeg was very active. Through its funds a Catholic school and the Chuch of Saint Marcin where masses in Polish were held, were established [22][33].

World War II: Destruction

Historical population
of Kołobrzeg

1940 36,800
1945 3,000
1950 6,800
1960 16,700
1970 26,000
1975 31,800
1980 38,200
1990 45,400
1995 47,000
2000 ~50,000
2002 47.500
2004 45.500
2006 44.000

In 1944 during World War II, the city was designated a "stronghold" (Festung) — Festung Kolberg. The 1807 siege was used shortly before the end of the war by Joseph Goebbels for the last Nazi propaganda film, Kolberg. It was meant to inspire the Germans with its depiction of the heroic Prussian defence during the Napoleonic Wars. Tremendous resources were devoted to filming this epic, even diverting tens of thousands of troops from the front lines to have them serve as extras in battle scenes. Ironically, the film was released in the final few weeks of Nazi Germany's existence, when most of the country's cinemas were already destroyed.

On 1945 February 10 German torpedo-boat T-196 brought to Kolberg about 300 survivors of the General von Steuben, which had been sunk by Soviet submarine S-13. As the Red Army advanced on Kolberg, most of the inhabitants and tens of thousands of refugees from surrounding areas (about 70,000 were trapped in the Kolberg Pocket), as well as 40,000 German soldiers, were evacuated from the besieged city by German naval forces in Operation Hannibal. Only about two-thousand soldiers were left on 17 March to cover last sea transports.

Between 4 March and 18 March 1945, there were major battles between the Soviet and Polish forces and the German army. Because of a lack of anti-tank weapons, German battleships used their guns to support the defenders of Kolberg until nearly all of the soldiers and civilians had been evacuated. On 18 March, the Polish Army re-enacted Poland's Wedding to the Sea ceremony, which had been celebrated for the first time in 1920 by General Józef Haller.

  • Before, during, and after the war
  • Kolberg between 1890 and 1905
    Kolberg between 1890 and 1905
  • 80% of Kolberg destroyed in 1945
    80% of Kolberg destroyed in 1945
  • Rebuilt Kolobrzeg in 2007
    Rebuilt Kolobrzeg in 2007

Post-war Polish town

After World War II, the devastated city along with all of Pomerania east of the Oder-Neisse line became Polish, and the remaining German either fled or were expelled. The city was resettled with Poles and historic buildings restored.

Millennium Memorial

"The Millennium Memorial by Wiktor Szostalo

In 2000 the city business council of Kolobrzeg commissioned "The Millennium Memorial" as a commemoration of 1000 years of Christianity in Pomerania, and as a tribute to Polish-German Reconciliation, celebrating the meeting of King Boleslaw I of Poland and King Otto III of Germany, at the Congress of Gniezno, in the year 1000.

It was designed and built by the artist Wiktor Szostalo in welded stainless steel. The two figures sit at the base of 15' tall cross, cleft in two and being held together by a dove holding an olive branch. It is installed outside the Basilica Cathedral in the city center.

Tourist destination

Lighthouse in Kołobrzeg

Kołobrzeg today is a popular tourist destination for both Poles and the Germans. It provides a unique combination of a seaside resort, health resort, an old town full of historic monuments and tourist entertainment options (e.g. numerous "beer gardens").

The town is part of the European Route of Brick Gothic[34] network, and located at a seaside bike path, the longest in Poland, commissioned on July 14, 2004. The path extends from Kołobrzeg to Podczele. It provides unique views of woods, beaches, swamps, impenetrable thickets, bird nesting grounds, and more. The path has been financed by the European Union.

An international airport was planned to be built 7 kilometres from Kołobrzeg in Bagicz. However, due to the protests of local population, the project has been scrapped.

South of Bagicz, some 4 km from Kolobrzeg, there is an 806 year old oak (2008). Dated in the year 2000 as the oldest oak in Poland, it was named Boleslaw to commemorate the king Boleslaus the Brave.

Kołobrzeg is also a regional cultural center. In the summer take place - a number of concerts of popular singers, musicians,and cabaters. Municipal Cultural Center, is located in the town hall. Keep under attachment artistic arts, theater and dance. Patron of youth teams and the vocal choir. Interfolk organizes the annual festival, the International Meeting of the folklore and other cultural events. Cinema is a place for meetings Piast Discussion Film Club.

In Kolobrzeg are many permanent and temporary exhibitions of artistic and historical interest. In the town hall of Kolobrzeg is located Gallery of Modern Art, where exhibitions are exposed artists from Kolobrzeg, as well as outside the local artistic circles. Gallery also conducts educational activities, including organized by the gallery of art lessons for children and young people from schools.

In town, there is a museum of Polish weapons, which are presented in the collections of militaria from the early Middle Ages to the present. The palace of Braunschweig include part of museum dedicated to the history of the city. In their collections branch presents a collection of rare and common measurement tools, as well as specific measures of the workshop. The local museum is also moored at the port of ORP Fala patrol ship, built in 1964, after leaving the service transformed into a museum.

Notable residents

Famous Persons connected with the city

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kołobrzeg.

54°11′N 15°35′E / 54.183°N 15.583°E / 54.183; 15.583

References

  1. ^ a b c Eckhard Müller-Mertens, Heidelore Böcker, Konzeptionelle Ansätze der Hanse-Historiographie, Porta Alba, 2003, p.133, ISBN 3933701066
  2. ^ a b c d e Winfried Schich, Ralf Gebuhr, Peter Neumeister, Wirtschaft und Kulturlandschaft: Gesammelte Beiträge 1977 bis 1999 zur Geschichte der Zisterzienser und der "Germania Slavica", BWV Verlag, 2007, p.280, ISBN 3830503784
  3. ^ a b Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p.75, ISBN 3886802728
  4. ^ http://www.dict.pl/dict?word=ko%C5%82o&words=&lang=EN
  5. ^ http://www.dict.pl/dict?word=brzeg&words=&lang=EN
  6. ^ Kolobrzeg.pl municipal website
  7. ^ Jan M Piskorski, Pommern im Wandel der Zeit, 1999, p.29 ISBN 839061848
  8. ^ Ole Harck, Christian Lübke, Zwischen Reric und Bornhöved: Die Beziehungen zwischen den Dänen und ihren slawischen Nachbarn vom 9. Bis ins 13. Jahrhundert: Beiträge einer internationalen Konferenz, Leipzig, 4.-6. Dezember 1997, Franz Steiner Verlag, 2001, p.15, ISBN 3515076719
  9. ^ a b Gerhard Köbler, Historisches Lexikon der Deutschen Länder: die deutschen Territorien vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart, 7th edition, C.H.Beck, 2007, p.341, ISBN 3406549861
  10. ^ Ole Harck, Christian Lübke, Zwischen Reric und Bornhöved: Die Beziehungen zwischen den Dänen und ihren slawischen Nachbarn vom 9. Bis ins 13. Jahrhundert: Beiträge einer internationalen Konferenz, Leipzig, 4.-6. Dezember 1997, Franz Steiner Verlag, 2001, pp.15,16, ISBN 3515076719
  11. ^ Jörg Jarnut, Peter Johanek, Die Frühgeschichte der europäischen Stadt im 11. Jahrhundert, Köln-Weimar-Wien 1998, pp.273-305, republished in Winfried Schich, Ralf Gebuhr, Peter Neumeister, Wirtschaft und Kulturlandschaft - Siedlung und Wirtschaft im Bereich der Germania Slavica, BWV Verlag, 2007, p.263, ISBN 3830503784
  12. ^ Jörg Jarnut, Peter Johanek, Die Frühgeschichte der europäischen Stadt im 11. Jahrhundert, Köln-Weimar-Wien 1998, pp.273-305, republished in Winfried Schich, Ralf Gebuhr, Peter Neumeister, Wirtschaft und Kulturlandschaft - Siedlung und Wirtschaft im Bereich der Germania Slavica, BWV Verlag, 2007, p.277, ISBN 3830503784
  13. ^ a b c d Jörg Jarnut, Peter Johanek, Die Frühgeschichte der europäischen Stadt im 11. Jahrhundert, Köln-Weimar-Wien 1998, pp.273-305, republished in Winfried Schich, Ralf Gebuhr, Peter Neumeister, Wirtschaft und Kulturlandschaft - Siedlung und Wirtschaft im Bereich der Germania Slavica, BWV Verlag, 2007, p.282, ISBN 3830503784
  14. ^ Jörg Jarnut, Peter Johanek, Die Frühgeschichte der europäischen Stadt im 11. Jahrhundert, Köln-Weimar-Wien 1998, pp.273-305, republished in Winfried Schich, Ralf Gebuhr, Peter Neumeister, Wirtschaft und Kulturlandschaft - Siedlung und Wirtschaft im Bereich der Germania Slavica, BWV Verlag, 2007, p.278, ISBN 3830503784
  15. ^ Jörg Jarnut, Peter Johanek, Die Frühgeschichte der europäischen Stadt im 11. Jahrhundert, Köln-Weimar-Wien 1998, pp.273-305, republished in Winfried Schich, Ralf Gebuhr, Peter Neumeister, Wirtschaft und Kulturlandschaft - Siedlung und Wirtschaft im Bereich der Germania Slavica, BWV Verlag, 2007, p.274, ISBN 3830503784
  16. ^ a b c d Jörg Jarnut, Peter Johanek, Die Frühgeschichte der europäischen Stadt im 11. Jahrhundert, Köln-Weimar-Wien 1998, pp.273-305, republished in Winfried Schich, Ralf Gebuhr, Peter Neumeister, Wirtschaft und Kulturlandschaft - Siedlung und Wirtschaft im Bereich der Germania Slavica, BWV Verlag, 2007, p.289, ISBN 3830503784
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h [1] ‘Historical eras’ Official webpage of the city
  18. ^ Nora Berend, Christianization and the Rise of Christian Monarchy: Scandinavia, Central Europe and Rus' C. 900-1200, Cambridge University Press, 2007, p.293, ISBN 0521876168, 9780521876162
  19. ^ David Warner, Ottonian Germany: The Chronicon of Thietmar of Merseburg, Manchester University Press, 2001, p.358, ISBN 0719049261, 9780719049262
  20. ^ Michael Borgolte, Benjamin Scheller, Polen und Deutschland vor 1000 Jahren: Die Berliner Tagung über den"akt von Gnesen", Akademie Verlag, 2002, p.282, ISBN 3050037490, 9783050037493
  21. ^ Michael Müller-Wille, Rom und Byzanz im Norden: Mission und Glaubenswechsel im Ostseeraum während des 8.-14. Jahrhunderts: internationale Fachkonferenz der deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft in Verbindung mit der Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur, Mainz: Kiel, 18.-25. 9. 1994, 1997, p.105, ISBN 3515074988, 9783515074988
  22. ^ a b [2] Historic calendar of the city's Official webpage
  23. ^ Jörg Jarnut, Peter Johanek, Die Frühgeschichte der europäischen Stadt im 11. Jahrhundert, Köln-Weimar-Wien 1998, pp.273-305, republished in Winfried Schich, Ralf Gebuhr, Peter Neumeister, Wirtschaft und Kulturlandschaft - Siedlung und Wirtschaft im Bereich der Germania Slavica, BWV Verlag, 2007, p.275, ISBN 3830503784
  24. ^ a b Jörg Jarnut, Peter Johanek, Die Frühgeschichte der europäischen Stadt im 11. Jahrhundert, Köln-Weimar-Wien 1998, pp.273-305, republished in Winfried Schich, Ralf Gebuhr, Peter Neumeister, Wirtschaft und Kulturlandschaft - Siedlung und Wirtschaft im Bereich der Germania Slavica, BWV Verlag, 2007, pp.273-274, ISBN 3830503784
  25. ^ Jörg Jarnut, Peter Johanek, Die Frühgeschichte der europäischen Stadt im 11. Jahrhundert, Köln-Weimar-Wien 1998, pp.273-305, republished in Winfried Schich, Ralf Gebuhr, Peter Neumeister, Wirtschaft und Kulturlandschaft - Siedlung und Wirtschaft im Bereich der Germania Slavica, BWV Verlag, 2007, pp.274 ff, ISBN 3830503784
  26. ^ a b Sebastian Brather, Archäologie der westlichen Slawen: Siedlung, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft im früh- und hochmittelalterlichen Ostmitteleuropa, Walter de Gruyter, 2001, p.156, ISBN 3110170612
  27. ^ Torsten Kempke in Ole Harck, Christian Lübke, Zwischen Reric und Bornhöved: die Beziehungen zwischen den Dänen und ihren slawischen Nachbarn vom 9. bis ins 13. Jahrhundert : Beiträge einer internationalen Konferenz, Leipzig, 4.-6. Dezember 1997, Franz Steiner Verlag, 2001, p.16, ISBN 3515076719
  28. ^ Copy of the charter (in Latin), printed in Heinrich Gottfried Philipp Gengler, Codex juris Municipalis Germaniae Medii Aevi: Regesten und Urkunden zur Verfassungs- und Rechtsgeschichte der deutschen Städte im Mittelalter, F. Enke, 1863, p.609, free view
  29. ^ a b Gerhard Köbler, Historisches Lexikon der Deutschen Länder: die deutschen Territorien vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart, 7th edition, C.H.Beck, 2007, p.341, ISBN 3406549861:"1255 erhielt die deutsche Siedlung nördlich der slawischen Siedlung Stadtrect von Lübeck."
  30. ^ Jörg Jarnut, Peter Johanek, Die Frühgeschichte der europäischen Stadt im 11. Jahrhundert, Köln-Weimar-Wien 1998, pp.273-305, republished in Winfried Schich, Ralf Gebuhr, Peter Neumeister, Wirtschaft und Kulturlandschaft - Siedlung und Wirtschaft im Bereich der Germania Slavica, BWV Verlag, 2007, p.280, ISBN 3830503784
  31. ^ a b c d Gerhard Köbler, Historisches Lexikon der Deutschen Länder: die deutschen Territorien vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart, 7th edition, C.H.Beck, 2007, p.113, ISBN 3406549861
  32. ^ Hillert Ibbeken, Karl Friedrich Schinkel, Elke Blauert, Martina Abri, Karl Friedrich Schinkel: Das architektonische Werk heute, 2nd edition, 2002, p.324, ISBN 3932565258
  33. ^ ‘’Związki Pomorza Zachodniego z Polską’’‎ page 100 Szymon Pałkowski, Wyższa Szkoła Inżynierska w Koszalinie 1996
  34. ^ "Europäische Route der Backsteingotik | Homepage". EuRoB. Retrieved 2009-05-05.


Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kołobrzeg&oldid=295205317"