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The wolf salute, the grey wolf salute, or the grey wolf gesture (Template:Lang-tr) is an ultranationalist, pan-Turkist, and neo-fascist^[1] hand symbol.^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]

Usage

The grey wolf salute allegedly was apolitical and was used as a gesture by Turkic peoples to indicate their origin, being used as early as the Göktürks. It was also used as a sign of victory, going as far back as being featured in motifs and statues from the 6th century.^[9]

The salute was politicised by Alparslan Türkeş, the founder of the far-right Nationalist Movement Party (MHP).^[10]^: 298 Although the gesture is commonly associated with MHP and the Grey Wolves, it is used by Turkish politicians across the political spectrum. It is also not limited to Turkey, as the gesture is used by Turkic people across the world, such as Azerbaijanis in Iranian Azerbaijan, to show their "Turkishness."^[11]^[12]^: 96

Republican People's Party (CHP) Leader Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu once greeted his supporters with a grey wolf on his way to a rally in Kayseri for the 2017 Turkish constitutional referendum. Recep Tayyip Erdoğan reacted to it by saying, "the gray wolf sign made by the CHP leader cannot be erased from my memory", and Kılıçdaroğlu responded with, "we are also nationalists; we are also nationalists."^[13] Kılıçdaroğlu made the sign again during an election rally in Eskişehir, where he responded with a wolf salute to a supporter who had greeted him with the same gesture.^[14] Kılıçdaroğlu once again used the gesture prior to the 2023 Turkish presidential election when he was the main opposition candidate against Erdoğan.^[15]^: 69 Meral Akşener, a former member of the MHP and current leader of the Good Party, also frequently makes the symbol on many occasions.^[16]^[17]

Recep Tayyip Erdoğan sparked controversy in 2018 when he briefly made the gesture at a rally in Mersin, before changing it to the four-fingered Rabia sign. Many saw it as a deliberate attempt to get votes from Turkish nationalists.^[18] Other Justice and Development Party politicians to have flashed the sign are Foreign Minister Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu^[6] and former Prime Minister Binali Yıldırım,^[19] who later claimed that he was of Kurdish origin, contradicting the Wolf salute.^[20] In 2023, when investigating the Grey Wolves in Germany, the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution concluded that while the wolf gesture was one of the most famous symbols of the organization, not all users of it may be connected to the Turkish far-right scene in particular.^[21]

In sports

On 2 July 2024, after the match against Austria in the Euro 2024 in Germany, Turkish association footballer Merih Demiral displayed the salute, which is not banned in the match's host country. At the press conference, he stated that it was an expression of Turkish pride and he intends to do it again when the opportunity arises. In addition to criticism from politicians and journalists,^[22] UEFA started an investigation for alleged inappropriate behaviour.^[23] On 3 and 4 July 2024 Germany and Turkey respectively summoned the other nation's ambassador to discuss the incident.^[24]

A similar yet unrelated gesture was introduced to American professional wrestling in the early 1990s by the New World Order. Those who used it included primarily D-Generation X, The Club, and Bullet Club along with fans of the North Carolina State Wolfpack.^{[citation needed]}

"Silent fox"

In Germany, the "silent fox" (Leisefuchs) hand gesture, used by teachers to signal students to be quiet, is identical in shape to the Bozkurt salute. Its use reportedly declined after 2011 when its meaning related to Turkish nationalism became known.^[25]

Criticism

The salute is frequently criticised by Islamists who view nationalism as un-Islamic. It has also been criticised by İbrahim Korkmaz, an AKP politician, who described the symbol as "against the spirit of Islam" because "Gagauz Christians also use it".^[26]^[27]^[28]

In the Islamic State propaganda video "Turkey and the Fire of Racism", a militant referred to the wolf salute and any form of wolf symbolism among Turks as "idolatry".^[29]

Legality

Austria banned the gesture in 2019.^[30]^[3] Many German politicians from both the right-wing and left-wing have proposed to ban the wolf salute.^[31]

In Germany, the usage of the silent fox signal in education (indicating for students to be quiet) was reported in 2011 as having decreased due to it being the same gesture as the wolf salute. The same is true for Austrian legality.^[32]

Online use

A hand gesture similar to the wolf salute has been used extensively in American professional wrestling since its introduction by WCW's Wolfpac in the 1990s, most notably DX, The O.C., and the Bullet Club.^[33]

References

^ Matusitz, Jonathan (2014). Symbolism in Terrorism: Motivation, Communication, and Behavior. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 12. ISBN 9781442235793.
^ "Statement on the Rise of the Grey Wolves Terrorist Organization in Belgium". Lemkin Institute. Retrieved 4 July 2024.
^ ^a ^b Keddie, Patrick. "France has banned the 'Grey Wolves' – but who are they?". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 1 June 2021. Retrieved 28 January 2023.
^ "Germany seeks to ban Turkish symbols – DW – 10/09/2018". dw.com. Archived from the original on 15 December 2021. Retrieved 5 May 2023.
^ Göbel, Phil (10 October 2018). "Wolfsgruß: Dieses Zeichen wollen einige Politiker verbieten. Was bedeutet er?". Der Spiegel (in German). ISSN 2195-1349. Archived from the original on 19 May 2023. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
^ ^a ^b "Plötzliche Empörung über faschistischen Wolfsgruß". Frankfurter Rundschau (in German). 10 October 2018. Archived from the original on 19 May 2023. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
^ Jacinto, Leela (24 April 2017). "Can the 'She-Wolf' Who Rejected the Harem Take On Sultan Erdogan?". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 19 May 2023. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
^ "The Blatant Antisemitism of the Turkish Grey Wolves in Germany | AJC Germany". ajcgermany.org. 24 June 2021. Retrieved 4 July 2024.
^ İmanov, Ali (2023-02-13). Sinema Filmlerinde Kurt İmgesi - Modern Dünya Halklarının Kültüründe “Kurt” İmgesinin Rolü Ve İşlevi. Eğitim Yayinevi. pp. 38-40. ISBN 978-625-6408-13-5.
^ Ölçekçi, Haluk (2018). "Siyasal iletişim bağlamında Milliyetçi Hareket Partisi'nin inşası ve Alparslan Türkeş'in iletişim stratejisi". Uluslararası Medeniyet Çalışmaları Dergisi (in Turkish). 3 (1): 282–302. doi:10.26899/inciss.89. ISSN 2548-0146. Archived from the original on 4 July 2024. Retrieved 4 July 2024.
^ "CHP'de buluşma: Ümit Özdağ 'bozkurt' işareti yaptı, Özgür Özel Deniz Naki'yi hatırlattı". soL (in Turkish). 4 July 2024. Retrieved 4 July 2024.
^ Sarıkaya, Yalçın (2021). "İran'ın İkici Karabağ Savaşı tutumu: takke düştü kel göründü". Giresun Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi (in Turkish). 7 (1). Giresun University: 84–103. doi:10.46849/guiibd.872423. ISSN 2149-3391. Archived from the original on 4 July 2024. Retrieved 4 July 2024.
^ "Bozkurt işaretinin anlamı nedir? İlk kim yaptı? - Gündem Haberleri". posta.com.tr. 9 April 2018. Archived from the original on 28 January 2023. Retrieved 28 January 2023.
^ "Kılıçdaroğlu'ndan bozkurt selamı" (in Turkish). 25 April 2023. Archived from the original on 6 May 2023. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
^ Turan, Abdullah (2024). "Türk Siyasi Hayatında Kılıçdaroğlu Dönemi ve CHP'nin İdeolojik Yönelişi: Millet İttifakı'na Çıkan Yol". Iğdır Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi (in Turkish). 13 (36). Iğdır University: 48–73. doi:10.54600/igdirsosbilder.1388990. eISSN 2147-6152. Archived from the original on 4 July 2024. Retrieved 4 July 2024.
^ "'Bozkurt' işareti yapan İYİ Parti Genel Başkanı Meral Akşener: 'Partimizi çok zor kurduk ama kalıcı kıldık'". yerelingundemi.com (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 28 January 2023. Retrieved 28 January 2023.
^ "Meral Akşener Bozkurt İşareti yaptı! Önce kendisi yazdı sonra kendisi bozdu". Son Havadis (in Turkish). 31 August 2022. Archived from the original on 28 January 2023. Retrieved 28 January 2023.
^ "Erdoğan'dan Mersin'de bozkurt selamı". Takvim (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 28 January 2023. Retrieved 28 January 2023.
^ "Başbakan Binali Yıldırım Bozkurt İşareti Yaptı". Bianet. Archived from the original on 22 February 2017. Retrieved 3 July 2024.
^ "Başbakan Binali Yıldırım: Benim de geçmişim Kürt". Archived from the original on 12 November 2021. Retrieved 3 July 2024.
^ "Türkischer Rechtsextremismus - Die "Grauen Wölfe" in Deutschland". Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution (in German). September 2023. Retrieved 4 July 2024.
^ "Uefa ermittelt gegen Demiral wegen des 'Wolfsgrußes'" [Uefa investigation against Demiral because of "Wolf salute"]. Süddeutsche Zeitung (in German). Südwestdeutsche Medien Holding. 3 July 2024. Retrieved 3 July 2024.
^ "UEFA Ethics and Disciplinary Inspector appointed". UEFA. 3 July 2024. Retrieved 3 July 2024.
^ "Wegen Demirals "Wolfsgruß": Bundesregierung bestellt türkischen Botschafter ein". Tagesspiegel. 4 July 2024. Retrieved 4 July 2024.
^ "Grundschulen: "Frau Herber, du, guck mal"". Frankfurter Rundschau. 22 January 2019.
^ "'Bozkurt işareti İslam'a aykırı' diyen eski AK Partili vekil ülkücüleri kızdırdı". gazeteduvar.com.tr. Archived from the original on 3 July 2023. Retrieved 5 May 2023.
^ "AKP'li vekil, "Bozkurt işaretini Hristiyan Gagavuzlar kullanıyor" demişti; Ülkü Ocakları tepki gösterdi". T24 (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 8 February 2018. Retrieved 5 May 2023.
^ "AKP'li eski vekil: Bozkurt işareti İslam'ın ruhuna aykırı". birgun.net. Archived from the original on 7 May 2023. Retrieved 5 May 2023.
^ "IŞİD'in yeni Türkçe videosunda yok yok: Atatürk, Erdoğan, Öcalan, ülkücüler…". Diken (in Turkish). 21 November 2015. Archived from the original on 21 November 2018. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
^ "Austria: Ban on Turkish nationalist salute in practice". aa.com.tr. Archived from the original on 28 January 2023. Retrieved 28 January 2023.
^ "Germany Seeks to Ban Turkish 'Gray Wolves' Far-Right Symbols". Wolf Song of Alaska. Archived from the original on 28 January 2023. Retrieved 28 January 2023.
^ "Grundschulen: "Frau Herber, du, guck mal"". Frankfurter Rundschau. 22 January 2019.
^ "The 'Too Sweet' history of WWE's most iconic gesture". WWE.com. WWE. 24 June 2016. Archived from the original on 3 June 2023. Retrieved 3 July 2024.

[автоссылка1-1] Matusitz, Jonathan (2014). Symbolism in Terrorism: Motivation, Communication, and Behavior. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 12. ISBN 9781442235793.

[2] "Statement on the Rise of the Grey Wolves Terrorist Organization in Belgium". Lemkin Institute. Retrieved 4 July 2024.

[:0-3] Keddie, Patrick. "France has banned the 'Grey Wolves' – but who are they?". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 1 June 2021. Retrieved 28 January 2023.

[4] "Germany seeks to ban Turkish symbols – DW – 10/09/2018". dw.com. Archived from the original on 15 December 2021. Retrieved 5 May 2023.

[5] Göbel, Phil (10 October 2018). "Wolfsgruß: Dieses Zeichen wollen einige Politiker verbieten. Was bedeutet er?". Der Spiegel (in German). ISSN 2195-1349. Archived from the original on 19 May 2023. Retrieved 19 May 2023.

[fr.de-6] "Plötzliche Empörung über faschistischen Wolfsgruß". Frankfurter Rundschau (in German). 10 October 2018. Archived from the original on 19 May 2023. Retrieved 19 May 2023.

[7] Jacinto, Leela (24 April 2017). "Can the 'She-Wolf' Who Rejected the Harem Take On Sultan Erdogan?". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 19 May 2023. Retrieved 19 May 2023.

[8] "The Blatant Antisemitism of the Turkish Grey Wolves in Germany | AJC Germany". ajcgermany.org. 24 June 2021. Retrieved 4 July 2024.

[9] İmanov, Ali (2023-02-13). Sinema Filmlerinde Kurt İmgesi - Modern Dünya Halklarının Kültüründe “Kurt” İmgesinin Rolü Ve İşlevi. Eğitim Yayinevi. pp. 38-40. ISBN 978-625-6408-13-5.

[10] Ölçekçi, Haluk (2018). "Siyasal iletişim bağlamında Milliyetçi Hareket Partisi'nin inşası ve Alparslan Türkeş'in iletişim stratejisi". Uluslararası Medeniyet Çalışmaları Dergisi (in Turkish). 3 (1): 282–302. doi:10.26899/inciss.89. ISSN 2548-0146. Archived from the original on 4 July 2024. Retrieved 4 July 2024.

[11] "CHP'de buluşma: Ümit Özdağ 'bozkurt' işareti yaptı, Özgür Özel Deniz Naki'yi hatırlattı". soL (in Turkish). 4 July 2024. Retrieved 4 July 2024.

[12] Sarıkaya, Yalçın (2021). "İran'ın İkici Karabağ Savaşı tutumu: takke düştü kel göründü". Giresun Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi (in Turkish). 7 (1). Giresun University: 84–103. doi:10.46849/guiibd.872423. ISSN 2149-3391. Archived from the original on 4 July 2024. Retrieved 4 July 2024.

[13] "Bozkurt işaretinin anlamı nedir? İlk kim yaptı? - Gündem Haberleri". posta.com.tr. 9 April 2018. Archived from the original on 28 January 2023. Retrieved 28 January 2023.

[14] "Kılıçdaroğlu'ndan bozkurt selamı" (in Turkish). 25 April 2023. Archived from the original on 6 May 2023. Retrieved 3 May 2023.

[15] Turan, Abdullah (2024). "Türk Siyasi Hayatında Kılıçdaroğlu Dönemi ve CHP'nin İdeolojik Yönelişi: Millet İttifakı'na Çıkan Yol". Iğdır Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi (in Turkish). 13 (36). Iğdır University: 48–73. doi:10.54600/igdirsosbilder.1388990. eISSN 2147-6152. Archived from the original on 4 July 2024. Retrieved 4 July 2024.

[16] "'Bozkurt' işareti yapan İYİ Parti Genel Başkanı Meral Akşener: 'Partimizi çok zor kurduk ama kalıcı kıldık'". yerelingundemi.com (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 28 January 2023. Retrieved 28 January 2023.

[17] "Meral Akşener Bozkurt İşareti yaptı! Önce kendisi yazdı sonra kendisi bozdu". Son Havadis (in Turkish). 31 August 2022. Archived from the original on 28 January 2023. Retrieved 28 January 2023.

[18] "Erdoğan'dan Mersin'de bozkurt selamı". Takvim (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 28 January 2023. Retrieved 28 January 2023.

[19] "Başbakan Binali Yıldırım Bozkurt İşareti Yaptı". Bianet. Archived from the original on 22 February 2017. Retrieved 3 July 2024.

[20] "Başbakan Binali Yıldırım: Benim de geçmişim Kürt". Archived from the original on 12 November 2021. Retrieved 3 July 2024.

[21] "Türkischer Rechtsextremismus - Die "Grauen Wölfe" in Deutschland". Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution (in German). September 2023. Retrieved 4 July 2024.

[22] "Uefa ermittelt gegen Demiral wegen des 'Wolfsgrußes'" [Uefa investigation against Demiral because of "Wolf salute"]. Süddeutsche Zeitung (in German). Südwestdeutsche Medien Holding. 3 July 2024. Retrieved 3 July 2024.

[23] "UEFA Ethics and Disciplinary Inspector appointed". UEFA. 3 July 2024. Retrieved 3 July 2024.

[24] "Wegen Demirals "Wolfsgruß": Bundesregierung bestellt türkischen Botschafter ein". Tagesspiegel. 4 July 2024. Retrieved 4 July 2024.

[25] "Grundschulen: "Frau Herber, du, guck mal"". Frankfurter Rundschau. 22 January 2019.

[26] "'Bozkurt işareti İslam'a aykırı' diyen eski AK Partili vekil ülkücüleri kızdırdı". gazeteduvar.com.tr. Archived from the original on 3 July 2023. Retrieved 5 May 2023.

[27] "AKP'li vekil, "Bozkurt işaretini Hristiyan Gagavuzlar kullanıyor" demişti; Ülkü Ocakları tepki gösterdi". T24 (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 8 February 2018. Retrieved 5 May 2023.

[28] "AKP'li eski vekil: Bozkurt işareti İslam'ın ruhuna aykırı". birgun.net. Archived from the original on 7 May 2023. Retrieved 5 May 2023.

[29] "IŞİD'in yeni Türkçe videosunda yok yok: Atatürk, Erdoğan, Öcalan, ülkücüler…". Diken (in Turkish). 21 November 2015. Archived from the original on 21 November 2018. Retrieved 9 January 2024.

[30] "Austria: Ban on Turkish nationalist salute in practice". aa.com.tr. Archived from the original on 28 January 2023. Retrieved 28 January 2023.

[wsa-31] "Germany Seeks to Ban Turkish 'Gray Wolves' Far-Right Symbols". Wolf Song of Alaska. Archived from the original on 28 January 2023. Retrieved 28 January 2023.

[32] "Grundschulen: "Frau Herber, du, guck mal"". Frankfurter Rundschau. 22 January 2019.

[33] "The 'Too Sweet' history of WWE's most iconic gesture". WWE.com. WWE. 24 June 2016. Archived from the original on 3 June 2023. Retrieved 3 July 2024.

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@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 {{EngvarB|date=July 2024}}
 {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
-[[File:Wolfsgruß_Graue_Woelfe.jpg|right|thumb|The wolf salute]]
+[[File:Wolfsgruß_Graue_Woelfe.jpg|right|thumb|The wolf salute, as used by the Turkish ultranationalist organization "[[Grey Wolves (organization)|Grey Wolves]]" (Bozkurtçular)]]
-The '''wolf salute''', the '''grey wolf salute''' or the '''grey wolf gesture''' ({{lang-tr|Bozkurt işareti}}) is a hand symbol commonly associated with [[Turkish nationalism]] and [[Pan-Turkism]]. The gesture is banned in France and [[Austria]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Germany seeks to ban Turkish far-right symbols – DW – 10/09/2018 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/germany-seeks-to-ban-turkish-gray-wolves-far-right-symbols/a-45809792 |access-date=2023-05-05 |website=dw.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Göbel |first=Phil |date=2018-10-10 |title=Wolfsgruß: Dieses Zeichen wollen einige Politiker verbieten. Was bedeutet er? |language=de |work=Der Spiegel |url=https://www.spiegel.de/panorama/wolfsgruss-dieses-zeichen-wollen-einige-politiker-verbieten-was-bedeutet-er-a-9ae086dc-d4fc-4e91-9838-726bbb1f915d |access-date=2023-05-19 |issn=2195-1349}}</ref><ref name="fr.de">{{Cite web |date=2018-10-10 |title=Plötzliche Empörung über faschistischen Wolfsgruß |url=https://www.fr.de/meinung/ploetzliche-empoerung-ueber-faschistischen-wolfsgruss-11107078.html |access-date=2023-05-19 |website=www.fr.de |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacinto |first=Leela |date=2017-04-24 |title=Can the ‘She-Wolf’ Who Rejected the Harem Take On Sultan Erdogan? |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2017/04/24/can-the-she-wolf-who-rejected-the-harem-take-on-sultan-erdogan-meral-aksener/ |access-date=2023-05-19 |website=[[Foreign Policy]] |language=en-US}}</ref>
+The '''wolf salute''', the '''grey wolf salute''', or the '''grey wolf gesture''' ({{lang-tr|Bozkurt işareti}}) is an [[Ultranationalism|ultranationalist]], [[Pan-Turkism|pan-Turkist]], and [[Neo-fascism|neo-fascist]]<ref name="автоссылка1">{{cite book| author = Matusitz, Jonathan | chapter = | chapter-url = | format = | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=SS-PBAAAQBAJ | title = Symbolism in Terrorism: Motivation, Communication, and Behavior | orig-year = | agency =  | edition =   |location=  |date = 2014 |publisher= [[Rowman & Littlefield|Rowman & Littlefield Publishers]] |volume=  | pages = 12| series =  | isbn = 9781442235793 }}</ref> [[Gesture|hand symbol]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement on the Rise of the Grey Wolves Terrorist Organization in Belgium |url=https://www.lemkininstitute.com/statements-new-page/statement-on-the-rise-of-the-grey-wolves-terrorist-organization-in-belgium- |access-date=2024-07-04 |website=Lemkin Institute |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Germany seeks to ban Turkish symbols – DW – 10/09/2018 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/germany-seeks-to-ban-turkish-gray-wolves-far-right-symbols/a-45809792 |access-date=5 May 2023 |website=dw.com |archive-date=15 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215213212/https://www.dw.com/en/germany-seeks-to-ban-turkish-gray-wolves-far-right-symbols/a-45809792 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Göbel |first=Phil |date=10 October 2018 |title=Wolfsgruß: Dieses Zeichen wollen einige Politiker verbieten. Was bedeutet er? |language=de |work=Der Spiegel |url=https://www.spiegel.de/panorama/wolfsgruss-dieses-zeichen-wollen-einige-politiker-verbieten-was-bedeutet-er-a-9ae086dc-d4fc-4e91-9838-726bbb1f915d |access-date=19 May 2023 |issn=2195-1349 |archive-date=19 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519104743/https://www.spiegel.de/panorama/wolfsgruss-dieses-zeichen-wollen-einige-politiker-verbieten-was-bedeutet-er-a-9ae086dc-d4fc-4e91-9838-726bbb1f915d |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="fr.de">{{Cite web |date=10 October 2018 |title=Plötzliche Empörung über faschistischen Wolfsgruß |url=https://www.fr.de/meinung/ploetzliche-empoerung-ueber-faschistischen-wolfsgruss-11107078.html |access-date=19 May 2023 |website=[[Frankfurter Rundschau]] |language=de |archive-date=19 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519104745/https://www.fr.de/meinung/ploetzliche-empoerung-ueber-faschistischen-wolfsgruss-11107078.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacinto |first=Leela |date=24 April 2017 |title=Can the 'She-Wolf' Who Rejected the Harem Take On Sultan Erdogan? |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2017/04/24/can-the-she-wolf-who-rejected-the-harem-take-on-sultan-erdogan-meral-aksener/ |access-date=19 May 2023 |website=[[Foreign Policy]] |archive-date=19 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519111250/https://foreignpolicy.com/2017/04/24/can-the-she-wolf-who-rejected-the-harem-take-on-sultan-erdogan-meral-aksener/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-24 |title=The Blatant Antisemitism of the Turkish Grey Wolves in Germany {{!}} AJC Germany |url=https://ajcgermany.org/en/comment/blatant-antisemitism-turkish-grey-wolves-germany |access-date=2024-07-04 |website=ajcgermany.org |language=en}}</ref>
 == Usage ==
 [[File:Turkic horsemen with unidentifiable ambassadors on top.jpg|thumb|right|Turkic horseman making the wolf sign, 6th century]]
-The grey wolf salute allegedly was used as early as the [[Göktürks]] as a sign of victory, and indication of heritage, going as far back as being featured in motifs and statues from the [[6th century]].<ref>''İmanov, Ali (2023-02-13). Sinema Filmlerinde Kurt İmgesi - Modern Dünya Halklarının Kültüründe “Kurt” İmgesinin Rolü Ve İşlevi. Eğitim Yayinevi. pp. 38-40.'' <nowiki>ISBN 978-625-6408-13-5</nowiki>''.''</ref> Despite its supposed [[Apoliticism|apolitical]] origins, it was politicised by [[Alparslan Türkeş]], the founder of the [[far-right]] [[Nationalist Movement Party]] (MHP), after which the salute became associated with the far-right.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ölçekçi|first=Haluk|date=2018|title=Siyasal iletişim bağlamında Milliyetçi Hareket Partisi'nin inşası ve Alparslan Türkeş'in iletişim stratejisi|url=https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1352983|journal=Uluslararası Medeniyet Çalışmaları Dergisi|access-date=4 July 2024|archive-date=4 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240704202911/https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1352983|url-status=live|issn=2548-0146|volume=3|issue=1|pages=282–302|doi=10.26899/inciss.89|language=Turkish}}</ref>{{Rp|298}}
+The grey wolf salute allegedly was apolitical and was used as a gesture by Turkic peoples to indicate their origin, being used as early as the [[Göktürks]]. It was also used as a sign of victory, going as far back as being featured in motifs and statues from the [[6th century]].<ref>''İmanov, Ali (2023-02-13). Sinema Filmlerinde Kurt İmgesi - Modern Dünya Halklarının Kültüründe “Kurt” İmgesinin Rolü Ve İşlevi. Eğitim Yayinevi. pp. 38-40.'' <nowiki>ISBN 978-625-6408-13-5</nowiki>''.''</ref>
-Although the gesture is commonly associated with MHP and the [[Grey Wolves (organization)|Grey Wolves]], it is used by Turkish politicians across the political spectrum. It is also not limited to Turkey, as the gesture is used by [[Turkic people]] across the world, such as [[Azerbaijanis]] in [[Azerbaijan (Iran)|Iranian Azerbaijan]], to show their "Turkishness."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://haber.sol.org.tr/haber/chpde-bulusma-umit-ozdag-bozkurt-isareti-yapti-ozgur-ozel-deniz-nakiyi-hatirlatti-394039|title=CHP'de buluşma: Ümit Özdağ 'bozkurt' işareti yaptı, Özgür Özel Deniz Naki'yi hatırlattı|date=4 July 2024|access-date=4 July 2024|website=[[SoL (newspaper)|soL]]|language=Turkish}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sarıkaya|first=Yalçın|date=2021|title=İran'ın İkici Karabağ Savaşı tutumu: takke düştü kel göründü|url=https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1548614|journal=Giresun Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi|publisher=[[Giresun University]]|access-date=4 July 2024|archive-date=4 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240704212956/https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1548614|url-status=live|issn=2149-3391|volume=7|issue=1|pages=84–103|doi=10.46849/guiibd.872423|language=Turkish}}</ref>{{Rp|96}}
+The salute was politicised by [[Alparslan Türkeş]], the founder of the [[far-right]] [[Nationalist Movement Party]] (MHP).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ölçekçi|first=Haluk|date=2018|title=Siyasal iletişim bağlamında Milliyetçi Hareket Partisi'nin inşası ve Alparslan Türkeş'in iletişim stratejisi|url=https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1352983|journal=Uluslararası Medeniyet Çalışmaları Dergisi|access-date=4 July 2024|archive-date=4 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240704202911/https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1352983|url-status=live|issn=2548-0146|volume=3|issue=1|pages=282–302|doi=10.26899/inciss.89|language=Turkish}}</ref>{{Rp|298}} Although the gesture is commonly associated with MHP and the [[Grey Wolves (organization)|Grey Wolves]], it is used by Turkish politicians across the political spectrum. It is also not limited to Turkey, as the gesture is used by [[Turkic people]] across the world, such as [[Azerbaijanis]] in [[Azerbaijan (Iran)|Iranian Azerbaijan]], to show their "Turkishness."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://haber.sol.org.tr/haber/chpde-bulusma-umit-ozdag-bozkurt-isareti-yapti-ozgur-ozel-deniz-nakiyi-hatirlatti-394039|title=CHP'de buluşma: Ümit Özdağ 'bozkurt' işareti yaptı, Özgür Özel Deniz Naki'yi hatırlattı|date=4 July 2024|access-date=4 July 2024|website=[[SoL (newspaper)|soL]]|language=Turkish}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sarıkaya|first=Yalçın|date=2021|title=İran'ın İkici Karabağ Savaşı tutumu: takke düştü kel göründü|url=https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1548614|journal=Giresun Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi|publisher=[[Giresun University]]|access-date=4 July 2024|archive-date=4 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240704212956/https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1548614|url-status=live|issn=2149-3391|volume=7|issue=1|pages=84–103|doi=10.46849/guiibd.872423|language=Turkish}}</ref>{{Rp|96}}
-[[Republican People's Party]] (CHP) Leader [[Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu]] once greeted his supporters with a grey wolf on his way to a rally in [[Kayseri]] for the [[2017 Turkish constitutional referendum]]. [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] reacted to it by saying, "the gray wolf sign made by the CHP leader cannot be erased from my memory", and Kılıçdaroğlu responded with, "we are also nationalists; we are also nationalists."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bozkurt işaretinin anlamı nedir? İlk kim yaptı? - Gündem Haberleri |url=https://www.posta.com.tr/amp/gundem/bozkurt-isaretinin-anlami-nedir-ilk-kim-yapti-1391159 |access-date=28 January 2023 |website=posta.com.tr |date=9 April 2018 |archive-date=28 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128193901/https://www.posta.com.tr/amp/gundem/bozkurt-isaretinin-anlami-nedir-ilk-kim-yapti-1391159 |url-status=live }}</ref> Kılıçdaroğlu made the sign again during an election rally in [[Eskişehir]], where he responded with a wolf salute to a supporter who had greeted him with the same gesture.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/siyaset/kilicdaroglundan-bozkurt-selami-2075016|title=Kılıçdaroğlu'ndan bozkurt selamı|date=25 April 2023|language=Turkish|access-date=3 May 2023|archive-date=6 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506071803/https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/siyaset/kilicdaroglundan-bozkurt-selami-2075016|url-status=live}}</ref> Kılıçdaroğlu once again used the gesture prior to the [[2023 Turkish presidential election]] when he was the main opposition candidate against Erdoğan.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Turan|first=Abdullah|date=2024|title=Türk Siyasi Hayatında Kılıçdaroğlu Dönemi ve CHP'nin İdeolojik Yönelişi: Millet İttifakı'na Çıkan Yol|url=https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/3529644|journal=Iğdır Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi|publisher=[[Iğdır University]]|access-date=4 July 2024|archive-date=4 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240704202029/https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/3529644|url-status=live|eissn=2147-6152|volume=13|issue=36|pages=48–73|doi=10.54600/igdirsosbilder.1388990|language=Turkish}}</ref>{{Rp|69}} [[Meral Akşener]], a former member of the MHP and former leader of the [[Good Party]], also frequently makes the symbol on many occasions.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Bozkurt' işareti yapan İYİ Parti Genel Başkanı Meral Akşener: 'Partimizi çok zor kurduk ama kalıcı kıldık' |url=https://www.yerelingundemi.com/galeri/siyaset/1787/bozkurt-isareti-yapan-iyi-parti-genel-baskani-meral-aksener-partimizi-cok-zor-kurduk-ama-kalici-kildik |access-date=28 January 2023 |website=yerelingundemi.com |language=tr |archive-date=28 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128193909/https://www.yerelingundemi.com/galeri/siyaset/1787/bozkurt-isareti-yapan-iyi-parti-genel-baskani-meral-aksener-partimizi-cok-zor-kurduk-ama-kalici-kildik |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2022 |title=Meral Akşener Bozkurt İşareti yaptı! Önce kendisi yazdı sonra kendisi bozdu |url=https://www.sonhavadis.com/meral-aksener-bozkurt-isareti-yapti-once-kendisi-yazdi-sonra-kendisi-bozdu/ |access-date=28 January 2023 |website=Son Havadis |language=tr |archive-date=28 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128193926/https://www.sonhavadis.com/meral-aksener-bozkurt-isareti-yapti-once-kendisi-yazdi-sonra-kendisi-bozdu/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
+[[Republican People's Party]] (CHP) Leader [[Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu]] once greeted his supporters with a grey wolf on his way to a rally in [[Kayseri]] for the [[2017 Turkish constitutional referendum]]. [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] reacted to it by saying, "the gray wolf sign made by the CHP leader cannot be erased from my memory", and Kılıçdaroğlu responded with, "we are also nationalists; we are also nationalists."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bozkurt işaretinin anlamı nedir? İlk kim yaptı? - Gündem Haberleri |url=https://www.posta.com.tr/amp/gundem/bozkurt-isaretinin-anlami-nedir-ilk-kim-yapti-1391159 |access-date=28 January 2023 |website=posta.com.tr |date=9 April 2018 |archive-date=28 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128193901/https://www.posta.com.tr/amp/gundem/bozkurt-isaretinin-anlami-nedir-ilk-kim-yapti-1391159 |url-status=live }}</ref> Kılıçdaroğlu made the sign again during an election rally in [[Eskişehir]], where he responded with a wolf salute to a supporter who had greeted him with the same gesture.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/siyaset/kilicdaroglundan-bozkurt-selami-2075016|title=Kılıçdaroğlu'ndan bozkurt selamı|date=25 April 2023|language=Turkish|access-date=3 May 2023|archive-date=6 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506071803/https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/siyaset/kilicdaroglundan-bozkurt-selami-2075016|url-status=live}}</ref> Kılıçdaroğlu once again used the gesture prior to the [[2023 Turkish presidential election]] when he was the main opposition candidate against Erdoğan.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Turan|first=Abdullah|date=2024|title=Türk Siyasi Hayatında Kılıçdaroğlu Dönemi ve CHP'nin İdeolojik Yönelişi: Millet İttifakı'na Çıkan Yol|url=https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/3529644|journal=Iğdır Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi|publisher=[[Iğdır University]]|access-date=4 July 2024|archive-date=4 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240704202029/https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/3529644|url-status=live|eissn=2147-6152|volume=13|issue=36|pages=48–73|doi=10.54600/igdirsosbilder.1388990|language=Turkish}}</ref>{{Rp|69}} [[Meral Akşener]], a former member of the MHP and current leader of the [[Good Party]], also frequently makes the symbol on many occasions.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Bozkurt' işareti yapan İYİ Parti Genel Başkanı Meral Akşener: 'Partimizi çok zor kurduk ama kalıcı kıldık' |url=https://www.yerelingundemi.com/galeri/siyaset/1787/bozkurt-isareti-yapan-iyi-parti-genel-baskani-meral-aksener-partimizi-cok-zor-kurduk-ama-kalici-kildik |access-date=28 January 2023 |website=yerelingundemi.com |language=tr |archive-date=28 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128193909/https://www.yerelingundemi.com/galeri/siyaset/1787/bozkurt-isareti-yapan-iyi-parti-genel-baskani-meral-aksener-partimizi-cok-zor-kurduk-ama-kalici-kildik |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2022 |title=Meral Akşener Bozkurt İşareti yaptı! Önce kendisi yazdı sonra kendisi bozdu |url=https://www.sonhavadis.com/meral-aksener-bozkurt-isareti-yapti-once-kendisi-yazdi-sonra-kendisi-bozdu/ |access-date=28 January 2023 |website=Son Havadis |language=tr |archive-date=28 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128193926/https://www.sonhavadis.com/meral-aksener-bozkurt-isareti-yapti-once-kendisi-yazdi-sonra-kendisi-bozdu/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] sparked controversy in 2018 when he briefly made the gesture at a rally in [[Mersin]], before changing it to the four-fingered [[Rabia sign]]. Many saw it as a deliberate attempt to get votes from Turkish nationalists.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Erdoğan'dan Mersin'de bozkurt selamı |url=https://www.takvim.com.tr/guncel/2018/03/10/erdogandan-mersinde-bozkurt-selami |access-date=28 January 2023 |website=Takvim |language=tr |archive-date=28 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128193903/https://www.takvim.com.tr/guncel/2018/03/10/erdogandan-mersinde-bozkurt-selami |url-status=live }}</ref> Other [[Justice and Development Party (Turkey)|Justice and Development Party]] politicians to have flashed the sign are Foreign Minister [[Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu]]<ref name="fr.de"/> and former Prime Minister [[Binali Yıldırım]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Başbakan Binali Yıldırım Bozkurt İşareti Yaptı |url=https://bianet.org/bianet/siyaset/183838-basbakan-binali-yildirim-bozkurt-isareti-yapti |website=[[Bianet]] |access-date=3 July 2024 |archive-date=22 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222153418/http://bianet.org/bianet/siyaset/183838-basbakan-binali-yildirim-bozkurt-isareti-yapti |url-status=live }}</ref> who later claimed that he was of Kurdish origin, contradicting the Wolf salute.<ref>{{cite web |title=Başbakan Binali Yıldırım: Benim de geçmişim Kürt |url=https://m.haberturk.com/basbakan-yildirim-benim-de-gecmisim-kurt-2002936-amp |access-date=3 July 2024 |archive-date=12 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112133538/https://m.haberturk.com/basbakan-yildirim-benim-de-gecmisim-kurt-2002936-amp |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2023, when investigating the Grey Wolves in Germany, the [[Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution]] concluded that while the wolf gesture was one of the most famous symbols of the organization, not all users of it may be connected to the Turkish far-right scene in particular.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.verfassungsschutz.de/SharedDocs/hintergruende/DE/auslandsbezogener-extremismus/tuerkischer-rechtsextremismus-in-deutschland.html|title=Türkischer Rechtsextremismus - Die "Grauen Wölfe" in Deutschland|date=September 2023|access-date=4 July 2024|website=[[Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution]]|language=German}}</ref>
@@ Line 18: / Line 18: @@
 === In sports ===
-On 2 July 2024, after the match against [[Austria national football team|Austria]] in the [[UEFA Euro 2024 knockout stage#Round of 16|Euro 2024]] in Germany, Turkish [[Association football|association footballer]] [[Merih Demiral]] displayed the salute, which is not banned in the match's host country. At the press conference, he stated that it was an expression of Turkish pride and he intends to do it again when the opportunity arises. In addition to criticism from politicians and journalists,<ref>{{cite news |date=3 July 2024 |title=Uefa ermittelt gegen Demiral wegen des 'Wolfsgrußes' |trans-title=Uefa investigation against Demiral because of "Wolf salute" |url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/sport/fussball-em-tuerkei-oesterreich-wolfsgruss-demiral-rechtsextrem-uefa-lux.UaK4WonSA6bg5RKE5JWVTw |access-date=3 July 2024 |website=[[Süddeutsche Zeitung]] |publisher=Südwestdeutsche Medien Holding |language=de}}</ref> [[UEFA]] started an investigation for alleged inappropriate behaviour.<ref>{{cite news |date=3 July 2024 |title=UEFA Ethics and Disciplinary Inspector appointed |url=https://www.uefa.com/running-competitions/disciplinary/updates/028f-1b472db4c7d7-cdf7c16b8ac8-1000/ |access-date=3 July 2024 |website=[[UEFA]]}}</ref> On 3 and 4 July 2024 Germany and Turkey respectively summoned the other nation's [[ambassador]] to discuss the incident.<ref>{{cite news |date=4 July 2024 |title=Wegen Demirals "Wolfsgruß": Bundesregierung bestellt türkischen Botschafter ein |url=https://www.tagesspiegel.de/sport/wegen-demirals-wolfsgruss-berlin-bestellt-turkischen-botschafter-ein-11958566.html |access-date=4 July 2024 |website=[[Tagesspiegel]]}}</ref> Erdoğan criticized this decision and compared the wolf symbolism to [[Coat of arms of Germany|German eagle]] and [[Gallic rooster|French rooster]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/sports/soccer/erdogan-says-wolf-gesture-row-prompted-him-attend-turkey-quarter-final-media-2024-07-05/|website=Reuters|date=5 July 2024}}</ref>
+On 2 July 2024, after the match against [[Austria national football team|Austria]] in the [[UEFA Euro 2024 knockout stage#Round of 16|Euro 2024]] in Germany, Turkish [[Association football|association footballer]] [[Merih Demiral]] displayed the salute, which is not banned in the match's host country. At the press conference, he stated that it was an expression of Turkish pride and he intends to do it again when the opportunity arises. In addition to criticism from politicians and journalists,<ref>{{cite news |date=3 July 2024 |title=Uefa ermittelt gegen Demiral wegen des 'Wolfsgrußes' |trans-title=Uefa investigation against Demiral because of "Wolf salute" |url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/sport/fussball-em-tuerkei-oesterreich-wolfsgruss-demiral-rechtsextrem-uefa-lux.UaK4WonSA6bg5RKE5JWVTw |access-date=3 July 2024 |website=[[Süddeutsche Zeitung]] |publisher=Südwestdeutsche Medien Holding |language=de}}</ref> [[UEFA]] started an investigation for alleged inappropriate behaviour.<ref>{{cite news |date=3 July 2024 |title=UEFA Ethics and Disciplinary Inspector appointed |url=https://www.uefa.com/running-competitions/disciplinary/updates/028f-1b472db4c7d7-cdf7c16b8ac8-1000/ |access-date=3 July 2024 |website=[[UEFA]]}}</ref> On 3 and 4 July 2024 Germany and Turkey respectively summoned the other nation's [[ambassador]] to discuss the incident.<ref>{{cite news |date=4 July 2024 |title=Wegen Demirals "Wolfsgruß": Bundesregierung bestellt türkischen Botschafter ein |url=https://www.tagesspiegel.de/sport/wegen-demirals-wolfsgruss-berlin-bestellt-turkischen-botschafter-ein-11958566.html |access-date=4 July 2024 |website=[[Tagesspiegel]]}}</ref>
+A similar yet unrelated gesture was introduced to [[American professional wrestling]] in the early 1990s by the [[New World Order (professional wrestling)|New World Order]]. Those who used it included primarily [[D-Generation X]], [[The Club (professional wrestling)|The Club]], and [[Bullet Club]] along with fans of the [[North Carolina State Wolfpack]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}
 === "Silent fox" ===
-In [[Germany]], the [[silent fox signal]] (''Leisefuchs'') hand gesture, used by teachers to signal students to be quiet, is identical in shape to the Bozkurt salute. Its use reportedly declined after 2011 due to its association with Turkish nationalism.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.fr.de/rhein-main/wiesbaden/fdp-org26312/frau-herber-guck-mal-11410738.html|title=Grundschulen: "Frau Herber, du, guck mal"|website=[[Frankfurter Rundschau]]|date=January 22, 2019}}</ref>
+In [[Germany]], the "silent fox" (''Leisefuchs'') hand gesture, used by teachers to signal students to be quiet, is identical in shape to the Bozkurt salute. Its use reportedly declined after 2011 when its meaning related to Turkish nationalism became known.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.fr.de/rhein-main/wiesbaden/fdp-org26312/frau-herber-guck-mal-11410738.html|title=Grundschulen: "Frau Herber, du, guck mal"|website=[[Frankfurter Rundschau]]|date=January 22, 2019}}</ref>
 == Criticism ==