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{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox racehorse
{{Infobox racehorse
|horsename= Seabiscuit
|horsename= Seabiscuit likes biscuits
|image= Seabiscuit workout with GW up.jpg
|image= Seabiscuit workout with GW up.jpg
|caption= [[George Woolf]] on Seabiscuit
|caption= [[George Woolf]] on Seabiscuit

Revision as of 00:09, 3 April 2024

For other uses, see Seabiscuit (disambiguation).

Seabiscuit likes biscuits
George Woolf on Seabiscuit
SireHard Tack
GrandsireMan o' War
DamSwing On
DamsireWhisk Broom II
SexStallion
Foaled(1933-05-23)23 May 1933
Died17 May 1947(1947-05-17) (aged 13)
CountryUnited States
ColourLight Bay
BreederGladys Mills Phipps
OwnerCharles Howard
Trainer1) "Sunny Jim" Fitzsimmons
2) Tom Smith
Record89: 33–15–1
Earnings$437,730
Major wins
Scarsdale Handicap (1936)
Massachusetts Handicap (1937)
Brooklyn Handicap (1937)
Butler Memorial Handicap (1937)
Riggs Handicap (1937)
San Juan Capistrano Handicap (1937)
Bay Meadows Handicap (1937, 1938)
Agua Caliente Handicap (1938)
Havre de Grace Handicap (1938)
Match race vs Ligaroti (1938)
Pimlico Special vs War Admiral (1938)
Hollywood Gold Cup (1938)
San Antonio Handicap (1940)
Santa Anita Handicap (1940)
Awards
U.S. Champion Handicap Male (1937 & 1938)
U.S. Horse of the Year (1938)
Honors
United States Racing Hall of Fame (1958)
#25 – Top 100 U.S. Racehorses of the 20th Century
Life-size statues at Santa Anita Park and Saratoga Springs
Grade II Seabiscuit Handicap at Del Mar Racetrack (2014– )
Last updated on 21 November 2021

Seabiscuit (May 23, 1933 – May 17, 1947) was a champion thoroughbred racehorse in the United States who became the top money-winning racehorse up to the 1940s. He beat the 1937 Triple Crown winner, War Admiral, by four lengths in a two-horse special at Pimlico and was voted American Horse of the Year for 1938.

A small horse, at 15.2 hands high,[1] Seabiscuit had an inauspicious start to his racing career, winning only a quarter of his first 40 races, but became an unlikely champion and a symbol of hope to many Americans during the Great Depression.

Seabiscuit has been the subject of numerous books and films, including Seabiscuit: the Lost Documentary (1939); the Shirley Temple film The Story of Seabiscuit (1949); a book, Seabiscuit: An American Legend (1999) by Laura Hillenbrand; and a film adaptation of Hillenbrand's book, Seabiscuit (2003), that was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture.

Early days

Seabiscuit with owner Charles Howard

Seabiscuit was foaled in Lexington, Kentucky, on May 23, 1933,[2][3] from the mare Swing On and sire Hard Tack, a son of Man o' War.[4] Seabiscuit was named for his father, as hardtack or "sea biscuit" is the name for a type of cracker eaten by sailors.[5]

The bay colt grew up on Claiborne Farm in Paris, Kentucky, where he was trained. He was undersized, knobby-kneed,[4] and given to sleeping and eating for long periods.

Initially, Seabiscuit was owned by the powerful Wheatley Stable and trained by "Sunny Jim" Fitzsimmons, who had taken Gallant Fox to the United States Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing. Fitzsimmons saw some potential in Seabiscuit but felt the horse was too lazy. Fitzsimmons devoted most of his time to training Omaha, who won the 1935 Triple Crown.

Seabiscuit was relegated to a heavy schedule of smaller races. He failed to win any of his first 17 races, usually finishing back in the field. After that, Fitzsimmons did not spend much time on him, and the horse was sometimes the butt of stable jokes. However, Seabiscuit began to gain attention after winning two races at Narragansett Park and setting a new track record in the second—Claiming Stakes race.

As a two-year-old, Seabiscuit raced 35 times (a heavy racing schedule),[4] coming in first five times and finishing second seven times. These included three claiming races, in which he could have been purchased for $2,500, but he had no takers.[4]

While Seabiscuit had not lived up to his racing potential, he was not the poor performer Fitzsimmons had taken him for. His last two wins as a two-year-old came in minor stakes races. The next season started with a similar pattern. The colt ran 12 times in less than four months, winning four times. One of those races was a cheap allowance race on the "sweltering afternoon of June 29," 1936, at Suffolk Downs. That was where trainer Tom Smith first laid eyes on Seabiscuit.[6] His owners sold the horse to automobile entrepreneur Charles S. Howard for $8,000 at Saratoga, in August.[4]

1936/1937: The beginning of success

Seabiscuit with trainer Tom Smith

Howard assigned Seabiscuit to a new trainer, Tom Smith,[4] who, with his unorthodox training methods, gradually brought Seabiscuit out of his lethargy. Smith paired the horse with Canadian jockey Red Pollard (1909–1981), who had experience racing in the West and in Mexico. On August 22, 1936, they raced Seabiscuit for the first time. Improvements came quickly, and in their remaining eight races in the East, Seabiscuit and Pollard won several times, including the Detroit Governor's Handicap (worth $5,600) and the Scarsdale Handicap ($7,300) at Empire City Race Track in Yonkers, New York.

In early November 1936, Howard and Smith shipped the horse to California by rail. His last two races of the year were at Bay Meadows racetrack in San Mateo, California. The first was the $2,700 Bay Bridge Handicap, run over one-mile (1.6 km). Despite starting badly and carrying the top weight of 116 pounds (53 kg), Seabiscuit won by five lengths. At the World's Fair Handicap (Bay Meadows' most prestigious stakes race), Seabiscuit led throughout.

In 1937, the Santa Anita Handicap, California's most prestigious race, was worth over $125,000 ($2.8 million in 2010) to the winner; it was known colloquially as "The Hundred Grander." In his first warm-up race at Santa Anita Park, Seabiscuit won easily. In his second race of 1937, the San Antonio Handicap, he suffered a setback after he was bumped at the start and then pushed wide; Seabiscuit came in fifth, losing to Rosemont.

The two met again in the Santa Anita Handicap a week later, where Rosemont won by a nose. The defeat was devastating to Smith and Howard and was widely attributed in the press to a jockey error.[4][a] Pollard, who had not seen Rosemont over his shoulder until too late, was blind in one eye due to an accident during a training ride, a fact he had hidden throughout his career. A week after this defeat Seabiscuit won the San Juan Capistrano Handicap by seven lengths in track record time of 1:484⁄5 for the 1+1⁄8 mile event.[7]

Seabiscuit was rapidly becoming a favorite among California racing fans, and his fame spread as he won his next three races. With his successes, Howard decided to ship the horse east for its more prestigious racing circuit.

Seabiscuit's run of victories continued. Between June 26 and August 7, he ran five times, each time in a stakes race, and each time he won under steadily increasing handicap weights (imposts) of up to 130 pounds (59 kg). For the third time, Seabiscuit faced off against Rosemont again, this time beating him by seven lengths. On September 11, Smith accepted an impost of 132 pounds (60 kg) for the Narragansett Special at Narragansett Park. On race day, the ground was slow and heavy, and unsuited to "the Biscuit", carrying the heaviest burden of his career. Smith wanted to scratch, but Howard overruled him. Never in the running, Seabiscuit finished third. His winning streak was snapped, but the season was not over; Seabiscuit won his next three races (one a dead heat) before finishing the year with a second-place at Pimlico.

In 1937, Seabiscuit won 11 of his 15 races and was the year's leading money winner in the United States. However, War Admiral, having won the Triple Crown that season, was voted the most prestigious honor, the American Horse of the Year Award.

Early five-year-old season

Seabiscuit with Red Pollard

In 1938, as a five-year-old, Seabiscuit's success continued. On February 19, Pollard suffered a terrible fall while racing on Fair Knightess, another of Howard's horses. With half of Pollard's chest caved in by the weight of the fallen horse, Howard had to find a new jockey. After trying three, he settled on George Woolf, an already successful rider and old friend of Pollard's.

Woolf's first race aboard Seabiscuit was the Santa Anita Handicap, "The Hundred Grander" the horse had narrowly lost the previous year. Seabiscuit was drawn on the outside, and at the start was impeded by another horse, Count Atlas, angling out. The two were locked together for the first straight, and by the time Woolf disentangled his horse, they were six lengths off the pace. Seabiscuit worked his way to the lead but lost in a photo finish to the fast-closing Santa Anita Derby winner, Stagehand (owned by Maxwell Howard, not related to Charles), who had been assigned 30 pounds (14 kg) less than Seabiscuit.

Throughout 1937 and 1938, the media speculated about a match race between Seabiscuit and the seemingly invincible War Admiral (sired by Man o' War, Seabiscuit's grandsire). The two horses were scheduled to meet in three stakes races, but one or the other was scratched, usually due to Seabiscuit's dislike of heavy ground. After extensive negotiation, the owners organized a match race for May 1938 at Belmont, but Seabiscuit was scratched.

By June, Pollard had recovered, and on June 23, he agreed to work a young colt named Modern Youth. Spooked by something on the track, the horse broke rapidly through the stables and threw Pollard, shattering his leg and seemingly ending his career.

Howard arranged a match race for Seabiscuit against Ligaroti, a highly regarded horse owned by the Hollywood entertainer Bing Crosby and Howard's son, Lindsay, through Binglin Stable, in an event organized to promote Crosby's resort and Del Mar Racetrack in Del Mar, California. With Woolf aboard, Seabiscuit won that race, despite persistent fouling from Ligaroti's jockey. After three more outings and with only one win, he was scheduled to go head-to-head with War Admiral in the Pimlico Special in November, in Baltimore, Maryland.[8]

Sent to race on the East Coast, on October 16, 1938, Seabiscuit ran second by two lengths in the Laurel Stakes to the filly Jacola, who set a new Laurel Park Racecourse record of 1:37.00 for one mile.[9]

"George Woolf always said he never had more fun on a racehorse than he did that day in 1938 at Pimlico, when Tom Smith, the horse's trainer, lifted Woolf aboard Seabiscuit for the big match race against War Admiral."[8]

William Nack, Sports Illustrated, November 29, 1999

On November 1, 1938, Seabiscuit met War Admiral and jockey Charles Kurtsinger in what was dubbed the "Match of the Century." The event was run over 1+3⁄16 miles (1.9 km) at Pimlico Race Course. From the grandstands to the infield, the track was jammed with fans. Trains were run from all over the country to bring fans to the race, and the estimated 40,000 at the track were joined by 40 million listening on the radio. War Admiral was the favorite (1–4 with most bookmakers) and a nearly unanimous selection of the writers and tipsters, excluding a California contingent.

Head-to-head races favor fast starters, and War Admiral's speed from the gate was well known. Seabiscuit, on the other hand, was a pace stalker, skilled at holding with the pack before pulling ahead with late acceleration. From the scheduled walk-up start, few gave him a chance to lead War Admiral into the first turn. Smith knew these things and trained Seabiscuit to run against this type, using a starting bell and a whip to give the horse a Pavlovian burst of speed from the start.

When the bell rang, Seabiscuit broke in front, led by over a length after 20 seconds, and soon crossed over to the rail position. Halfway down the backstretch, War Admiral started to cut into the lead, gradually pulling level with Seabiscuit, then slightly ahead. Following advice he had received from Pollard, Woolf had eased up on Seabiscuit, allowing his horse to see his rival, then asked for more effort. Two hundred yards from the wire, Seabiscuit pulled away again and continued to extend his lead over the closing stretch, finally winning by four lengths despite War Admiral's running his best time for the distance.

As a result of his races that year, Seabiscuit was named American Horse of the Year for 1938, beating War Admiral by 698 points to 489 in a poll conducted by the Turf and Sport Digest magazine.[10] Seabiscuit was the number one newsmaker of 1938.[11] The only major prize that eluded him was the Santa Anita Handicap.

Injury and return

Seabiscuit was injured during a race. Woolf, who was riding him, said that he felt the horse stumble. The injury was not life-threatening, although many predicted Seabiscuit would never race again. The diagnosis was a ruptured suspensory ligament in the front left leg. With Seabiscuit out of action, Smith and Howard concentrated on their horse Kayak II, an Argentine stallion. In the spring of 1939, Seabiscuit covered seven of Howard's mares, all of which had healthy foals in spring of 1940. One, Fair Knightess's colt, died as a yearling.

Seabiscuit and a still-convalescing Pollard recovered together at Howard's ranch, with the help of Pollard's new wife Agnes, who had nursed him through his initial recovery. Slowly, both horse and rider learned to walk again (Pollard joked that they "had four good legs between" them).[12] Poverty and his injury had brought Pollard to the edge of alcoholism. A local doctor broke and reset Pollard's leg to aid his recovery, and slowly Pollard regained the confidence to sit on a horse. Wearing a brace to stiffen his atrophied leg, he began to ride Seabiscuit again, first at a walk and later at a trot and canter. Howard was delighted at their improvement, as he longed for Seabiscuit to race again, but was extremely worried about Pollard, as his leg was still fragile.

Over the fall and winter of 1939, Seabiscuit's fitness seemed to improve by the day. By the end of the year, Smith was ready to return the horse to race training, with a collection of stable jockeys in the saddle. By the time of his comeback race, Pollard had cajoled Howard into allowing him the ride. After the horse was scratched due to soft going, the pair finally lined up at the start of the La Jolla Handicap at Santa Anita, on February 9, 1940. Seabiscuit was third, beaten by two lengths. By their third comeback race, Seabiscuit was back to his winning ways, running away from the field in the San Antonio Handicap to beat his erstwhile training partner, Kayak II, by two and a half lengths. Under 124 pounds (56 kg), Seabiscuit equalled the track record for a mile and 1/16.

Seabiscuit winning the Santa Anita Handicap in 1940

One race was left in the season. A week after the San Antonio, Seabiscuit and Kayak II both took the gate for the Santa Anita Handicap and its $121,000 prize. 78,000 paying spectators crammed the racetrack, most backing Seabiscuit. Pollard found his horse blocked almost from the start. Picking his way through the field, Seabiscuit briefly led. As they thundered down the back straight, Seabiscuit became trapped in third place, behind leader Whichcee and Wedding Call on the outside.

Trusting in his horse's acceleration, Pollard steered between the leaders and burst into the lead, taking the firm ground just off the rail. As Seabiscuit showed his old surge, Wedding Call and Whichcee faltered, and Pollard drove his horse on, taking "The Hundred Grander" by a length and a half from the fast-closing Kayak II under jockey Leon Haas. Pandemonium engulfed the course. Neither horse and rider, nor trainer and owner, could get through the crowd of well-wishers to the winner's enclosure for some time.

Retirement, later life, and offspring

On April 10, 1940, Seabiscuit's retirement from racing was officially announced. When he was retired to the Ridgewood Ranch near Willits, California, he was horse racing's all-time leading money winner. Put out to stud, Seabiscuit sired 108 foals, including two moderately successful racehorses: Sea Sovereign and Sea Swallow. Over 50,000 visitors went to Ridgewood Ranch to see Seabiscuit in the seven years before his death.[13]

Death and interment

Seabiscuit died of a probable heart attack[14] on May 17, 1947, in Willits, California, six months before his grandsire Man o' War. He is buried at Ridgewood Ranch in Mendocino County, California.[13][15]

Legacy and honors

Awards and honorable distinctions

Portrayals in film and television

Documentaries

  • American Experience: "Seabiscuit" (April 21, 2003)[16]) is a documentary episode that aired as Season 15, Episode 11[16] of the PBS American Experience series.[17]
  • ESPN SportsCentury: "Seabiscuit" (November 17, 2003), Seabiscuit was featured on ESPN's SportsCentury Greatest Athletes series.[18]
  • The True Story of Seabiscuit (July 27, 2003) is a 45-minute made-for-TV documentary directed by Craig Haffner, written by Martin Gillam, and containing interviews and footage with William H. Macy, Seabiscuit, and Tobey Maguire, that aired on the USA Network.[19]
  • Seabiscuit: the Lost Documentary (1939) by Seabiscuit's owner Charles Howard. The film was directed by Manny Nathan, and written by Nathan and Hazel Merry Hawkins. It stars Martin Mason, Doc Bond, Charles Howard as himself and his wife, Marcella.[20] It was colorized and released in 2003 by Legend Films to coincide with interest around the movie.[20]
  • Seabiscuit: America's Legendary Racehorse (2003) directed and produced by Nick Krantz.

Fiction films

Non-fiction books

Postage stamp

In 2009, after an eight-year-long grassroots effort by Maggie Van Ostrand and Chuck Lustick, Seabiscuit was honored by the United States Postal Service with a stamp bearing his likeness. Thousands of signatures were obtained from all over the nation, and the final approval was given by Citizens Stamp Committee member Joan Mondale, wife of former Vice President Walter Mondale.[26]

Statues

1941 Seabiscuit statue by American sculptor Jame Hughlette ("Tex") Wheeler at Santa Anita Park racetrack.[27] Lily Okuru, a Japanese American woman who lived on the track site during its time as a War Relocation Camp, poses with the statue in 1942.
  • A statue of Seabiscuit (not life-sized) sits outside the main entrance of The Shops at Tanforan, a shopping mall built upon the former site of the Tanforan Racetrack. Seabiscuit was stabled there briefly in 1939, while preparing for his comeback.[28]
  • In the 1940s, businessman and racehorse owner W. Arnold Hanger donated a statuette of Seabiscuit to the Keeneland library.
  • In 1941, American sculptor Jame Hughlette "Tex" Wheeler cast two life-sized bronze statues of Seabiscuit hand-tooled by Frank Buchler, the German immigrant owner of Washington Ornamental Iron Company Los Angeles: one stands in "Seabiscuit Court", the walking ring at Santa Anita Park racetrack in Arcadia, CA; the other is outside the National Museum of Racing in Saratoga Springs, NY.[29]
  • On June 23, 2007, a statue of Seabiscuit was unveiled at Ridgewood Ranch, Seabiscuit's final resting place.
  • On July 17, 2010, a life-size statue of George Woolf and Seabiscuit was unveiled at the Remington Carriage Museum in Woolf's hometown of Cardston, Alberta. This coincided with the 100th anniversary of Woolf's birth, though not the actual date.
  • "Seabiscuit" statue at Santa Anita in 2016, draped in a Breeders' Cup winner's blanket.
    "Seabiscuit" statue at Santa Anita in 2016, draped in a Breeders' Cup winner's blanket.

Pedigree

Pedigree of Seabiscuit[30]
Sire
Hard Tack
b. 1926 		Man o' War
ch. 1917 		Fair Play
ch. 1905 		Hastings
Fairy Gold
Mahubah
b. 1910 		Rock Sand
Merry Token
Tea Biscuit
1912 		Rock Sand
br. 1900 		Sainfoin
Roquebrune
Tea's Over
ch. 1893[31] 		Hanover
Tea Rose
Dam
Swing On
b. 1926 		Whisk Broom II
ch. 1907 		Broomstick
b. 1901 		Ben Brush
Elf
Audience
1901 		Sir Dixon
Sallie McClelland
Balance
b. 1919 		Rabelais
br. 1900 		St. Simon
Satirical
Balancoire
b. 1911 		Meddler
Ballantrae

Notable races won

Seabiscuit ran 89 times at 16 different distances over the course of his career.[32]

See also

Notes

^ a: The Saturday Evening Post, dated April 27, 1940, reported: "By the following March the horse failed only by inches—because his jockey erred in looking back—to win in his first try at the Santa Anita Handicap, richest of all races."[4]

References

  1. ^ "USATODAY.com". USA Today. Archived from the original on May 24, 2016. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
  2. ^ "Seabiscuit (1933–1947)". IMDb.
  3. ^ "Seabiscuit Biography". IMDb.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h "Champion". Saturday Evening Post. Vol. 212, no. 44. April 27, 1940. p. 28.
  5. ^ Stradley, Linda (2004). "H (see "hardtack")". Linda's Culinary Dictionary. Archived from the original on July 9, 2015. Retrieved June 18, 2015.
  6. ^ Hillenbrand, Laura (2001). Seabiscuit: An American Legend. Random House Publishing. ISBN 978-0-449-00561-3.
  7. ^ Lowry, Paul (March 7, 1937). "Seabiscuit Triumphs By Seven Lengths (1937 San Juan Capistrano Handicap - race 6: held 6 March 1937)". Los Angeles Times. pp. 25, 26. Retrieved June 18, 2020.
  8. ^ a b Nack, William (November 29, 1999). "A Match Made in Heaven". Sports Illustrated. Vol. 91, no. 21. p. 128.
  9. ^ "Wall Rides Jacola to Two-Length Triumph Over Seabiscuit in Laurel Stakes; Jacola, 7-1, Breaks Laurel Mile Mark; Filly Conquers Seabiscuit in 1:37". The New York Times. October 16, 1938. Archived from the original on July 23, 2018. Retrieved July 23, 2018.
  10. ^ "Seabiscuit voted best of 1938 crop". Prescott Evening Courier. December 12, 1938. Retrieved February 26, 2012.
  11. ^ Andriani, Lynn (January 1, 2001), "PW Talks with Laura Hillenbrand". Publishers Weekly. 248 (1):75
  12. ^ Hillenbrand, Laura (July–August 1998). "Four good legs between us". American Heritage. Vol. 49, no. 4. p. 38.
  13. ^ a b "In the 1930s, San Francisco Tycoon Charles Howard". SFgate. Archived from the original on March 29, 2014. Retrieved March 29, 2014.
  14. ^ "Seabiscuit Biography". IMDb.
  15. ^ "Seabiscuit (1933–1947)". IMDb.
  16. ^ a b "Seabiscuit". American Experience. IMDb. April 21, 2003. Archived from the original on February 10, 2017. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
  17. ^ "Seabiscuit". American Experience. WGBH. PBS. April 21, 2003. Archived from the original on October 19, 2012. Retrieved November 14, 2012.
  18. ^ "ESPN SportsCentury - Seabiscuit". November 17, 2003. Archived from the original on February 8, 2017. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
  19. ^ The True Story of Seabiscuit. USA Network. July 27, 2003.
  20. ^ a b "Seabiscuit". Archived from the original on February 9, 2017. Retrieved July 24, 2017 – via www.imdb.com.
  21. ^ "Seabiscuit Runs In Gold Cup Race". Vol. XII, no. 14. Desert Sun. November 4, 1938. p. 9. Archived from the original on June 30, 2016. Retrieved June 5, 2016.
  22. ^ The Making of Seabiscuit. Universal Studios Home Video. December 16, 2003. Archived from the original on March 24, 2016. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
  23. ^ Beckwith, B.K. (1940). Seabiscuit: The Saga of a Great Champion. Archived from the original on August 8, 2015. Retrieved August 29, 2015.
  24. ^ Moody, Ralph (1963). Come On, Seabiscuit!. U of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-8287-7. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved August 29, 2015.
  25. ^ Hillenbrand, Laura (2001). Seabiscuit: An American Legend. Random House Publishing. ISBN 0-449-00561-5.
  26. ^ "As Seabiscuit Looks On, US Postal Service Gives Racing Legend Big Stamp of Approval at Historic Ridgewood Ranch, CA(New Stamped Envelope Honoring the Great Horse Goes on Sale Today)". Sea Biscuit Heritage. Willits, CA. May 11, 2009. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved August 29, 2015.
  27. ^ Dickinson, J. W. (2006). Remembering Orlando: Tales from Elvis to Disney. Charleston, South Carolina: The History Press.
  28. ^ "Seabiscuit at Tanforan; Howard Horse to Start Training for Racing Comeback". The New York Times. October 24, 1939. Archived from the original on November 7, 2012. Retrieved February 12, 2017.
  29. ^ "Statue of Seabiscuit". (Saratoga Springs, New York, 1940). Archived from the original on August 20, 2017. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
  30. ^ "Seabiscuit". Equineline. Archived from the original on September 29, 2017. Retrieved September 29, 2017.
  31. ^ "Vintner Mare - Family 9". Bloodlines.net. Archived from the original on May 24, 2012. Retrieved August 4, 2012.
  32. ^ Hillenbrand, Laura (May/June 2000), "Racehorse". American Heritage. 51 (3):78
  33. ^ Durso, Joseph (June 17, 1994). "Horse Racing: Notebook; A Revival at Belmont For Stars Who Stayed". The New York Times: B00017. Archived from the original on January 8, 2019. Retrieved January 7, 2019.

Further reading

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