Hokkaidō Ainu: Difference between revisions

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Ainu languages

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+#Redirect[[Ainu languages]]
-{{about|the language spoken on Hokkaido|the language family|Ainuic languages}}
-{{Infobox language
-| name = Ainu language
-| nativename =
-| pronunciation = {{IPA-ain|ˈainu iˈtak|}}
-| states = [[Japan]]
-| region = [[Hokkaido]]
-| ethnicity = 30,000 [[Ainu people]] in Japan (no date)<ref name=e08>{{e08|ain}}</ref><!--change to ethn. pop. later-->
-| speakers = 10
-| date = 2007
-| ref = <ref>D. Bradley, "Languages of Mainland South-East Asia," in O. Miyaoka, O. Sakiyama, and M. E. Krauss (eds), ''The vanishing languages of the Pacific Rim'', Oxford: Oxford University Press (2007),  pp. 301–336. .</ref>
-| familycolor = paleosiberian
-| fam1 = [[Ainu languages|Ainu]]
-| ancestor=
-| script = [[Katakana]] (current), [[Latin script|Latin]] (current)
-| image = Multilingual sign at Ainu Museum (Shiraoi).JPG
-| imagecaption = Multilingual sign in [[Japanese language|Japanese]], Ainu, [[English language|English]], [[Korean language|Korean]] and [[Chinese language|Chinese]]. The Ainu text, in [[katakana]], is second down from the top on the right side of the sign. It reads イヤイライケㇾ ''iyairaikere''.
-| notice = IPA
-| glotto = hokk1243
-| glottorefname = Hokkaido
-}}
-'''Ainu language''', also referred to as '''Hokkaido Ainu''', is a language spoken by members of the [[Ainu people]] on the northern Japanese island of [[Hokkaido]].
-Until the 20th century, [[Ainuic languages]] were also spoken throughout the southern half of the island of [[Ainu in Russia|Sakhalin]] and by small numbers of people in the [[Kuril Islands]]. Only the Hokkaido variant survives, in three main dialects,<ref name = martin>Martin, K. (2011). Aynu itak. On the Road to Ainu Language Revitalization. Media and Communication Studies. 60: 57-93</ref> the last speaker of Sakhalin Ainu having died in 1994. Hokkaido Ainu is [[moribund language|moribund]], though attempts are being made to revive it. The Japanese government made a decision to recognize Ainu as indigenous in June 2008.<ref name = martin/> As of 2017, the Japanese government is constructing a facility dedicated to preserving Ainu culture, including the language.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/in-sight/wp/2017/07/28/land-of-the-human-beings-the-world-of-the-ainu-little-known-indigenous-people-of-japan/|title=Perspective {{!}} 'Land of the Human Beings': The world of the Ainu, little-known indigenous people of Japan|last=Lam|first=May-Ying|date=27 July 2017|website=Washington Post|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-10-07}}</ref>
-== Speakers ==
-[[File:Pirka Kotan, Sapporo.JPG|thumb|Pirka Kotan Museum, an Ainu language and cultural center in [[Sapporo]] (Jozankei area)]]
-According to [[UNESCO]], Ainu is an [[endangered language]].<ref name = martin/> As of 2016, ''Ethnologue'' lists Ainu as class 8b: "nearly extinct".<ref>Lewis, M. Paul, Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig (eds.). 2016. ''[http://www.ethnologue.com Ethnologue: Languages of the World], Nineteenth edition.'' Dallas, Texas: SIL International.</ref> It has been endangered since before the 1960s. As of 2012 there are approximately 30,000 Ainu people in Japan,<ref name = "gayman">Gayman, J. (2012). Ainu Right to Education and Ainu Practice of “Education “: Current Situation and imminent Issues in Light of Indigenous Education Rights and Theory. ''Intercultural Education.'' Vol. 22.</ref> though that number is uncertain because not all ethnic Ainu speakers report themselves as such.<ref name="Okazaki, T 2011"/> As of 2011, there are only 15 speakers remaining, along with 304 people understanding the Ainu language to some extent.<ref name="Okazaki, T 2011">Okazaki, T & Teeter, J. (2011). Ainu as a Heritage Language of Japan: History, Current State and Future of Ainu Language Policy and Education. ''Heritage Language Journal''. 8 (2)</ref>
-==Bibliography==
-* {{cite journal|last1=Bugaeva|first1=Anna|title=Internet applications for endangered languages: A talking dictionary of Ainu|journal=Waseda Institute for Advanced Study Research Bulletin|date=2010|volume=3|pages=73–81}}
-* {{cite book |editor=[[Shiro Hattori|Hattori, Shirō]] |year=1964 |title=Bunrui Ainugo hōgen jiten  |trans-title=An Ainu dialect dictionary with Ainu, Japanese, and English indexes |location=Tokyo |publisher=Iwanami Shoten}}
-* {{cite book | author=Miller, Roy Andrew | title=The Japanese Language | publisher=Charles E. Tuttle | location=Tokyo | year=1967 }}
-* {{cite book | author=Refsing, Kirsten | title=The Ainu Language: The Morphology and Syntax of the Shizunai Dialect | publisher=Aarhus University Press | location=Aarhus | year=1986 | isbn=978-87-7288-020-4}}
-* {{cite book | last=Refsing |first=Kirsten | title=Early European Writings on the Ainu Language | publisher=Routledge | location=London | year=1996 | isbn=978-0-7007-0400-2}}
-* {{cite book | last=Shibatani |first=Masayoshi | title=The Languages of Japan | publisher=Cambridge University Press | location=Cambridge | year=1990 |isbn=978-0-521-36918-3 }}
-* {{cite book | last=Tamura |first=Suzuko | title=The Ainu Language | publisher=Sanseido | location=Tokyo | year=2000 | isbn=978-4-385-35976-2}}
-* {{cite journal |author=Vovin, Alexander |title=Man'yōshū to Fudoki ni Mirareru Fushigina Kotoba to Jōdai Nihon Retto ni Okeru Ainugo no Bunpu |trans-title=Strange Words in the ''Man'yoshū'' and the ''Fudoki'' and the Distribution of the Ainu Language in the Japanese Islands in Prehistory |year=2008 |publisher=Kokusai Nihon Bunka Kenkyū Sentā |url=http://www.nichibun.ac.jp/graphicversion/dbase/forum/pdf/fn215.pdf}}
-==Further reading==
-*[[Marc Miyake|Miyake, Marc]]. 2010. [http://www.amritas.com/090725.htm#07232359 Is the ''itak'' an isolate?]
-== External links ==
-{{Incubator|prefix=Wp|code=ain}}
-{{wikivoyage|Ainu phrasebook}}
-* [http://jinbunweb.sgu.ac.jp/~ainu/biblio/european.html#AinuLib1 Literature and materials for learning Ainu]
-* [http://justus.anglican.org/resources/bcp/Japan/ainu.htm The Book of Common Prayer in Ainu], translated by John Batchelor, digitized by Richard Mammana and Charles Wohlers
-* [http://city.hokkai.or.jp/~ayaedu/ Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Ainu] in [[Samani, Hokkaido]]
-* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A17278257 ''A Grammar of the Ainu Language''] by [[John Batchelor (missionary)|John Batchelor]]
-* [https://archive.org/details/ainuenglishjapan00batcuoft ''An Ainu-English-Japanese Dictionary'', including ''A Grammar of the Ainu Language''] by John Batchelor
-* [http://jdbengt.net/articles/Austric.pdf "The 'Greater Austric' hypothesis"] by John Bengtson (undated)
-* [http://www.unilang.org/course.php?res=58 ''Ainu for Beginners''] by Kane Kumagai, translated by Yongdeok Cho
-* {{ja icon}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20050105011134/http://www.stv.ne.jp/radio/ainugo/index.html Radio lessons on Ainu language presented by Sapporo TV]
-* {{ja icon}} [http://www.geocities.jp/ainuitak/aynu.htm Ainu word list] ([https://www.webcitation.org/query?id=1256433739517945 Archived] 2009-10-24)
-* ''[https://elar.soas.ac.uk/Collection/MPI585111 A talking dictionary of Ainu: a new version of Kanazawa's Ainu conversational dictionary]'', with recordings of Mrs. Setsu Kurokawa
-{{Languages of Japan}}
-{{Authority control}}
-{{DEFAULTSORT:Hokkaido Ainu Language}}
-[[Category:Ainu languages]]
-[[Category:Subject–object–verb languages]]
-[[Category:Languages of Japan]]