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| ref5 = <ref>{{cite web|title=Mundari Language|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/unr|website=Ethnologue|publisher=SIL International|accessdate=20 October 2017}}</ref>
| ref5 = <ref>{{cite web|title=Mundari Language|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/unr|website=Ethnologue|publisher=SIL International|accessdate=20 October 2017}}</ref>
| langs = [[Mundari language|Mundari]]<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Singh|first1=Geetanjali|last2=Kumar|first2=Jyoti|title=Studies on indigenous traditional knowledge of some aquatic and marshy wild edible plants used by the Munda tribe of district Khunti, Jharkhand, India|journal=International Journal of Bioassays|date=2014|volume=3|issue=2|url=http://www.ijbio.com/index.php/ijb/article/view/20|accessdate=22 October 2017|quote=Munda tribe...ethnically they are proto- Austroloids and speak Mundari language}}</ref><ref name="Osada">{{cite book|last1=Osada|first1=Toshiki|editor1-last=Anderson|editor1-first=Gregory|title=The Munda languages|date=19 March 2008|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|isbn=0-415-32890-X|chapter=3. Mundari|quote=...the designation Munda is used for the language family. Mundari, on the other hand, refers to an individual language, namely the language of Munda people.}}</ref>{{rp|99}}
| langs = [[Mundari language|Mundari]]<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Singh|first1=Geetanjali|last2=Kumar|first2=Jyoti|title=Studies on indigenous traditional knowledge of some aquatic and marshy wild edible plants used by the Munda tribe of district Khunti, Jharkhand, India|journal=International Journal of Bioassays|date=2014|volume=3|issue=2|url=http://www.ijbio.com/index.php/ijb/article/view/20|accessdate=22 October 2017|quote=Munda tribe...ethnically they are proto- Austroloids and speak Mundari language}}</ref><ref name="Osada">{{cite book|last1=Osada|first1=Toshiki|editor1-last=Anderson|editor1-first=Gregory|title=The Munda languages|date=19 March 2008|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|isbn=0-415-32890-X|chapter=3. Mundari|quote=...the designation Munda is used for the language family. Mundari, on the other hand, refers to an individual language, namely the language of Munda people.}}</ref>{{rp|99}}
| rels = {{ Christianity | Other ([[Sarnaism]])}}<ref name="Cen2011">{{cite web|title=ST-14 Scheduled Tribe Population By Religious Community|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/SCST-Series/ST14.html|website=Census of India|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, India|accessdate=15 October 2017}}</ref><ref name="Srivas">{{cite journal|last1=Srivastava|first1=Malini|title=The Sacred Complex of Munda Tribe|journal=Anthropologist|date=2007|volume=9|issue=4|url=http://krepublishers.com/02-Journals/T-Anth/Anth-09-0-000-000-2007-Web/Anth-09-4-000-07-Abst-PDF/Anth-09-4-327-07-417-Srivastava-M/Anth-09-4-327-07-417-Srivastava-M-Tt.pdf|accessdate=22 October 2017}}</ref>{{rp|327}}
| rels = {{hlist | Hinduism | Christianity | Other ([[Sarnaism]])}}<ref name="Cen2011">{{cite web|title=ST-14 Scheduled Tribe Population By Religious Community|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/SCST-Series/ST14.html|website=Census of India|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, India|accessdate=15 October 2017}}</ref><ref name="Srivas">{{cite journal|last1=Srivastava|first1=Malini|title=The Sacred Complex of Munda Tribe|journal=Anthropologist|date=2007|volume=9|issue=4|url=http://krepublishers.com/02-Journals/T-Anth/Anth-09-0-000-000-2007-Web/Anth-09-4-000-07-Abst-PDF/Anth-09-4-327-07-417-Srivastava-M/Anth-09-4-327-07-417-Srivastava-M-Tt.pdf|accessdate=22 October 2017}}</ref>{{rp|327}}
| related = {{hlist | [[Ho people|Hos]] |[[Kol people|Kols]] | [[Kharia people|Kharia]] |[[Juang people|Juang]] | [[Santhal people|Santhals]]| | [[Bhumij]] | [[Kondhs]] | [[Dangaria Kandha]] | and other [[Austroasiatic languages|Mon-Khmer people]] }}
| related = {{hlist | [[Ho people|Hos]] |[[Kol people|Kols]] | [[Kharia people|Kharia]] |[[Juang people|Juang]] | [[Santhal people|Santhals]]| | [[Bhumij]] | [[Kondhs]] | [[Dangaria Kandha]] | and other [[Austroasiatic languages|Mon-Khmer people]] }}
}}
}}
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Munda people in [[Tripura]] are also known as Mura, and in [[Madhya Pradesh]] they are often called Mudas.<Ref>http://tribesindia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=792&Itemid=104&lang=en</ref>
Munda people in [[Tripura]] are also known as Mura, and in [[Madhya Pradesh]] they are often called Mudas.<Ref>http://tribesindia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=792&Itemid=104&lang=en</ref>


[[File:Old Munda Men, Dinajpur, 2010 by Biplob Rahman.jpg|thumb|290px|right|Elderly Munda men]]
[

==History==
==History==


Revision as of 11:23, 5 May 2018

This article is about the Mundari speaking ethnic group. For a list of all ethnic groups using Munda languages, see Munda peoples.

Munda people
Regions with significant populations
 India2,228,661[1]
Jharkhand1,229,221
Odisha584,346
West Bengal366,386
 Bangladesh5,000[2]
Languages
Mundari[3][4]: 99 
Religion
[5][6]: 327 
Related ethnic groups

The Munda people (Hindi: मुंडा, Assamese: মুনদা, Bengali: মুন্ডা) are an Adivasi ethnic group of India. They speak the Mundari language, which belongs to the Munda subgroup of Austroasiatic languages. The Munda are found in the northern areas of east India concentrated in the states of Jharkhand, Odisha and West Bengal. Munda also reside in adjacent areas of Bihar, Chhattisgarh and Arunachal Pradesh as well as in portions of Bangladesh. The group is one of India's largest scheduled tribes. Munda people in Tripura are also known as Mura, and in Madhya Pradesh they are often called Mudas.[7]

Elderly Munda men

History

The prehistory of the Munda peoples is obscure. Although how they got to the Chota Nagpur Plateau is disputed, it is agreed upon that the ancestors of speakers of the modern-day Munda languages migrated westward from the Austroasiatic homeland of continental Southeast Asia.

According to R.S. Sharma, a historian of ancient and early medieval India, many Munda, Dravidian and non-Sanskrit terms occur in Vedic texts ascribed to 1500-500 BCE. They indicate ideas, institutions, products and settlements associated with peninsular and non-Vedic India. Similarly, many Pali and Sanskrit terms, signifying ideas and institutions developed in the Indo-Gangetic Plain, appear in the earliest Tamil texts called the Sangam literature, which was created from 300 BCE to 600 CE. The eastern region, inhabited by the Munda, people made its own contribution. Several terms that signify the use of cotton, navigation, digging, sticks, etc. in the Indo-Aryan languages have been traced back to the Munda languages. It is held that changes in the phonetics and vocabulary of the Vedic language can be explained by contact with both Munda and Dravidian languages.[8]

In the late 1800's, the British Raj and many non-Mundas were grabbing land traditionally occupied by Mundas, forcing the Mundas to work as bonded labourers. Munda freedom fighter Birsa Munda began the first protest marches calling for remission of forest dues. He worked to unify the Adivasis of Chota Nagpur resist British rule of India. Millenarianism in the tribal belt started with him, and he is still revered in Jharkhand, with villagers in his home village worshipping him as Birsa Bhagawan.[9]

Culture

The Munda people probably descended from Austroasiatic migrants from Southeast Asia.[10] Nomadic hunters in the India tribal belt, they became farmers who were employed in basketwork and weaving. With the listing of the Munda people as Scheduled Tribes (Adivasis), many are employed in various governmental organizations (particularly Indian Railways).[11]

Eight books on a shelf
Part of John-Baptist Hoffmann's 15-volume Encyclopaedia Mundarica

Munda religion is a blend of Sarnaism and Christianity, and they are not part of the Indian caste system. Although the Mundas have preserved much of their pre-Christian culture, they have absorbed a number of Christian traditions. They have many folk songs, dances, tales and traditional musical instruments. Both sexes participate in dances at social events and festivals. The naqareh is a principal musical instrument.[citation needed]

The Munda people have elaborate rituals to celebrate birth, death, engagement and marriage. The birth of a boy is celebrated as an earner for the family, and the birth of a girl is celebrated as a family caretaker. Lota-pani is the engagement ceremony. Dali Takka, a monetary gift to paternal guardians, is generally paid before the marriage. Marriage, considered one of the main rituals of life, is a week-long festivity.[citation needed]

An ointment of scented oil and turmeric is applied to the face and body after death. Widow marriage is common. The Munda people are patrilineal, patrilocal and patriarchal.[12]

Involved in agriculture, the Munda people celebrate the seasonal festivals of Mage Parab, Phagu, Karam (festival), Baha parab, Sarhul and Sohrai. Some seasonal festivals have coincided with religious festivals, but their original meaning remains.[13]

Notable Mundas

A seated Jaipal Singh, in light suit and hat
Jaipal Singh

Literature and studies

Jesuit priest John-Baptist Hoffmann (1857–1928) studied the language, customs, religion and life of the Munda people, publishing the first Mundari language grammar in 1903. With the help of Menas Orea, Hoffmann published the 15-volume Encyclopaedia mundarica. The first edition was published posthumously in 1937, and a third edition was published in 1976. The Mundas and Their Country, by S. C. Roy, was published in 1912. Adidharam (Hindi:आदि धर्म) by Ram Dayal Munda and Ratan Singh Manki, in Mundari with a Hindi translation, describes Munda rituals and customs.[35]

See also

References

  1. ^ "A-11 Individual Scheduled Tribe Primary Census Abstract Data and its Appendix". www.censusindia.gov.in. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
  2. ^ "Mundari Language". Ethnologue. SIL International. Retrieved 20 October 2017.
  3. ^ Singh, Geetanjali; Kumar, Jyoti (2014). "Studies on indigenous traditional knowledge of some aquatic and marshy wild edible plants used by the Munda tribe of district Khunti, Jharkhand, India". International Journal of Bioassays. 3 (2). Retrieved 22 October 2017. Munda tribe...ethnically they are proto- Austroloids and speak Mundari language
  4. ^ Osada, Toshiki (19 March 2008). "3. Mundari". In Anderson, Gregory (ed.). The Munda languages. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-32890-X. ...the designation Munda is used for the language family. Mundari, on the other hand, refers to an individual language, namely the language of Munda people.
  5. ^ "ST-14 Scheduled Tribe Population By Religious Community". Census of India. Ministry of Home Affairs, India. Retrieved 15 October 2017.
  6. ^ Srivastava, Malini (2007). "The Sacred Complex of Munda Tribe" (PDF). Anthropologist. 9 (4). Retrieved 22 October 2017.
  7. ^ http://tribesindia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=792&Itemid=104&lang=en
  8. ^ Sharma, R.S. (2006). India's Ancient Past. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199087860.
  9. ^ Pandey, Prashant (18 September 2017). "Jharkhand: Amit Shah launches scheme for villages of freedom fighters". The Indian Express. Retrieved 21 October 2017. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  10. ^ Riccio et al. (2011), The Austroasiatic Munda population from India and Its enigmatic origin: a HLA diversity study.
  11. ^ "List of Schedule Castes". Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, Government of India. 2011. Archived from the original on 23 September 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  12. ^ Bhatt, Shankarlal C. (1 January 2006). Land and People of Indian States and Union Territories: In 36 Volumes. Jharkhand. Gyan Publishing House. ISBN 9788178353685.
  13. ^ "Mundas, Munda Tribe in Jharkhand India, Occupation of Mundas". www.ecoindia.com. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
  14. ^ "THOSE WHO FELL AT URI".
  15. ^ "उरी में शहीद जवरा मुंडा का खूंटी स्थित गांव शोक में डूबा, पत्नी की तबियत बिगड़ी - Hindustan".
  16. ^ "birsamunda". www.tribalzone.net. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
  17. ^ "Hindi stalwarts praise tribal poet". in.news.yahoo.com. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
  18. ^ "..:: SAHITYA : Akademi Awards ::."
  19. ^ AIPP. "Asia Indigenous Peoples Pact (AIPP) Announces Recipients for the 2014 Indigenous Voices in Asia (IVA) Regional Award". AIPP: Asia Indigenous Peoples Pact. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 26 March 2016. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  20. ^ "In Brief". www.dailypioneer.com. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
  21. ^ "BMS to intensify agitation on Mundari language". www.oneindia.com. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
  22. ^ http://www.avenuemail.in/region/tata-steel-celebrated-international-day-worlds-indigenous-peoples/96675/
  23. ^ "Sorry for the inconvenience".
  24. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 3 April 2015. Retrieved 23 January 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  25. ^ "Rajiv Topno appointed Modi's private secretary". The Times of India. 19 June 2014. Retrieved 7 July 2014.
  26. ^ "Profile of Priyanka KERKETTA - All-Athletics.com".
  27. ^ "Manohar Topno". Sports-reference.com. Archived from the original on 14 December 2012. Retrieved 24 February 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  28. ^ "First tribal player in state Ranji squad". telegraphindia.com. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
  29. ^ Kapadia, Novy. "Silver Jubilee of Tata Football Academy". SportsKeeda. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
  30. ^ "M. Lugun". Soccerway. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
  31. ^ "The Hindu : Sport / Football : Hat-trick by Arjun Tudu".
  32. ^ timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/Mangal-Singh-Champia-earns-Olympic-berth-India-in-medal-hunt/articleshow
  33. ^ "Johar Times". Johar Times. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
  34. ^ "Archer Jhanu Hansda breaks world record". rediff.com. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
  35. ^ "Mundari: The Language of Munda Tribe".

Further reading

  • Parkin, R. (1992). The Munda of central India: an account of their social organization. Delhi: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-563029-7
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