Carpathian Mountains: Difference between revisions
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The '''Carpathian Mountains''' or '''Carpathians''' are a [[mountain range]] system forming an arc roughly {{convert|1500|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} long across [[Central Europe]], into [[Eastern Europe|Eastern]], and in [[Southeastern Europe]], making them the second-longest mountain range in [[Europe]] (after the [[Scandinavian Mountains]], {{convert|1700|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}). |
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| ⚫ | They provide the habitat for the largest European populations of [[brown bear]]s, [[Eurasian wolf|wolves]], [[chamois]] and [[lynx]]es, with the highest concentration in [[Romania]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.human-wildlife.info/images/Europa+Baer.JPG |title=Braunbären (Ursus arctos) in Europa |author=Peter Christoph Sürth |date= |work= |publisher= |accessdate=10 March 2011 |archiveurl= //web.archive.org/web/20071008020531/http://www.human-wildlife.info/images/Europa+Baer.JPG |archivedate= 8 October 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.human-wildlife.info/images/Europa+Wolf.JPG |title=Wolf (Canis lupus) in Europa |author=Peter Christoph Sürth |date= |work= |publisher= |accessdate=10 March 2011 |archiveurl= //web.archive.org/web/20071008020550/http://www.human-wildlife.info/images/Europa+Wolf.JPG |archivedate= 8 October 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.human-wildlife.info/images/Europa+Luchs.JPG |title=Eurasischer Luchs (Lynx lynx) in Europa |author=Peter Christoph Sürth |date= |work= |publisher= |accessdate=10 March 2011 |archiveurl= //web.archive.org/web/20071008020605/http://www.human-wildlife.info/images/Europa+Luchs.JPG |archivedate= 8 October 2007}}</ref> as well as over one third of all European plant species.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eoearth.org/article/Carpathian_montane_conifer_forests |title=Carpathian montane conifer forests - Encyclopedia of Earth |author= |date= |work= |publisher= |accessdate=4 August 2010}} <!-- Bot generated title --></ref> The Carpathians and their [[foothills]] also have many [[Hot spring|thermal]] and [[mineral water]]s, with Romania having one-third of the European total.<ref>[http://www.capital.ro/detalii-articole/stiri/bucuresti-statiune-balneara-o-gluma-buna-115796.html Bucureşti, staţiune balneară – o glumă bună?] in Capital, 19 January 2009. Retrieved: 26 April 2011</ref><ref>[http://www.zf.ro/ziarul-de-duminica/reportajul-saptamanii-ruinele-de-la-baile-herculane-si-borsec-nu-mai-au-nimic-de-oferit-6092451 Ruinele de la Baile Herculane si Borsec nu mai au nimic de oferit] in Ziarul Financiar, 5 May 2010. Retrieved: 26 April 2011</ref> Romania is likewise home to the largest surface of [[Old-growth forest|virgin forests]] in Europe (excluding Russia), totaling 250,000 hectares (65%), most of them in the Carpathians,<ref>[http://www.jurnalul.ro/stiri/observator/salvati-padurile-virgine-594667.html Salvaţi pădurile virgine!] in Jurnalul Național, 26 October 2011. Retrieved: 31 October 2011</ref> with the [[Southern Carpathians]] constituting Europe’s largest unfragmented forested area.<ref>[http://www.globalissues.org/news/2011/05/30/9865 Europe: New Move to Protect Virgin Forests] in Global Issues, 30 May 2011. Retrieved 31 October 2011.</ref> |
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| ⚫ | The Carpathians consist of a chain of mountain ranges that stretch in an arc from the [[Czech Republic]] (3%) in the northwest through [[Slovakia]] (17%), [[Poland]] (10%), [[Hungary]] (4%) and [[Ukraine]] (11%) to [[Romania]] (53%) in the east and on to the [[Iron Gate (Danube)|Iron Gates]] |
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| ⚫ | The Carpathians consist of a chain of mountain ranges that stretch in an arc from the [[Czech Republic]] (3%) in the northwest through [[Slovakia]] (17%), [[Poland]] (10%), [[Hungary]] (4%) and [[Ukraine]] (11%) to [[Romania]] (53%) in the east and on to the [[Iron Gate (Danube)|Iron Gates]] of the [[Danube|Danube River]] between Romania and [[Serbia]] (2%) in the south. The highest range within the Carpathians is the [[Tatra Mountains|Tatras]], on the border of [[Slovakia]] and [[Poland]], where the highest peaks exceed {{convert|2600|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}. The second-highest range is the [[Southern Carpathians in Romania, where the highest peaks exceed {{convert|2500|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}. |
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The Carpathians are usually [[Divisions of the Carpathians|divided into three major parts]]: the Western Carpathians (Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia), the Eastern Carpathians (southeastern Poland, eastern Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania), and the Southern Carpathians (Romania, Serbia).<ref name="carpathians.pl"/> |
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The [[divisions of the Carpathians]] are usually in three major sections: <ref name="carpathians.pl"/> |
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* [[Western Carpathians]] — Czech Republic, Poland, and Slovakia. |
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* [[Eastern Carpathians]] — southeastern Poland, eastern Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania. |
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* [[Southern Carpathians]] — Romania, Serbia. |
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The most important cities in or near the Carpathians are: [[Bratislava]] and [[Košice]] in Slovakia; [[Kraków]] in Poland; [[Cluj-Napoca]], [[Sibiu]] and [[Braşov]] in Romania; and [[Uzhhorod]] in Ukraine. |
The most important cities in or near the Carpathians are: [[Bratislava]] and [[Košice]] in Slovakia; [[Kraków]] in Poland; [[Cluj-Napoca]], [[Sibiu]] and [[Braşov]] in Romania; and [[Uzhhorod]] in Ukraine. |
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{{refimprove section|date=June 2015}} |
{{refimprove section|date=June 2015}} |
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In modern times, the range is called ''Karpaty'' in [[Czech language|Czech]],{{citation needed|date = June 2015}} [[Polish language|Polish]], [[Slovak language|Slovak]] and ''Карпати'' in [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], ''Carpați'' {{IPA-ro|karˈpat͡sʲ||Ro-Carpați.ogg}} in [[Romanian language|Romanian]], ''Karpaten'' in German{{citation needed|date = June 2015}} and [[Dutch language|Dutch]],{{citation needed|date = June 2015}} ''Kárpátok'' in [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]], ''Karpati'' in [[Serbian language|Serbian]]{{citation needed|date = June 2015}} and ''Карпати'' in [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]{{citation needed|date = June 2015}}.{{sfn|Moldovanu|2010|p=18}}{{sfn|Blazovich|1994|p=332}} Although the toponym was recorded already by [[Ptolemy]] in the 2nd century |
In modern times, the range is called ''Karpaty'' in [[Czech language|Czech]],{{citation needed|date = June 2015}} [[Polish language|Polish]], [[Slovak language|Slovak]] and ''Карпати'' in [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], ''Carpați'' {{IPA-ro|karˈpat͡sʲ||Ro-Carpați.ogg}} in [[Romanian language|Romanian]], ''Karpaten'' in German {{citation needed|date = June 2015}} and [[Dutch language|Dutch]],{{citation needed|date = June 2015}} ''Kárpátok'' in [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]], ''Karpati'' in [[Serbian language|Serbian]]{{citation needed|date = June 2015}} and ''Карпати'' in [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]{{citation needed|date = June 2015}}. {{sfn|Moldovanu|2010|p=18}}{{sfn|Blazovich|1994|p=332}} Although the toponym was recorded already by [[Ptolemy]] in the 2nd century CE, {{sfn|Buza|2011|p=24}} the modern form of the name is a [[neologism]] in most languages.{{sfn|Moldovanu|2010|p=18}} For instance, ''Havasok'' ("Snowy Mountains") was its medieval [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] name; Rus' and Romanian chronicles referred to it as "Hungarian Mountains". {{sfn|Blazovich|1994|p=332}}{{sfn|Moldovanu|2010|p=18}} Other sources, such as [[Dimitrie Cantemir]] and the Italian chronicler Giovanandrea Gromo, referred to the range as "Transylvania's Mountains", while the 17th-century historian [[Constantin Cantacuzino (stolnic)|Constantin Cantacuzino]] translated the name of the mountains in an Italian-Romanian glossary to "Rumanian Mountains". {{sfn|Moldovanu|2010|p=18}} |
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[[File:Carpathians dem.jpg|left|thumb| |
[[File:Carpathians dem.jpg|left|thumb|285px|Relief map of the Carpathian Mountains.]] |
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The name ''Carpates'' may ultimately be from the [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto Indo-European]] root '''''*sker-''/''*ker-''''', from which comes the [[Albanian language|Albanian]] word '''''kar'''pë'' (rock), and the [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] word '''skála''' (rock, cliff), perhaps via a [[Dacian language|Dacian]] cognate{{Which|date=March 2011}} which meant ''mountain,'' ''rock'', or ''rugged'' (cf. Germanic root ''*skerp-'', Old Norse ''harfr'' "harrow", Gothic ''skarpo'', Middle Low German ''scharf'' "potsherd" and Modern High German ''Scherbe'' "shard", Old English ''scearp'' and English ''sharp'', Lithuanian ''kar~pas'' "cut, hack, notch", Latvian ''cìrpt'' "to shear, clip"). The archaic Polish word '''''kar'''pa'' meant "rugged irregularities, underwater obstacles/rocks, rugged roots or trunks". The more common word '''''skar'''pa'' means a sharp cliff or other vertical terrain. The name may instead come from Indo-European *''kwerp'' "to turn", akin to Old English ''hweorfan'' "to turn, change" (English ''warp'') and Greek καρπός ''karpós'' "wrist", perhaps referring to the way the mountain range bends or veers in an L-shape.<ref>Room, Adrian. ''Placenames of the World''. London: MacFarland and Co., Inc., 1997.</ref> |
The name ''Carpates'' may ultimately be from the [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto Indo-European]] root '''''*sker-''/''*ker-''''', from which comes the [[Albanian language|Albanian]] word '''''kar'''pë'' (rock), and the [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] word '''skála''' (rock, cliff), perhaps via a [[Dacian language|Dacian]] cognate{{Which|date=March 2011}} which meant ''mountain,'' ''rock'', or ''rugged'' (cf. Germanic root ''*skerp-'', Old Norse ''harfr'' "harrow", Gothic ''skarpo'', Middle Low German ''scharf'' "potsherd" and Modern High German ''Scherbe'' "shard", Old English ''scearp'' and English ''sharp'', Lithuanian ''kar~pas'' "cut, hack, notch", Latvian ''cìrpt'' "to shear, clip"). The archaic Polish word '''''kar'''pa'' meant "rugged irregularities, underwater obstacles/rocks, rugged roots or trunks". The more common word '''''skar'''pa'' means a sharp cliff or other vertical terrain. The name may instead come from Indo-European *''kwerp'' "to turn", akin to Old English ''hweorfan'' "to turn, change" (English ''warp'') and Greek καρπός ''karpós'' "wrist", perhaps referring to the way the mountain range bends or veers in an L-shape.<ref>Room, Adrian. ''Placenames of the World''. London: MacFarland and Co., Inc., 1997.</ref> |
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| caption7 = View of [[Spiš Castle]] in Slovakia, from the [[Branisko Tunnel|Branisko Pass]] |
| caption7 = View of [[Spiš Castle]] in Slovakia, from the [[Branisko Tunnel|Branisko Pass]] |
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}}---> |
}}---> |
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The Carpathians begin |
The northwestern Carpathians begin in southern [[Poland]]. They surround [[Carpathian Ruthenia|Transcarpathia]] and [[Transylvania]] in a large semicircle, sweeping towards the southeast, and end on the Danube near [[Orşova]] in Romania. The total length of the Carpathians is over {{convert|1500|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} and the mountain chain's width varies between {{convert|12|and|500|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}. The highest altitudes of the Carpathians occur where they are widest. The system attains its greatest breadth in the Transylvanian plateau and in the southern [[Tatra Mountains]] group – the highest range, in which [[Gerlachovský štít]] in Slovakia is the highest peak at {{convert|2655|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} above sea level. The Carpathians cover an area of {{convert|190000|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} and, after the [[Alps]], form the next most extensive mountain system in Europe. |
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[[File:Hutsuls (3).jpg|thumb|210x210px|[[Hutsuls|Hutsul]] horsemen, living in the Carpathian mountains, early 1930s]] |
[[File:Hutsuls (3).jpg|thumb|210x210px|[[Hutsuls|Hutsul]] horsemen, living in the Carpathian mountains, early 1930s.]] |
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Although commonly referred to as a mountain chain, the Carpathians do not actually form an uninterrupted chain of mountains. Rather, they consist of several [[orography|orographically]] and geologically distinctive groups, presenting as great a structural variety as the Alps. The Carpathians, which attain an altitude of over {{convert|2500|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} in only a few places, lack the bold peaks, extensive snowfields, large [[glacier]]s, high waterfalls, and numerous large lakes that are common in the Alps. It was believed that no area of the Carpathian range was covered in snow all year round and there were no glaciers, but recent research by Polish scientists discovered one permafrost and glacial area in the Tatra Mountains.<ref>{{cite web|last=Gądek, Gradiecz|first=Bogdan, Mariusz|title=Glacial Ice and Permafrost Distribution in the Medena Kotlina (Slovak Tatras): Mapped with Application of GPR and GST Measurements|url=http://www.igipz.pan.pl/tl_files/igipz/ZGiHGiW/sgcb/sgcb_42/sgcb_42_01.pdf|work=Landform Evolution in Mountain Areas|publisher=Studia Geomorphologica Carpatho-Balcanica|accessdate=3 February 2013}}</ref> The Carpathians at their highest altitude are only as high as the middle region of the Alps, with which they share a common appearance, climate, and [[flora (plants)|flora]]. |
Although commonly referred to as a mountain chain, the Carpathians do not actually form an uninterrupted chain of mountains. Rather, they consist of several [[orography|orographically]] and geologically distinctive groups, presenting as great a structural variety as the Alps. The Carpathians, which attain an altitude of over {{convert|2500|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} in only a few places, lack the bold peaks, extensive snowfields, large [[glacier]]s, high waterfalls, and numerous large lakes that are common in the Alps. It was believed that no area of the Carpathian range was covered in snow all year round and there were no glaciers, but recent research by Polish scientists discovered one permafrost and glacial area in the Tatra Mountains.<ref>{{cite web|last=Gądek, Gradiecz|first=Bogdan, Mariusz|title=Glacial Ice and Permafrost Distribution in the Medena Kotlina (Slovak Tatras): Mapped with Application of GPR and GST Measurements|url=http://www.igipz.pan.pl/tl_files/igipz/ZGiHGiW/sgcb/sgcb_42/sgcb_42_01.pdf|work=Landform Evolution in Mountain Areas|publisher=Studia Geomorphologica Carpatho-Balcanica|accessdate=3 February 2013}}</ref> The Carpathians at their highest altitude are only as high as the middle region of the Alps, with which they share a common appearance, climate, and [[flora (plants)|flora]]. |
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The Carpathians are separated from the Alps by the Danube. The two ranges meet at only one point: the [[Leitha Mountains]] at Bratislava. The river also separates them from the [[Balkan Mountains]] at Orşova in Romania. The valley of the [[Morava (river)|March]] and [[Oder]] separates the Carpathians from the [[Silesia]]n and [[Moravia]]n chains, which belong to the middle wing of the great Central Mountain System of Europe. Unlike the other wings of the system, the Carpathians, which form the watershed between the northern seas and the [[Black Sea]], are surrounded on all sides by plains, namely the [[Pannonian plain]] to the southwest, the plain of the Lower Danube (Romania) to the south, and the [[Galicia (Central Europe)|Galician]] plain to the northeast. |
The Carpathians are separated from the Alps by the Danube. The two ranges meet at only one point: the [[Leitha Mountains]] at Bratislava. The river also separates them from the [[Balkan Mountains]] at Orşova in Romania. The valley of the [[Morava (river)|March]] and [[Oder]] separates the Carpathians from the [[Silesia]]n and [[Moravia]]n chains, which belong to the middle wing of the great Central Mountain System of Europe. Unlike the other wings of the system, the Carpathians, which form the watershed between the northern seas and the [[Black Sea]], are surrounded on all sides by plains, namely the [[Pannonian plain]] to the southwest, the plain of the Lower Danube (Romania) to the south, and the [[Galicia (Central Europe)|Galician]] plain to the northeast. |
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===Highest peaks=== |
===Highest peaks=== |
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This is an (incomplete) list of the |
This is an (incomplete) list of the peaks of the Carpathians having summits over {{convert|2500|m|ft}}, with their heights, geologic divisions, and locations. |
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{| class="wikitable sortable" |
{| class="wikitable sortable" |
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==Divisions of the Carpathians== |
==Divisions of the Carpathians== |
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[[File:mapcarpat2.png|right|thumb|300px|Map of the main divisions of the Carpathians.<br /> |
[[File:mapcarpat2.png|right|thumb|300px|Map of the main divisions of the Carpathians.<br /> |
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1. [[Outer Western Carpathians]]<br /> |
1. [[Outer Western Carpathians]]<br /> |
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7. [[Transylvanian Plateau]]<br /> |
7. [[Transylvanian Plateau]]<br /> |
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8. [[Serbian Carpathians]]]] |
8. [[Serbian Carpathians]]]] |
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The largest range is the [[Tatra Mountains|Tatras]]. |
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A major part of the western and northeastern Outer Carpathians in Poland, Ukraine and Slovakia is traditionally called the [[Beskids]]. |
The largest range is the [[Tatra Mountains|Tatras]] in Poland and Slovakia. |
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A major part of the western and northeastern [[Outer Carpathians]] in Poland, Ukraine, and Slovakia is traditionally called the [[Beskids]]. |
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The geological border between the Western and Eastern Carpathians runs approximately along the line (south to north) between the towns of [[Michalovce]], [[Bardejov]], [[Nowy Sącz]] and [[Tarnów]]. In older systems the border runs more in the east, along the line (north to south) along the rivers [[San River|San]] and [[Osława]] (Poland), the town of [[Snina]] (Slovakia) and river Tur'ia (Ukraine). Biologists, however, shift the border even further to the east. |
The geological border between the Western and Eastern Carpathians runs approximately along the line (south to north) between the towns of [[Michalovce]], [[Bardejov]], [[Nowy Sącz]] and [[Tarnów]]. In older systems the border runs more in the east, along the line (north to south) along the rivers [[San River|San]] and [[Osława]] (Poland), the town of [[Snina]] (Slovakia) and river Tur'ia (Ukraine). Biologists, however, shift the border even further to the east. |
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The border between the eastern and southern Carpathians is formed by the [[Predeal]] Pass, south of Braşov and the [[Prahova Valley]]. |
The border between the eastern and southern Carpathians is formed by the [[Predeal]] Pass, south of Braşov and the [[Prahova Valley]]. |
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Ukrainians sometimes denote as "Eastern Carpathians" only the [[Ukrainian Carpathians]] (or Wooded Carpathians), meaning the part situated largely on their territory (i.e., to the north of the [[Prislop Pass]]), while Romanians sometimes denote as "Eastern (Oriental) Carpathians" only the part which lies on their territory (i.e., from the Ukrainian border or from the Prislop Pass to the south), which they subdivide into three simplified geographical groups (north, center, south), instead of Outer and Inner Eastern Carpathians. These are: |
Ukrainians sometimes denote as "Eastern Carpathians" only the [[Ukrainian Carpathians]] (or Wooded Carpathians), meaning the part situated largely on their territory (i.e., to the north of the [[Prislop Pass]]), while Romanians sometimes denote as "Eastern (Oriental) Carpathians" only the [[Romanian Carpathians]] part which lies on their territory (i.e., from the Ukrainian border or from the Prislop Pass to the south), which they subdivide into three simplified geographical groups (north, center, south), instead of Outer and Inner Eastern Carpathians. These are: |
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* |
*Carpathians of Maramureș and Bukovina (Romanian: ''Carpaţii Maramureșului și ai Bucovinei'') |
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*Moldavian-Transylvanian Carpathians (Romanian: ''Carpaţii Moldo-Transilvani'') |
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*[[Curvature Carpathians]] (Romanian: ''Carpaţii Curburii, Carpaţii de Curbură'') |
*[[Curvature Carpathians]] (Romanian: ''Carpaţii Curburii, Carpaţii de Curbură'') |
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==Notable people== |
==Notable people== |
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*[[Ludwig Greiner]] |
*[[Ludwig Greiner]] — an influential 19th-century lumber industry management expert who identified [[Gerlachovský štít|Gerlachovský Peak]] as the highest mountain in the Carpathians. |
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==Gallery== |
==Gallery== |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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{{colbegin|colwidth=26em}} |
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* {{C|Carpathians|Carpathians topics}} |
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* |
* {{C|Mountain ranges of the Carpathians}} |
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* [[Tourism in Poland]] |
* [[Tourism in Poland]] |
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* [[Tourism in Slovakia]] |
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* [[Tourism in Romania]] |
* [[Tourism in Romania]] |
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* [[ |
* [[Tourism in Slovakia]] |
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}} |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{reflist| |
{{reflist|26em}} |
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==Sources== |
==Sources== |
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{{Refbegin}} |
{{Refbegin|26em}} |
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* {{cite book |last=Blazovich |first=László |editor1-last=Kristó |editor1-first=Gyula |editor2-last=Engel |editor2-first=Pál |editor3-last=Makk |editor3-first=Ferenc | title=Korai magyar történeti lexikon (9-14. század) ''[Encyclopedia of the Early Hungarian History (9th-14th centuries)]'' |publisher=Akadémiai Kiadó |year=1994 |page=332 |chapter=Kárpátok [Carpathians] |isbn=963-05-6722-9|ref=harv|language=hu}} |
* {{cite book |last=Blazovich |first=László |editor1-last=Kristó |editor1-first=Gyula |editor2-last=Engel |editor2-first=Pál |editor3-last=Makk |editor3-first=Ferenc | title=Korai magyar történeti lexikon (9-14. század) ''[Encyclopedia of the Early Hungarian History (9th-14th centuries)]'' |publisher=Akadémiai Kiadó |year=1994 |page=332 |chapter=Kárpátok [Carpathians] |isbn=963-05-6722-9|ref=harv|language=hu}} |
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* {{cite journal |last=Buza |first=Mircea |authorlink= |title=On the origins and historical evolution of toponymy on the territory of Romania |journal=Revue Roumaine de Géographie / Romanian Journal of Geography |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=23–36 |publisher=Institute of Geography, Romanian Academy |year=2011 |url=http://www.rjgeo.ro/atasuri/revue%20roumaine_55_1/M.%20Buza.pdf |accessdate=27 June 2015 |ISSN=1220-5311 |ref=harv}} |
* {{cite journal |last=Buza |first=Mircea |authorlink= |title=On the origins and historical evolution of toponymy on the territory of Romania |journal=Revue Roumaine de Géographie / Romanian Journal of Geography |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=23–36 |publisher=Institute of Geography, Romanian Academy |year=2011 |url=http://www.rjgeo.ro/atasuri/revue%20roumaine_55_1/M.%20Buza.pdf |accessdate=27 June 2015 |ISSN=1220-5311 |ref=harv}} |
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{{commons category|Carpathian Mountains}} |
{{commons category|Carpathian Mountains}} |
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{{EB1911 poster|Carpathian Mountains}} |
{{EB1911 poster|Carpathian Mountains}} |
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* |
* [http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CA%5CCarpathianMountains.htm Encyclopedia of Ukraine, vol. 1 — Carpathian Mountains], by [[Volodymyr Kubiyovych|Volodymyr Kubijovyč]] (1984). |
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* [http://www.carpathianconvention.org The Framework Convention for the Protection and Sustainable Development of the Carpathians] |
* [http://www.carpathianconvention.org Carpathianconvention.org: The Framework Convention for the Protection and Sustainable Development of the Carpathians] |
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* [http://www.euratlas.com/Atlasphys/Carpates.htm Orographic map highlighting Carpathian mountains] |
* [http://www.euratlas.com/Atlasphys/Carpates.htm Orographic map highlighting Carpathian mountains] |
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* [http://www.alpinet.org/ Alpinet |
* [http://www.alpinet.org/ Alpinet.org: Romanian mountain guide] |
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* [http://www.carpati.org/ Carpati.org |
* [http://www.carpati.org/ Carpati.org: Romanian mountain guide] |
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* [http://www.pgi.gov.pl/images/stories/przeglad/pg_2007_12_01_04.pdf Oil and Gas Fields in the Carpathians] |
* [http://www.pgi.gov.pl/images/stories/przeglad/pg_2007_12_01_04.pdf Pgi.gov.pl: Oil and Gas Fields in the Carpathians] |
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{{Carpathian Mountains}} |
{{Carpathian Mountains}} |
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Revision as of 03:22, 29 March 2016
| Carpathians | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Highest point | |
| Peak | Gerlachovský štít |
| Elevation | 2,655 m (8,711 ft) |
| Dimensions | |
| Length | 1,700 km (1,100 mi) |
| Naming | |
| Native name | Karpaty Error {{native name checker}}: parameter value is malformed (help) |
| Geography | |
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| Countries | Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, Ukraine, Romania and Serbia[1] |
| Borders on | Alps |
The Carpathian Mountains or Carpathians are a mountain range system forming an arc roughly 1,500 km (932 mi) long across Central Europe, into Eastern, and in Southeastern Europe, making them the second-longest mountain range in Europe (after the Scandinavian Mountains, 1,700 km (1,056 mi)).
They provide the habitat for the largest European populations of brown bears, wolves, chamois and lynxes, with the highest concentration in Romania,[2][3][4] as well as over one third of all European plant species.[5] The Carpathians and their foothills also have many thermal and mineral waters, with Romania having one-third of the European total.[6][7] Romania is likewise home to the largest surface of virgin forests in Europe (excluding Russia), totaling 250,000 hectares (65%), most of them in the Carpathians,[8] with the Southern Carpathians constituting Europe’s largest unfragmented forested area.[9]
The Carpathians consist of a chain of mountain ranges that stretch in an arc from the Czech Republic (3%) in the northwest through Slovakia (17%), Poland (10%), Hungary (4%) and Ukraine (11%) to Romania (53%) in the east and on to the Iron Gates of the Danube River between Romania and Serbia (2%) in the south. The highest range within the Carpathians is the Tatras, on the border of Slovakia and Poland, where the highest peaks exceed 2,600 m (8,530 ft). The second-highest range is the [[Southern Carpathians in Romania, where the highest peaks exceed 2,500 m (8,202 ft).
The divisions of the Carpathians are usually in three major sections: [1]
- Western Carpathians — Czech Republic, Poland, and Slovakia.
- Eastern Carpathians — southeastern Poland, eastern Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania.
- Southern Carpathians — Romania, Serbia.
The most important cities in or near the Carpathians are: Bratislava and Košice in Slovakia; Kraków in Poland; Cluj-Napoca, Sibiu and Braşov in Romania; and Uzhhorod in Ukraine.
Name
 | This section needs additional citations for verification. (June 2015) |
In modern times, the range is called Karpaty in Czech,[citation needed] Polish, Slovak and Карпати in Ukrainian, Carpați [karˈpat͡sʲ] in Romanian, Karpaten in German [citation needed] and Dutch,[citation needed] Kárpátok in Hungarian, Karpati in Serbian[citation needed] and Карпати in Bulgarian[citation needed]. [10][11] Although the toponym was recorded already by Ptolemy in the 2nd century CE, [12] the modern form of the name is a neologism in most languages.[10] For instance, Havasok ("Snowy Mountains") was its medieval Hungarian name; Rus' and Romanian chronicles referred to it as "Hungarian Mountains". [11][10] Other sources, such as Dimitrie Cantemir and the Italian chronicler Giovanandrea Gromo, referred to the range as "Transylvania's Mountains", while the 17th-century historian Constantin Cantacuzino translated the name of the mountains in an Italian-Romanian glossary to "Rumanian Mountains". [10]
The name Carpates may ultimately be from the Proto Indo-European root *sker-/*ker-, from which comes the Albanian word karpë (rock), and the Slavic word skála (rock, cliff), perhaps via a Dacian cognate[which?] which meant mountain, rock, or rugged (cf. Germanic root *skerp-, Old Norse harfr "harrow", Gothic skarpo, Middle Low German scharf "potsherd" and Modern High German Scherbe "shard", Old English scearp and English sharp, Lithuanian kar~pas "cut, hack, notch", Latvian cìrpt "to shear, clip"). The archaic Polish word karpa meant "rugged irregularities, underwater obstacles/rocks, rugged roots or trunks". The more common word skarpa means a sharp cliff or other vertical terrain. The name may instead come from Indo-European *kwerp "to turn", akin to Old English hweorfan "to turn, change" (English warp) and Greek καρπός karpós "wrist", perhaps referring to the way the mountain range bends or veers in an L-shape.[13]
In late Roman documents, the Eastern Carpathian Mountains were referred to as Montes Sarmatici (meaning Sarmatian Mountains).[citation needed] The Western Carpathians were called Carpates, a name that is first recorded in Ptolemy's Geographia (2nd century AD).[citation needed]
In the Scandinavian Hervarar saga, which relates ancient Germanic legends about battles between Goths and Huns, the name Karpates appears in the predictable Germanic form as Harvaða fjöllum (see Grimm's law).
"Inter Alpes Huniae et Oceanum est Polonia" by Gervase of Tilbury, has described in his Otia Imperialia ("Recreation for an Emperor") in 1211. Thirteenth- to fifteenth-century Hungarian documents named the mountains Thorchal, Tarczal or less frequently Montes Nivium.
Geography
The northwestern Carpathians begin in southern Poland. They surround Transcarpathia and Transylvania in a large semicircle, sweeping towards the southeast, and end on the Danube near Orşova in Romania. The total length of the Carpathians is over 1,500 km (932 mi) and the mountain chain's width varies between 12 and 500 km (7 and 311 mi). The highest altitudes of the Carpathians occur where they are widest. The system attains its greatest breadth in the Transylvanian plateau and in the southern Tatra Mountains group – the highest range, in which Gerlachovský štít in Slovakia is the highest peak at 2,655 m (8,711 ft) above sea level. The Carpathians cover an area of 190,000 km2 (73,359 sq mi) and, after the Alps, form the next most extensive mountain system in Europe.
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Although commonly referred to as a mountain chain, the Carpathians do not actually form an uninterrupted chain of mountains. Rather, they consist of several orographically and geologically distinctive groups, presenting as great a structural variety as the Alps. The Carpathians, which attain an altitude of over 2,500 m (8,202 ft) in only a few places, lack the bold peaks, extensive snowfields, large glaciers, high waterfalls, and numerous large lakes that are common in the Alps. It was believed that no area of the Carpathian range was covered in snow all year round and there were no glaciers, but recent research by Polish scientists discovered one permafrost and glacial area in the Tatra Mountains.[14] The Carpathians at their highest altitude are only as high as the middle region of the Alps, with which they share a common appearance, climate, and flora. The Carpathians are separated from the Alps by the Danube. The two ranges meet at only one point: the Leitha Mountains at Bratislava. The river also separates them from the Balkan Mountains at Orşova in Romania. The valley of the March and Oder separates the Carpathians from the Silesian and Moravian chains, which belong to the middle wing of the great Central Mountain System of Europe. Unlike the other wings of the system, the Carpathians, which form the watershed between the northern seas and the Black Sea, are surrounded on all sides by plains, namely the Pannonian plain to the southwest, the plain of the Lower Danube (Romania) to the south, and the Galician plain to the northeast.
Cities and towns
Important cities and towns in or near the Carpathians are, in approximate descending order of population:
- Vienna (Vienna Woods, Austria)
- Kraków (Poland)
- Bratislava (Slovakia)
- Cluj-Napoca (Romania)
- Braşov (Romania)
- Košice (Slovakia)
- Oradea (Romania)
- Bielsko-Biała (Poland)
- Miskolc (Hungary)
- Sibiu (Romania)
- Târgu Mureș (Romania)
- Baia Mare (Romania)
- Tarnów (Poland)
- Râmnicu Vâlcea (Romania)
- Uzhhorod (Ukraine)
- Mukachevo (Ukraine)
- Ivano-Frankivsk (Ukraine)
- Chernivtsi (Ukraine)
- Drohobych (Ukraine)
- Piatra Neamț (Romania)
- Nowy Sącz (Poland)
- Suceava (Romania)
- Târgu Jiu (Romania)
- Drobeta-Turnu Severin (Romania)
- Reșița (Romania)
- Žilina (Slovakia)
- Bistrița (Romania)
- Banská Bystrica (Slovakia)
- Deva (Romania)
- Zlín (Czech Republic)
- Hunedoara (Romania)
- Martin (Slovakia)
- Zalău (Romania)
- Smederevo (Serbia)
- Przemyśl (Poland)
- Sanok (Poland)
- Vršac (Serbia)
- Alba Iulia (Romania)
- Zaječar (Serbia)
- Sfântu Gheorghe (Romania)
- Turda (Romania)
- Bor (Serbia)
- Mediaș (Romania)
- Poprad (Slovakia)
- Petroșani (Romania)
- Negotin (Serbia)
- Miercurea Ciuc (Romania)
- Făgăraș (Romania)
- Odorheiu Secuiesc (Romania)
- Petrila (Romania)
- Zakopane (Poland)
- Târgu Neamț (Romania)
- Câmpulung Moldovenesc (Romania)
- Gheorgheni (Romania)
- Vatra Dornei (Romania)
- Rakhiv (Ukraine)
Highest peaks
This is an (incomplete) list of the peaks of the Carpathians having summits over 2,500 metres (8,200 ft), with their heights, geologic divisions, and locations.
Highest peaks by country
This is a list of the highest national peaks of the Carpathians, their heights, geologic divisions, and locations.
| Peak | Geologic divisions | Nation (Nations) | County (Counties) | Height (m) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gerlachovský štít | Fatra-Tatra Area | Slovakia | Prešov Region | 2,655 |
| Moldoveanu | Făgăraş Mountains | Romania | Argeş | 2,544 |
| Rysy | Fatra-Tatra Area | Poland | Lesser Poland Voivodeship | 2,499 |
| Hoverla | Beskides | Ukraine | Chornohora | 2,061 |
| Beljanica | Homolje mountains | Serbia | Braničevo District | 1,344 |
| Kékes | North Hungarian Mountains | Hungary | Heves | 1,014 |
Mountain passes
In the Romanian part of the main chain of the Carpathians, the most important mountain passes are (starting from the Ukrainian border): the Prislop Pass, Rodna Pass, Tihuţa Pass (also known as Borgo Pass), Tulgheş Pass, Bicaz Canyon, Ghimeş Pass, Uz Pass and Oituz Pass, Buzău Pass, Predeal Pass (crossed by the railway from Braşov to Bucharest), Turnu Roşu Pass (1,115 ft., running through the narrow gorge of the Olt River and crossed by the railway from Sibiu to Bucharest), Vulcan Pass, Teregova Pass and the Iron Gate (both crossed by the railway from Timișoara to Craiova).
Geology
The area now occupied by the Carpathians was once occupied by smaller ocean basins. The Carpathian mountains were formed during the Alpine orogeny in the Mesozoic[15] and Tertiary by moving the ALCAPA, Tisza and Dacia plates over subducting oceanic crust (see maps).[16] The mountains take the form of a fold and thrust belt with generally north vergence in the western segment, northeast to east vergence in the eastern portion and southeast vergence in the southern portion.
The external, generally northern, portion of the orogenic belt is a Tertiary accretionary prism of a so-called Flysch belt created by rocks scraped off the sea bottom and thrust over the North-European plate. The Carpathian accretionary wedge is made of several thin skinned nappes composed of Cretaceous to Paleogene turbidites. Thrusting of the Flysch nappes over the Carpathian foreland caused the formation of the Carpathian foreland basin.[17] The boundary between the Flysch belt and internal zones of the orogenic belt in the western segment of the mountain range is marked by the Pieniny Klippen Belt, a narrow complicated zone of polyphase compressional deformation, later involved in a supposed strike-slip zone.[18] Internal zones in western and eastern segments contain older Variscan igneous massifs reworked in Mesozoic thick and thin-skinned nappes. During the Middle Miocene this zone was affected by intensive calc-alkaline[19] arc volcanism that developed over the subduction zone of the flysch basins. At the same time, the internal zones of the orogenic belt were affected by large extensional structure[20] of the back-arc Pannonian Basin.[21]
Iron, gold and silver were found in great quantities in the Western Carpathians. After the Roman emperor Trajan's conquest of Dacia, he brought back to Rome over 165 tons of gold and 330 tons of silver.[22]
Divisions of the Carpathians
1. Outer Western Carpathians
2. Inner Western Carpathians
3. Outer Eastern Carpathians
4. Inner Eastern Carpathians
5. Southern Carpathians
6. Western Romanian Carpathians
7. Transylvanian Plateau
8. Serbian Carpathians
The largest range is the Tatras in Poland and Slovakia.
A major part of the western and northeastern Outer Carpathians in Poland, Ukraine, and Slovakia is traditionally called the Beskids.
The geological border between the Western and Eastern Carpathians runs approximately along the line (south to north) between the towns of Michalovce, Bardejov, Nowy Sącz and Tarnów. In older systems the border runs more in the east, along the line (north to south) along the rivers San and Osława (Poland), the town of Snina (Slovakia) and river Tur'ia (Ukraine). Biologists, however, shift the border even further to the east.
The border between the eastern and southern Carpathians is formed by the Predeal Pass, south of Braşov and the Prahova Valley.
Ukrainians sometimes denote as "Eastern Carpathians" only the Ukrainian Carpathians (or Wooded Carpathians), meaning the part situated largely on their territory (i.e., to the north of the Prislop Pass), while Romanians sometimes denote as "Eastern (Oriental) Carpathians" only the Romanian Carpathians part which lies on their territory (i.e., from the Ukrainian border or from the Prislop Pass to the south), which they subdivide into three simplified geographical groups (north, center, south), instead of Outer and Inner Eastern Carpathians. These are:
- Carpathians of Maramureș and Bukovina (Romanian: Carpaţii Maramureșului și ai Bucovinei)
- Moldavian-Transylvanian Carpathians (Romanian: Carpaţii Moldo-Transilvani)
- Curvature Carpathians (Romanian: Carpaţii Curburii, Carpaţii de Curbură)
Notable people
- Ludwig Greiner — an influential 19th-century lumber industry management expert who identified Gerlachovský Peak as the highest mountain in the Carpathians.
Gallery
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See also
References
- ^ a b About the Carpathians - Carpathian Heritage Society
- ^ Peter Christoph Sürth. "Braunbären (Ursus arctos) in Europa". Archived from the original on 8 October 2007. Retrieved 10 March 2011.
- ^ Peter Christoph Sürth. "Wolf (Canis lupus) in Europa". Archived from the original on 8 October 2007. Retrieved 10 March 2011.
- ^ Peter Christoph Sürth. "Eurasischer Luchs (Lynx lynx) in Europa". Archived from the original on 8 October 2007. Retrieved 10 March 2011.
- ^ "Carpathian montane conifer forests - Encyclopedia of Earth". Retrieved 4 August 2010.
- ^ Bucureşti, staţiune balneară – o glumă bună? in Capital, 19 January 2009. Retrieved: 26 April 2011
- ^ Ruinele de la Baile Herculane si Borsec nu mai au nimic de oferit in Ziarul Financiar, 5 May 2010. Retrieved: 26 April 2011
- ^ Salvaţi pădurile virgine! in Jurnalul Național, 26 October 2011. Retrieved: 31 October 2011
- ^ Europe: New Move to Protect Virgin Forests in Global Issues, 30 May 2011. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
- ^ a b c d Moldovanu 2010, p. 18.
- ^ a b Blazovich 1994, p. 332.
- ^ Buza 2011, p. 24.
- ^ Room, Adrian. Placenames of the World. London: MacFarland and Co., Inc., 1997.
- ^ Gądek, Gradiecz, Bogdan, Mariusz. "Glacial Ice and Permafrost Distribution in the Medena Kotlina (Slovak Tatras): Mapped with Application of GPR and GST Measurements" (PDF). Landform Evolution in Mountain Areas. Studia Geomorphologica Carpatho-Balcanica. Retrieved 3 February 2013.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Plašienka, D., 2002, Origin and growth of the Western Carpathian orogenetic wedge during the mesozoic. (PDF) in Geologica Carpathica Special Issues 53 Proceedings of XVII. Congress of Carpathian-Balkan Geological Association Bratislava, 1–4 September 2002
- ^ Mantovani, E., Viti, M., Babbucci, D., Tamburelli, C., Albarello, D., 2006, Geodynamic connection between the indentation of Arabia and the Neogene tectonics of the central–eastern Mediterranean region. GSA Special Papers, v. 409, p. 15-41
- ^ Nehyba, S., Šikula, J., 2007, Depositional architecture, sequence stratigraphy and geodynamic development of the Carpathian Foredeep (Czech Republic). Geologica Carpathica, 58, 1, pp. 53-69
- ^ Mišík, M., 1997, The Slovak Part of the Pieniny Klippen Belt After the Pioneering Works of D. Andrusov. Geologica Carpathica, 48, 4, pp. 209-220
- ^ Pácskay, Z., Lexa, J., Szákacs, A., 2006, Geochronology of Neogene magmatism in the Carpathian arc and intra-Carpathian area. Geologica Carpathica, 57, 6, pp. 511 - 530
- ^ Dolton, G.L., 2006, Pannonian Basin Province, Central Europe (Province 4808)—Petroleum geology, total petroleum systems, and petroleum resource assessment. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2204–B, 47 p.
- ^ Royden, L.H., Horváth, F., Rumpler, J., 1983, Evolution of the Pannonian basin system. 1. Tectionics. Tectonics, 2, pp. 61-90
- ^ "Dacia-Province of the Roman Empire". United Nations of Roma Victor. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
Sources
- Blazovich, László (1994). "Kárpátok [Carpathians]". In Kristó, Gyula; Engel, Pál; Makk, Ferenc (eds.). Korai magyar történeti lexikon (9-14. század) [Encyclopedia of the Early Hungarian History (9th-14th centuries)] (in Hungarian). Akadémiai Kiadó. p. 332. ISBN 963-05-6722-9.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Buza, Mircea (2011). "On the origins and historical evolution of toponymy on the territory of Romania" (PDF). Revue Roumaine de Géographie / Romanian Journal of Geography. 55 (1). Institute of Geography, Romanian Academy: 23–36. ISSN 1220-5311. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
{{cite journal}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Moldovanu, Dragoș (2010). "Toponimie de origine Romană în Transilvania și în sud-vestul Moldovei" (PDF). Anuar de Lingvistică şi Istorie Literară (in Romanian). XLIX–L. Institute of Geography, Romanian Academy: 17–95. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
{{cite journal}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help)
External links
- Encyclopedia of Ukraine, vol. 1 — Carpathian Mountains, by Volodymyr Kubijovyč (1984).
- Carpathianconvention.org: The Framework Convention for the Protection and Sustainable Development of the Carpathians
- Orographic map highlighting Carpathian mountains
- Alpinet.org: Romanian mountain guide
- Carpati.org: Romanian mountain guide
- Pgi.gov.pl: Oil and Gas Fields in the Carpathians
Divisions, Groups, and Ranges of the Carpathian Mountains | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Western Carpathians |
| | ||||
| Eastern Carpathians |
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| Southern Carpathians | ||||||
| Western Romanian Carpathians | ||||||
| Serbian Carpathians | ||||||
| Adjacent regions | ||||||
| Grouping by country | ||||||
- Use dmy dates from January 2011
- Carpathians
- Mountain ranges of Europe
- Mountain ranges of the Czech Republic
- Mountain ranges of Hungary
- Mountain ranges of Poland
- Mountain ranges of Romania
- Mountain ranges of Serbia
- Mountain ranges of Slovakia
- Mountain ranges of Ukraine
- Geography of Central Europe
- Geography of Eastern Europe
- Geography of Southeastern Europe
- Saga locations
- Physiographic provinces