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==Energy==
==Energy==
[[Image:Puntland oil.png|thumb|right|250px|Oil blocks in [[Puntland]].]]
[[Image:Puntland oil.png|thumb|right|250px|Oil blocks in [[Puntland]].]]
Somalia has untapped reserves of numerous natural resources, including [[uranium]], [[iron ore]], [[tin]], [[gypsum]], [[bauxite]], [[copper]], [[salt]] and [[natural gas]].<ref name=2009factbook/> Due to its proximity to the oil-rich [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf|Gulf Arab]] states such as [[Saudi Arabia]] and [[Yemen]], the nation is also believed to contain substantial unexploited reserves of oil. A survey of Northeast Africa by the [[World Bank]] and [[United Nations|U.N.]] ranked Somalia second only to [[Sudan]] as the top prospective producer.<ref>{{cite web|author=Reuters May 21, 2008 |url=http://www.theepochtimes.com/news/8-5-21/70884.html |title=Canada's Africa Oil Starts Somalia Seismic Survey |publisher=Theepochtimes.com |date=2008-05-21 |accessdate=2010-06-27}}</ref> A [[People's Republic of China|Chinese]] [[Petroleum industry|oil company]] has been granted permission to search for oil in Somalia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oilmarketer.co.uk/2007/07/18/exploration-rights-in-somalia-for-chinese-oil-giant-cnooc/ |title=Exploration rights in Somalia for Chinese oil giant CNOOC |publisher=Oilmarketer.co.uk |date= |accessdate=2009-02-25}}</ref> As a result of these developments, the [[Somali Petroleum Company]] was created by the federal government.
Somalia has untapped reserves of numerous natural resources, including [[uranium]], [[iron ore]], [[tin]], [[gypsum]], [[bauxite]], [[copper]], [[salt]] and [[natural gas]].<ref name=2009factbook/> Due to its proximity to the oil-rich [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf|Gulf Arab]] states such as [[Saudi Arabia]] and [[Yemen]], the nation is also believed to contain substantial unexploited reserves of oil. A survey of Northeast Africa by the [[World Bank]] and [[United Nations|U.N.]] ranked Somalia second only to [[Sudan]] as the top prospective producer.<ref>{{cite web|author=Reuters May 21, 2008 |url=http://www.theepochtimes.com/news/8-5-21/70884.html |title=Canada's Africa Oil Starts Somalia Seismic Survey |publisher=Theepochtimes.com |date=2008-05-21 |accessdate=2010-06-27}}</ref> [[Australia]]n and [[People's Republic of China|Chinese]] [[Petroleum industry|oil companies]], in particular, are excited about the prospect of finding [[petroleum]] and other natural resources in the country. An oil group listed in [[Sydney]], [[Range Resources]], anticipates that the [[Puntland]] province in the north has the potential to produce {{convert|5|Goilbbl}} to {{convert|10|Goilbbl}} of oil.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oilmarketer.co.uk/2007/07/18/exploration-rights-in-somalia-for-chinese-oil-giant-cnooc/ |title=Exploration rights in Somalia for Chinese oil giant CNOOC |publisher=Oilmarketer.co.uk |date= |accessdate=2009-02-25}}</ref> As a result of these developments, the [[Somali Petroleum Company]] was created by the federal government.


In the late 1960s, UN geologists also discovered major uranium deposits and other rare mineral reserves in Somalia. The find was the largest of its kind, with industry experts estimating the deposits at over 25% of the world's then known uranium reserves of 800,000 tons.<ref name="Bufais">{{cite news|title=Big Uranium Find Announced in Somalia|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=hbVWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=gOkDAAAAIBAJ&pg=7276%2C235261|accessdate=16 May 2014|newspaper=New York Times|date=16 March 1968}}</ref> In 1984, the IUREP Orientation Phase Mission to Somalia reported that the country had 5,000 tons of uranium reasonably assured resources (RAR), 11,000 tons of uranium estimated additional resources (EAR) in [[calcrete]] deposits, as well as possibly up to 150,000 tons of uranium speculative resources (SR) in [[sandstone]] and calcrete deposits.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iaea.org/inis/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/40/087/40087878.pdf|title=International Resources Evaluation Project (IUREP) orientation phase mission report, Somalia|work=[[IAEA]]|year=1983|accessdate=16 May 2014|authors=RA Levich and E Muler-Kahle}}</ref> Somalia concurrently evolved into a major world supplier of uranium, with American, UAE, Italian and Brazilian mineral companies vying for extraction rights. As of 2014, Kilimanjaro Capital has a stake in the 1,161,400 acres Amsas-Coriole-Afgoi (ACA) Block, which includes uranium exploration.<ref name="Lfubrkusuei">{{cite news|last=Kilimanjaro Capital Ltd.|title=Long Forgotten Uranium Bonanza Rediscovered, Kilimanjaro Unleashes Somalia Uranium Exploration Initiative|url=http://www.marketwatch.com/story/long-forgotten-uranium-bonanza-rediscovered-kilimanjaro-unleashes-somalia-uranium-exploration-initiative-2014-04-15-71733149|accessdate=17 May 2014|newspaper=MarketWatch|date=15 April 2014}}</ref> Besides uranium, an unspecified quantity of [[yttrium]], a [[rare earth element]] and costly mineral, was also found in the country.<ref name="Bufais"/>
In the late 1960s, UN geologists also discovered major uranium deposits and other rare mineral reserves in Somalia. The find was the largest of its kind, with industry experts estimating the deposits at over 25% of the world's then known uranium reserves of 800,000 tons.<ref name="Bufais">{{cite news|title=Big Uranium Find Announced in Somalia|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=hbVWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=gOkDAAAAIBAJ&pg=7276%2C235261|accessdate=16 May 2014|newspaper=New York Times|date=16 March 1968}}</ref> In 1984, the IUREP Orientation Phase Mission to Somalia reported that the country had 5,000 tons of uranium reasonably assured resources (RAR), 11,000 tons of uranium estimated additional resources (EAR) in [[calcrete]] deposits, as well as possibly up to 150,000 tons of uranium speculative resources (SR) in [[sandstone]] and calcrete deposits.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iaea.org/inis/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/40/087/40087878.pdf|title=International Resources Evaluation Project (IUREP) orientation phase mission report, Somalia|work=[[IAEA]]|year=1983|accessdate=16 May 2014|authors=RA Levich and E Muler-Kahle}}</ref> Somalia concurrently evolved into a major world supplier of uranium, with American, UAE, Italian and Brazilian mineral companies vying for extraction rights. As of 2014, Kilimanjaro Capital has a stake in the 1,161,400 acres Amsas-Coriole-Afgoi (ACA) Block, which includes uranium exploration.<ref name="Lfubrkusuei">{{cite news|last=Kilimanjaro Capital Ltd.|title=Long Forgotten Uranium Bonanza Rediscovered, Kilimanjaro Unleashes Somalia Uranium Exploration Initiative|url=http://www.marketwatch.com/story/long-forgotten-uranium-bonanza-rediscovered-kilimanjaro-unleashes-somalia-uranium-exploration-initiative-2014-04-15-71733149|accessdate=17 May 2014|newspaper=MarketWatch|date=15 April 2014}}</ref> Besides uranium, an unspecified quantity of [[yttrium]], a [[rare earth element]] and costly mineral, was also found in the country.<ref name="Bufais"/>

Revision as of 23:30, 27 June 2015

Economy of Somalia
The Port of Bosaso.
CurrencySomali shilling (SOS)
Trade organisations
AL, AU, CEN-SAD, IGAD
Statistics
GDP$5.896 billion (2010)
GDP growth
3.7% (2014)
GDP per capita
$600 (2010)
GDP by sector
agriculture (59.3%), industry (7.2%), services (33.5%) (2012)
1.3% (2014)
Labour force
3.447 million (2007)
Labour force by occupation
agriculture (71%), industry and services (29%) (1975)
Main industries
sugar refining, textiles, livestock, money transfer, telecommunications
External
Exports$515.8 million (2012)
Export goods
livestock, bananas, hides, fish, charcoal, scrap metal
Main export partners
 United Arab Emirates 51.7%
 Yemen 18.1%
 Oman 13% (2012 est.)[1]
Imports$1.263 billion (2010)
Import goods
manufactured products, petroleum products, foodstuffs, construction materials
Main import partners
 Djibouti 27.3%
 India 13.2%
 Kenya 7.1%
 China 6.4%
 Pakistan 6.7%
 Oman 5.1%
 United Arab Emirates 5%
 Egypt 5.0%
 Yemen 4.4% (2012 est.)[2]
$2.942 billion (2010)
All values, unless otherwise stated, are in US dollars.

According to the CIA and the Central Bank of Somalia, despite experiencing civil unrest, Somalia has maintained a healthy informal economy, based mainly on livestock, remittance/money transfer companies and telecommunications.[3][4][5] Due to a dearth of formal government statistics and the recent civil war, it is difficult to gauge the size or growth of the economy. For 1994, the CIA estimated the GDP at $3.3 billion.[6] In 2001, it was estimated to be $4.1 billion.[7] By 2009, the CIA estimated that the GDP had grown to $5.731 billion, with a projected real growth rate of 2.6%.[3] According to a 2007 British Chambers of Commerce report, the private sector also grew, particularly in the service sector. In 2014, the International Monetary Fund estimated economic activity to have expanded by 3.7 percent primarily driven by growth in the primary sector and secondary sector.[8] Unlike the pre-civil war period when most services and the industrial sector were government-run, there has been substantial, albeit unmeasured, private investment in commercial activities; this has been largely financed by the Somali diaspora, and includes trade and marketing, money transfer services, transportation, communications, fishery equipment, airlines, telecommunications, education, health, construction and hotels.[9]

Agriculture and natural resources

See also: Mineral industry of Somalia
Cans of Las Qoray brand tuna fish made in Las Khorey.
Graphical depiction of Somalia's product exports in 28 color-coded categories.

According to the Central Bank of Somalia, the country's GDP per capita as of 2012 is $226, a slight reduction in real terms from 1990.[5] About 43% of the population live on less than 1 US dollar a day, with about 24% of those found in urban areas and 54% living in rural areas.[4] Somalia's economy consists of both traditional and modern production, with a gradual shift in favor of modern industrial techniques taking root. According to the Central Bank of Somalia, about 80% of the population are nomadic or semi-nomadic pastoralists, who keep goats, sheep, camels and cattle. The nomads also gather resins and gums to supplement their income.[4]

Agriculture is the most important economic sector. It accounts for about 65% of the GDP and employs 65% of the workforce.[9] Livestock contributes about 40% to GDP and more than 50% of export earnings.[3] Other principal exports include fish, charcoal and bananas; sugar, sorghum and corn are products for the domestic market.[10] According to the Central Bank of Somalia, imports of goods total about $460 million per year, and have recovered and even surpassed aggregate imports prior to the start of the civil war in 1991. Exports, which total about $270 million annually, have also surpassed pre-war aggregate export levels but still lead to a trade account deficit of about $190 million US dollars per year. However, this trade deficit is far exceeded by remittances sent by Somalis in the diaspora, which have helped sustain the import level.[4]

Somalia is a major world supplier of frankincense and myrrh.[11]

Somalia is also a major world supplier of frankincense and myrrh.[11]

Manufacturing

The new Coca-Cola bottling plant in Mogadishu, a sign of growing business confidence.

The modest industrial sector, based on the processing of agricultural products, accounts for 10% of Somalia's GDP.[3]

Prior to the outbreak of the civil war in 1991, the roughly 53 state-owned small, medium and large manufacturing firms were foundering, with the ensuing conflict destroying many of the remaining industries. However, primarily as a result of substantial local investment by the Somali diaspora, many of these small-scale plants have re-opened and newer ones have been created. The latter include fish-canning and meat-processing plants in the north, as well as about 25 factories in the Mogadishu area, which manufacture pasta, mineral water, confections, plastic bags, fabric, hides and skins, detergent and soap, aluminum, foam mattresses and pillows, fishing boats, carry out packaging, and stone processing.[12]

In 2004, an $8.3 million Coca-Cola bottling plant opened in Mogadishu, with investors hailing from various constituencies in Somalia.[13]

Airline industry

Air Somalia plane in Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.

Somali Airlines was the flag carrier of Somalia. Established in 1964, it offered flights to both domestic and international destinations. Following the start of the civil war, all of the carrier's operations were officially suspended in 1991.[14][15] A reconstituted Somali government later began preparations in 2012 for an expected relaunch of the carrier,[16] with the first new Somali Airlines aircraft scheduled for delivery by the end of December 2013.[17]

According to the Somali Chamber of Commerce and Industry, the void created by the closure of Somali Airlines has since been filled by various Somali-owned private carriers. Over six of these private airline firms offer commercial flights to both domestic and international locations, including Daallo Airlines, Jubba Airways, African Express Airways, East Africa 540, Central Air and Hajara.[18]

Hospitality

Private-security militias are hired to ensure safety and the normal conduct of business.[3]

Telecommunications and media

The Hormuud Telecom building in Mogadishu.

After the start of the civil war, various new telecommunications companies began to spring up and compete to provide missing infrastructure. Funded by Somali entrepreneurs and backed by expertise from China, Korea and Europe, these nascent telecommunications firms offer affordable mobile phone and internet services that are not available in many other parts of the continent. Customers can conduct money transfers and other banking activities via mobile phones, as well as easily gain wireless internet access.[19]

Installation time for a landline is three days, while in Kenya to the south, waiting lists are many years long.[20] These Somali telecommunication companies also provide services to every city, town and hamlet in Somalia. There are presently around 25 mainlines per 1,000 persons, and the local availability of telephone lines (tele-density) is higher than in neighboring countries; three times greater than in adjacent Ethiopia.[12] Prominent Somali telecommunications companies include Golis Telecom Group, Hormuud Telecom, Somafone, Nationlink, Netco, Telcom and Somali Telecom Group. Hormuud Telecom alone grosses about $40 million a year. To dampen competitive pressures, three of these companies signed an interconnectivity deal in 2005 that allows them to set prices and expand their networks.[19]

Investment in the telecom industry is one of the clearest signs that Somalia's economy has continued to grow despite the ongoing civil strife in parts of the southern half of the country.[19]


Finance

Main articles: Central Bank of Somalia and Somali shilling
An Amal Bank branch in Bosaso.

The Central Bank of Somalia is the official monetary authority of Somalia.[4] In terms of financial management, it is in the process of assuming the task of both formulating and implementing monetary policy.[21]

Owing to a lack of confidence in the local currency, the US dollar is widely accepted as a medium of exchange alongside the Somali shilling. Dollarization notwithstanding, the large issuance of the Somali shilling has increasingly fueled price hikes, especially for low value transactions. This inflationary environment, however, is expected to come to an end as soon as the Central Bank assumes full control of monetary policy and replaces the presently circulating currency introduced by the private sector.[21]

Although Somalia has had no central monetary authority for upwards of 15 years between the outbreak of the civil war in 1991 and the subsequent re-establishment of the Central Bank of Somalia in 2009, the nation's payment system is actually fairly advanced due primarily to the widespread existence of private money transfer operators (MTO) that have acted as informal banking networks.[22]

These remittance firms (hawalas) have become a large industry in Somalia, with an estimated $1.6 billion USD annually remitted to the region by Somalis in the diaspora via money transfer companies.[3] The latter include Dahabshiil, Qaran Express, Mustaqbal, Amal Express, Kaah Express, Hodan Global, Olympic, Amana Express, Iftin Express and Tawakal Express. Most are credentialed members of the Somali Money Transfer Association (SOMTA), an umbrella organization that regulates the community's money transfer sector, or its predecessor, the Somali Financial Services Association (SFSA). A unique feature of the Somali funds transfer companies is that they all charge the same low commission of 5% for sending amounts of up to approximately $1000, a fee range that encompasses the vast majority of household Somali remittances. For amounts greater than $1000, these companies charge commission fees of between 3%-4%, significantly lower than Western Union's 7.1% fee and MoneyGram's 7.2% fee for sending the same amount to Ethiopia. The bulk of remittances are sent by Somalis based abroad to relatives in Somalia, a practice which has had a stimulating effect on the country's economy.[23][24]

A 500 Somali shilling banknote.

Dahabshiil is the largest of the Somali money transfer operators (MTO), having captured most of the market vacated by Al-Barakaat. The firm has its headquarters in London and employs more than 2000 people across 144 countries, with 130 branches in the United Kingdom alone, a further 130 branches in Somalia, and 400 branches globally, including one in Dubai. The company provides a broad range of financial services to international organisations, as well as to both large and small businesses and private individuals.[25][23][24] After Dahabshiil, Qaran Express is the largest Somali-owned funds transfer company. The firm has its headquarters in both London and Dubai, with 175 agents worldwide, 66 agents in Somalia and 64 in London, and charges nothing for remitting charity funds. Mustaqbal is the third most prominent Somali MTO, with 8 agents in Somalia and 49 in the UK. As with Dahabshiil and Qaran Express, it also has a notable presence internationally.[23]

As the reconstituted Central Bank of Somalia fully assumes its monetary policy responsibilities, some of the existing money transfer companies are expected in the near future to seek licenses so as to develop into full-fledged commercial banks. This will serve to expand the national payments system to include formal cheques, which in turn is expected to reinforce the efficacy of the use of monetary policy in domestic macroeconomic management.[22]

With a significant improvement in local security, Somali expatriates began returning to the country for investment opportunities. Coupled with modest foreign investment, the inflow of funds have helped the Somali shilling increase considerably in value. By March 2014, the currency had appreciated by almost 60% against the U.S. dollar over the previous 12 months. The Somali shilling was the strongest among the 175 global currencies traded by Bloomberg, rising close to 50 percentage points higher than the next most robust global currency over the same period.[26]

Stock exchange

The Somalia Stock Exchange (SSE) is the national bourse of Somalia. It was founded in 2012 by the Somali diplomat Idd Mohamed, Ambassador extraordinary and deputy permanent representative to the United Nations. The SSE was established to attract investment from both Somali-owned firms and global companies in order to accelerate the ongoing post-conflict reconstruction process in Somalia.[27]

In August 2012, the SSE signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE) to assist it in technical development. The agreement includes identifying appropriate expertise and support.[27][28] Sharia compliant sukuk bonds and halal equities are also envisioned as part of the deal as Somalia's nascent stock market develops.[27]

As of November 2014, the Somalia Stock Exchange has established administrative offices in Mogadishu, Kismayo, and other urban centers in Somalia. The bourse is slated to officially open in 2015. Initially, seven Somali-owned firms from the financial services, telecommunications and transportation sectors are expected to list their shares therein for prospective global investment.[29]

Energy

Oil blocks in Puntland.

Somalia has untapped reserves of numerous natural resources, including uranium, iron ore, tin, gypsum, bauxite, copper, salt and natural gas.[3] Due to its proximity to the oil-rich Gulf Arab states such as Saudi Arabia and Yemen, the nation is also believed to contain substantial unexploited reserves of oil. A survey of Northeast Africa by the World Bank and U.N. ranked Somalia second only to Sudan as the top prospective producer.[30] Australian and Chinese oil companies, in particular, are excited about the prospect of finding petroleum and other natural resources in the country. An oil group listed in Sydney, Range Resources, anticipates that the Puntland province in the north has the potential to produce 5 billion barrels (790×10^6 m3) to 10 billion barrels (1.6×10^9 m3) of oil.[31] As a result of these developments, the Somali Petroleum Company was created by the federal government.

In the late 1960s, UN geologists also discovered major uranium deposits and other rare mineral reserves in Somalia. The find was the largest of its kind, with industry experts estimating the deposits at over 25% of the world's then known uranium reserves of 800,000 tons.[32] In 1984, the IUREP Orientation Phase Mission to Somalia reported that the country had 5,000 tons of uranium reasonably assured resources (RAR), 11,000 tons of uranium estimated additional resources (EAR) in calcrete deposits, as well as possibly up to 150,000 tons of uranium speculative resources (SR) in sandstone and calcrete deposits.[33] Somalia concurrently evolved into a major world supplier of uranium, with American, UAE, Italian and Brazilian mineral companies vying for extraction rights. As of 2014, Kilimanjaro Capital has a stake in the 1,161,400 acres Amsas-Coriole-Afgoi (ACA) Block, which includes uranium exploration.[34] Besides uranium, an unspecified quantity of yttrium, a rare earth element and costly mineral, was also found in the country.[32]

In mid-2010, Somalia's business community pledged to invest $1 billion in the national gas and electricity industries over the following five years. Abdullahi Hussein, the director of the just-formed Trans-National Industrial Electricity and Gas Company, predicted that the investment strategy would create 100,000 jobs. The new firm was established through the merger of five Somali companies from the trade, finance, security and telecommunications sectors. The first phase of the project started within six months of the establishment of the company, and trained youth to supply electricity to economic areas and communities. The second phase began in mid-to-late 2011 and saw the construction of factories in specially designated economic zones for the fishing, agriculture, livestock and mining industries.[35][36]

In 2012, the Farole administration gave the green light to the first official oil exploration project in Puntland and Somalia at large.[37][38] Led by the Canadian oil company Africa Oil and its partner Range Resources, initial drilling in the Shabeel-1 well on Puntland's Dharoor Block in March of the year successfully yielded oil.[37]

According to the Central Bank of Somalia, as the nation embarks on the path of reconstruction, the economy is expected to not only match its pre-civil war levels, but also to accelerate in growth and development due to the Somalia's untapped natural resources.[4]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Export Partners of Somalia". CIA World Factbook. 2012. Retrieved 2014-02-08.
  2. ^ "Import Partners of Somalia". CIA World Factbook. 2012. Retrieved 2014-02-08.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g "Somalia". World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 2009-05-14. Retrieved 2009-05-31.
  4. ^ a b c d e f "ECONOMY AND FINANCE". Retrieved 11 June 2015.
  5. ^ a b "Central Bank of Somalia - Annual Report 2012". Central Bank of Somalia. Retrieved 2 August 2014.
  6. ^ "CIA World Factbook: Somalia (1995)". Permanent.access.gpo.gov. Retrieved 2010-06-27.
  7. ^ "CIA World Factbook: Somalia (2003)". Bartleby.com. Retrieved 2010-06-27.
  8. ^ "IMF Staff Completes 2015 Article IV Mission to Somalia". International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
  9. ^ a b "Guide to African Markets". British Chambers of Commerce. 2007. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
  10. ^ "The World Factbook". Retrieved 11 June 2015.
  11. ^ a b Expanding Investment Finance in Northern Kenya and Other Arid Lands
  12. ^ a b "The African Executive - Somalia: The Resilience of a People". Retrieved 11 June 2015.
  13. ^ Amid Somalia's troubles, Coca-Cola hangs on - Africa & Middle East - International Herald Tribune
  14. ^ World of Information (Firm), Africa Review, (World of Information: 2003), p.299.
  15. ^ "WORLD AIRLINE DIRECTORY – SOMALI AIRLINES" (PDF). Flight International. 5 April 1995 – 11 April 1995. Retrieved 19 October 2011. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  16. ^ "Somalia to revive national airline after 21 years". Laanta. 24 July 2012. Archived from the original on 3 November 2012. Retrieved 3 November 2012.
  17. ^ "The long awaited Somali Airlines is Coming Back!". Keydmedia Online. 20 November 2013. Retrieved 20 November 2013.
  18. ^ "Aviation". Somali Chamber of Commerce and Industry. Retrieved 15 May 2014.
  19. ^ a b c Telecom Firms Thrive in Somalia Despite War, Shattered Economy – The Wall Street Journal
  20. ^ Benjamin Powell, Ryan Ford, Alex Nowrasteh (November 30, 2006). "Somalia After State Collapse: Chaos or Improvement?" (PDF).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  21. ^ a b Central Bank of Somalia - Monetary policy
  22. ^ a b Central Bank of Somalia - Payment system
  23. ^ a b c UK Somali Remittances Survey
  24. ^ a b "Decades of community service recognised with award". Tower Hamlets Recorder. 13 April 2007. Retrieved 3 June 2010.
  25. ^ "Freeing Finance: If money makes the world go round, Dahabshiil CEO Abdirashid Duale makes sure it goes to the right people". Forbescustom.com. Retrieved 2010-06-27.
  26. ^ Derby, Ron (26 March 2014). "The curious tale of the world-beating Somali shilling". Financial Times. Retrieved 27 March 2014.
  27. ^ a b c "Diplomat to start Somalia's first stock market". Reuters. 8 August 2012. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
  28. ^ Minney, Tom (14 May 2014). "Nairobi Securities Exchange plans to offer 38% of shares in June IPO". Stock Exchanges News. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
  29. ^ "Somalia's new bourse sees seven firms listing on opening in 2015". Reuters. 26 November 2014. Retrieved 26 November 2014.
  30. ^ Reuters May 21, 2008 (2008-05-21). "Canada's Africa Oil Starts Somalia Seismic Survey". Theepochtimes.com. Retrieved 2010-06-27. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  31. ^ "Exploration rights in Somalia for Chinese oil giant CNOOC". Oilmarketer.co.uk. Retrieved 2009-02-25.
  32. ^ a b "Big Uranium Find Announced in Somalia". New York Times. 16 March 1968. Retrieved 16 May 2014.
  33. ^ "International Resources Evaluation Project (IUREP) orientation phase mission report, Somalia" (PDF). IAEA. 1983. Retrieved 16 May 2014. {{cite web}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |authors= (help)
  34. ^ Kilimanjaro Capital Ltd. (15 April 2014). "Long Forgotten Uranium Bonanza Rediscovered, Kilimanjaro Unleashes Somalia Uranium Exploration Initiative". MarketWatch. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
  35. ^ "Somalia business keen to join forces for peace". Af.reuters.com. 23 May 2010. Retrieved 27 June 2010.
  36. ^ "Newly-found Somali company to bring peace to country". Xinhua via World.globaltimes.cn. 24 May 2010. Archived from the original on 5 July 2011. Retrieved 27 June 2010.
  37. ^ a b "Red Emperor, Range rally on Puntland drilling update". Proactiveinvestors NA. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
  38. ^ Somalia: President Farole returns to Puntland

Bibliography

  • Mauri, Arnaldo, Banking Development in Somalia, SSRN 958442 (1971).

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