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Hà Giang
Province
Location of Hà Giang within Vietnam
Location of Hà Giang within Vietnam
Country Vietnam
RegionNortheast
CapitalHà Giang
Government
 • People's Council ChairGiang Van Quay
 • People's Committee ChairTrieu Duc Thanh
Area
 • Total7,945.8 km2 (3,067.9 sq mi)
Population
 (2008)
 • Total705,100
 • Density89/km2 (230/sq mi)
Demographics
 • EthnicitiesVietnamese, Tày, Dao, H'Mông, Sán Dìu
Time zoneUTC+7 (ICT)
Calling code19
ISO 3166 codeVN-03
Websitewww.hagiang.gov.vn

Hà Giang is a province of northeastern Vietnam. It is located in the far north of the country, and contains Vietnam’s northernmost point. It shares a 270 km long border with Yunnan province of southern China. Hence it is known as the final frontier of Vietnam. The province covers an area of 7945.8 square kilometres and as of 2008 it had a population of 705,100 people.[1]

The provincial capital is also called Hà Giang, which is connected by Highway 2 and is 320 km away from Hanoi. The border crossing is at Than Thui, 25 km from the Ha Giang town. It is one of the poorest provinces of Vietnam as it has highly rugged but scenic mountainous topography with least potential for agriculture development.[2][3][4][5][6]

The province borders China with a length of over 270 kilometres (170 mi); the border gate is known as the Thanh Thuy. In addition there are three smaller gates namely, the Pho Bang, the Xin Man and the Sam Pun.[7]

Etymology

The province's name derives from Sino-Vietnamese (Hán Tự: 河江).

Geography

Hà Giang is bounded by Cao Bang, Tuyen Quang, Lao Cai, and Yen Bai provinces and has common international border with China in the north. Hà Giang has many high rocky mountains (lime stone formations) and springs; the important mountains are the Cam and Mo Neo. The major rivers of the region are the Lo River (Ha Giang town is located on its left bank) and Mien River.[2]

The topography of the province of Hà Giang is fairly complex with "temperate, but highly localized montane weather patterns create variable conditions among different regions".[8] It has very impressive landform of limestone and granite peaks and outcrops. It has three regions. Climatically, it has two seasons, a dry and monsoon season dependent on the altitude of the region. The two northern Indochinese climatic zones on the border influence the climate in that part of the province. The lower areas in the province comprise low hills, the Lô River Valley and the town of Hà Giang.[3][6][8][9] In Cao Bo district, the dry season lasts from mid-September until the end of May, and the balance period of the year is the rainy season. However, in Du Gia district the wet season set in one month earlier. The average annual temperature in the provincial city of Ha Giang City is 22.78 °C (73.00 °F); the monthly averages range from a low of 15.48 °C (59.86 °F) in January to a high of27.88 °C (82.18 °F)C in July. The annual rainfall in Ha Giang City is 2,430.1 millimetres (95.67 in); the monthly average varies from a low of 31.5 millimetres (1.24 in) in December to a high of 515.6 millimetres (20.30 in) in July. The average annual humidity level is 84%.[8]

Hà Giang has many high mountains, including the two highest peaks, namely, the Tây Côn Lĩnh (2419 m) and the Kiều Liêu Ti (2,402 metres (7,881 ft)). Hà Giang has many forests that provide valuable lumber. It has about 1000 species of herbal plants. Ha Giang's fauna include tiger, peafowl, pheasant, pangolin, and many other animals and birds.[2]

Ha Biang town was damaged during the 1979 war with China. However, the town has been rebuilt since then.[2]

Vegetation

Cultivated fields and Livestock are generally found in elevations below 800 m. Between 800800 metres (2,600 ft) and950 metres (3,120 ft) elevation, grasses and wood shrubs (maximum height of 3 metres (9.8 ft)) are recorded. Primary forest in patches with trees (30 metres (98 ft) high and 50 centimetres (20 in) diameter) is found above 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) elevation with canopy of about 80% closed. This forest has dense undergrowth with large vines, tree ferns, rhododendrons and melastomes. Banana, bamboo and secondary scrub grow on both sides of foottracks in the forests. The forest also has an abundance of cascading streams, seepage streams from lime stone formations, waterfalls, glides, and pools. The stiff lime stone vertical rock face is seen above 1100 m on the northeast face of Mt. Muong Cha, while its southwest slope exhibits a much gentler grade, and is converted into agricultural fields. Above 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) elevation, there is montane mixed semideciduous and evergreen cloud forest, which are laden with mists and cloud-borne moisture. This forest has an understory of Ericaceae with shrub and epiphytic species of Rhododendron and Vaccinium. Species of Lauraceae, with Ericaceae and Oleaceae (at higher elevations with taxa in the Fagaceae, Myrsinaceae and Araliaceae are also recorded. Most of the tree trunks are covered with bryophyte mosses in this zone.[8]

Fauna

16 reptile species (14 genera, five families) and 36 amphibian species (20 genera, seven families) have been recorded in the province.[8]

History

The French occupied this region in 1886, establishing their military garrison on the east bank of the Lo River and which became later in 1905 one of the four major military establishments in French Indo China in North Vietnam. The Vietnamse Dao tribals rebelled against the French colonial rule first in 1901 led by Trieu Tien Kien and Trieu Tai Loc which was quelled and the former was killed in the war. However, in 1913 Trieu Tai Loc organized another rebellion with the help of Trieu Tien Tien another member of his clan, which lasted for 2 years till 1915. Their slogan was "No Corvees, no taxes for the French; drive out the French to recover our country; liberty for the Dao." This revolt was known as the "White Hat Revolt" since the Vietnamese carried a white flag engraved with "four ideograms to Quoc Bach Ky" (meaning White Flag of the Fatherland). The rebellion spread to Tuan Quang, Lao Qai and Yen Bai. However, in 1915, the French ruthlessly suppressed the rebellion, deporting many of the rebellious Vietnamese and even sent 67 of them to the gallows.[2]

Hà Giang was part of bộ Tân Hưng in ancient times, one of 15 bộ in the nation of Văn Lang. During the Ming Dynasty occupation of Vietnam, at the start of the 15th century, it was known as the district of Bình Nguyên, before being changed to Bình Nguyên in 1473, and it was later renamed châu Vị Xuyên.

Before 1975, Hà Giang comprised the districts of Đồng Văn, Vị Xuyên, Xín Mần, Yên Minh, Hoàng Su Phì, Bắc Quang, Thanh Thủy and Quản Bạ.

Archaeological excavations carried out near Ha Giang town at Doi Thang (Pine Hill) have established the region's antiquity to about 3000 years back. During the Bronze Age Tay Yu tribals (of the, with culturally rich traditions ruled over the region; Archaeological findings in the form of bronze drums of that age used for ceremonial purposes is traced even to its present use by the Lolo and Pu Peo tribals of the region (Meo Vac of the Ha Giang province).[2]

Hmong Kings of Sa Phin

The history of the Hmong Kings of the northern region of the province bordering China (Dong Van and Meo Vac) is also integral to the province as the Hmong people have dominated the region from the late 18th century. The Vuong family of the Huang clan established their rule at Dong Van and Meo Vac, which was endorsed by the Nguyen Kings. During the French colonial rule, French further supported the King to keep their hold on the border territory. Vuong Chi Duc was recognized as the king of the Hmong people in 1900. A palace befitting the king was built between 1902 and 1903, at Sa Phin (16 km west of Dong Van town) by inducting Chinese architects. The King’s loyalty to the French was evident in the support that the French got from him during their campaign to put down a rebellion launched by the local tribes. In recognition, the King was given the rank of a General of the French Army (a fully uniformed King's picture is seen in the interior rooms of their palace). The increasing opposition by the Vietnamese to the French rule saw the King adopting a neutral stance. Vuong Chu Sen, who succeeded his father after the latter’s death in 1944, however, pledged support to Ho Chi Minh. The historical palace of the Vuong King was built in the traditional norms of Northeast Asian royal palaces. The palace built on the “Geomantic principles” has four double storied wings planned in 19th Century Southern Chinese town house style with “mui luyen or yin-yang tiles”. The two wings are inter-linked by three open courtyards. A moat surrounds the palace. Tombs of the royal family members, which are intricately carved in wood are located outside the palace walls. Only the walls of the buildings are made of bricks, while the other components of the buildings are made of wood.[10]

Administrative divisions

Hà Giang is divided into: one town municipality (thị xã) Hà Giang and 10 districts (huyện): Bắc Mê District, Bắc Quang District, Đồng Văn District, Hoàng Su Phì District, Mèo Vạc District, Quản Bạ District, Quang Bình District, Vị Xuyên District, Xín Mần District and Yên Minh District, five precincts, nine towns under districts, and 181 communes.[11]

Name Division type Population (2003) Area (km²) Towns (huyện lỵ or thị trấn) (bold)
and communes (xã)
Bắc Mê District (huyện) 40,822[12] 844[12] Yên Phú, Đường Âm, Đường Hồng, Giáp Trung, Lạc Nông, Minh Ngọc, Minh Sơn, Phiêng Luông, Phú Nam, Thượng Tân, Yên Cường, Yên Định, Yên Phong
Bắc Quang District (huyện) 103,064[12] 1,084[12] Việt Quang, Vĩnh Tuy, Quang Minh, Tân Thành, Tân Quang, Tân Lập, Việt Vinh, Hùng An, Đồng Yên, Đông Thành,Vĩnh Phúc,Vĩnh Hảo,Tiên Kiều,Việt Hồng, Kim Ngẩu, Thượng Bình,Vô Điếm, Bằng Hành,Hữu Sản, Liên Hiệp,Đức Xuân,Đồng Tâm, Đồng Tiến.
Đồng Văn District (huyện) 57,715[12] 447[12] Đồng Văn, Phó Bảng, Hố Quáng Phìn, Lũng Cú, Lũng Phìn, Lũng Táo, Lũng Thầu, Má Lé, Phố Cáo, Phố Là, Sà Phìn, Sảng Tủng, Sính Lủng, Sủng Là, Sủng Trái, Tả Lủng, Tả Phìn, Thài Phìn Tủng, Vần Chải
Hoàng Su Phì District (huyện) 53,937[12] 629[12] Vinh Quang, Bản Luốc,Bản Máy, Bản Nhùng, Bản Péo,Bản Phùng, Chiến Phố, Đản Ván, Hồ Thầu, Nam Sơn,Nàng Đôn, Nậm Dịch,Nậm Khòa,Nậm Ty, Ngàm Đăng Vài,Pố Lồ, Pờ Ly Ngài,Sán Xả Hồ,Tả Sử Choóng,Tân Tiến,Thàng Tín,Thèn Chu Phìn,Thông Nguyên,Tụ Nhân,Túng Sán
Mèo Vạc District (huyện) 58,944[12] 574[12] Mèo Vạc, Cán Chu Phìn, Giàng Chu Phìn, Khâu Vai, Lũng Chinh, Lũng Pù,Nậm Ban,Niêm Sơn, Pả Vi,Pải Lủng,Sơn Vĩ, Sủng Máng,Sủng Trà,Tả Lủng,Tát Ngà,Thượng Phùng,Xín Cái,Niêm Tòng
Quản Bạ District (huyện) 39,821[12] 550[12] Tam Sơn, Thái An,Lùng Tám, Đông Hà,ã Quản Bạ, Quyết Tiến,Cán Tỷ, Thanh Vân, Bát Đại Sơn, Nghĩa Thuận, Cao Mã Pờ, Tùng Vài,Tả Ván
Quang Bình District (huyện) 53,160 [12] 774[12]
Vị Xuyên District (huyện) 87,164[12] 1,452[12] Vị Xuyên, Việt Lâm, Bạch Ngọc, Ngọc Minh, Trung Thành, Ngọc Linh, Linh Hồ, Việt Lâm, Đạo Đức, Phú Linh, Quảng Ngần, Thượng Sơn, Cao Bồ, Kim Linh, Kim Thạch, Phương Tiến, Lao Chải, Xín Chải, Thanh Đức, Thanh Thủy, Minh Tân, Phong Quang, Thuận Hòa, Tùng Bá.
Xín Mần District (huyện) 50,307[12] 582[12] Cốc Pài, Nàn Xỉn, Xín Mần, Bản Díu, Chí Cà, Thèn Phàng, Trung Thịnh, Pà Vầy Sủ, Ngán Chiên, Cốc Rế, Tả Nhìu, Thu Tà, Nàn Ma, Bản Ngò, Chế Là, Quảng Nguyên, Nấm Dẩn, Nà Chì, Khuôn Lùng
Yên Minh District (huyện) 67,736[12] 782[12]

Yên Minh, Thắng Mố, Phú Lũng, Sủng Tráng,Bạch Đích, Na Khê,Sủng Thài, Hữu Vinh, Lao Và Chải, Mậu Duệ, Đông Minh, Mậu Long, Ngam La, Ngọc Long, Đường Thượng, Lũng Hồ, Du Tiến,Du Già

Demographics

According to the General Statistics Office of the Government of Vietnam, the population of Hà Giang Province as on 2008 was 705,100 with a density of 89 persons per sqkm over a total land area of 7,945.8 square kilometres (3,067.9 sq mi) of the province. It is one of the least populated provinces in the Northern midlands and mountain areas of Vietnam.[13] The male population during this period was 346900 [14] with females accounting for 358200.[15] The rural population was 625,500 against an urban population of 79,600 (about12% of the rural population). [16][17]

Many people in Hà Giang belong to various ethnic minorities. Aside from the Viet (or Kinh) who form 10% of the total population of the province, the others who dominate are 22 ethnic minorities, mainly the Hmong, Tày, Dao and Nung. There are two rare ethnic groups of Pupeo and Phula with population of less than 400 each and dwindling.[4][6][7]

Economy

Hà Giang is a highly mountainous region, and travel around the province can be difficult. Much of the province is too mountainous for agriculture, leaving much of the land covered by forests. Hà Giang’s central plateau is good for growing plums, peaches, and persimmons, which the province exports. Tea is also grown.[2][6] Farming economy is also getting a boost with growing oranges and mandarin trees as its sustains many households with the income in the range of VND 150 to 200 million a year. Cultivated area of soybean cultivation (high yield type with yield of 750 kg per ha) has increased to 7,900 hectares (20,000 acres).[7]

Hà Giang is one of the poorest provinces of Vietnam. Traditionally, the vast majority of its economic activity revolved around agriculture and forestry. However, in recent years, there have been attempts to establish a manufacturing industry. Infrastructure in Hà Giang has seen improvement, but remains poor - roads, schools, and health services are less developed than in many other parts of Vietnam.[2][6]

Ha Giang Province also has large areas of green tea, apart from terraced rice fields. The Province has particularly assisted people in developing tea industry with financial (soft loans) and technical support in operations (sowing, tending, gathering and processing). This has resulted in increase in the yield from 9,625 tonnes in 1995 to 20,394 tonnes in 2002. Particular tea plantations of quality tea are the Shan Tuyet strain in the Lung Phin in Dong Van District and Nam La in Yen Minh District. Ha Giang tea is not only popular in domestic market but also in foreign markets.[7]

The province is rich minerals; 149 mines with 28 categories of minerals are spread in all districts of the province. Mineral deposits explored in the province are: Antimony, iron ore, manganese, ferrite, zinc, tin, copper, bauxite, gold, gemstones, kaolin and mineral water. These are contributing to industrial development in the province. Plans have been put in place, with appropriate policies to attract direct foreign investments in the province; China, South Korea, Thailand and other countries have already chipped in with investments in the mining and processing industries and the anticipated growth rate of achievement is pegged at 20%. Asian Development Bank also provided loans of USD 3 million to promote tea industry in the province.[7]

As Hà Giang is a mountainous region, the population is not large, and the majority of inhabitants are ethnic Vietnamese. The remainder are Thổ, Hmong, Tay, Dao, Mán, Nung, Giấy and Lô Lô. The majority engage in ancestor and spirit worship.[2][6]

Some of the economic indicators, according to the General Statistics Office of the Government of Vietnam are: The population of Yên Bái province as on 2008 was 705,100 with a density of 89 persons per sqkm over a total land area of 7,945.8 square kilometres (3,067.9 sq mi) of the province. It is one of the least populated provinces in the Northern midlands and mountain areas of Vietnam.[13] The male population during this period was 346,900 [14] with females accounting for 358200.[15] The rural population was 625,500 against an urban population of 79,600 (about 7% of the rural population).[18][19]

As against the national figure of 273 Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery cooperatives there are 32 cooperatives in the province, of which 22 are agricultural cooperatives and eight are fisheries cooperatives.[20] The number of cooperatives is 32 as against 7592 cooperatives in the country.[21] There are only 169 farms in the province as against the national number of 120699.[22]

The Output value of agriculture produce at constant 1994 prices in the province was 838.4 billion đồngs against the national value of 156681.9 bill. dongs.[23] The province produced 280,300 tonnes of cereals as against the national production of 43.58 million tonnes [24]

The per capita production of cereals in the district was 397.5 kg as against the national figure of 501.8 kg. in 2007.[25] In 2007, the industrial output of the province was a meagre 526.1 bill. dongs against the national output of 1.47 million Bhilldongs.[26] However, there is cement plant with capacity of 300,000 tons per year that was established recently.

Attractions

There are many attractions in the province.

Quản Bạ Valley

Quản Bạ Valley, located at 45 kilometres (28 mi) from Ha Biang, at 7,945.8 metres (26,069 ft) elevation, is called the "Heaven's Gate" and has a TV Transmitter on a summit. Uniformly shaped hills of the valley are viewed from this summit.[27] Quan Ba Pass provides alluring views of the voluptuously named Thach Nu Doi (literal meaning: double stalagmite) but also known as “Two Stone Breasts” in the valley below.[4] The valley has forested hills and meadows, with temperatures ranging between 10 °C (50 °F) in winter and 24 °C (75 °F) in summer. It is well known for its secret grottoes and caves, colourful orchids, plum and peach trees, persimmon orchards, medicinal plants and many more. The town of Dong Van is famous for its Pho Bang Street which features multistoried buildings built with clay bricks and tiled roofs. The weekly market is where the Tay and H’Mong ethnic groups of the province visit in large numbers to trade in various types of goods and colourful hand woven cloth.[6]

Phương Thiện Cave is 7 km to the south of the township of Ha Giang. It is the location of many sights, especially natural caves and grottos of Doi, Lang Lo and Phuong Thien. The surrounding area is also known for its plums, pears, oranges, apples and Tuyet Son tea above 900 metres (3,000 ft). Chui Cave lies 7 km to the south of Ha Giang. It is set about 100 metres (330 ft) into the face of the hill. Tiên Cave và Tiên Spring: The cave is 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) from Ha Giang town. Động có Suối Tiên rất đẹp. According to folklore, heavenly female beings came there to bathe in the lunar new year, thus its name. The local population uses it as a water source and to pray for good luck in the new year.[6][28]

Dong Van

Dong Van is a market town 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) from Sa Phin and 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) from Chinese border is inhabited by Tay People and also Hmong. It is an altitude of 1,025 kilometres (637 mi) and experiences freezing temperature of 0 °C (32 °F) in winter and 24 °C (75 °F) in summer months. The highland region is famous for fruits such as Hau plums, peaches and persimmons without seeds. It also has many medicinal plants (ginseng, cinnamon and anise.[6][29]

Mèo Vạc

Meo Vac is a mountain pass at about 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) elevation which forms the basin boundary of the Nho Que River on the border with China is restricted zone. The market held at Khau Vai which is about 20 kilometres (12 mi) from Meo Vac, is where once a year on the 27th day of the third month of the Lunar calendar is known famously as the Khau Vai “Love Market.” The ethnic clans of White Hmong, Tay and Lolo congregate here, particularly the young people assemble here in search of life partners or to exchange partners. The Lolo people who dominate the local village by the same name in particular come here in their colourful regale. This ancient custom is now reported has become a "circus" with gate crashers landing in very large numbers.[2][3][6]

Chợ tình Khâu Vai

The Chợ tình Khâu Vai market only meets once a year, on the 27th day of the third lunar month at Khâu Vai commune in Mèo Vạc district, based on an old folk tale. A long time ago, there was a young beautiful couple who were in love but they were in different districts, which would have meant that she would have moved to her husband’s area. Her home district opposed this, while the boy’s district wanted this, causing political tension.[6]

When the couple were meeting, the two groups descended into warfare. To avoid bloodshed for their societies, the couple decided to break up and only secretly meet once a year on the anniversary, at Khâu Vai. Since then the area has become a dating spot for couples. In the last 10 years, economic pressures have led to a market being set up to capitalize on the anniversary celebrations.[6]

Do Thong

Do Thong (Pine Hill) settlement, is an ancient settlement dated back to 30,000 years, belonging to the Son Vi period as established by archaeological excavations. The excavations had unearthed antiquary axe heads and primitive tools which are displayed in the local museum at Ha Biang and the History Museum in Hanoi.[2]

Ha Biang museum

Ha Biang museum located in the centre of the Ha Biang town, not only has an array of display of findings from archaeological excavations but also houses historical artefacts, bronze drum collection and also costumes of the local ethnic clans.[2] Museum building is in form of a big lotus opening up its petals, in red and white colour mansion.[5]

Ha Giang market

Ha Giang market is an important market centre in Ha Biang town on the east bank of the Lo River. At this place, Tay, Nung, Red Dao and White Hamong ethnic groups congregate every Sunday.[2]

Lang Si

Lang Si is a village at the Lang Si pass where the White Hmong tribes assemble at the market held once every six days. The village is 116 kilometres (72 mi) from Ha Biang and parts of the border wall built by the French army are seen here delimiting the border of White Hmong Kingdom. It is honey producing area and has many apiaries.[30]

Sa Phin

Sa Phin is a small town in the remote Sa Phin valley (2 kilometres (1.2 mi) from Chinese border) where Hmong Kings ruled. The unique feature of the place is of the large double storied houses which are built in Chinese style made out of yellow bricks with Chinese style roof. The twin white towered palace building is distinct among the 20 odd buildings.[29]

Khu nhà Dòng họ Vương

The Vương family mansion is an architectural heritage landmark in Sà Phìn commune, Đồng Văn district that was listed by the government in 1993. At the start of the 20th century, Vương Chính Đức, a member of the Mong people, was appointed the Bang Tá and he had the family residence expanded into a mansion from where he worked. It is a of a style that is rare in this mountainous region of northern Vietnam. The building was designed in the style of the later period of the Qing Dynasty of China, and is grouped into three sections, the front, middle and rear. It comprises six lengthwise and four sideways buildings, two levels, and 64 rooms and 1,120 metres (3,670 ft) of land space. The building is surrounded by a stone wall, of width between 0.6 kilometres (0.37 mi) and 0.9 metres (3.0 ft) and of height from 2.5–3 kilometres (1.6–1.9 mi). The mansion is 145 kilometres (90 mi) to the northwest of the town of Hà Giang and 24 kilometres (15 mi) to the southwest of the district of Đồng Văn.[2]

Festivals

Traditional female clothing of the Yi (Lolo) people

Hà Giang has many cultural festivals due to the presence of more than 20 ethnic minority groups. Many of these groups are noted for their artistic abilities, especially their weaving and hand-made textile products. The Spring Festival is celebrated by the Hmong and Dao people, usually shortly after the Lunar New Year and lasts between three and seven days. The people celebrate with singing and feasting and drinking alcohol.

References

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  3. ^ a b c Ray, Nick (2009). Vietnam. Lonely Planet. pp. 187–189. ISBN 1741791596. Retrieved 2010-08-29. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ a b c Murray, Geoffrey (1997). Vietnam dawn of a new market. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 156–158. ISBN 031217392X. Retrieved 2010-07-14.
  5. ^ a b Let's Go Inc. (2006). Let's Go Vietnam. Macmillan. pp. 206–208. ISBN 0312360959. Retrieved 2010-07-14.
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  8. ^ a b c d e "Herpetofaunal Diversity of Ha Giang Province in Northeastern Vietnam, with Descriptions of Two New Species" (pdf). The American Museum of Natural History. pp. 3–6, 32. Retrieved 2010-08-29.
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  23. ^ "Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery :Output value of agriculture at constant 1994 prices". Population and Employment :General Statistics Office of the Government of Vietnam. Retrieved 2010-06-23.
  24. ^ "Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery:Production of cereals by province". Population and Employment :General Statistics Office of the Government of Vietnam. Retrieved 2010-06-23.
  25. ^ "Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery:Production of cereals per capita by province". Population and Employment :General Statistics Office of the Government of Vietnam. Retrieved 2010-06-23.
  26. ^ "Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery:Production of cereals per capita by province". Population and Employment :General Statistics Office of the Government of Vietnam. Retrieved 2010-06-23.
  27. ^ Boobbyer, p.128
  28. ^ "Grottoes in North". Tours Indo China. Retrieved 2010-07-14.
  29. ^ a b Boobbyer, p.129-130
  30. ^ Boobbyer, p.130

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