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Sommer is self-published (he owns the publishing house), not a reliable source. also, he is foremostly known as a conservative journalist and eurosceptic politician
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The agents of the Soviet state-police gathered Polish-sounding names from local telephone books in order to speed up the process. In [[Leningrad]] alone, almost 7,000 citizens were rounded up. A vast majority of them were executed within 10 days of arrest.<ref name="arlindo-correia">{{cite web | url=http://www.arlindo-correia.com/040111.html | title=The Devils’ Playground | publisher=[[The New York Times]] | accessdate=April 26, 2011 | author=Joshua Rubenstein | quote=Rubenstein is the Northeast regional director of [[Amnesty International USA]] and a co-editor of ''The Unknown Black Book: The Holocaust in the German-Occupied Soviet Territories.''}}</ref> In the next fourteen months 143,810 people of Polish background were captured, of whom 139,885 were sentenced by extrajudical organs, and 111,091 murdered (nearly 80% of all victims).<ref name="Gellately-Kiernan" />
The agents of the Soviet state-police gathered Polish-sounding names from local telephone books in order to speed up the process. In [[Leningrad]] alone, almost 7,000 citizens were rounded up. A vast majority of them were executed within 10 days of arrest.<ref name="arlindo-correia">{{cite web | url=http://www.arlindo-correia.com/040111.html | title=The Devils’ Playground | publisher=[[The New York Times]] | accessdate=April 26, 2011 | author=Joshua Rubenstein | quote=Rubenstein is the Northeast regional director of [[Amnesty International USA]] and a co-editor of ''The Unknown Black Book: The Holocaust in the German-Occupied Soviet Territories.''}}</ref> In the next fourteen months 143,810 people of Polish background were captured, of whom 139,885 were sentenced by extrajudical organs, and 111,091 murdered (nearly 80% of all victims).<ref name="Gellately-Kiernan" />
[[File:Nikolai Yezhov conferring with Stalin.jpg|thumb|right|[[Nikolai Yezhov|Yezhov]] sharing his insights with Stalin, USSR, 1937]]
[[File:Nikolai Yezhov conferring with Stalin.jpg|thumb|right|[[Nikolai Yezhov|Yezhov]] sharing his insights with Stalin, USSR, 1937]]

The first scholarly monograph devoted entirely to the subject of Polish genocide in the years 1937–1938 was written by Dr Tomasz Sommer from the [[Polish Academy of Sciences]] under the auspices of the bi-lateral Polish-Russian program called ''Unknown Genocide'' (''Nieznane ludobójstwo''), coordinated by the Institute of Globalization on the Polish side, and the Memorial Society on the part of Russia. The research became possible only after the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]].<ref name="rp.pl">{{cite web | url=http://www.rp.pl/artykul/594183.html | title=Nieopłakane ludobójstwo (Genocide Not Mourned) | publisher=[[Rzeczpospolita]] | date=15-01-2011 | accessdate=April 28, 2011 | author=[[Marek Jan Chodakiewicz]]}}</ref><ref name="se.pl">{{cite web | url=http://m.se.pl/wydarzenia/opinie/zbrodnia-wieksza-niz-katyn_157172.html | title=Tomasz Sommer: Ludobójstwo Polaków z lat 1937-38 to zbrodnia większa niż Katyń (Genocide of Poles in the years 1937-38, a Crime Greater than [[Katyn]]) | publisher=[[Super Express]] | accessdate=April 28, 2011 | author=Franciszek Tyszka}}</ref><ref name="historyton.pl">{{cite web | url=http://historyton.pl/catalog/product_info.php?products_id=11729 | title=Rozstrzelać Polaków. Ludobójstwo Polaków w Związku Sowieckim (To Execute the Poles. Genocide of Poles in the Soviet Union) | publisher=Historyton | accessdate=April 28, 2011}}</ref><ref name="wiara.pl">{{cite web | url=http://info.wiara.pl/doc/578542.Publikacja-na-temat-eksterminacji-Polakow-w-ZSRR-w-latach-30 | title=Publikacja na temat eksterminacji Polaków w ZSRR w latach 30 (Publication on the Subject of Extermination of Poles in the Soviet Union during the 1930s) | author= Andrzej Macura | publisher=Portal Wiara.pl | date=2010-06-24 | accessdate=April 28, 2011 | author=[[Polska Agencja Prasowa]]}}</ref><ref name="polishclub.org">{{cite web | url=http://www.polishclub.org/2011/03/22/prof-iwo-cyprian-pogonowski-rozkaz-n-k-w-d-no-00485-z-dnia-11-viii-1937-a-polacy/ | title=Rozkaz N.K.W.D.: No. 00485 z dnia 11-VIII-1937, a Polacy | publisher=Polish Club Online | date=22 March 2011 | accessdate=April 28, 2011 | author=Prof. [[Iwo Cyprian Pogonowski]] | quote= See also, Tomasz Sommer: Ludobójstwo Polaków w Związku Sowieckim (Genocide of Poles in the Soviet Union), article published by The Polish Review vol. LV, No. 4, 2010.}}</ref><ref name="naukowa.pl">{{cite web | url=http://www.naukowa.pl/Historia,7kt/Rozstrzelac-Polakow.-Ludobojstwo-Polakow-w-Zwiazku-Sowieckim-w-latach-1937-1938.-Dokumenty-z-Central,328396ks | title= Sommer, Tomasz. Book description (Opis). | publisher=Księgarnia Prawnicza, [[Lublin]] | work=Rozstrzelać Polaków. Ludobójstwo Polaków w Związku Sowieckim w latach 1937-1938. Dokumenty z Centrali (Genocide of Poles in the Soviet Union) | accessdate=April 28, 2011}}</ref><ref name="global364">{{cite web | url=http://globalizacja.org/node/364 | title=Konferencja „Rozstrzelać Polaków – Ludobójstwo Polaków w Związku Sowieckim” (Conference on Genocide of Poles in the Soviet Union), [[Warsaw]] | publisher=Instytut Globalizacji oraz Press Club Polska in cooperation with Memorial Society | accessdate=April 28, 2011}}</ref>


==The extermination order==
==The extermination order==
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:*Members of [[Polish Military Organisation|Polska Organizacja Wojskowa]] listed in the special list (most of them were not in fact members of that organisation).
:*Members of [[Polish Military Organisation|Polska Organizacja Wojskowa]] listed in the special list (most of them were not in fact members of that organisation).


The operation took place approximately from August 25, 1937 to November 15, 1938.<ref name="balticnorthernminorities">{{cite web | url=http://www.balticnorthernminorities.org/pdf/project_abstracts.pdf | title=The 'Polish operation' of the NKVD | publisher=[[Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw|University of Stefan Wyszyński]] in [[Warsaw]] | work=The Baltic and Arctic Areas under Stalin. Ethnic Minorities in the Great Soviet Terror of 1937-38. | date=January 25-26, 2011 | accessdate=April 26, 2011 | author=Prof. Bogdan Musial | pages=17 | quote=UMEA International Research Group. Abstracts of Presentations.}}</ref> According to archives of the NKVD: 111,091 [[Poles]] and people accused of ties with Poland, were sentenced to death, and 28,744 were sentenced to [[labor camp]]s ('dry guillotine' of slow death by exposure, malnutrition, and overwork);<ref name="grhs.org">{{cite web | url=http://www.grhs.org/heritage/SovietRepression.pdf | title=Soviet “Paradise” Revisited: Genocide, Dissent, Memory and Denial | publisher=GRHS Heritage Society | accessdate=April 26, 2011 | author=Dr. Eric J. Schmaltz}}</ref> 139,835 victims in total.<ref name="memo.ru">{{cite web | url=http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF-8&sl=ru&tl=en&u=http://www.memo.ru/history/POLAcy/00485-1.htm&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.ca&usg=ALkJrhgLJ0y4jTz5qldwJAVKxBPTYXajVw | title=A breakdown of the chronology and the punishment, NKVD Order № 00485 (Polish operation) in Google translate | accessdate=April 26, 2011 | author=OA Gorlanov}}</ref> This number constitutes 10% of the total number of people officially convicted during the [[Yezhovshchina]] period with confirming NKVD documents.<ref>McLoughlin, [[#References|References]], [http://books.google.com/books?id=8yorTJl1QEoC&pg=PA164&dq=polish+operation+of+nkvd+111,091&ei=kpXuRu_aLKfUowKVmZC2Dw&ie=ISO-8859-1&sig=-1KiWrPJ2aP3HQJiSz5LWxesdC4 p. 164]</ref> The Operation was only a peak in a murderous wave of terror against the Poles, spanning over a decade. As the Soviet statistics indicate, the number of ethnic Poles in the USSR dropped by 165,000 in that period. "It is estimated that Polish losses in the Ukrainian SSR were about 30%, while in the Belorussian SSR... the Polish minority was almost completely annihilated."<ref name="balticnorthernminorities" /> Historian [[Michael Ellman]] asserts that the 'national operations', particularly the 'Polish operation', may constitute [[genocide]] as defined by the UN convention.<ref name="paulbogdanor">Michael Ellman, [http://www.paulbogdanor.com/left/soviet/famine/ellman1933.pdf Stalin and the Soviet Famine of 1932-33 Revisited] [[PDF]] file</ref> His opinion is shared by [[Simon Sebag Montefiore]], who calls the Polish operation of the NKVD 'a mini-genocide'<ref>Simon Sebag Montefiore. ''Stalin. The Court of the Red Tsar'', page 229. Vintage Books, New York 2003. Vintage ISBN 1-4000-7678-1]</ref>
The operation took place approximately from August 25, 1937 to November 15, 1938.<ref name="balticnorthernminorities">{{cite web | url=http://www.balticnorthernminorities.org/pdf/project_abstracts.pdf | title=The 'Polish operation' of the NKVD | publisher=[[Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw|University of Stefan Wyszyński]] in [[Warsaw]] | work=The Baltic and Arctic Areas under Stalin. Ethnic Minorities in the Great Soviet Terror of 1937-38. | date=January 25-26, 2011 | accessdate=April 26, 2011 | author=Prof. Bogdan Musial | pages=17 | quote=UMEA International Research Group. Abstracts of Presentations.}}</ref> According to archives of the NKVD: 111,091 [[Poles]] and people accused of ties with Poland, were sentenced to death, and 28,744 were sentenced to [[labor camp]]s ('dry guillotine' of slow death by exposure, malnutrition, and overwork);<ref name="grhs.org">{{cite web | url=http://www.grhs.org/heritage/SovietRepression.pdf | title=Soviet “Paradise” Revisited: Genocide, Dissent, Memory and Denial | publisher=GRHS Heritage Society | accessdate=April 26, 2011 | author=Dr. Eric J. Schmaltz}}</ref> 139,835 victims in total.<ref name="memo.ru">{{cite web | url=http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF-8&sl=ru&tl=en&u=http://www.memo.ru/history/POLAcy/00485-1.htm&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.ca&usg=ALkJrhgLJ0y4jTz5qldwJAVKxBPTYXajVw | title=A breakdown of the chronology and the punishment, NKVD Order № 00485 (Polish operation) in Google translate | accessdate=April 26, 2011 | author=OA Gorlanov}}</ref> This number constitutes 10% of the total number of people officially convicted during the [[Yezhovshchina]] period with confirming NKVD documents.<ref>McLoughlin, [[#References|References]], [http://books.google.com/books?id=8yorTJl1QEoC&pg=PA164&dq=polish+operation+of+nkvd+111,091&ei=kpXuRu_aLKfUowKVmZC2Dw&ie=ISO-8859-1&sig=-1KiWrPJ2aP3HQJiSz5LWxesdC4 p. 164]</ref> The Operation was only a peak in a murderous wave of terror against the Poles, spanning over a decade. As the Soviet statistics indicate, the number of ethnic Poles in the USSR dropped by 165,000 in that period. "It is estimated that Polish losses in the Ukrainian SSR were about 30%, while in the Belorussian SSR... the Polish minority was almost completely annihilated."<ref name="balticnorthernminorities" /> Historian [[Michael Ellman]] asserts that the 'national operations', particularly the 'Polish operation', may constitute [[genocide]] as defined by the UN convention.<ref name="paulbogdanor">Michael Ellman, [http://www.paulbogdanor.com/left/soviet/famine/ellman1933.pdf Stalin and the Soviet Famine of 1932-33 Revisited] [[PDF]] file</ref> His opinion is shared by [[Simon Sebag Montefiore]], who calls the Polish operation of the NKVD 'a mini-genocide.'<ref>Simon Sebag Montefiore. ''Stalin. The Court of the Red Tsar'', page 229. Vintage Books, New York 2003. Vintage ISBN 1-4000-7678-1]</ref> Polish conservative journalist [[Tomasz Sommer]] also referred to the operation as a genocide.<ref name="rp.pl">{{cite web | url=http://www.rp.pl/artykul/594183.html | title=Nieopłakane ludobójstwo (Genocide Not Mourned) | publisher=[[Rzeczpospolita]] | date=15-01-2011 | accessdate=April 28, 2011 | author=[[Marek Jan Chodakiewicz]]}}</ref><ref name="se.pl">{{cite web | url=http://m.se.pl/wydarzenia/opinie/zbrodnia-wieksza-niz-katyn_157172.html | title=Tomasz Sommer: Ludobójstwo Polaków z lat 1937-38 to zbrodnia większa niż Katyń (Genocide of Poles in the years 1937-38, a Crime Greater than [[Katyn]]) | publisher=[[Super Express]] | accessdate=April 28, 2011 | author=Franciszek Tyszka}}</ref><ref name="historyton.pl">{{cite web | url=http://historyton.pl/catalog/product_info.php?products_id=11729 | title=Rozstrzelać Polaków. Ludobójstwo Polaków w Związku Sowieckim (To Execute the Poles. Genocide of Poles in the Soviet Union) | publisher=Historyton | accessdate=April 28, 2011}}</ref><ref name="wiara.pl">{{cite web | url=http://info.wiara.pl/doc/578542.Publikacja-na-temat-eksterminacji-Polakow-w-ZSRR-w-latach-30 | title=Publikacja na temat eksterminacji Polaków w ZSRR w latach 30 (Publication on the Subject of Extermination of Poles in the Soviet Union during the 1930s) | author= Andrzej Macura | publisher=Portal Wiara.pl | date=2010-06-24 | accessdate=April 28, 2011 | author=[[Polska Agencja Prasowa]]}}</ref><ref name="polishclub.org">{{cite web | url=http://www.polishclub.org/2011/03/22/prof-iwo-cyprian-pogonowski-rozkaz-n-k-w-d-no-00485-z-dnia-11-viii-1937-a-polacy/ | title=Rozkaz N.K.W.D.: No. 00485 z dnia 11-VIII-1937, a Polacy | publisher=Polish Club Online | date=22 March 2011 | accessdate=April 28, 2011 | author=Prof. [[Iwo Cyprian Pogonowski]] | quote= See also, Tomasz Sommer: Ludobójstwo Polaków w Związku Sowieckim (Genocide of Poles in the Soviet Union), article published by The Polish Review vol. LV, No. 4, 2010.}}</ref><ref name="naukowa.pl">{{cite web | url=http://www.naukowa.pl/Historia,7kt/Rozstrzelac-Polakow.-Ludobojstwo-Polakow-w-Zwiazku-Sowieckim-w-latach-1937-1938.-Dokumenty-z-Central,328396ks | title= Sommer, Tomasz. Book description (Opis). | publisher=Księgarnia Prawnicza, [[Lublin]] | work=Rozstrzelać Polaków. Ludobójstwo Polaków w Związku Sowieckim w latach 1937-1938. Dokumenty z Centrali (Genocide of Poles in the Soviet Union) | accessdate=April 28, 2011}}</ref><ref name="global364">{{cite web | url=http://globalizacja.org/node/364 | title=Konferencja „Rozstrzelać Polaków – Ludobójstwo Polaków w Związku Sowieckim” (Conference on Genocide of Poles in the Soviet Union), [[Warsaw]] | publisher=Instytut Globalizacji oraz Press Club Polska in cooperation with Memorial Society | accessdate=April 28, 2011}}</ref>


Almost all victims of the NKVD shootings were men, wrote Michał Jasiński, most with families. Their wives and children were dealt with, by the NKVD order № 00486. The women were being sentenced to deportations to Kazakhstan for an average of 5 to 10 years. Their children, put in orphanages to be brought up as Soviet, with no knowledge of their own origins. All possessions of the accused were confiscated. The parents of the executed men – as well as their in-laws – were purposely left with nothing to live on, which usually sealed their fate as well. Statistical extrapolation, wrote Jasiński, increases the number of Polish victims in 1937–1938 to around 200–250,000 depending on size of their families.<ref name="fronda">{{cite web | url=http://fronda.gliwice.pl/czytelnia.php5?id=84 | title=Zapomniane ludobójstwo stalinowskie (The forgotten Stalinist genocide) | publisher=Gliwicki klub Fondy. Czytelnia | date=2010-10-27 | accessdate=April 28, 2011 | author=Michał Jasiński}}</ref>
Almost all victims of the NKVD shootings were men, wrote Michał Jasiński, most with families. Their wives and children were dealt with, by the NKVD order № 00486. The women were being sentenced to deportations to Kazakhstan for an average of 5 to 10 years. Their children, put in orphanages to be brought up as Soviet, with no knowledge of their own origins. All possessions of the accused were confiscated. The parents of the executed men – as well as their in-laws – were purposely left with nothing to live on, which usually sealed their fate as well. Statistical extrapolation, wrote Jasiński, increases the number of Polish victims in 1937–1938 to around 200–250,000 depending on size of their families.<ref name="fronda">{{cite web | url=http://fronda.gliwice.pl/czytelnia.php5?id=84 | title=Zapomniane ludobójstwo stalinowskie (The forgotten Stalinist genocide) | publisher=Gliwicki klub Fondy. Czytelnia | date=2010-10-27 | accessdate=April 28, 2011 | author=Michał Jasiński}}</ref>

Revision as of 07:06, 29 April 2011

The Genocide of Poles in the Soviet Union often referred to as, the Polish operation of the NKVD,[1][2][3] was a coordinated action of the Soviet NKVD and the Communist Party in 1937–1938 against the entire Polish minority living in the Soviet Union, representing only 0.4 percent of Soviet citizens. It was the largest ethnic shooting and deportation action during the Great Terror,[4] done according to the NKVD Order № 00485 entitled "On the liquidation of the Polish diversionist and espionage groups and POW units."[5]

The agents of the Soviet state-police gathered Polish-sounding names from local telephone books in order to speed up the process. In Leningrad alone, almost 7,000 citizens were rounded up. A vast majority of them were executed within 10 days of arrest.[6] In the next fourteen months 143,810 people of Polish background were captured, of whom 139,885 were sentenced by extrajudical organs, and 111,091 murdered (nearly 80% of all victims).[7]

File:Nikolai Yezhov conferring with Stalin.jpg
Yezhov sharing his insights with Stalin, USSR, 1937

The extermination order

The Order № 00485 was approved on August 9, 1937 by the Party's Central Committee Politburo, and was signed by Nikolai Yezhov on August 11, 1937. It was distributed to the local subdivisions of the NKVD simultaneously with Yezhov's thirty-page "secret letter" explaining what the "Polish operation" was all about, because its target was so uncommon. The directive was entitled "On fascist-resurrectionist, spying, diversional, defeationist, and terrorist activity of Polish intelligence in the USSR".[8] Stalin himself demanded to "keep on digging out and cleaning out this Polish filth."[9] The operation was the second in a series of national operations of the NKVD, carried out by the Soviet Union against ethnic diasporas including Latvian, Finnish, German and Romanian, based on propaganda myth of a fifth column residing along its western borders, and the Party's pronouncement of a "hostile capitalist surrounding." The argument was intended only to provide justification for the state-sanctioned campaign of mass-murder meant to erradicate Poles as a national (and linguistic) minority group, wrote Timothy Snyder.[9]

Scale of the "Polish operation" and its victims

The largest group of people with Polish background, around 40 percent of all victims, came from the Soviet Ukraine, especially from the districts near the border with Poland. Among them, tens of thousands of peasants, railway workers, industrial labourers, engineers and others. Additional 17 percent of victims came from the Soviet Byelorussia. The rest, came from around Western Siberia and Kazakhstan where exiled Poles lived since the Partitions, as well as from southern Urals, northern Caucasus and the rest of Siberia including the Far East.[7]

The following categories of people were arrested during the Polish operation of the NKVD, as described in Soviet documents:

The operation took place approximately from August 25, 1937 to November 15, 1938.[10] According to archives of the NKVD: 111,091 Poles and people accused of ties with Poland, were sentenced to death, and 28,744 were sentenced to labor camps ('dry guillotine' of slow death by exposure, malnutrition, and overwork);[11] 139,835 victims in total.[12] This number constitutes 10% of the total number of people officially convicted during the Yezhovshchina period with confirming NKVD documents.[13] The Operation was only a peak in a murderous wave of terror against the Poles, spanning over a decade. As the Soviet statistics indicate, the number of ethnic Poles in the USSR dropped by 165,000 in that period. "It is estimated that Polish losses in the Ukrainian SSR were about 30%, while in the Belorussian SSR... the Polish minority was almost completely annihilated."[10] Historian Michael Ellman asserts that the 'national operations', particularly the 'Polish operation', may constitute genocide as defined by the UN convention.[2] His opinion is shared by Simon Sebag Montefiore, who calls the Polish operation of the NKVD 'a mini-genocide.'[14] Polish conservative journalist Tomasz Sommer also referred to the operation as a genocide.[15][16][17][18][19][20][21]

Almost all victims of the NKVD shootings were men, wrote Michał Jasiński, most with families. Their wives and children were dealt with, by the NKVD order № 00486. The women were being sentenced to deportations to Kazakhstan for an average of 5 to 10 years. Their children, put in orphanages to be brought up as Soviet, with no knowledge of their own origins. All possessions of the accused were confiscated. The parents of the executed men – as well as their in-laws – were purposely left with nothing to live on, which usually sealed their fate as well. Statistical extrapolation, wrote Jasiński, increases the number of Polish victims in 1937–1938 to around 200–250,000 depending on size of their families.[22]

Footnotes

  1. ^ Tomasz Sommer (2010). "Execute the Poles: The Genocide of Poles in the Soviet Union, 1937-1938. Documents from Headquarters". Warsaw: 3S Media. p. 277. ISBN 8376730207. Retrieved April 25, 2011.
  2. ^ a b Michael Ellman, Stalin and the Soviet Famine of 1932-33 Revisited PDF file
  3. ^ The term "Polish operation" was suggested by two researchers of the Memorial Society, N. Petrov and A. Roginsky (Н.В.Петров, А.Б.Рогинский).
  4. ^ "A letter from Timothy Snyder of Bloodlands: Two genocidaires, taking turns in Poland". The Book Haven. Stanford University. December 15th, 2010. Retrieved April 25, 2011. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  5. ^ Russian original document title: "О ликвидации польских диверсионно-шпионских групп и организаций ПОВ". Хлевнюк О. В. Политбюро: Механизмы политической власти в 1930-е гг. М., 1996
  6. ^ Joshua Rubenstein. "The Devils' Playground". The New York Times. Retrieved April 26, 2011. Rubenstein is the Northeast regional director of Amnesty International USA and a co-editor of The Unknown Black Book: The Holocaust in the German-Occupied Soviet Territories.
  7. ^ a b Robert Gellately, Ben Kiernan (2003). The specter of genocide: mass murder in historical perspective. Cambridge University Press. p. 396. ISBN 0521527503. Polish operation (page 233 –)
  8. ^ Russian original document title: "О фашистско-повстанческой, шпионской, диверсионной, пораженческой и террористической деятельности польской разведки в СССР." Хлевнюк О. В. Политбюро: Механизмы политической власти в 1930-е гг. М., 1996
  9. ^ a b Matthew Kaminski (October 18, 2010). "Savagery in the East". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved April 26, 2011.
  10. ^ a b Prof. Bogdan Musial (January 25–26, 2011). "The 'Polish operation' of the NKVD" (PDF). The Baltic and Arctic Areas under Stalin. Ethnic Minorities in the Great Soviet Terror of 1937-38. University of Stefan Wyszyński in Warsaw. p. 17. Retrieved April 26, 2011. UMEA International Research Group. Abstracts of Presentations.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date format (link)
  11. ^ Dr. Eric J. Schmaltz. "Soviet "Paradise" Revisited: Genocide, Dissent, Memory and Denial" (PDF). GRHS Heritage Society. Retrieved April 26, 2011.
  12. ^ OA Gorlanov. "A breakdown of the chronology and the punishment, NKVD Order № 00485 (Polish operation) in Google translate". Retrieved April 26, 2011.
  13. ^ McLoughlin, References, p. 164
  14. ^ Simon Sebag Montefiore. Stalin. The Court of the Red Tsar, page 229. Vintage Books, New York 2003. Vintage ISBN 1-4000-7678-1]
  15. ^ Marek Jan Chodakiewicz (15-01-2011). "Nieopłakane ludobójstwo (Genocide Not Mourned)". Rzeczpospolita. Retrieved April 28, 2011. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  16. ^ Franciszek Tyszka. "Tomasz Sommer: Ludobójstwo Polaków z lat 1937-38 to zbrodnia większa niż Katyń (Genocide of Poles in the years 1937-38, a Crime Greater than [[Katyn]])". Super Express. Retrieved April 28, 2011. {{cite web}}: URL–wikilink conflict (help)
  17. ^ "Rozstrzelać Polaków. Ludobójstwo Polaków w Związku Sowieckim (To Execute the Poles. Genocide of Poles in the Soviet Union)". Historyton. Retrieved April 28, 2011.
  18. ^ Polska Agencja Prasowa (2010-06-24). "Publikacja na temat eksterminacji Polaków w ZSRR w latach 30 (Publication on the Subject of Extermination of Poles in the Soviet Union during the 1930s)". Portal Wiara.pl. Retrieved April 28, 2011.
  19. ^ Prof. Iwo Cyprian Pogonowski (22 March 2011). "Rozkaz N.K.W.D.: No. 00485 z dnia 11-VIII-1937, a Polacy". Polish Club Online. Retrieved April 28, 2011. See also, Tomasz Sommer: Ludobójstwo Polaków w Związku Sowieckim (Genocide of Poles in the Soviet Union), article published by The Polish Review vol. LV, No. 4, 2010.
  20. ^ "Sommer, Tomasz. Book description (Opis)". Rozstrzelać Polaków. Ludobójstwo Polaków w Związku Sowieckim w latach 1937-1938. Dokumenty z Centrali (Genocide of Poles in the Soviet Union). Księgarnia Prawnicza, Lublin. Retrieved April 28, 2011.
  21. ^ "Konferencja „Rozstrzelać Polaków – Ludobójstwo Polaków w Związku Sowieckim" (Conference on Genocide of Poles in the Soviet Union), [[Warsaw]]". Instytut Globalizacji oraz Press Club Polska in cooperation with Memorial Society. Retrieved April 28, 2011. {{cite web}}: URL–wikilink conflict (help)
  22. ^ Michał Jasiński (2010-10-27). "Zapomniane ludobójstwo stalinowskie (The forgotten Stalinist genocide)". Gliwicki klub Fondy. Czytelnia. Retrieved April 28, 2011.

References

  • McLoughlin, Barry, and McDermott, Kevin (eds). Stalin's Terror: High Politics and Mass Repression in the Soviet Union. Palgrave Macmillan, December 2002. ISBN 1403901198.
  • Paczkowski, Andrzej (1999), "Polsko - "nepřátelský národ"", in Stéphane Courtois; et al. (eds.), Černá kniha komunismu (1st ed.), Paseka, ISBN 80-7185-194-9. {{citation}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |editor= (help)

Further reading

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