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General Semantics is an educational discipline created by Alfred Korzybski (1879-1950) during the years 1919 to 1933. General Semantics is distinct from semantics, a different subject.

Advocates of General Semantics view it as a form of mental hygiene that enables practitioners to avoid ideational traps built into natural language and "common sense" assumptions, thereby enabling practitioners to think more clearly and effectively. General Semantics thus shares some concerns with psychology but is not precisely a therapeutic system, being in general more focused on enhancing the abilities of normal individuals than curing pathology.

According to Alfred Korzybski himself, the central goal of General Semantics is to develop in its practitioners what he called "consciousness of abstracting", that is an awareness of the map/territory distinction and of how much of reality is thrown away by the linguistic and other representations we use. General Semantics teaches that it is not sufficient to understand this sporadically and intellectually, but rather that we achieve sanity only when consciousness of abstracting becomes constant and a matter of reflex.

Many General Semantics practitioners view its techniques as a kind of self-defense kit against manipulative semantic distortions routinely promulgated by advertising, politics, and religion.

Philosophically, General Semantics is a form of applied conceptualism that emphasizes the degree to which human experience is filtered and mediated by contingent features of human sensory organs, the human nervous system, and human linguistic constructions.

The most important premise of General Semantics has been succinctly expressed as "The map is not the territory; the word is not the thing defined."

Other aspects of the system

There are more elements, but these three in particular stand out:

Time-binding: The human ability to pass information and knowledge between generations at an accelerating rate. It is said to be a unique capacity, separating us from animals. Animals pass knowledge, but not at an exponential rate, i.e., each generation of animals does things pretty much in the same way as the previous generation. For example, humans used to look for food, now we grow or raise it. Animals are still looking.

Silence on the objective levels: As 'the word is not the thing it represents,' Korzybski stressed the nonverbal experiencing of our inner and outer environments. During these periods of training, one would become "outwardly and inwardly silent."

The system advocates a general orientation by extension rather than intension, by relational facts rather than assumed properties, an attitude, regardless of how expressed in words, that, for example, George 'does things that seem foolish to me,' rather than that he is 'a fool.'

Much of General Semantics consists of training techniques and reminders intended to break mental habits that impede dealing with reality. Three of the most important reminders are expressed by the shorthand "Null-A, Null-I, and Null-E".

Null-A is non-Aristotelianism; General Semantics stresses that reality is not adequately mapped by two-valued (Aristotelian) logics. (See also: Abductive reasoning)
Null-I is non-Identity; General Semantics teaches that no two phenomena can ever be shown identical (if only because they may differ beyond the limits of measurement) and that it is more sane to think in terms of "sufficient similarity for the purposes of the analysis we are currently performing".
Null-E is non-Euclideanism; General Semantics reminds us that the space we live in is not adequately described by Euclidean geometry. The underlying purpose of these reminders is both to adjust our conceptual maps better to the territory of reality and to keep us reminded of the limitations of all maps.

Korzybski's books

Korzybski's major work was Science and Sanity, an Introduction to Non-Aristotelian Systems and General Semantics, published in 1933. His first book, in which he defined time-binding and explained its ramifications, was Manhood of Humanity, published in 1921. A third book of his writings, Alfred Korzybski Collected Writings 1920-1950, was published in 1990.

History

Korzybski's most well-known student was S. I. Hayakawa, who wrote Language in Thought and Action (1941), which became an alternative Book-of-the-Month Club selection. An earlier and less influential book in 1938 was The Tyranny of Words, by Stuart Chase. A current book is Drive Yourself Sane, by Susan and Bruce Kodish, published in 2000.

Two major groups were formed in the United States to promote the system: the Institute of General Semantics, in 1938, and the International Society for General Semantics, in 1943. In 2003, the two groups merged into one organization, now called the Institute of General Semantics, with headquarters in Fort Worth, Texas. There is also a European Society for General Semantics, and an Australian Society for General Semantics.

During the period of the 1940s and 1950s, general semantics entered the idiom of science fiction, most notably through the works of A. E. van Vogt and Robert A. Heinlein. The ideas of General Semantics became a sufficiently important part of the shared intellectual toolkit of genre science fiction to merit parody by Damon Knight and others; they have since shown a tendency to reappear (often without attribution) in the work of more recent writers such as Samuel Delany and Suzette Haden Elgin.

In 1952, General Semantics was pilloried in Martin Gardner's influential book, Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science. L. Ron Hubbard claimed that his work was based partly on general semantics, but the compliment was not returned. Writing in Etc: A Review of General Semantics, in the fourth quarter of 1951, Hayakawa said, "The lure of the pseudo-scientific vocabulary and promises of Dianetics cannot but condemn thousands who are beginning to emerge from scientific illiteracy to a continuation of their susceptibility to word-magic and semantic hash." ("Dianetics: From Science-Fiction to Fiction-Science," pp.280-293.)

Under the supervision of psychiatrist Dr. Douglas M. Kelley, U.S. medics in World War II used General Semantics to treat over 7,000 cases of battlefield neuroses in the European theater. Kelley is quoted in the preface to the third edition of Science and Sanity. The development of neuro-linguistic programming owes debts to general semantics.

General Semantics has continued to exert some influence in popular psychology, psychology, anthropology, linguistics, and education. Usually because of the efforts of individual teachers, it has been taught at various times and places (sometimes under other names) in high schools and universities in the U.S.; but in general, the system has had no consistent home in academia.

Popular acceptance has likewise been very limited. As of 2005, the reputation of General Semantics has yet to recover from the damage Martin Gardner and L. Ron Hubbard did to it. Matters have not been helped by the fact that most General Semantics advocates, like Korzybski himself, have never learned how to write both precisely and clearly. Thus, the value in General Semantics tends to be obscured beneath clouds of jargon-filled pedantry.

Connections to other disciplines

General Semantics has important links with analytic philosophy and the philosophy of science; it could be characterized without too much distortion as applied analytic philosophy. The influence of Ludwig Wittgenstein and the Vienna Circle, and of early operationalists and pragmatists such as Charles Sanders Peirce, is particularly clear in general semantics' foundational ideas. Korzybski himself acknowledged many of these influences.

Korzybski's concept of "silence on the objective level" and his insistence on consciousness of abstracting are parallel to some central ideas in Zen Buddhism. Korzybski is not recorded to have acknowledged any influence from this quarter, but he formulated General Semantics during the same years that the first popularizations of Zen were becoming part of the intellectual currency of educated English-speakers.

References

Science and Sanity An Introduction to Non-Aristotelian Systems and General Semantics, Alfred Korzybski, Preface by Robert P. Pula, Institute of General Semantics, 1994, hardcover, 5th edition, ISBN 0937298018 (An online version is available here.)
"The Role of Language in the Perceptual Processes," Alfred Korzybski's 1950 article in Perception: An Approach to Personality, edited by Robert R. Blake and Glenn V. Ramsey. Copyright 1951, The Ronald Press Company, New York. online here
Language in Thought and Action: Fifth Edition, S. I. Hayakawa, S.I. Hayakawa, Harcourt, ISBN 0156482401
Crazy Talk, Stupid Talk: how we defeat ourselves by the way we talk and what to do about it by Neil Postman, Delacorte Press, 1976.
Hayakawa's critique of Dianetics here
The World of Null-A and The Pawns of Null-A (also published as The Players of Null-A) by A. E. van Vogt, science fiction novels which take a fanciful approach on how the non-Aristotelian discipline of general semantics might affect a society.
Assignment in Eternity (1942) is a representative example of the influence of General Semantics in the work of Robert A. Heinlein. The homo novi or "supermen" of the story express recognizably Korzybskian ideas about the relationship between language and thought.
A recent critique of Martin Gardner, "In the Name of Skepticism: Martin Gardner's Misrepresentations of General Semantics," by Bruce I. Kodish, appeared in General Semantics Bulletin, Number 71, 2004, pp. 50-63.
Levels of Knowing and Existence: Studies in General Semantics, by Harry L. Weinberg, Harper and Row, 1959, hardcover, 274 pages.
ETC.: A Review of General Semantics, journal, Institute of General Semantics. See a compendium of ETC articles here.
Living With Change, Wendell Johnson, Harper Collins, 1972
Contra Max Black: An Examination of 'The Definitive Critique' of General-Semantics, by Bruce I Kodish, 1998
Language Revision by Deletion of Absolutisms, by Allen Walker Read, 1984
a bibliography of general semantics papers
The Original Structural Differential
The Structural Differential
A Discussion of Korzybski's ethics, with emphasis on time-binding

External links

Korzybski's General Semantics
Institute of General Semantics
European Society For General Semantics
Australian Society for General Semantics -- link currently not working from here, but site can be accessed via a search engine such as Google for the exact name.
Coro Foundation (Leadership training programs based on General Semantics. Notables include the late Gene Siskel, Senator Dianne Feinstein, Congressman Jerry Lewis)
Theoretical foundations of general semantics
General Semantics: A Tutorial
Dave's Web Site

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-General semantics is an educational discipline created by [[Alfred Korzybski]] (1879-1950) during the years 1919 to 1933. General semantics (GS) is distinct from [[semantics]], a different subject.
+'''General Semantics''' is an [[education]]al [[discipline]] created by [[Alfred Korzybski]] ([[1879]]-[[1950]]) during the years [[1919]] to [[1933]]. General Semantics is distinct from [[semantics]], a different subject.
+Advocates of General Semantics view it as a form of [[mental]] hygiene that enables practitioners to avoid [[ideation]]al traps built into [[natural language]] and "[[common sense]]" assumptions, thereby enabling practitioners to think more clearly and effectively. General Semantics thus shares some concerns with [[psychology]] but is not precisely a [[therapy|therapeutic]] system, being in general more focused on enhancing the abilities of normal individuals than curing [[pathology]].
-The three major premises of the system are
-# '''the map is ''not'' the territory it represents'''
-# '''the map does not show ''all'' of the territory it represents''' and
-# '''the map is self-reflexive'''.
+According to Alfred Korzybski himself, the central goal of General Semantics is to develop in its practitioners what he called "[[consciousness]] of [[abstraction|abstracting]]", that is an awareness of the [[Map-territory relation|map/territory distinction]] and of how much of [[reality]] is thrown away by the [[linguistics|linguistic]] and other representations we use.  General Semantics teaches that it is not sufficient to understand this sporadically and [[intellect]]ually, but rather that we achieve [[sanity]] only when consciousness of abstracting becomes constant and a matter of [[reflex]].
-The mapmakers are us human beings, the territory is 'reality.' The goal of the system is to develop a continual consciousness of the limitations expressed by the map-territory paradigm, together with routine checking of our reactions to, and impressions of, the world (our maps) with what is actually going on in the world (the territory). These nonverbal as well as verbal reactions and impressions (which include sensations and feelings) are considered abstractions provoked or derived from our physical, biochemical, and neuro-semantic environments. The hope is that 'consciousness of abstracting' would give one the freedom, as in science, to revise even fundamental assumptions, if necessary. According to GS theory, the most accurate and reliable maps at a date are made by science.
+Many General Semantics practitioners view its techniques as a kind of self-defense kit against [[manipulation|manipulative]] semantic distortions routinely promulgated by [[advertising]], [[politics]], and [[religion]].
-== Other aspects of the system ==
+Philosophically, General Semantics is a form of applied [[conceptualism]] that emphasizes the degree to which human experience is filtered and mediated by contingent features of human [[sensory organ]]s, the human [[nervous system]], and human linguistic constructions.
+The most important premise of General Semantics has been succinctly expressed as
+"The map is not the territory; the word is not the thing defined."
+==Other aspects of the system==
 There are more elements, but these three in particular stand out:
-* ''Time-binding'': The human ability to pass information and knowledge between generations at an accelerating rate. It is said to be a unique capacity, separating us from animals. Animals pass knowledge, but not at an exponential rate, i.e., each generation of animals does things pretty much in the same way as the previous generation. For example, humans used to look for food, now we grow or raise it. Animals are still looking.
-* ''Silence on the objective levels'':  As 'the word is not the thing it represents,' Korzybski stressed the nonverbal experiencing of our inner and outer environments. During these periods of training, one would become "outwardly and inwardly silent."
-* The system advocates a general ''orientation'' by [[extension]] rather than [[intension]], by relational facts rather than assumed properties,  an ''attitude'', regardless of how expressed in ''words'', that, for example, George 'does things that seem foolish to me,' rather than that he ''is'' 'a fool.'
+* ''Time-binding:'' The human ability to pass information and knowledge between generations at an accelerating rate. It is said to be a unique capacity, separating us from animals. Animals pass knowledge, but not at an exponential rate, i.e., each generation of animals does things pretty much in the same way as the previous generation. For example, humans used to look for food, now we grow or raise it. Animals are still looking.
-== Korzybski's books ==
+* ''Silence on the objective levels:''  As 'the word is not the thing it represents,' Korzybski stressed the nonverbal experiencing of our inner and outer environments. During these periods of training, one would become "outwardly and inwardly silent."
-Korzybski's major work was ''Science and Sanity, an Introduction to Non-Aristotelian Systems and General Semantics'', published in 1933. His first book, in which he defined time-binding and explained its ramifications, was ''Manhood of Humanity'', published in 1921. A third book of his writings, ''Alfred Korzybski Collected Writings 1920-1950,'' was published in 1990.
+* The system advocates a general ''orientation'' by [[extension]] rather than [[intension]], by relational facts rather than assumed properties,  an ''attitude,'' regardless of how expressed in ''words,'' that, for example, George 'does things that seem foolish to me,' rather than that he ''is'' 'a fool.'
-== History ==
+Much of General Semantics consists of training techniques and reminders intended to break mental habits that impede dealing with reality. Three of the most important reminders are expressed by the shorthand "Null-A, Null-I, and Null-E".
-Korzybski's most well-known student was [[S. I. Hayakawa]], who wrote ''Language In Thought And Action'' (1941), which became an alternative Book-of-the-Month Club selection. An earlier and less influential book in 1938 was ''The Tyranny of Words,'' by Stuart Chase. A current book is ''Drive Yourself Sane'', by Susan and Bruce Kodish, published in 2000.
+* Null-A is non-Aristotelianism; General Semantics stresses that reality is not adequately mapped by two-valued ([[Aristotelian]]) logics.  (See also: [[Abductive reasoning]])
-Two major groups were formed in the United States to promote the system: the [[Institute of General Semantics]], in 1938, and the International Society for General Semantics, in 1943. In 2003, the two groups merged into one organization, now called the Institute of General Semantics, with headquarters in Fort Worth, Texas. There is also a European Society for General Semantics, and an Australian Society for General Semantics.
+* Null-I is non-Identity; General Semantics teaches that no two phenomena can ever be shown identical (if only because they may differ beyond the limits of measurement) and that it is more sane to think in terms of "sufficient similarity for the purposes of the analysis we are currently performing".
+* Null-E is non-Euclideanism; General Semantics reminds us that the space we live in is not adequately described by [[Euclidean geometry]].  The underlying purpose of these reminders is both to adjust our conceptual maps better to the territory of reality and to keep us reminded of the limitations of all maps.
+==Korzybski's books==
+Korzybski's major work was ''Science and Sanity, an Introduction to Non-Aristotelian Systems and General Semantics,'' published in 1933. His first book, in which he defined time-binding and explained its ramifications, was ''Manhood of Humanity,'' published in 1921. A third book of his writings, ''Alfred Korzybski Collected Writings 1920-1950,'' was published in 1990.
+==History==
+Korzybski's most well-known student was [[S. I. Hayakawa]], who wrote ''[[Language in Thought and Action]]'' (1941), which became an alternative Book-of-the-Month Club selection. An earlier and less influential book in 1938 was ''The Tyranny of Words,'' by [[Stuart Chase]]. A current book is ''Drive Yourself Sane'', by Susan and Bruce Kodish, published in 2000.
+Two major groups were formed in the United States to promote the system: the [[Institute of General Semantics]], in 1938, and the International Society for General Semantics, in 1943. In 2003, the two groups merged into one organization, now called the Institute of General Semantics, with headquarters in [[Fort Worth, Texas|Fort Worth]], [[Texas]]. There is also a [[Europe]]an Society for General Semantics, and an [[Australia]]n Society for General Semantics.
-During the period of the 1940's and 1950's, general semantics entered the idiom of [[science fiction]], most notably through the works of [[A. E. van Vogt]] and [[Robert A. Heinlein]]. In 1952, it was pilloried in [[Martin Gardner]]'s influential book, ''Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science''. [[L. Ron Hubbard]] claimed that his work was based partly on general semantics, but the compliment was not returned. Writing in ''Etc: A Review of General Semantics'', in the fourth quarter of 1951, Hayakawa said, "The lure of the pseudoscientific vocabulary and promises of [[Dianetics]] cannot but condemn thousands who are beginning to emerge from scientific illiteracy to a continuation of their susceptibility to word-magic and semantic hash."
+During the period of the [[1940s]] and [[1950s]], general semantics entered the idiom of [[science fiction]], most notably through the works of [[A. E. van Vogt]] and [[Robert A. Heinlein]].  The ideas of General Semantics became a sufficiently important part of the shared intellectual toolkit of genre science fiction to merit parody by [[Damon Knight]] and others; they have since shown a tendency to reappear (often without attribution) in the work of more recent writers such as [[Samuel Delany]] and Suzette Haden Elgin.
+In 1952, General Semantics was pilloried in [[Martin Gardner]]'s influential book, ''Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science.'' [[L. Ron Hubbard]] claimed that his work was based partly on general semantics, but the compliment was not returned. Writing in ''Etc: A Review of General Semantics'', in the fourth quarter of 1951, Hayakawa said, "The lure of the pseudo-scientific vocabulary and promises of [[Dianetics]] cannot but condemn thousands who are beginning to emerge from scientific illiteracy to a continuation of their susceptibility to word-magic and semantic hash."
 ("Dianetics: From Science-Fiction to Fiction-Science," pp.280-293.)
-Under the surpervision of psychiatrist Dr. Douglas M. Kelley, U.S. medics in World War II used general semantics to treat over 7,000 cases of battlefield neuroses in the European theater. Kelley is quoted in the preface to the third edition of ''Science and Sanity''. The development of [[Neuro-linguistic programming]] owes debts to general semantics.
+Under the supervision of psychiatrist Dr. Douglas M. Kelley, U.S. medics in [[World War II]] used General Semantics to treat over 7,000 cases of battlefield [[neurosis|neuroses]] in the European theater. Kelley is quoted in the preface to the third edition of ''Science and Sanity''. The development of [[neuro-linguistic programming]] owes debts to general semantics.
-General semantics has continued to exert some influence in [[popular psychology]], [[psychology]], [[anthropology]], [[linguistics]], and [[education]]. Usually because of the efforts of individual teachers, it has been taught at various times and places (sometimes under other names) in high schools and universities in the United States; but in general, the system has had no consistent home in academia.
+General Semantics has continued to exert some influence in [[popular psychology]], [[psychology]], [[anthropology]], [[linguistics]], and [[education]]. Usually because of the efforts of individual teachers, it has been taught at various times and places (sometimes under other names) in [[high school]]s and [[university|universities]] in the [[United States|U.S.]]; but in general, the system has had no consistent home in [[academia]].
+Popular acceptance has likewise been very limited.  As of 2005, the reputation of General Semantics has yet to recover from the damage Martin Gardner and L. Ron Hubbard did to it.  Matters have not been helped by the fact that most General Semantics advocates, like Korzybski himself, have never learned how to write both precisely and clearly.  Thus, the value in General Semantics tends to be obscured beneath clouds of [[jargon]]-filled [[pedantry]].
+==Connections to other disciplines==
+General Semantics has important links with analytic philosophy and the philosophy of science; it could be characterized without too much distortion as applied analytic philosophy.  The influence of [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]] and the [[Vienna Circle]], and of early operationalists and pragmatists such as [[Charles Sanders Peirce]], is particularly clear in general semantics' foundational ideas.  Korzybski himself acknowledged many of these influences.
+Korzybski's concept of "silence on the objective level" and his insistence on consciousness of abstracting are parallel to some central ideas in [[Zen Buddhism]].  Korzybski is not recorded to have acknowledged any influence from this quarter, but he formulated General Semantics during the same years that the first popularizations of Zen were becoming part of the intellectual currency of educated English-speakers.
 ==See also==
-* [[the map is not the territory]]
+* [[The map is not the territory]]
 * [[Alfred Korzybski]]
 * [[Institute of General Semantics]]
-* [[sanity]]
+* [[Sanity]]
-* [[structural differential]]
+* [[Structural differential]]
 * [[Alfred Korzybski Memorial Lecture]]
-* [[cognitive science]]
+* [[Cognitive science]]
 * [[E-Prime]]
-* [[language and thought]]
+* [[Language and thought]]
-* [[list of NLP topics]]
+* [[List of NLP topics]]
 * [[Sapir-Whorf hypothesis]]
 * [[Gestalt Therapy]]
 * [[Cognitive therapy]]
+* [[Cognitive activism]]
+==References==
-== External links ==
+*<cite>Science and Sanity An Introduction to Non-Aristotelian Systems and General Semantics</cite>, Alfred Korzybski, Preface by [[Robert P. Pula]], Institute of General Semantics, 1994, hardcover, 5th edition, ISBN 0937298018 (An online version is available [http://www.esgs.org/uk/art/sands.htm here].)
+*"The Role of Language in the Perceptual Processes," Alfred Korzybski's 1950 article in ''Perception: An Approach to Personality'', edited by Robert R. Blake and Glenn V. Ramsey. Copyright 1951, The Ronald Press Company, New York. [http://www.esgs.org/uk/art/ak3.htm online here]
-If you get an error, try using a search engine for the exact name.
+*<cite>Language in Thought and Action: Fifth Edition</cite>, S. I. Hayakawa, S.I. Hayakawa, Harcourt, ISBN 0156482401
+*''Crazy Talk, Stupid Talk: how we defeat ourselves by the way we talk and what to do about it''  by Neil Postman, Delacorte Press, 1976.
+*Hayakawa's critique of Dianetics [http://learn-gs.org/library/etc/8-4-sih.pdf here]
+*<cite>[[The World of Null-A]]</cite> and <cite>The Pawns of Null-A</cite> (also published as <cite>The Players of Null-A</cite>) by [[A. E. van Vogt]], science fiction novels which take a fanciful approach on how the non-Aristotelian discipline of general semantics might affect a society.
+*<cite>[[Assignment in Eternity]]</cite> (1942) is a representative example of the influence of General Semantics in the work of [[Robert A. Heinlein]].  The ''homo novi'' or "supermen" of the story express recognizably Korzybskian ideas about the relationship between language and thought.
+*A recent critique of Martin Gardner, "In the Name of Skepticism: Martin Gardner's Misrepresentations of General Semantics," by Bruce I. Kodish, appeared in ''General Semantics Bulletin'', Number 71, 2004, pp. 50-63.
+*<cite>Levels of Knowing and Existence: Studies in General Semantics</cite>, by Harry L. Weinberg, Harper and Row, 1959, hardcover, 274 pages.
+*<cite>ETC.: A Review of General Semantics</cite>, journal, Institute of General Semantics.  See a compendium of ETC articles [http://www.time-binding.org/library/etc/index.html here].
+*<cite>Living With Change</cite>, [[Wendell Johnson]], Harper Collins, 1972
+*[http://www.driveyourselfsane.com/gsarticles/maxblack.html Contra Max Black: An Examination of 'The Definitive Critique' of General-Semantics], by Bruce I Kodish, 1998
+*[http://www.time-binding.org/library/awr/61-4-read-ema.pdf Language Revision by Deletion of Absolutisms], by [[Allen Walker Read]], 1984
+*[http://www.xenodochy.org/gs/gs-bib.html a bibliography of general semantics papers]
+*[http://esgs.free.fr/uk/sd.htm The Original Structural Differential]
+*[http://www.kcmetro.cc.mo.us/pennvalley/biology/lewis/visual.htm The Structural Differential]
+*[http://www.kcmetro.cc.mo.us/pennvalley/biology/lewis/ethics.htm A Discussion of Korzybski's ethics, with emphasis on ''time-binding'']
+==External links==
 *[http://www.kcmetro.cc.mo.us/pennvalley/biology/lewis/gs.htm Korzybski's General Semantics]
 *[http://www.time-binding.org/ Institute of General Semantics]
 *[http://www.esgs.org/uk/gshome.htm European Society For General Semantics]
 *''Australian Society for General Semantics'' -- link currently not working from here, but site can be accessed via a search engine such as Google for the exact name.
-*[http://www.coro.org/ Coro Foundation] (Leadership training programs based on General Semantics. Notables include the late  [[Gene Siskel]], Senator [[Diane Feinstein]], Congressman [[Jerry Lewis (politician)|Jerry Lewis]])
+*[http://www.coro.org/ Coro Foundation] (Leadership training programs based on General Semantics. Notables include the late  [[Gene Siskel]], Senator [[Dianne Feinstein]], Congressman [[Jerry Lewis (politician)|Jerry Lewis]])
 *[http://www.xenodochy.org/gs/ Theoretical foundations of general semantics]
 *[http://aliciamattgs.tripod.com/index.html General Semantics: A Tutorial]
 *[http://www.dh.id.au/ Dave's Web Site]
-*[http://www.fotuva.org/feynman/what_is_science.html What is Science?]
-== References ==
-* <cite>Science and Sanity An Introduction to Non-Aristotelian Systems and General Semantics</cite>, Alfred Korzybski, Preface by [[Robert P. Pula]], Institute of General Semantics, 1994, hardcover, 5th edition, ISBN 0937298018 (An online version is available [http://www.esgs.org/uk/art/sands.htm here].)
-* "The Role of Language in the Perceptual Processes," Alfred Korzybski's 1950 article in ''Perception: An Approach to Personality'', edited by Robert R. Blake and Glenn V. Ramsey. Copyright 1951, The Ronald Press Company, New York. [http://www.esgs.org/uk/art/ak3.htm online here]
-* <cite>Language in Thought and Action: Fifth Edition</cite>, S. I. Hayakawa, S.I. Hayakawa, Harcourt, ISBN 0156482401
-* Hayakawa's critique of Dianetics [http://learn-gs.org/library/etc/8-4-sih.pdf here]
-* <cite>The World of Null-A</cite> and <cite>The Pawns of Null-A</cite> (also published as <cite>The Players of Null-A</cite>) by [[A. E. van Vogt]], science fiction novels which take a fanciful approach on how the non-Aristotelian discipline of general semantics might affect a society.
-* A recent critique of Martin Gardner, "In the Name of Skepticism: Martin Gardner's Misrepresentations of General Semantics," by Bruce I. Kodish, appeared in ''General Semantics Bulletin'', Number 71, 2004, pp. 50-63.
-* <cite>Levels of Knowing and Existence: Studies in General Semantics</cite>, by Harry L. Weinberg, Harper and Row, 1959, hardcover, 274 pages.
-* <cite>ETC.: A Review of General Semantics</cite>, journal, Institute of General Semantics.  See a compendium of ETC articles [http://www.time-binding.org/library/etc/index.html here].
-* <cite>Living With Change</cite>, [[Wendell Johnson]], Harper Collins, 1972
-* [http://www.driveyourselfsane.com/gsarticles/maxblack.html Contra Max Black: An Examination of 'The Definitive Critique' of General-Semantics], by Bruce I Kodish, 1998
-* [http://www.time-binding.org/library/awr/61-4-read-ema.pdf Language Revision by Deletion of Absolutisms], by [[Allen Walker Read]], 1984
-* [http://www.xenodochy.org/gs/gs-bib.html a bibliography of general semantics papers]
-* [http://esgs.free.fr/uk/sd.htm The Original Structural Differential]
-* [http://www.kcmetro.cc.mo.us/pennvalley/biology/lewis/visual.htm The Structural Differential]
-* [http://www.kcmetro.cc.mo.us/pennvalley/biology/lewis/ethics.htm A Discussion of Korzybski's ethics, with emphasis on ''time-binding'']
 [[Category:Human communication]]
-[[Category:Pseudoscience]]
 [[eo:&#284;enerala Semantiko]]
 [[fr:Sémantique générale]]