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Undid Wapondaponda's 9th attempt to suppress the Asian origin theory.
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{{See|Haplogroup DE (Y-DNA)}}
{{See|Haplogroup DE (Y-DNA)}}
Semino et al. (2004) proposed that haplogroup E arose in [[East Africa]] based on the concentration and variety of E subclades in that area today).<ref>Semino et al. 2004</ref> Other authors such as Chandrasekar et al. (2007), continue to accept the position of Hammer et al. (1997) that Haplogroup E may have originated in Asia, given that:
Semino et al. (2004) propose that haplogroup E arose in [[East Africa]] based on the concentration and variety of E subclades in that area today).<ref>Semino et al. 2004</ref> Chandrasekar et al. (2007) on the other hand, argue that the fact that all the major sub-sets of Y lineages that arose from the [[Haplogroup CT (Y-DNA)|M168]] lineage did not originate in Africa (including haplogroup E's sister clade, [[Haplogroup D (Y-DNA)|haplogroup D]], which is only found in Asia), suggests that E first arose in [[Asia]] and was subsequently carried into [[Africa]] by a back migration through the [[Levant]]. Part of the basis of these conclusions rely on previous data provided by Hammer et al. (1997).<ref name="chandrasekar2007"/> However, based on more recent data provided by Hammer in conjunction with Karafet et al. (2008), time estimates were significantly rearranged leading to a Y-Chromosome typology allowing for "new interpretations on the geographical origin of ancient sub-clades".<ref name="karafet2008"/> Thus, they attribute to haplogroup E, an African origin going back 50,000 ybp (a date older than previously thought), while suggesting that the parent lineage, haplogroup D/E would have left Africa some 65,000 years ago, coinciding with the migration of modern humans out of Africa.<ref>[http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-04/cshl-sry032608.php Scientists reshape Y chromosome haplogroup tree gaining new insights into human ancestry]</ref>
* E is a clade of Haplogroup DE, with the other major clade, [[Haplogroup D (Y-DNA)|haplogroup D]], being East Asian.
* DE is a clade within [[Haplogroup CT (Y-DNA)|M168]] with the other two major clades, C and F considered to have a Eurasian origin.

However, several discoveries made since the Hammer articles are thought to make an Asian origin less likely:
# Underhill and Kivisild (2007) demonstrated that C and F have a common ancestor, meaning that DE has only one sibling which is non African.
# DE* is found in both Asia and Africa, meaning that not only one, but several siblings of D are found in Africa.
# Karafet et al. (2008), in which Hammer is a co-author, significantly rearranged time estimates leading to "new interpretations on the geographical origin of ancient sub-clades".<ref name="karafet2008"/> Amongst other things this article proposed a much older age for haplogroup E than had been considered previously, giving it a similar age to Haplogroup D, and DE itself, meaning that there is no longer any strong reason to see it as an offshoot of DE which must have happened long after DE came into existence and had entered Asia.<ref>[http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-04/cshl-sry032608.php Scientists reshape Y chromosome haplogroup tree gaining new insights into human ancestry]</ref>


==Distribution==
==Distribution==
E1a and E2 are found almost exclusively in Africa, and only E1b1b is observed in significant frequencies in [[Europe]] and [[western Asia]] in addition to Africa. Most Sub-Saharan Africans belong to [[subclade]]s of E other than E1b1b, while most non-Africans who belong to haplogroup E belong to its E1b1b subclade.<ref>Fulvio Cruciani et al., Phylogeographic Analysis of Haplogroup E1b1b (E-M215) Y Chromosomes Reveals Multiple Migratory Events Within and Out Of Africa, Am. J. Hum. Genet, p. 74</ref>
E1a and E2 are found almost exclusively in Africa, and only E1b1b is observed in significant frequencies in [[Europe]] and [[western Asia]] in addition to Africa. Most Sub-Saharan Africans belong to [[subclade]]s of E other than E1b1b, while most non-Africans who belong to haplogroup E belong to its E1b1b subclade.<ref>Fulvio Cruciani et al., Phylogeographic Analysis of Haplogroup E1b1b (E-M215) Y Chromosomes Reveals Multiple Migratory Events Within and Out Of Africa, Am. J. Hum. Genet, p. 74</ref>
===E*===
===E*===
Haplogroup E* has been found in one South African male<ref name="karafet2008"/> and one male from Western India.<ref name="chandrasekar2007"/>
Haplogroup E* has been found in one South African male<ref name="karafet2008"/>.


==== E1 ====
==== E1 ====
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The minor presence of Haplogroup E2 in the Omani and Qatari (<5%) as well as the Oromo (<2%).
The minor presence of Haplogroup E2 in the Omani and Qatari (<5%) as well as the Oromo (<2%).

==Subclades==
==Subclades==
===Tree===
===Tree===

Revision as of 09:26, 15 June 2009

Haplogroup E
Possible time of origin50,000 - 55,000 years BP[1]
Possible place of originEast Africa[2] or Asia[3]
AncestorDE
DescendantsE1, E2
Defining mutationsSRY4064, M96, M40, P29, P150, P152, P154, P155, P156, P162, P168, P169, P170, P171, P172, P173, P174, P175, P176)

In human genetics, Haplogroup E (M96) is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Haplogroup E, along with haplogroup D, make up the two main components of the older Haplogroup DE. The E clade is divided into two subclades: E-P147 and E-M75.

Origins

Further information: Haplogroup DE (Y-DNA)

Semino et al. (2004) proposed that haplogroup E arose in East Africa based on the concentration and variety of E subclades in that area today).[4] Other authors such as Chandrasekar et al. (2007), continue to accept the position of Hammer et al. (1997) that Haplogroup E may have originated in Asia, given that:

  • E is a clade of Haplogroup DE, with the other major clade, haplogroup D, being East Asian.
  • DE is a clade within M168 with the other two major clades, C and F considered to have a Eurasian origin.

However, several discoveries made since the Hammer articles are thought to make an Asian origin less likely:

  1. Underhill and Kivisild (2007) demonstrated that C and F have a common ancestor, meaning that DE has only one sibling which is non African.
  2. DE* is found in both Asia and Africa, meaning that not only one, but several siblings of D are found in Africa.
  3. Karafet et al. (2008), in which Hammer is a co-author, significantly rearranged time estimates leading to "new interpretations on the geographical origin of ancient sub-clades".[1] Amongst other things this article proposed a much older age for haplogroup E than had been considered previously, giving it a similar age to Haplogroup D, and DE itself, meaning that there is no longer any strong reason to see it as an offshoot of DE which must have happened long after DE came into existence and had entered Asia.[5]

Distribution

E1a and E2 are found almost exclusively in Africa, and only E1b1b is observed in significant frequencies in Europe and western Asia in addition to Africa. Most Sub-Saharan Africans belong to subclades of E other than E1b1b, while most non-Africans who belong to haplogroup E belong to its E1b1b subclade.[6]

E*

Haplogroup E* has been found in one South African male[1].

E1

Main article: Haplogroup E1 (Y-DNA)

E1a

Main article: Haplogroup E1a (Y-DNA)

While there have been no attested exemplars of E1*, its sub-clade, E1a (M33), is found most often in West Africa, and today it is especially common in the region of Mali. One study has found haplogroup E1a-M33 Y-chromosomes in as much as 34% (15/44) of a sample of Malian men. Haplogroup E1a has also been detected among samples obtained from Moroccan Berbers, Sahrawis, Burkina Faso, northern Cameroon, Senegal, Sudan, Egypt, and Calabria (including both Italian and Albanian inhabitants of the region).[7][8]

The small presence (<4%) of Haplogroup E1a in North Africa and Europe is generally attributed to the slave trade, as it is characteristic of West African populations.[9]

E1b

Main article: Haplogroup E1b (Y-DNA)

So far there are no attested exempliars of E1b*. The clade is dominated by sub-clade E1b1 (E-P2 or E-PN2), is by far the most frequent clade. Another sub-clade, E1b2 (P75), a sub-clade of E1b, is much more unusual.

E1b1

E1b1, also known as E-P2 or E-PN2 includes the majority of all E lineages existing today.

It diverged into two main haplogroups: E1b1b (M35) approximately 24-27 000 years ago (Cruciani et al. 2004), followed by E1b1a (M2) some 10,000 years later. Major sub-clades...

E1b1a
Main article: Haplogroup E1b1a (Y-DNA)

E1b1a is almost exclusively associated with West/Central/South/Southeastern Africans. It is the single most common Y haplogroup in sub-Saharan Africa as well as amongst African slave descendents in the Americas and Caribbean. Elsewhere, it is observed in negligibly small frequencies and its spread is generally attributed to the Arab slave trade or immigration.

E1b1b
Main article: Haplogroup E1b1b (Y-DNA)

E1b1b, which is at once the most common Y haplogroup among Ethiopians, Somalis, Eritreans and North African Berbers and Arabs, is the third most common haplogroup in Europe.[10] It is also common in the Near East, from where it spread into the Balkans and the rest of Europe. E1b1b has three common subclades: M78, M81, and M34.

E2

Main article: Haplogroup E2 (Y-DNA)

E2 (M75) is present among sub-Saharan Africans in both West and East Africa. The highest concentration of haplogroup E2 has been found among South African and Kenyan Bantus, with moderate frequencies of this haplogroup being observed in samples from Burkina Faso, Hutu and Tutsi from Rwanda, Malagasy from Madagascar, Fon from Benin, Iraqw from Tanzania,[11] unidentified South African Khoisan, Sudan, northern Cameroon, and Senegal, as well as small frequencies in the Qatar, Oman, and Ethiopian Oromo samples).

The minor presence of Haplogroup E2 in the Omani and Qatari (<5%) as well as the Oromo (<2%).

Subclades

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based on the YCC 2008 tree[1] and subsequent published research.

    • E (SRY4064, M96, P29, P150, P152, P154, P155, P156, P162, P168, P169, P170, P171, P172, P173, P174, P175, P176)
      • E1 (P147)
        • E1a (M33, M132)
          • E1a1 (M44)
          • E1a2 (P110)
        • E1b (P177)
          • E1b1 (P2, P179, P180, P181, DYS391p)
            • E1b1a (M2, P1, M180 [P88], P46, P182, P189, P211, P293)
              • E1b1a1 (M58)
              • E1b1a2 (M116.2)
              • E1b1a3 (M149)
              • E1b1a4 (M154)
              • E1b1a5 (M155)
              • E1b1a6 (M10, M66, M156, M195)
              • E1b1a7 (M191, U186, U247)
                • E1b1a7a (U174)
                  • E1b1a7a1 (P9.2)
                  • E1b1a7a2 (P115)
                  • E1b1a7a3 (P116)
                    • E1b1a7a3a (P113)
              • E1b1a8 (U175)
                • E1b1a8a (U209, P277, P278)
                  • E1b1a8a1 (U290)
                    • E1b1a8a1a (U181)
                  • E1b1a8a2 (P59)
              • E1b1a9 (P268, P269)
            • E1b1b (M215)
              • E1b1b1 (M35)
                • E1b1b1a (M78)
                  • E1b1b1a1 (V12)
                    • E1b1b1a1a (M224)
                    • E1b1b1a1b (V32)
                  • E1b1b1a2 (V13, V36)
                    • E1b1b1a2a (V27)
                    • E1b1b1a2b (P65)
                  • E1b1b1a3 (V22)
                    • E1b1b1a3a (M148)
                    • E1b1b1a3b (V19)
                  • E1b1b1a4 (V65)
                • E1b1b1b (M81)
                • E1b1b1c (M123)
                  • E1b1b1c1 (M34)
                    • E1b1b1c1a (M84, M136)
                    • E1b1b1c1b (M290)
                • E1b1b1d (M281)
                • E1b1b1e (V6)
                • E1b1b1f (P72)
            • E1b1c (M329)
          • E1b2 (P75)
      • E2 (M75, P68)
        • E2a (M41)
        • E2b (M54, M90, M98)
          • E2b1 (M85)
            • E2b1a (M200)
              • E2b1a1 (P45)
              • E2b1a2 (P258)

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d Karafet et al. (2008), Abstract New Binary Polymorphisms Reshape and Increase Resolution of the Human Y-Chromosomal Haplogroup Tree, Genome Research, DOI: 10.1101/gr.7172008
  2. ^ Semino et al. (2004), "Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area," American Journal of Human Genetics 74:1023–1034, 2004.
  3. ^ Chandrasekar et al. (2007), YAP insertion signature in South Asia, 1: Ann Hum Biol. 2007 Sep-Oct;34(5):582-6.
  4. ^ Semino et al. 2004
  5. ^ Scientists reshape Y chromosome haplogroup tree gaining new insights into human ancestry
  6. ^ Fulvio Cruciani et al., Phylogeographic Analysis of Haplogroup E1b1b (E-M215) Y Chromosomes Reveals Multiple Migratory Events Within and Out Of Africa, Am. J. Hum. Genet, p. 74
  7. ^ Semino et al. 2004
  8. ^ J. R. Luis, D. J. Rowold, M. Regueiro, B. Caeiro, C. Cinnioğlu, C. Roseman, P. A. Underhill, L. L. Cavalli-Sforza, and R. J. Herrera, "The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: Evidence for Bidirectional Corridors of Human Migrations," American Journal of Human Genetics 74:532-544, 2004.
  9. ^ Semino et al. 2004
  10. ^ The Britton Surname Project at DNA Heritage
  11. ^ Called "Wairak" and misidentified as Bantu in Luis et al. (2004).

References

  • B. Arredi et al.: A Predominantly Neolithic Origin for Y-Chromosomal DNA Variation in North Africa. American Journal Of Human Genetics, 2004, p. 338–345
  • F. Cruciani et al.: A Back Migration from Asia to Sub-Saharan Africa Is Supported by High-Resolution Analysis of Human Y-Chromosome Haplotypes. American Journal Of Human Genetics, 2002, p. 1197–1214
  • F. Cruciani et al.: Phylogeographic Analysis of Haplogroup E3b (E-M215) Y Chromosomes Reveals Multiple Migratory Events Within and Out Of Africa. American Journal Of Human Genetics, 2004, p. 1014–1022
  • F. Cruciani et al.: Molecular Dissection of the Y Chromosome Haplogroup M-78
  • J. R. Luis et al.: The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: Evidence for Bidirectional Corridors of Human Migrations. (Errata) American Journal Of Human Genetics, 2004, p. 523-544
  • J. J. Sanchez et al.: High frequencies of Y chromosome lineages characterized by E3b1, DYS19-11, DYS392-12 in Somali males. European Journal of Human Genetics, 2005, p. 856–86
  • A. Salas et al.: The Making of the African mtDNA Landscape. American Journal Of Human Genetics, 2002, p. 1082–1111
  • O. Semino et al.: Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area. American Journal of Human Genetics, 2004, p. 1023-1034
  • E. T. Wood et al.: Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA variation in Africa: evidence for sex-biased demographic processes. European Journal of Human Genetics, 2005, p. 867–876
  • F. Cruciani et al.: Tracing Past Human Male Movements in Northern/Eastern Africa and Western Eurasia: New Clues from Y-chromosomal Haplogroups E-M78 and J-M12, 2007.

See also

Phylogenetic tree and Distribution Maps of Y-DNA haplogroup E

Projects

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