Jewish lobby: Difference between revisions
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'''Jewish lobby''' is a term used to indicate [[Jew]]ish exercise [[Lobbying|influence]] in a number of areas, including politics, government, business, the media, academia, popular culture, public policy, international relations, and international finance.<ref name=Aaronovitch>[[David Aaronovitch|Aaronovitch, David]]. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/print/0,,4677334-103390,00.html "Message to the left: there is no all-powerful Jewish lobby"], ''[[The Guardian]]'', [[May 27]], 2003</ref><ref name=Berlet>{{cite news|author=[[Chip Berlet|Berlet, Chip]]|title=ZOG Ate My Brains"|url=http://www.newint.org/features/2004/10/01/conspiracism/|work=[[New Internationalist]]|location=Market Harborough, UK|date=October 2004|number=372}} |
'''Jewish lobby''' is a term used to indicate [[Jew]]ish exercise [[Lobbying|influence]] in a number of areas, including politics, government, business, the media, academia, popular culture, public policy, international relations, and international finance.<ref name=Aaronovitch>[[David Aaronovitch|Aaronovitch, David]]. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/print/0,,4677334-103390,00.html "Message to the left: there is no all-powerful Jewish lobby"], ''[[The Guardian]]'', [[May 27]], 2003</ref><ref name=Berlet>{{cite news|author=[[Chip Berlet|Berlet, Chip]]|title=ZOG Ate My Brains"|url=http://www.newint.org/features/2004/10/01/conspiracism/|work=[[New Internationalist]]|location=Market Harborough, UK|date=October 2004|number=372}} |
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</ref><ref name=Prasad>[http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2020/stories/20031010000906000.htm The myth of the "Jewish lobby"] by Vijay Prasad in the ''Frontline'' (India's National Magazine) Volume 20 - Issue 20, September 27 - October 10, 2003.</ref> In the [[United States]] the phrase is |
</ref><ref name=Prasad>[http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2020/stories/20031010000906000.htm The myth of the "Jewish lobby"] by Vijay Prasad in the ''Frontline'' (India's National Magazine) Volume 20 - Issue 20, September 27 - October 10, 2003.</ref> In the [[United States]] the phrase is used to refer to "Jewish political organizations in the United States which make joint and separate efforts to lobby for their interests in the United States, as well as for the interests of the State of Israel refer loosely to various pro-Israel lobbying groups."<ref>Walter John Raymond, [http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=1dtn0olA8PcC&dq=%22dictionary+of+politics%22&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=mWdU49sDHj&sig=jf98Xub08rUSP5KKMrMnEwGN6Wc |
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The Dictionary of Politics: Selected American and Foreign Political and Legal Terms], Richmond, VA: Brunswick Publishing Corporation, 1992, 243.</ref> |
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Its validity as a term is disputed by a number of commentators and on several grounds. Some claim that, when referring to American groups, it is an inaccurate label for a political coalition that doesn't represent most American Jews and includes many non-Jews, and whose primary concern is policy towards Israel.<ref name=Bard/><ref name="MearsheimerWalt"/> |
Its validity as a term is disputed by a number of commentators and on several grounds. Some claim that, when referring to American groups, it is an inaccurate label for a political coalition that doesn't represent most American Jews and includes many non-Jews, and whose primary concern is policy towards Israel.<ref name=Bard/><ref name="MearsheimerWalt"/> |
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Others argue that it attributes undue influence to Jews and is fundamentally antisemitic.<ref name=Aaronovitch/><ref>[[Tariq Ramadan|Ramadan, Tariq]]. [http://www.un.org/Pubs/chronicle/2004/issue4/0404p35.html "Muslims and Anti-Semitism"], [[UN Chronicle]], June 10, 2005:<blockquote>"Much like the situation across the Muslim world, there exists in the West today a discourse which is anti-Semitic, seeking legitimacy in certain Islamic texts and support in the present situation in Palestine. This is the attitude of not only the marginalized youth but also of intellectuals and Imams, who see the manipulative hand of the “Jewish lobby” at each turn or every political setback."</blockquote></ref><ref name=Jacobs>Jacobs, Dr. Susan. [http://www.surrey.ac.uk/Arts/CRONEM/Conference-2005-papers/SusanJacobs.doc "''AntiSemitism and other forms of racism'' Continuities, discontinuities, (and some conspiracies….)"] Paper presented at the 2005 CRONEM (Centre for Research on Nationalism, Ethnicity and Multiculturalism) Conference, [[Roehampton University]], Southlands College, 14th-15th June 2005:<blockquote>"As is well-known, the Procotols was a forged document written in Russia in 1897, alleging that a worldwide Jewish conspiracy existed. This document attempted to explain a seeming contradiction: Jews were (are) prominent both in capitalist and in socialist/communist circles: the ‘explanation’ was that both were shams: capitalist and communist Jews were not really at odds, as it might seem. They were in fact united (secretly) in a bid for world domination. Although this conspiracy theory lay at the heart of Nazism it is also widespread outside neo-fascist groupings. Many of these are right-wing/neo-Nazi (e.g. Pamyat in Russia) but the Protocols have had some influence on movements with some claim to progressive credentials. The Protocols have also had some influence elsewhere, so that Eyptian and Syrian state-sponsored TV serials have produced soaps which dramatise the allegations of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion (Mohamed, 2002; Kaba and Tubiana, 2002).<br> |
Others argue that it attributes undue influence to Jews and is fundamentally antisemitic.<ref name=Aaronovitch/><ref>[[Tariq Ramadan|Ramadan, Tariq]]. [http://www.un.org/Pubs/chronicle/2004/issue4/0404p35.html "Muslims and Anti-Semitism"], [[UN Chronicle]], June 10, 2005:<blockquote>"Much like the situation across the Muslim world, there exists in the West today a discourse which is anti-Semitic, seeking legitimacy in certain Islamic texts and support in the present situation in Palestine. This is the attitude of not only the marginalized youth but also of intellectuals and Imams, who see the manipulative hand of the “Jewish lobby” at each turn or every political setback."</blockquote></ref><ref name=Jacobs>Jacobs, Dr. Susan. [http://www.surrey.ac.uk/Arts/CRONEM/Conference-2005-papers/SusanJacobs.doc "''AntiSemitism and other forms of racism'' Continuities, discontinuities, (and some conspiracies….)"] Paper presented at the 2005 CRONEM (Centre for Research on Nationalism, Ethnicity and Multiculturalism) Conference, [[Roehampton University]], Southlands College, 14th-15th June 2005:<blockquote>"As is well-known, the Procotols was a forged document written in Russia in 1897, alleging that a worldwide Jewish conspiracy existed. This document attempted to explain a seeming contradiction: Jews were (are) prominent both in capitalist and in socialist/communist circles: the ‘explanation’ was that both were shams: capitalist and communist Jews were not really at odds, as it might seem. They were in fact united (secretly) in a bid for world domination. Although this conspiracy theory lay at the heart of Nazism it is also widespread outside neo-fascist groupings. Many of these are right-wing/neo-Nazi (e.g. Pamyat in Russia) but the Protocols have had some influence on movements with some claim to progressive credentials. The Protocols have also had some influence elsewhere, so that Eyptian and Syrian state-sponsored TV serials have produced soaps which dramatise the allegations of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion (Mohamed, 2002; Kaba and Tubiana, 2002).<br> |
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Jewish lobby is a term used to indicate Jewish exercise influence in a number of areas, including politics, government, business, the media, academia, popular culture, public policy, international relations, and international finance.[1][2][3] In the United States the phrase is used to refer to "Jewish political organizations in the United States which make joint and separate efforts to lobby for their interests in the United States, as well as for the interests of the State of Israel refer loosely to various pro-Israel lobbying groups."[4]
Its validity as a term is disputed by a number of commentators and on several grounds. Some claim that, when referring to American groups, it is an inaccurate label for a political coalition that doesn't represent most American Jews and includes many non-Jews, and whose primary concern is policy towards Israel.[5][6] Others argue that it attributes undue influence to Jews and is fundamentally antisemitic.[1][7][8][9][10]
Usage
Chip Berlet of Political Research Associates, an American research group that tracks right-wing extremists, writes that it combines the classic elements of anti-Semitic stereotyping and scapegoating, and is part of the discourse of conspiracism.[2] Susan Jacobs of Manchester Metropolitan University states that the phrase, when used "without mentioning other ‘lobbies’ or differentiating Jews who have different political positions on a number of questions, including Israel and Palestine", is a contemporary form of the fear of a Jewish conspiracy.[8] Robert S. Wistrich, of the International Center for the Study of Anti-Semitism, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, sees reference to the phrase as reliance on a classic antisemitic stereotype.[9] Dominique Vidal, writing in Le Monde diplomatique, says it is "a phrase that combines standard anti-semitic fantasies about Jewish finance, media control and power; the term is the contemporary equivalent of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion.[10] Bruno Bettelheim detested the term, arguing "The self-importance of Jews combined with the paranoia of the anti-Semite had created the image of this lobby."[11] According to George Michael, it is used most commonly by the far right, far left, and Islamists.[12]
According to Mitchell Bard, director of the non-profit American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise (AICE), "...reference is often made to the 'Jewish lobby' in an effort to describe Jewish influence, but this term is both vague and inadequate." Bard argues the term Israel lobby is more accurate, because it is comprises both formal and informal elements (which includes public opinion), and "...because a large proportion of the lobby is made up of non-Jews."[5]
Stephen Walt comments that he and co-author John Mearsheimer of The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy "never use the term 'Jewish lobby' because the lobby is defined by its political agenda, not by religion or ethnicity."[6] In a letter to the editor of The New York Times, Mearsheimer and Walt state "Indeed, we explicitly rejected this label as inaccurate and misleading, both because the lobby includes non-Jews like the Christian Zionists and because many Jewish Americans do not support the hard-line policies favored by its most powerful elements."[13] David Cesarani, commenting in The Guardian on Richard Dawkins use of the term, states that "Mearsheimer and Walt would doubtless chide Dawkins for using the term 'Jewish lobby', which they studiously avoid in order to give no truck to anti-Jewish innuendo."[14]
Michael Visontay, editor at the The Sydney Morning Herald, writes that "The way the phrase 'Jewish lobby has been bandied about in numerous letters implies there is something inherently sinister in lobbying when Jews do it."[15] Dominique Vidal, writing in Le Monde diplomatique, says that in France "only the far right used to refer to a 'Jewish lobby'", but that in 2004 it had been used by "a Jewish writer, Elisabeth Schemla".[10]
William Safire writes that in the United Kingdom "Jewish lobby" is used as an "even more pejorative[]" term for "the 'Israel lobby'".[16] Commenting on Chris Davies, MEP for the northwest of England's use of the term, The Guardian's David Hirsh feels that the term indicates a lack of "care, thought" and "self-education." Davies resigned after having used the term in an e-mail considered inappropriate by the public and the Liberal Democrats.[17]
Reviewing Queen Noor of Jordan's memoir Leap of Faith: Memoirs of an Unexpected Life, Kenneth Jacobson of the Anti-Defamation League writes that though she refers to the "Zionist lobby", "...Queen Noor is not so insensitive or crass as to actually use the phrase 'Jewish Lobby,'."[18] Joseph Lelyveld, in a The New York Review of Books review of Jimmy Carter's Palestine Peace Not Apartheid points out that Carter "doesn't resort to the term 'Jewish lobby'".[19]
See also
- Anti-Zionism
- New antisemitism
- American Jewish Committee
- American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC)
- Israel lobby in the United States
- Zionist Occupation Government
References
- ^ a b Aaronovitch, David. "Message to the left: there is no all-powerful Jewish lobby", The Guardian, May 27, 2003
- ^ a b Berlet, Chip (October 2004). "ZOG Ate My Brains"". New Internationalist. No. 372. Market Harborough, UK.
- ^ The myth of the "Jewish lobby" by Vijay Prasad in the Frontline (India's National Magazine) Volume 20 - Issue 20, September 27 - October 10, 2003.
- ^ Walter John Raymond, [http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=1dtn0olA8PcC&dq=%22dictionary+of+politics%22&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=mWdU49sDHj&sig=jf98Xub08rUSP5KKMrMnEwGN6Wc The Dictionary of Politics: Selected American and Foreign Political and Legal Terms], Richmond, VA: Brunswick Publishing Corporation, 1992, 243.
- ^ a b Bard, Mitchell. The Water's Edge and Beyond: Defining the Limits to Domestic Influence on United States Middle East Policy, Transaction publishers, 1991, p. 6. ISBN 088738286X
- ^ a b John Mearsheimer and Stephen Walt: Authors, "The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy", Washington Post, Book World Live, October 9, 2007. Accessed January 7, 2008.
- ^ Ramadan, Tariq. "Muslims and Anti-Semitism", UN Chronicle, June 10, 2005:
"Much like the situation across the Muslim world, there exists in the West today a discourse which is anti-Semitic, seeking legitimacy in certain Islamic texts and support in the present situation in Palestine. This is the attitude of not only the marginalized youth but also of intellectuals and Imams, who see the manipulative hand of the “Jewish lobby” at each turn or every political setback."
- ^ a b Jacobs, Dr. Susan. "AntiSemitism and other forms of racism Continuities, discontinuities, (and some conspiracies….)" Paper presented at the 2005 CRONEM (Centre for Research on Nationalism, Ethnicity and Multiculturalism) Conference, Roehampton University, Southlands College, 14th-15th June 2005:
"As is well-known, the Procotols was a forged document written in Russia in 1897, alleging that a worldwide Jewish conspiracy existed. This document attempted to explain a seeming contradiction: Jews were (are) prominent both in capitalist and in socialist/communist circles: the ‘explanation’ was that both were shams: capitalist and communist Jews were not really at odds, as it might seem. They were in fact united (secretly) in a bid for world domination. Although this conspiracy theory lay at the heart of Nazism it is also widespread outside neo-fascist groupings. Many of these are right-wing/neo-Nazi (e.g. Pamyat in Russia) but the Protocols have had some influence on movements with some claim to progressive credentials. The Protocols have also had some influence elsewhere, so that Eyptian and Syrian state-sponsored TV serials have produced soaps which dramatise the allegations of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion (Mohamed, 2002; Kaba and Tubiana, 2002).
That some type of shadowy Jewish conspiracy exists is commonsense, taken-for-granted element in many quarters: e.g. rumours that the predominance of neo-conservatives in the USA is a ‘Jewish conspiracy’ (Greenspan, 2003; Berlet, 2004; Interview, 2004 ). Perhaps even more common is a vague suspicion that such a conspiracy might exist but that it is impolite to articulate this. A contemporary form of this fear is the phrase ‘the Jewish lobby’ without mentioning other ‘lobbies’ or differentiating Jews who have different political positions on a number of questions, including Israel and Palestine." - ^ a b Klug, Brian & Wistrich, Robert S. "Correspondence between Prof. Robert Wistrich and Brian Klug: When Is Opposition to Israel and Its Policies Anti-Semitic?", International Center for the Study of Anti-Semitism, Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Retrieved January 11, 2008:
"Does he or she rely on classic anti-Semitic stereotypes in so doing: for example, by dredging up the alleged Jewish/Zionist 'conspiracy' to dominate the world, or by evoking Jewish/Israeli 'warmongers' who supposedly run American foreign policy; or through referring to an all-powerful "Jewish Lobby" that prevents justice in the Middle East."
- ^ a b c Vidal, Dominique. "France: racism is indivisible", Le Monde diplomatique, May 2004.
- ^ Sutton, Nina (David Sharp trans.) Bettelheim: A Life and a Legacy, BasicBooks, p. 486. ISBN 0465006353
- ^ Michael, George. The Enemy of my Enemy: The Alarming Convergence of Militant Islam and the Extreme Right, 2006, pp. 46-47 & 228-238.
- ^ Mearsheime, John and Walt, Stephen. "The Israel lobby", letters to the editor, October 14, 2007.
- ^ Cesarani, David. "Exerting influence", The Guardian, October 8, 2007.
- ^ Visontay, Michael. "Free speech for some, others pay", The Sydney Morning Herald, November 14, 2003.
- ^ Safire, William. Safire's New Political Dictionary: The Definitive Guide to the New Language, Random House, 1993, p. 120. ISBN 0679420681
In Great Britain the "Israel lobby" is called, even more pejoratively, "the Jewish lobby,"
- ^ Hirsh, David. "Revenge of the Jewish lobby?", The Guardian, May 5, 2006.
- ^ Jacobson, Kenneth. "Queen Noor's Blind Spots", Anti-Defamation League, May 12, 2003.
- ^ Lelyveld, Joseph. "Jimmy Carter and Apartheid", The New York Review of Books, Volume 54, Number 5 · March 29, 2007.