List of European Union member states by political system: Difference between revisions
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Revision as of 16:47, 12 October 2024
 | This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: [][dead link]s and outdated information. (June 2014) |
Free
Partly free
Not free
EU member states are marked by a brighter colour.Member states of the European Union use various forms of democracy. The European Union (EU) is a sui generis supranational union of states. At a European Council Summit held in Copenhagen, Denmark, on 21 June and 22 June 1993,[2] the European Union defined the Copenhagen criteria regarding the conditions a candidate country has to fulfill to be considered eligible for accession to the European Union:
Membership criteria require that the candidate country must have achieved:
- stability of institutions guaranteeing democracy, the rule of law, human rights and respect for and protection of minorities;
- the existence of a functioning market economy as well as the capacity to cope with competitive pressure and market forces within the Union;
- the ability to take on the obligations of membership including adherence to the aims of political, economic and monetary union.[3][4]
Consequently, all member states have direct elections, nominally democratic states that are considered to be "free" or "partly free" according to the criteria of Freedom House. As of 2020, there is no expert consensus on how to classify Hungary's regime type; Freedom House considers it a hybrid regime.[5][6][7] As of 2015, all European Union member states are representative democracies; however, they do not all have the same political system, with most of the differences arising from different historical backgrounds.
Many of the states in the neighbourhood of the European Union are not considered to be "free" by the same criteria.[8] Most European states neighbouring the European Union are considered to be "free" or "partly free" by Freedom House, with the exceptions of Azerbaijan, Belarus and Russia. On the other hand, almost all of the states in North Africa and Southwest Asia that neighbour the European Union are not considered to be "free", with the exceptions of Israel and Tunisia.[8]
Monarchism and republicanism
At present, there are twelve monarchies in Europe, of which six are members of the European Union: Belgium, Denmark, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Spain and Sweden, and six are not: Andorra, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Norway, the United Kingdom and the Vatican City. All six monarchies in the European Union are constitutional monarchies. In all six monarchies that are in the EU, the monarch is legally not vested with political power, or the monarch does not utilise the political powers vested in the office by convention. At the dawn of the 20th century, France was the only republic among the future members states of the European Union; the ascent of republicanism to the political mainstream only started at the beginning of the 20th century. In Belgium, the monarchy enjoys a lower degree of support than in other European monarchies, and is often questioned.[9] Popular support for the monarchy has historically been higher in Flanders and lower in Wallonia; however, in recent decades these roles have reversed.[10]
Form of government
There are three types of government systems in European politics: in a presidential system, the president is the head of state and the head of government; in a semi-presidential system, the president and the prime minister share a number of competences; finally, in a parliamentary republic, the president is a ceremonial figurehead who has few political competences. As with the definition of constitutional monarchies, sometimes the president does have non-ceremonial competences, but does not use them by constitutional convention; this is the case in Austria, for instance.
By definition, modern democratic constitutional monarchies are parliamentary, as there is no elected head of state who could assume non-ceremonial competences; of the twenty one republican member states of the European Union, only one is a presidential republic (Cyprus) and four are semi-presidential republics (France, Lithuania, Portugal and Romania). These four (semi-)presidential republics elect their president by direct popular vote. Among the sixteen parliamentary republics, nine do the same (namely Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Finland, Ireland, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia), whereas in the remaining seven (Estonia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia and Malta), the president is elected by parliament or other special representative body such as the German Bundesversammlung.
Degree of self-governance
Most of the European Union's member states are unitary states, which means that most of the competences lie with the central government and only minor or local issues are within the authority of regional governments. However, three states are federations (Austria, Belgium and Germany) of states or regions with equal competences, and six other states have either devolved certain powers to special regions or are federacies (or both):
- federacies:
- in Denmark, the Faroe Islands and Greenland are autonomous (and neither is part of the European Union);
- in Finland, Åland has substantial autonomy;
- in France, the collectivité sui generis New Caledonia (which is not part of the European Union) has a large degree of autonomy;
- in the Netherlands, the Caribbean island groups of Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten are equal partners to the Netherlands within the Kingdom of the Netherlands;
- devolved states:
- in Italy, the government has devolved a number of powers to the twenty regions, of which five have a very large degree of autonomy, namely Aosta Valley, Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Sardinia, and Sicily;
- in Spain, the central government has devolved various powers to the historic nationalities among the autonomous communities, namely Andalusia, the Basque Country, Catalonia and Galicia.
Parliamentary chambers
A further distinction is the number of chambers in the national legislature; unicameral systems with one chamber or bicameral ones with a lower house and an upper house. Federations and countries with strong regional differences or regional identities are normally bicameral, to reflect the regions' interests in national bills. The states with the larger populations, from the Netherlands upwards, all have a bicameral system. Although there is a greater mix among the smaller states (some influenced by their federalist structure), the smallest states are on the whole unicameral.
While there had been legislatures with more than two chambers (tricameral and tetracameral ones), nowadays there are only unicameral and bicameral ones. Additionally, there are also differences in the degree of bicameralism. Whereas Italy is considered as having "perfect bicameralism", with both chambers being equal, most other bicameral systems restrict the upper house's powers to a certain extent. There is a slight trend towards unicameralism; some upper houses have seen their powers reduced or proposals to that end. Belgium's system has been reduced from a perfectly bicameral one to a nowadays de facto unicameral system. In 2009, Romania voted in favour of unicameralism, on a plebiscite, however the country still has a bicameral system, as of 2024. On the other hand, Ireland narrowly voted against abolishing their upper house in 2013, and Italy voted not to reduce its Senate's powers in 2016.
In the member states of the European Union, if the parliament has only one chamber, it is wholly directly elected in all cases. If there are two chambers, the lower house is directly elected in all cases, while the upper house can be directly elected (e.g. the Senate of Poland); or indirectly elected, for example, by regional legislatures (e.g. the Federal Council of Austria); or non-elected, but representing certain interest groups (e.g. the National Council of Slovenia).
Listed by form of government
Listed by type of parliament
- I^ : Due to Belgium's complex federal structure the Parliament of the Brussels-Capital Region (Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Parlement / Parlement de la Région de Bruxelles-Capitale)[110][111] (89, regional assembly), Flemish Parliament (Vlaams Parlement)[112] (124, regional and community assembly), the Walloon Parliament (Parlement wallon)[113][114] (75, regional assembly), the Parliament of the French Community (Parlement de la Communauté française)[115] (94, community assembly) and the Parliament of the German-speaking Community (Parlament der Deutschsprachigen Gemeinschaft)[116] (25, community assembly) have competences in federal legislation that affects their interests.
- II^ : Only 56 out of 80 are occupied, due to the occupation of Cyprus.
- III^ : In legislation which affects the autonomous region of Åland, its Parliament (Lagting)[117] (30) also has legislative competences.
- IV^ : While there is a Federal Assembly (Bundesversammlung) similar to the Austrian Federal Assembly, it is not simply a joint session of the Federal Diet and the Federal Council and as such not the overall name of the legislature.
- V^ : Technically, the Federal Diet only has 598 seats; the additional thirty-two members are overhang seats resulting from the 2017 election.
- VI^ : The Irish names are used in the English-language version of the Constitution of Ireland,[118] and generally in English-language speech and writing in Ireland.[119][120]
- VII^ : In addition to the 315 elected members, there are currently five senators for life (senatore a vita); these include former Italian President, who is ex officio senator for life, as well as senators appointed by the President "for outstanding patriotic merits in the social, scientific, artistic or literary field". There can only be five appointed senators in addition to the ex officio ones at any one time.
- VIII^ : Technically, the House of Representatives only has 65 members; the additional two seats are overhang seats to ensure a majority of MPs for the party which gained the most votes in the 2017 election.
- IX^ : The name Zgromadzenie Narodowe is only used on the rare occasions when both houses sit together.
Member states of the European Union | ||
|---|---|---|
 | ||
See also
References
- ^ "Freedom in the World 2024". Freedom House. Retrieved 12 October 2024.
- ^ European Commission (6 May 2006). "1993". The History of the European Union. Archived from the original on 24 July 2006. Retrieved 30 June 2006.
- ^ European Commission (27 March 2006). "Accession criteria". Understanding enlargement. Archived from the original on 28 August 2006. Retrieved 27 June 2006.
- ^ European Commission. "Accession criteria (Copenhagen criteria)". Retrieved 5 March 2016.
- ^ Körösényi, András; Illés, Gábor; Gyulai, Attila (15 April 2020). The Orbán Regime: Plebiscitary Leader Democracy in the Making. Routledge. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-429-62441-4.
This colourful and wide picture of labelling shows not only the inventive imagination of scholars, but also the lack of scholarly consensus on how to characterise the contemporary regime that has emerged in Hungary
- ^ Drinóczi, Tímea; Bień-Kacała, Agnieszka (2021). Illiberal Constitutionalism in Poland and Hungary: The Deterioration of Democracy, Misuse of Human Rights and Abuse of the Rule of Law. Routledge. pp. 18, 21. ISBN 978-1-032-00730-4.
Political scientists call the Hungarian political system a hybrid regime, standing between democracy and authoritarianism, a diffusely defective democracy, and a plebiscitary leader democracy. Lately, Freedom House has labelled Hungary as a transitional or hybrid regime (based on its democracy score).
- ^ Boda, Zsolt; Szúcs, Zoltán Gábor (2021). "When Illiberalism Meets Neoliberalism: State and the Social Sciences in Present Hungary". Political Science in the Shadow of the State: Research, Relevance, Deference. Springer International Publishing. pp. 203–230 [208]. ISBN 978-3-030-75918-6.
By now there is widespread agreement on the fact that Hungary is not a democracy anymore (as reflected in the conclusions of V-Dem, Freedom House and a range of global democracy barometers).
- ^ a b Cite error: The named reference
Freedom Housewas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "Prince Philippe, Belgium's New King, Still Has Many Hearts to Win". The Huffington Post. 18 July 2013.
- ^ "Walen zijn veel koningsgezinder dan Vlamingen". deredactie.be. 15 November 2016.
- ^ president.bg (28 December 2006). "President of the Republic of Bulgaria / Президент на Република България". Retrieved 28 December 2006.
- ^ Government Information Service (28 December 2006). "Republic of Bulgaria – Council of Ministers / Република България – Министерски Съвет". Retrieved 28 December 2006.
- ^ FG Forrest (23 June 2006). "Pražský hrad / Prague Castle". Retrieved 23 June 2006.
- ^ Department of Information and Security Technologies. "Úřad vlády České republiky / The Office of the Czech Republic Government". Retrieved 4 May 2011.
- ^ Office of the President (23 June 2006). "Eesti Vabariigi president / The President of the Republic of Estonia". Retrieved 23 June 2006.
- ^ State Chancellery of the Republic of Estonia (23 June 2006). "Eesti Vabariigi Valitsus / The Government of the Republic of Estonia / Правительство Эстонской Республики". Retrieved 23 June 2006.
- ^ Bouritsa Myrto, Librarian of the Presidency of the Republic (23 June 2006). "Presidency of the Hellenic Republic / Présidence de la République Hellénique / Προεδρία της Ελληνικής Δημοκρατίας". Archived from the original on 5 March 2005. Retrieved 30 June 2005.
- ^ The Prime Minister’s Press Office (23 June 2006). "Prime Minister of the Hellenic Republic / Le Premier Ministre de la République Hellénique / Der Ministerpräsident der Republik Griechenland / Πρωθυπουργός της Ελλάδας". Archived from the original on 15 June 2006. Retrieved 23 June 2006.
- ^ The Office of the President of the Republic of Hungary (23 June 2006). "The Office of the President of the Republic of Hungary / Köztársasági Elnöki Hivatal". Archived from the original on 2 July 2006. Retrieved 23 June 2006.
- ^ The Office of the Prime Minister (23 June 2006). "Prime Minister / Ministerpräsident / Miniszterelnök". Archived from the original on 4 March 2007. Retrieved 23 June 2006.
- ^ Áras an Uachtaráin (23 June 2006). "Áras an Uachtaráin". Retrieved 23 June 2006.
- ^ Department of the Taoiseach (23 June 2006). "Department of the Taoiseach / Roinn an Taoisigh". Retrieved 23 June 2006.
- ^ Latvijas Valsts prezidenta kanceleja (23 June 2006). "Chancery of the President of Latvia / Chancellerie de la présidence lettonne / Kanzlei des lettischen Staatspräsidenten / Latvijas Valsts prezidenta kanceleja / Канцелярия президента Латвии". Retrieved 23 June 2006.
- ^ State Chancellery (23 June 2006). "The Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia / Conseil des ministres de la République de Lettonie / Latvijas Republikas Ministru kabinets / Кабинет министров Латвийской Республики". Retrieved 23 June 2006.
- ^ Office of the President (14 October 2005). "The President of Malta". Retrieved 23 June 2006.
- ^ Government of Malta (3 August 2005). "Office of the Prime Minister". Retrieved 23 June 2006.
- ^ Office of the President of the Slovak Republic (23 June 2006). "President of the Slovak Republic / Prezident Slovenskej republiky". Retrieved 23 June 2006.
- ^ The Slovak Republic Government Office (23 June 2006). "The Slovak Republic Government Office / Úrad vlády Slovenskej republiky". Archived from the original on 19 July 2006. Retrieved 23 June 2006.
- ^ Office of the President of the Republic (23 June 2006). "President of the Republic of Slovenia / Predsednik Republike Slovenije". Archived from the original on 9 February 2006. Retrieved 23 June 2006.
- ^ Office of the Prime Minister (23 June 2006). "The Prime Minister of the Republic of Slovenia / Predsednik Vlade Republike Slovenije". Retrieved 23 June 2006.
- ^ a b Service Information et Presse (23 June 2006). "Gouvernement du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg". Retrieved 23 June 2006.
- ^ a b Central Intelligence Agency (24 March 2006). "Luxembourg". World Leaders. Archived from the original on 12 June 2007. Retrieved 28 June 2006.
- ^ Information and Press Department (23 June 2006). "Royal Court / Kungahuset". Archived from the original on 15 June 2006. Retrieved 23 June 2006.
- ^ Information Department (23 June 2006). "The Government and the Government Offices / Regeringen och Regeringskansliet". Retrieved 23 June 2006.
- ^ Office of the Federal President of Austria (23 June 2006). "The Austrian Federal President / Der Österreichische Bundespräsident". Retrieved 23 June 2006.
- ^ Federal Chancellary of Austria (23 June 2006). "Federal Chancellary of Austria / Bundeskanzleramt Österreich". Retrieved 23 June 2006.
- ^ Martin Kothé, Spokesperson of the Federal President (23 June 2006). "Federal President / Président de la République fédérale / Der Bundespräsident / Presidente Federal". Archived from the original on 29 June 2006. Retrieved 23 June 2006.
- ^ Presse- und Informationsamt der Bundesregierung (23 June 2006). "Bundeskanzlerin". Retrieved 23 June 2006.
- ^ Central Intelligence Agency (16 March 2006). "Germany". World Leaders. Archived from the original on 12 June 2007. Retrieved 28 June 2006.
- ^ Directorate-General External Communication of the Federal Public Service (23 June 2006). "De Belgische Monarchie / The Belgian Monarchy / La Monarchie belge / Die Belgische Monarchie". Archived from the original on 2 July 2006. Retrieved 23 June 2006.
- ^ Directorate-General External Communication of the Federal Public Service (23 June 2006). "De site van de Eerste Minister van België / Le site du Premier Ministre de Belgique". Retrieved 23 June 2006.
- ^ Central Intelligence Agency (17 October 2005). "Belgium". World Leaders. Archived from the original on 12 June 2007. Retrieved 28 June 2006.
- ^ Office of the President of the Republic of Finland (23 June 2006). "The President of the Republic of Finland / Suomen tasavallan presidentti / Republiken Finlands president". Retrieved 23 June 2006.
- ^ Government (23 June 2006). "Finnish Government / Valtioneuvosto / Statsrådet". Retrieved 23 June 2006.
- ^ Amalienborg Palace (23 June 2006). "Kongehuset / The Danish Monarchy". Retrieved 23 June 2006.
- ^ The Prime Minister's Office (23 June 2006). "Statsministeriet / The Prime Minister's Office". Retrieved 23 June 2006.
- ^ Government Information Service (23 June 2006). "Het Koninklijk Huis / The Dutch Royal House". Archived from the original on 15 June 2006. Retrieved 23 June 2006.
- ^ Ministry of General Affairs (31 March 2004). "De Minister-President en het Ministerie van Algemene Zaken / The Prime Minister and the Ministry of General Affairs". Archived from the original on 14 June 2006. Retrieved 23 June 2006.
- ^ Segretariato Generale della Presidenza della Repubblica (23 June 2006). "Presidency of the Republic / Présidence de la République / Präsidentschaft der Republik / Presidenza della Repubblica / Presidencia de la República". Archived from the original on 28 January 2007. Retrieved 23 June 2006.
- ^ Governo Italiano (23 June 2006). "Governo Italiano". Retrieved 23 June 2006.
- ^ Central Intelligence Agency (7 June 2006). "Italy". World Leaders. Archived from the original on 12 June 2007. Retrieved 28 June 2006.
- ^ Relaciones con los Medios de Comunicación (23 June 2006). "The Royal Household of His Majesty the King / Casa de Su Majestad el Rey de España". Retrieved 23 June 2006.
- ^ Presidency of the Government (23 June 2006). "La Moncloa – Gobernuko presidentzia / La Moncloa – Presidència del Govern / La Moncloa – Presidency of the Government / La Moncloa – Presidencia do Goberno / La Moncloa – Presidencia del Gobierno". Retrieved 23 June 2006.
- ^ M. Michel Blangy, Cabinet Director (23 June 2006). "Präsidentschaft der französischen Republik / Presidency of the French Republic / Présidence de la République française / Presidencia de la República francesa". Archived from the original on 15 June 2006. Retrieved 23 June 2006.
- ^ Service d’Information du Gouvernement (23 June 2006). "Portal der Regierung / Government Portal / Portail du Gouvernement / Portal del Gobierno". Archived from the original on 15 June 2006. Retrieved 23 June 2006.
- ^ Office of the President of the Republic of Lithuania (23 June 2006). "President of the Republic of Lithuania / Président de la République de Lituanie / Lietuvos Respublikos Prezidentas / Президент Литовской Республики". Retrieved 23 June 2006.
- ^ Government of the Republic of Lithuania (23 June 2006). "Government of the Republic of Lithuania / Lietuvos Respublikos Vyriausybė". Archived from the original on 3 January 2006. Retrieved 23 June 2006.
- ^ Office of the President (23 June 2006). "President of the Republic of Poland / Prezydent Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej". Retrieved 23 June 2006.
- ^ Government Information Centre (23 June 2006). "The Chancellery of the Prime Minister / Kancelaria Prezesa Rady Ministrów". Archived from the original on 22 July 2006. Retrieved 23 June 2006.
- ^ Presidência da República Portuguesa (23 June 2006). "Presidência da República Portuguesa". Retrieved 23 June 2006.
- ^ Central Intelligence Agency (9 March 2006). "Portugal". World Leaders. Archived from the original on 12 June 2007. Retrieved 28 June 2006.
- ^ Government Network Management Center (23 June 2006). "Government Portal / Portal do Governo". Archived from the original on 6 December 2006. Retrieved 23 June 2006.
- ^ President of Romania (28 December 2006). "President of Romania / President de la Roumanie / Preşedintele României". Retrieved 28 December 2006.
- ^ Government of Romania (28 December 2006). "Government of Romania / Gouvernement de la Roumanie / Guvernul României". Archived from the original on 30 December 2006. Retrieved 28 December 2006.
- ^ Presidency of the Republic of Cyprus (23 June 2006). "Presidency of the Republic of Cyprus / Προεδρία της Κυπριακής Δημοκρατίας / Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti Başkanlığı". Archived from the original on 14 July 2006. Retrieved 23 June 2006.
- ^ a b c Parlamentsdirektion (27 June 2006). "The Austrian Parliament / Österreichisches Parlament". Archived from the original on 7 June 2007. Retrieved 27 June 2006.
- ^ de Kamer – la Chambre (27 June 2006). "de Kamer / la Chambre". Retrieved 27 June 2006.
- ^ Central Intelligence Agency (13 June 2006). "Belgium – Government". The World Factbook. Retrieved 28 June 2006.
- ^ Belgian Senate (18 January 2005). "Belgische Senaat / Belgian Senate / Sénat de Belgique / Belgischer Senat". Retrieved 27 June 2006.
- ^ National Assembly of the Republic of Bulgaria (28 December 2006). "National Assembly of the Republic of Bulgaria / Народно събрание на Република България". Archived from the original on 7 August 2006. Retrieved 28 December 2006.
- ^ House of Representatives (27 June 2006). "House of Representatives / Chambre des Représentants / Βουλή των Αντιπροσώπων / Temsilciler Meclisi". Archived from the original on 13 June 2006. Retrieved 27 June 2006.
- ^ Parliament of the Czech Republic (18 December 2004). "Parlament České republiky, Poslanecká sněmovna / Parliament of the Czech Republic, Chamber of Deputies / Le Parlement de la République tchèque, Chambre des députés / Das Parlament der Tschechischen Republik, das Abgeordnetenhaus". Archived from the original on 15 June 2006. Retrieved 27 June 2006.
- ^ Parliament of the Czech Republic (27 June 2006). "Senát Parlamentu České republiky / Parliament of the Czech Republic – Senate". Retrieved 27 June 2006.
- ^ Folketing (27 June 2006). "Folketinget / Folketing / Folketing / Folketing". Retrieved 27 June 2006.
- ^ Riigikogu (27 June 2006). "Riigikogu / Riigikogu / Рийгикогу". Retrieved 27 June 2006.
- ^ Parliament of Finland (18 January 2005). "Parliament of Finland / Suomen Eduskunta / Le Parlement de Finlande / Riksdagen". Archived from the original on 16 June 2006. Retrieved 27 June 2006.
- ^ Assemblée nationale (28 November 2006). "Assemblée nationale – La révision de la Constitution et le Congrès". Retrieved 28 November 2006.
- ^ Assemblée nationale (27 June 2006). "National Assembly / Assemblée nationale / Nationalversammlung / Assemblea nazionale / Asamblea Nacional". Retrieved 27 June 2006.
- ^ Sénat (27 June 2006). "Sénat". Retrieved 27 June 2006.
- ^ Central Intelligence Agency (13 June 2006). "France – Government". The World Factbook. Retrieved 28 June 2006.
- ^ Internet-Dienst des Deutschen Bundestages (27 June 2006). "German Bundestag / Bundestag allemand / Deutscher Bundestag". Retrieved 27 June 2006.
- ^ Bundesrat (27 June 2006). "Bundesrat / Bundesrat / Bundesrat". Retrieved 27 June 2006.
- ^ Hellenic Parliament (27 June 2006). "Hellenic Parliament / Βουλή των Ελλήνων". Archived from the original on 2 July 2006. Retrieved 27 June 2006.
- ^ National Assembly (27 June 2006). "House of the Nation / Az ország háza". Archived from the original on 7 July 2006. Retrieved 27 June 2006.
- ^ Parliament (27 June 2006). "Parlamento italiano". Retrieved 27 June 2006.
- ^ a b Central Intelligence Agency (13 June 2006). "Italy – Government". The World Factbook. Retrieved 28 June 2006.
- ^ Chamber of Deputies (27 June 2006). "المجلس / The Chamber of Deputies / La Chambre des Députés / Die Abgeordnetenkammer / La Camera dei Deputati / Cámara de los Diputados". Archived from the original on 15 June 2006. Retrieved 27 June 2006.
- ^ Senate of the Republic (27 June 2006). "Senato della Repubblica". Retrieved 27 June 2006.
- ^ Latvijas Republikas Saeima (18 February 2003). "Saeima – the Latvian Parliament / Latvijas Republikas Saeima". Archived from the original on 16 June 2006. Retrieved 27 June 2006.
- ^ Office of the Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania (27 June 2006). "Parliament of the Republic of Lithuania / Le Parlement de la Republique de Lituanie / Lietuvos Respublikos Seimas". Retrieved 27 June 2006.
- ^ Chambre des Députés (27 June 2006). "Chambre des Députés". Retrieved 27 June 2006.
- ^ Central Intelligence Agency (13 June 2006). "Luxembourg – Government". The World Factbook. Retrieved 28 June 2006.
- ^ House of Representatives (27 June 2006). "House of Representatives". Archived from the original on 31 March 2009. Retrieved 27 June 2006.
- ^ Parliament (19 October 2004). "The Dutch Parliament / Het Parlement". Archived from the original on 15 June 2006. Retrieved 27 June 2006.
- ^ Dienst Communicatie (27 June 2006). "House of Representatives of the States–General / Tweede Kamer der Staten–Generaal". Retrieved 27 June 2006.
- ^ Senate (27 June 2006). "Senate of the States–General / Eerste Kamer der Staten–Generaal". Retrieved 27 June 2006.
- ^ Chancellery of the Sejm (26 June 2006). "The Sejm of the Republic of Poland / Sejm Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej". Retrieved 27 June 2006.
- ^ Senate (26 June 2006). "The Senate of the Republic of Poland / Senat Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej". Archived from the original on 15 June 2006. Retrieved 27 June 2006.
- ^ Assembly of the Republic (27 June 2006). "The Assembly of the Republic / L'Assemblée de la République / Assembleia da República". Archived from the original on 24 September 2006. Retrieved 27 June 2006.
- ^ Parliament of Romania (22 December 2006). "Parliament of Romania / Le Parlament de la Roumanie / Parlamentul României". Retrieved 28 December 2006.
- ^ "REGULAMENTUL SEDINTELOR COMUNE". www.cdep.ro. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
- ^ Chamber of Deputies (28 December 2006). "Parliament of Romania – Chamber of Deputies / Le Parlament de la Roumanie – Chambre des Députés / Parlamentul României – Camera Deputaţilor". Retrieved 28 December 2006.
- ^ Senate (28 December 2006). "Parliament of Romania – Senate / Le Parlament de la Roumanie – Sénat / Parlamentul României". Archived from the original on 24 December 2006. Retrieved 28 December 2006.
- ^ National Council of the Slovak Republic (27 June 2006). "National Council of the Slovak Republic / Nationalrat der Slowakischen Republik / Národná rada Slovenskej republiky". Retrieved 27 June 2006.
- ^ National Assembly (27 June 2006). "Republic of Slovenia National Assembly / Državni zbor Republike Slovenije". Archived from the original on 6 July 2006. Retrieved 27 June 2006.
- ^ National Council (5 January 2006). "National Council of the Republic of Slovenia / Državni svet Republike Slovenije". Archived from the original on 22 April 2006. Retrieved 27 June 2006.
- ^ Congreso de los Diputados (7 June 2004). "Congress of Deputies / Congreso de los Diputados". Archived from the original on 27 April 2006. Retrieved 27 June 2006.
- ^ Senate (9 June 2006). "The Senate of Spain / El Senado de España". Archived from the original on 15 June 2006. Retrieved 27 June 2006.
- ^ Riksdagen / Riksdagen (27 June 2006). "Riksdagen". Archived from the original on 1 July 2006. Retrieved 27 June 2006.
- ^ CIRB-CIBG (5 May 2006). "Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Parlement / Brussels Regional Parliament / Parlement de la Région de Bruxelles-Capitale / Brüsseler Regionalparlament". Retrieved 27 June 2006.
- ^ Federal Government of Belgium (28 June 2006). "Brussels–Capital Region". Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 28 June 2006.
- ^ Flemish Parliament (27 June 2006). "Vlaams Parlement / Flemish Parliament / Parlement flamand / Flämisches Parlament / Parlamento fiammingo / Parlamento flamengo / Parlamento Flamenco / Flamländska Parlamentet". Archived from the original on 7 August 2006. Retrieved 27 June 2006.
- ^ Parlement-Wallon (27 June 2006). "Parlement wallon". Retrieved 27 June 2006.
- ^ Federal Government of Belgium (28 June 2006). "Walloon Region". Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 28 June 2006.
- ^ Cellule Internet du Parlement (27 June 2006). "Parlement van de Franstalige gemeenschap / Parliament of the French Community / Parlement de la Communauté française / Parlament der französischsprachigen Gemeinschaft". Retrieved 27 June 2006.
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