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West Nusa Tenggara is also known for its natural beauty, including exotic beaches such as Kuta Beach in Lombok and Lakey Beach in Sumbawa, which are popular surfing destinations. The Gili Islands (Gili Trawangan, Gili Air, and Gili Meno) located off the coast of Lombok are one of the most popular tourist destinations in Indonesia, renowned for their crystal clear sea water and beautiful coral reefs.
West Nusa Tenggara is also known for its natural beauty, including exotic beaches such as Kuta Beach in Lombok and Lakey Beach in Sumbawa, which are popular surfing destinations. The Gili Islands (Gili Trawangan, Gili Air, and Gili Meno) located off the coast of Lombok are one of the most popular tourist destinations in Indonesia, renowned for their crystal clear sea water and beautiful coral reefs.


Apart from beach tourism, West Nusa Tenggara also has cultural and historical sites, such as Sade Village in Lombok which maintains traditional Sasak architecture and lifestyle, as well as ancient palaces from the era of the Bima Sultanate in Sumbawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ekowisata di Desa Sade {{!}} |url=http://ppebalinusra.menlhk.go.id/ekowisata-di-desa-sade/ |access-date=2024-09-02 |language=en}}</ref>
Apart from beach tourism, West Nusa Tenggara also has cultural and historical sites, such as Sade Village in Lombok which maintains traditional Sasak architecture and lifestyle, as well as ancient palaces from the era of the Bima Sultanate in Sumbawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ekowisata di Desa Sade {{!}} |url=http://ppebalinusra.menlhk.go.id/ekowisata-di-desa-sade/ |access-date=2024-09-02 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=artanegara |date=2020-02-17 |title=Kegiatan Studi Teknis Arkeologi Di Istana Kesultanan Bima |url=https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bpcbbali/kegiatan-studi-teknis-arkeologi-di-istana-kesultanan-bima/ |access-date=2024-09-03 |website=Balai Pelestarian Cagar Budaya Bali |language=id}}</ref>


== History ==
== History ==

Revision as of 01:29, 3 September 2024

West Nusa Tenggara
Nusa Tenggara Barat
Province
Province of West Nusa Tenggara
Coat of arms of West Nusa Tenggara
Coat of arms
Location of West Nusa Tenggara in Indonesia
Location of West Nusa Tenggara in Indonesia
OpenStreetMap
Map
Coordinates: 8°35′S 116°7′E / 8.583°S 116.117°E / -8.583; 116.117
Country Indonesia
Established14 August 1958[1]
Capital
and largest city		Mataram
Government
 • BodyWest Nusa Tenggara Provincial Government
 • GovernorLalu Gita Ariadi (Acting)
 • Vice GovernorVacant
Area
 • Total
19,931.45 km2 (7,695.58 sq mi)
 • Rank29th in Indonesia
Highest elevation
(Mount Rinjani)
3,727 m (12,228 ft)
Population
 (mid 2024 estimate)[2]
 • Total
5,646,000
 • Rank13th in Indonesia
 • Density280/km2 (730/sq mi)
Demographics
 • Ethnic groups[3]56% Sasak
14% Bimanese
12% Balinese
8% Sumbawerese
3% Dompuan
2% Javanese
 • Religion (2022)[4]96.88% Islam
2.38% Hinduism
0.74% other
 • LanguagesIndonesian (official)
Time zoneUTC+8 (Indonesia Central Time)
ISO 3166 codeID-NB
GDP (nominal)2022
 - Total[5]Rp 156.9 trillion (25th)
US$ 10.6 billion
Int$ 33.0 billion (PPP)
 - Per capita[6]Rp 28.7 million (32nd)
US$ 1,931
Int$ 6,025 (PPP)
 - Growth[7]Increase 6.95%
HDIIncrease 0.702 (29th) – high
Websitentbprov.go.id

West Nusa Tenggara (Template:Lang-id – NTB) is a province of Indonesia. It comprises the western portion of the Lesser Sunda Islands, with the exception of Bali which is its own province. The area of ​​this province is 19,675.89 km2 which consists of two main islands, namely Lombok Island and Sumbawa Island as well as several other small islands.[8] The two largest islands in this province are the smaller but much more populated Lombok in the west and the much larger in area but much less densely populated Sumbawa island in the east. Mataram, on Lombok, is the capital and largest city of the province. It shares maritime borders with Bali to the west and East Nusa Tenggara to the east.

Geographically, West Nusa Tenggara is divided into a flat coastal area, especially in western and southern Lombok, and a mountainous area that includes Mount Rinjani, the highest mountain in the province at 3,726 meters, which is also an active volcano and one of the most popular natural tourist destinations. On Sumbawa Island, the landscape is more varied with steeper hills and mountains and dry grasslands in the east.[9]

The province has a population of around 5 million, with the majority of the population living in coastal areas and large cities such as Mataram, the provincial capital located on Lombok Island.[10] West Nusa Tenggara is famous for its Sasak culture in Lombok and Samawa and Mbojo culture in Sumbawa, which still maintain their local customs and arts.

West Nusa Tenggara is also known for its natural beauty, including exotic beaches such as Kuta Beach in Lombok and Lakey Beach in Sumbawa, which are popular surfing destinations. The Gili Islands (Gili Trawangan, Gili Air, and Gili Meno) located off the coast of Lombok are one of the most popular tourist destinations in Indonesia, renowned for their crystal clear sea water and beautiful coral reefs.

Apart from beach tourism, West Nusa Tenggara also has cultural and historical sites, such as Sade Village in Lombok which maintains traditional Sasak architecture and lifestyle, as well as ancient palaces from the era of the Bima Sultanate in Sumbawa.[11][12]

History

Pre-Islamic period

Based on analysis of prehistoric objects found such as complex sarcophagi, decorated stoneware, machetes, and axes, West Nusa Tenggara was originally inhabited by people from Southeast Asia.

The most numerous of the indigenous people in this region are called the Sasak people, most of whom live on the island of Lombok, while on the island of Sumbawa the indigenous people are divided into two groups, ethnic Sumbawa (Samawa) and Bima. However, with the wave of migrants from Bali, Makassar, Java, Kalimantan, Nusa Tenggara, Maluku and East Nusa Tenggara, the indigenous people now largely remain in the interior.

The region was part of the Majapahit Empire during its height in the 14th century, conquering all the kingdoms located on the islands of both Lombok and Sumbawa. In the book Negarakertagama by Mpu Prapanca in 1365, it was written that West Lombok was named "Lombok Mirah" and East Lombok was named "Sasak Adi", Taliwang, Dompo (Dompu), Sape, Sanghyang Fire, Bhima (Bima), Seram (Seran) and Hutan Kedali (Utan).

Islamic period

In the early reign of the kings in West Nusa Tenggara, the influence of Hinduism was very strong, but with the collapse of the Majapahit Empire, the influence of Hinduism began to decrease with the onset of the influence of Islam in the coastal communities.

The creation of the Demak Sultanate in Central Java had a huge impact on the spread of Islam in West Nusa Tenggara. The influence of Islam in West Nusa Tenggara was generally brought by the Malays. The influence of Islam in Bima was supported by King I Maliingkaang Daeng-Mannyonriq of Makassar, who was then known as Karaeng Matoaya who played an important role in the spread of Islam in the region.

The influence of Islam in the Bima Sultanate emerged during the reign of King Manuru Salehi around 1605 and began to grow rapidly during the reign of King Abdul Kahir. King Abdul Kahir is also known as the Sultan of Bima because he was the king who first embraced Islam in Bima, beginning a new era, separate from the previous Bima kings who embraced Hinduism. Islam became the official religion of the kings in West Nusa Tenggara.[13]

Colonial period

The Europeans who first came to Nusa Tenggara were the Portuguese who landed on the islands of Solor and Timor in 1605. At the same time, the Dutch also came to the islands of Hitu and Ambon, in the Malukus. The first Dutch ship that entered the area was the Ter Ver which docked in Kupang in 1611. The arrival of the Dutch led to a long dispute between the Portuguese and the Dutch in Nusa Tenggara. The Dutch assisted the local kings who resisted the Portuguese. The Netherlands then expanded its influence in Nusa Tenggara, to make a variety of agreements with small kings around the island of Sumbawa.

The arrival of the Dutch colonial administration greatly impacted Indonesian society, with the decline of the Sultanate of Gowa in the 17th century. Gowa nobility who did not submit to the colonial government fled from Makassar and built pockets of resistance in West Nusa Tenggara. To combat the resistance, the colonial government began to concentrate power in West Nusa Tenggara. This was reinforced by the emergence of Lombok for international trade, so the desire of the Dutch to rule West Nusa Tenggara became stronger.

The Dutch colonial government sent Stephen van Hegen for a close look at the Bima Sultanate in 1660. The arrival of the Dutch-influenced the political and economic situation in the area. In 1669, the Government of the Bima Sultanate led by Sultan Ambela Abdul Khair Sirajuddin, made peace and friendship ties with the colonial government with the agreement that:

  • The Sultanate of Bima and Dompu will not attack Makassar
  • To keep the peace, only members of the Dutch East India Company may visit the Bima area
  • Bima and Makassar will not make any contact at all.
  • Foreign traders from Europe, India, Java, Malaya, Arab lands, Aceh, and Champa must not engage in trade with Bima, except by special permit from the Dutch East India Company.

The agreement with the Sultan of Bima and Dompu recognized the existence of the Dutch colonial power. The Netherlands sought to consolidate its control by blocking the Bima port to prevent the arrival of aid from Makassar or other foreign countries. The effort was made so that the existing ports in Bima and Lombok would not fall into British hands.

Because of Dutch supremacy in the region, the king and the people in the region could not move freely. This situation became worse with the eruption of Mount Tambora on April 5, 1815, which shook the entire region, and the consequences could be felt throughout the Moluccas, Java, Sulawesi, Sumatra, and Kalimantan. Mount Tambora's eruption resulted in the disappearance of the two kingdoms of Tambora and Papekat. More than 10,000 people were killed.

Independence

West Nusa Tenggara province previously had been part of the State of East Indonesia with the creation of the United States of Indonesia and had been part of the province of the Lesser Sunda Islands (Nusa Tenggara) after the recognition of Indonesian sovereignty.

The province of West Nusa Tenggara was created with the enactment of Law No. 64 of 1958 dated 14 August 1958, on the Establishment of the new provinces of Bali, West Nusa Tenggara, and East Nusa Tenggara, with its first governor being AR. Moh. Ruslan Djakraningrat.

Geography

Rhee Loka in Sumbawa Regency

West Nusa Tenggara (NTB) is a province in Indonesia located in the southern part of the Lesser Sunda Islands, consisting of two main islands, namely Lombok Island and Sumbawa Island, as well as several small islands around them such as the Gili Islands. Geographically, the province is surrounded by the Indian Ocean to the south and the Flores Sea to the north. To the west, West Nusa Tenggara borders the Province of Bali, while to the east it borders the Province of East Nusa Tenggara.[14]

The West Nusa Tenggara region has a varied topography, with relatively flat coastal areas in some parts of the island, especially in western and southern Lombok. On the other hand, there are mountainous areas that are characteristic of this region, especially Mount Rinjani on Lombok Island which reaches a height of 3,726 meters above sea level, making it the second highest mountain in Indonesia. Mount Rinjani is an active volcano and the center of the Mount Rinjani National Park, which includes mountainous forests, savannas, and a stunning crater lake called Segara Anak.[15][16]

Sumbawa Island, on the other hand, has a more varied landscape with steeper mountains, hills and valleys in the west, and dry grasslands in the east. The island also has several active volcanoes such as Mount Tambora which is famous for its eruption in 1815, one of the largest eruptions in history with global impact.[17][18][19]

Natural resources in West Nusa Tenggara include fertile agricultural land, especially in the lowlands and mountain slopes, as well as marine fisheries in coastal areas. In addition, the province is also known for its mineral wealth, such as the gold mine on Sumbawa Island which is one of the largest mines in Indonesia.

Climate

In terms of climate, West Nusa Tenggara has a tropical climate with two main seasons, namely the rainy season which lasts from November to March and the dry season from April to October.[20] Due to its geographical conditions, several areas in West Nusa Tenggara, especially the eastern part of Sumbawa, experience a long dry season with low rainfall, so this area tends to be dry and barren.

Based on the latest data from the Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics Agency (BMKG), the maximum temperature in West Nusa Tenggara (NTB) currently ranges from 31.5 to 34.0 °C, while the minimum temperature ranges from 21.0 to 25.5 °C. The highest temperature usually occurs in October, while the lowest temperature tends to occur in July to August. As a tropical climate region, NTB has a fairly high relative humidity, averaging between 55 and 90%, depending on the season and location. Humidity tends to be higher during the rainy season, which lasts from November to March, while the dry season is usually drier with lower humidity.[21]

Rainfall in West Nusa Tenggara (NTB) is lower than in western Indonesia such as Sumatra and Kalimantan. Western Indonesia tends to be wetter, with annual rainfall ranging from 2,000 to 4,000 mm due to the influence of the southwest monsoon. Meanwhile, West Nusa Tenggara, which is influenced by the southeast monsoon from Australia, has lower rainfall, ranging from 1,000 to 2,000 mm per year. Lombok Island is generally wetter than Sumbawa Island, which often experiences drought during the dry season.

Economy

West Nusa Tenggara (NTB) is a province in Indonesia that boasts a diverse and developing economy. Its primary economic activities revolve around agriculture, tourism, fisheries, and mining, with a growing focus on infrastructure development and investment in renewable energy and small businesses.

Agriculture

Agriculture is the backbone of NTB’s economy, providing livelihoods for the majority of the population.[22] The fertile soils and favorable climate conditions across Lombok and Sumbawa islands allow for both wet and dry farming practices. Key agricultural products include rice, corn, soybeans, peanuts, and tobacco. Rice, being the staple food in Indonesia, occupies a significant portion of the province's farmland, with farmers utilizing traditional methods alongside modern techniques to increase yields.

Corn and soybeans are equally important as they contribute to both local consumption and trade. Additionally, the province produces a variety of cash crops like coconut and cashews, which are exported to other regions and countries. The island of Lombok, in particular, has earned a reputation for its quality tobacco, which is used in cigarette production.

Cattle farming is another important economic activity in NTB, especially in Lombok, where beef cattle are raised both for domestic consumption and export. The province is one of the country’s top beef producers, with significant government support for livestock health and breeding programs.

Tourism

Tourism has emerged as a major pillar of NTB’s economy, particularly on Lombok and the nearby Gili Islands (Gili Trawangan, Gili Meno, and Gili Air). These islands have become internationally renowned for their stunning beaches, clear waters, and vibrant coral reefs, which attract both international and domestic tourists. Popular activities include snorkeling, diving, and surfing, particularly around the Gili Islands and along the southern coast of Lombok.[23]

Mount Rinjani, the second-highest volcano in Indonesia, is one of the province's most iconic tourist attractions. The mountain offers challenging trekking routes with spectacular views of its crater lake, Segara Anak. Additionally, cultural tourism is thriving in Lombok, with visitors drawn to the traditional Sasak villages, where they can experience local customs, weaving techniques, and traditional architecture.

To expand beyond Lombok’s established tourism hubs, the provincial government has been promoting other areas such as Sumbawa Island, which is known for its surfing spots, unspoiled beaches, and traditional buffalo races. The Mandalika Special Economic Zone (SEZ), located in southern Lombok, has been earmarked as a key development area. Mandalika is intended to attract significant investment in luxury resorts, hotels, and tourism infrastructure. One of the centerpiece developments is the Mandalika International Street Circuit, which hosts MotoGP races, further enhancing NTB’s appeal as a global tourism destination.[24]

Fisheries and Marine Resources

Given its vast coastline and rich marine biodiversity, fisheries and marine resources play an essential role in NTB’s economy. Fishing provides jobs for many coastal communities, especially on Lombok and Sumbawa islands. West Nusa Tenggara is a significant producer of high-value fish species such as tuna, shrimp, and snapper, which are exported to both domestic and international markets. In addition to traditional fishing methods, West Nusa Tenggara has increasingly embraced aquaculture, particularly shrimp farming and seaweed cultivation.[25]

The cultivation of seaweed, particularly in the shallow waters around Lombok and Sumbawa, has proven to be highly profitable, with most of the production being exported for use in food products, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. Government programs have been initiated to support small-scale fishermen and seaweed farmers by providing better access to technology, credit, and market opportunities.

Efforts to manage fisheries sustainably have also gained traction, with initiatives aimed at regulating fishing practices to prevent overfishing and protect marine ecosystems. These initiatives ensure the long-term viability of NTB's fisheries sector, which is vital for both the local economy and food security.

Mining

Mining is one of the most prominent industries in West Nusa Tenggara, particularly in the western part of Sumbawa Island. The province is home to the Batu Hijau mine, one of the world’s largest copper and gold mines. Operated by PT Amman Mineral Nusa Tenggara (formerly by Newmont Mining Corporation), Batu Hijau has been a significant contributor to the regional and national economy. The mine generates substantial export revenue through the extraction of copper and gold, which are critical to global industries ranging from electronics to energy production.

However, the mining industry in West Nusa Tenggara has also sparked concerns about its environmental and social impact. Issues such as deforestation, water pollution, and the displacement of local communities have been raised by environmental groups and local residents. In response, the government and the mining company have been working on improving sustainability practices, including reducing environmental degradation and increasing community engagement to ensure that mining activities benefit local populations.[26]

Infrastructure and Economic Development

West Nusa Tenggara has been making strides in infrastructure development, particularly to support its tourism and trade sectors.[27] Significant investments have been made in transportation infrastructure, including the development of highways, ports, and airports. The Lombok International Airport in Lombok is one of the key gateways to the region, facilitating both international and domestic flights and serving as a crucial link to Bali and other Indonesian provinces.

Road infrastructure has been steadily improved, with better connectivity between tourist areas, agricultural regions, and urban centers. Ports on Lombok and Sumbawa have been modernized to support the export of goods such as agricultural products, fishery products, and minerals.

In addition to transportation, West Nusa Tenggara has focused on improving its energy infrastructure.[28] The province is exploring opportunities in renewable energy, such as solar and wind power, to meet its growing energy needs sustainably. Investments in rural electrification programs aim to increase access to electricity in remote areas, enhancing the quality of life for residents and supporting economic activities in those regions.

Efforts to diversify the economy include encouraging investment in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), particularly in sectors such as agro-processing, handicrafts, and food production. NTB’s local government has also placed emphasis on improving human resources by investing in education, vocational training, and skill development programs. These initiatives are designed to equip the local workforce with the skills necessary to meet the demands of a rapidly evolving economy.

Government and administrative divisions

Mount Rinjani

The province is administratively divided into eight regencies (kabupaten) and two municipalities (kotamadya). When created, the province consisted of just six regencies (West Lombok, Central Lombok, East Lombok, Sumbawa, Dompu and Bima);[29] the city of Mataram was separated from West Lombok Regency on 26 July 1993, and the city of Bima was separated from Bima Regency on 10 April 2002. Two additional regencies were created - West Sumbawa from part of Sumbawa Regency on 18 December 2003, and North Lombok from part of West Lombok Regency on 24 June 2008. The regencies and cities are listed below with their administrative capitals, their areas, and their populations at the 2010 census[30] and the 2020 census,[31] together with the official estimates as of mid-2023.[2]

Kode
Wilayah		 Name of
City or
Regency		 Capital Area
in
km2		 Pop'n
2010
census		 Pop'n
2020
census		 Pop'n
mid 2023
estimate		 HDI[32]
2014 estimates
52.01 West Lombok Regency
(Lombok Barat)		 Gerung 922.91 599,986 721,481 753,641 0.635 (Medium)
52.02 Central Lombok Regency
(Lombok Tengah)		 Praya 1,208.39 860,209 1,034,859 1,099,201 0.618 (Medium)
52.03 East Lombok Regency
(Lombok Timur)		 Selong 1,605.55 1,105,582 1,325,240 1,404,343 0.620 (Medium)
52.08 North Lombok Regency
(Lombok Utara)		 Tanjung 809.53 200,072 247,400 265,500 0.601 (Medium)
52.71 Mataram City 61.30 402,843 429,651 441,147 0.759 (High)
Total Lombok 4,607.68 3,168,692 3,758,631 3,963,842
52.04 Sumbawa Regency Sumbawa Besar 6,643.99 415,789 509,753 529,487 0.628 (Medium)
52.05 Dompu Regency Dompu 2,324.55 218,973 236,665 247,188 0.635 (Medium)
52.06 Bima Regency Woha 4,389.40 439,228 514,105 535,530 0.626 (Medium)
52.07 West Sumbawa Regency
(Sumbawa Barat)		 Taliwang 1,743.58 114,951 145,798 152,950 0.671 (Medium)
52.72 Bima City Bima 222.25 142,579 155,140 161,362 0.722 (High)
Total Sumbawa 15,323.77 1,331,520 1,561,461 1,626,517

Proposals have been under consideration since 2013 by the People's Representative Council (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat or DPR) to create a separate Sumbawa Island province;[33] there is no information as to whether the remaining part of the present province (i.e. the districts comprising Lombok Island) would then be renamed. However, since 2013 the Indonesian Government have maintained a moratorium on the intended creation of new provinces, regencies and cities.

The province comprises two of Indonesia's 84 national electoral districts to elect members to the People's Representative Council. The West Nusa Tenggara I Electoral District consists of the 4 regencies on Sumbawa Island, together with the city of Bima, and elects 3 members to the People's Representative Council. The West Nusa Tenggara II Electoral District consists of the 4 regencies on Lombok Island, together with the city of Mataram, and elects 8 members to the People's Representative Council.[34]

Population

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1971 2,203,465—    
1980 2,724,664+23.7%
1990 3,369,649+23.7%
1995 3,645,713+8.2%
2000 4,009,261+10.0%
2005 4,184,411+4.4%
2010 4,500,212+7.5%
2015 4,830,118+7.3%
2020 5,320,092+10.1%
2023 5,590,359+5.1%
Source: Statistics Indonesia 2024 and previous.

Lombok is mainly inhabited by the Sasak ethnic group, with a minority Balinese population, and Sumbawa is inhabited by Sumbawa and Bimanese ethnic groups. Each of these groups has a local language associated with it as well. The population of the province was 4.5 million at the 2010 census, 5.32 million at the 2020 census, and 5.59 million according to the official estimates for early-2024.[2] A total of 70.7% of the province's population lives on Lombok (in early-2024), which has only 23.2% of the area. The province is considered to be one of the least developed of Indonesia's 34 provinces. In 2005, West Nusa Tenggara was reported as the most affected area by malnutrition and kwashiorkor.[35] Life expectancy in West Nusa Tenggara amounted to only 54 years, the lowest in Indonesia (69 years) and the highest infant mortality rate.[36]

Religion

Religion in West Nusa Tenggara (2022)[4]

  Islam (96.88%)
  Hinduism (2.38%)
  Buddhism (0.31%)
  Protestantism (0.25%)
  Roman Catholic (0.18%)

References

  1. ^ "J.D.I.H. - Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat".
  2. ^ a b c Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2024, Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat Dalam Angka 2024 (Katalog-BPS 1102001.52)
  3. ^ Indonesia's Population: Ethnicity and Religion in a Changing Political Landscape. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. 2003.
  4. ^ a b "Jumlah Penduduk Menurut Agama" (in Indonesian). Ministry of Religious Affairs. 31 August 2022. Retrieved 29 October 2023. Muslim 241 Million (87), Christianity 29.1 Million (10.5), Hindu 4.69 million (1.7), Buddhist 2.02 million (0.7), Folk, Confucianism, and others 192.311 (0.1), Total 277.749.673 Million
  5. ^ Badan Pusat Statistik (2023). "Produk Domestik Regional Bruto (Milyar Rupiah), 2022" (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik.
  6. ^ Badan Pusat Statistik (2023). "Produk Domestik Regional Bruto Per Kapita (Ribu Rupiah), 2022" (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik.
  7. ^ Badan Pembangunan Nasional (2023). "Capaian Indikator Utama Pembangunan" (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Badan Pembangunan Nasional.
  8. ^ Nusa Tenggara Barat, BPS Provinsi (28 February 2024). Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat Dalam Angka 2024 [Nusa Tenggara Barat Province in Figures 2024] (in Indonesian). Nusa Tenggara Barat: BPS Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat. p. 7. ISBN 9770215221507. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid prefix (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  9. ^ "Peraturan Daerah tentang Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup" (PDF). JDIH NTB (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2 September 2024.
  10. ^ "Population Regency/City - Statistical Data - BPS-Statistics Indonesia Nusa Tenggara Barat Province". ntb.bps.go.id. Retrieved 2024-09-02.
  11. ^ "Ekowisata di Desa Sade |". Retrieved 2024-09-02.
  12. ^ artanegara (2020-02-17). "Kegiatan Studi Teknis Arkeologi Di Istana Kesultanan Bima". Balai Pelestarian Cagar Budaya Bali (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2024-09-03.
  13. ^ Sejarah Nusa Tenggara Barat Periode Awal Perkembangan Islam
  14. ^ "Geografis : Dinamika Wilayah dan Potensi Daerah" (PDF). Bappeda NTB (in Indonesian). September 2013. Retrieved 2 September 2024.
  15. ^ "Mt Rinjani, Lombok Indonesia". Vacation's Highlight - Lombok Network Holidays 2024. Retrieved 2024-09-02.
  16. ^ "Mount Rinjani National Park – Rinjani Conservation". Retrieved 2024-09-02.
  17. ^ "History". Visit Tambora. 2015-10-09. Retrieved 2024-09-02.
  18. ^ Wood, Gillen D'Arcy (2014). Tambora: The Eruption that Changed the World. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-16862-3.
  19. ^ "Mount Tambora and the Year Without a Summer | Center for Science Education". scied.ucar.edu. Retrieved 2024-09-02.
  20. ^ "West Nusa Tenggara Weather and Climate". Weather and Climate. Retrieved 2 September 2024.
  21. ^ "Buletin Iklim NTB 2023 | Detail". staklim-ntb.bmkg.go.id. Retrieved 2024-09-02.
  22. ^ "Peningkatan Produktivitas Pertanian di Nusa Tenggara Barat". AgriMansion. Universitas Mataram. Retrieved 2 September 2024.
  23. ^ "Laporan Tahunan 2021 Dinas Pariwisata NTB" (PDF). Bappeda NTB. 2021. Retrieved 2 September 2024.
  24. ^ "Indonesia to host Asia Road Racing Championship, MotoGP race-Xinhua". english.news.cn. Retrieved 2024-09-03.
  25. ^ "FIP2B NTB: Data dan Informasi Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat". FIP2B NTB (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2 September 2024.
  26. ^ Sukma Ikhlasi Lukman (2021). "TANGGUNG JAWAB PERUSAHAAN ATAS REKLAMASI LAHAN EKS PERTAMBANGAN" (PDF). Fakultas Hukum Universitas Mataram (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2 September 2024.
  27. ^ NTB, Dinas PUPR Provinsi. "Website Dinas PUPR NTB - Membangun Infrastruktur Untuk NTB Yang Makin Gemilang". dpu.ntbprov.go.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2024-09-03.
  28. ^ "Analisis Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat 2015" (PDF). Bappenas (in Indonesian). Kementerian Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional/Bappenas. 2015. Retrieved 2 September 2024.
  29. ^ Government of Indonesia (9 August 1958), Establishment of the Second-level Administrative Regions under the First-level Administrative Region of Bali, West Nusa Tenggara and East Nusa Tenggara (in Indonesian ed.), Indonesia Ministry of Law and Justice, UU No. 69/1958, retrieved 2007-08-24 [dead link‍]
  30. ^ Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011.
  31. ^ Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.
  32. ^ Indeks-Pembangunan-Manusia-2014
  33. ^ Nugraha, Panca (March 1, 2011). "Officials support new province for Sumbawa". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 2023-06-03.
  34. ^ Law No. 7/2017 (UU No. 7 Tahun 2017) as amended by Government Regulation in Lieu of Law No. 1/2022 and Regulation of General Elections Commission No. 6/2023.
  35. ^ Ragil Suwito: Geography 2, p.151. Jakarta Timur 2010. ISBN 978-979-019-896-8
  36. ^ Ragil Suwito: Geography 2, p.149. Jakarta Timur 2010. ISBN 978-979-019-896-8
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for West Nusa Tenggara.
  1. ^ "Prabowo Cabut Status DKI dari Jakarta, Berlaku Mulai Ini Ditetapkan!", Emir Yanwardhana, CNBC Indonesia, retrieved 10 December 2024
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