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Beyond War (distinct from World Beyond War) is a movement founded in 1984. It seeks to end war, on the premise that, in the broad view, the continued practice of war will ultimately lead to a global catastrophe.

Aims

Beyond War aims to end war by addressing the psychological and philosophical roots of human war making behaviors in preference to political causes. It is based on the observation credited to Albert Einstein: "With the unleashed power of the atom, everything has changed, save our modes of thinking, and thus we drift towards unparalleled catastrophe".^[1] Beyond War sprang into being during the early 1980s in the Palo Alto area of California, among a group drawing primarily from academia, the computer industry and marketing. From the very start, the Beyond War group strongly held the conviction that "Life is at a crossroads. One direction leads to death, destruction, and possibly the extinction of life on earth. The other direction opens new possibilities for the human species; a world where all people have the opportunity to satisfy their basic human needs, where life has meaning and purpose."^[2] Due to this sense of imminent, climactic danger, the principle of commitment is foundational to the movement, in which leaders and serious volunteers have taken time off from their work to give a year or two of full-time volunteer help.

Fanning out across the United States and a number countries including Canada, England, Sweden, Israel, and Germany, the Beyond War volunteer coordinators brought with them the "Interest Evening" and "Orientation" presentations. Employing an array of video, literary, philosophical, religious and marketing psychology approaches, the introductory "Interest Evening" culminates with the famously simple but effective "BBs demonstration". In this, the presenter, having described in graphic detail the devastating effect of a single thermonuclear detonation on a modern city, asks the participants to close their eyes and listen as 10,000 BBs, representing each of the 10,000 thermonuclear devices in the world, are poured into a large tin bucket.^[3] Participants, often visibly shaken, are typically asked to commit to a six-part vow "to build a world beyond war". The vows are divided into three guiding principles and three core practices.^[4]

Principles and practices

The guiding principles are:

War is obsolete
We are one on this planet
The means are the ends in the making.

The core practices are:

I will resolve conflict. I will not use violence
I will maintain an attitude of good will. I will not preoccupy myself with an enemy
I will work together with others to build a world beyond war.

In all these principles, the Beyond War movement remains notable for its ability to remain staunchly non-partisan politically, and non-sectarian in the religious sense. In keeping with its global perspective, it attempts, with varying but generally substantial degrees of success, to avoid identification with any nation, political ideology, religious creed etc. The aim is to be inclusive due to the guiding principle #2—"We are one on this planet".

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, and the widespread perception that the threat of nuclear war was no longer imminent and the essential goals of Beyond War had been met, the founders met and decided to radically expand the goals of the movement. It was to become even more inclusive and the name was changed to Global Community, with a very philosophical and internationalist leaning, also embracing environmental and social concerns not originally found in the single minded concern with war and weapons of planetary scale mass destruction. This meeting was held without consulting the 24,000 membership worldwide, who were spectators on the sidelines of the momentous events of the years between 1989 and 2001, which included the breakup of Soviet communism, the first Gulf War and the September 11 attacks.

However, with concern mounting about the direction of the "war on terror", and boosted by a certain amount of outrage at the second U.S. led assault on Iraq, taking place in March 2003, a group of long time Beyond War/Global Community members based in Portland and Eugene, Oregon, were roused to action.^[5] They had come to the conclusion that the goals of the original movement had not been met and that the danger of a global Armageddon had actually increased since the rise of the "war on terror" and the failure of the U.S. and Russia to continue to dismantle nuclear weapons below the level 7,000. With the full cooperation and assistance of the Global Community Board, the curriculum was updated and the use of web based technology adopted. By 2009, the membership had returned to approximately 2,000.

Framework for a Public Peace Process

The Beyond War Foundation and Stanford University Center on Conflict and Negotiation^[6] worked together to bring to the California redwoods Palestinian and Israeli citizens leaders who then forged and signed the historic Framework for a Public Peace Process document.^[7] By 1993, government negotiators were clarifying their own plea for mandatory citizen relationships and creativity of People-to-People Programs in Annex VI of the 1993 Oslo Accords.^[8] The 1991 Framework immediately inspired the 1992 birth of the sustained Jewish-Palestinian Living Room Dialogue Group in the United States.

Award Ceremonies

The Beyond War Award^[9] was created in 1983 and ran for eight years (1983-1990) to honor the great efforts of humankind as it moves to build a world beyond war. The award attracted national and international attention through the nominating and selection process.

Second Beyond War Award Ceremony 1984. The International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War received the second Beyond War Award. It was presented to the co-founders, Dr. Bernard Lown of the US and Dr. Yevgeni Chazov of the USSR, simultaneously through the use of a live satellite teleconference link or "spacebridge" between Moscow and San Francisco. This historic event was viewed live by over 75,000 people. Over 100 million Soviets subsequently saw the televised videotape. (Free Video at Archive.org.)
Third Beyond War Award Ceremony 1985. The Beyond War Foundation presented its award to six world leaders, President Miguel de la Madrid in Mexico, President Raúl Alfonsín of Argentina, Prime Minister Olof Palme in Sweden, First President Julius Nyerere (now retired) in Tanzania, Prime Minister Andreas Papandreou in Greece and Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi in India, each in his respective country, at the same time on two-way television so they could all see and hear each other, and so the world could look on.^[10]

References

^ Einstein, Albert (December 12, 1988). Nathan, Otto; Norden, Heinz (eds.). Einstein on Peace (1981 ed.). Random House Value Publishing. p. 576. ISBN 978-0517345801.
^ Roney, Richard T. (ed.). "BREAKTHROUGH - Beyond War: A New Way of Thinking". www-ee.stanford.edu. Archived from the original on 2023-09-07. Retrieved 2024-07-31.
^ Heath, Dan (2008-12-16). "Beyond War: The audio version". www.madetostick.com. Archived from the original on 2008-12-19. Retrieved 2024-07-31.
^ Beyond War Communicator’s Guide (PDF). 222 High Street, Palo Alto, California. 1985. ISBN 978-1570758270. Retrieved 2024-07-31.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: url-status (link)
^ "The history of Beyond War". beyondwar.org. Archived from the original on 2009-10-24. Retrieved 2009-10-25.
^ "Home". Stanford Law School. Archived from the original on 2024-07-29. Retrieved 2024-07-31.
^ "FRAMEWORK FOR A PUBLIC PEACE PROCESS Toward A Peaceful Israeli-Palestinian Relationship" (PDF). traubman.igc.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-09-07. Retrieved 2024-07-31.
^ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs". gov.il. Archived from the original on 2024-02-08. Retrieved 2024-07-31.
^ "Beyond War Award". traubman.igc.org. Archived from the original on 2024-01-01. Retrieved 2024-07-31.
^ Hendrix, Kathleen (1985-12-16). "Peace Group Tries a 'Spacebridge' : Beyond War Uses 6-Nation TV Hookup for Award Rites". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 2023-09-07.

References

Winslow Myers, Living Beyond War: A Citizen's Guide, Orbis Press, 2009, ISBN 978-1570758270, Living Beyond War - A Citizen's Guide - Winslow Myers - public peace process how-to book

External links

Beyond War Archive, including videos and booklets freely available for download.
Foundation for Global Community

[1] Einstein, Albert (December 12, 1988). Nathan, Otto; Norden, Heinz (eds.). Einstein on Peace (1981 ed.). Random House Value Publishing. p. 576. ISBN 978-0517345801.

[2] Roney, Richard T. (ed.). "BREAKTHROUGH - Beyond War: A New Way of Thinking". www-ee.stanford.edu. Archived from the original on 2023-09-07. Retrieved 2024-07-31.

[3] Heath, Dan (2008-12-16). "Beyond War: The audio version". www.madetostick.com. Archived from the original on 2008-12-19. Retrieved 2024-07-31.

[4] Beyond War Communicator’s Guide (PDF). 222 High Street, Palo Alto, California. 1985. ISBN 978-1570758270. Retrieved 2024-07-31.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: url-status (link)

[5] "The history of Beyond War". beyondwar.org. Archived from the original on 2009-10-24. Retrieved 2009-10-25.

[SCICN-6] "Home". Stanford Law School. Archived from the original on 2024-07-29. Retrieved 2024-07-31.

[FWPPP-7] "FRAMEWORK FOR A PUBLIC PEACE PROCESS Toward A Peaceful Israeli-Palestinian Relationship" (PDF). traubman.igc.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-09-07. Retrieved 2024-07-31.

[GuideToPeaceProcess-8] "Ministry of Foreign Affairs". gov.il. Archived from the original on 2024-02-08. Retrieved 2024-07-31.

[9] "Beyond War Award". traubman.igc.org. Archived from the original on 2024-01-01. Retrieved 2024-07-31.

[latimes1985-10] Hendrix, Kathleen (1985-12-16). "Peace Group Tries a 'Spacebridge' : Beyond War Uses 6-Nation TV Hookup for Award Rites". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 2023-09-07.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{short description|Movement for peace}}
-{{Cleanup bare URLs|date=September 2022}}
 '''Beyond War''' (distinct from [[World Beyond War]]) is a movement founded in 1984. It seeks to end [[war]], on the premise that, in the broad view, the continued practice of war will ultimately lead to a [[global catastrophe]].
 ==Aims==
-Beyond War aims to end war by addressing the psychological and philosophical roots of human war making behaviors in preference to political causes. It is based on the observation credited  to [[Albert Einstein]]: "With the unleashed power of the atom, everything has changed, save our modes of thinking, and thus we drift towards unparalleled catastrophe".<ref>''Einstein on Peace'', p.576</ref> Beyond War sprang into being during the early 1980s in the [[Palo Alto, California|Palo Alto]] area of [[California]], among a group drawing primarily from [[academia]], the [[computer industry]] and [[marketing]].  From the very start, the Beyond War group strongly held the conviction that "Life is at a crossroads. One direction leads to death, destruction, and possibly the [[Mass extinction|extinction of life on earth]]. The other direction opens new possibilities for the human species; a world where all people have the opportunity to satisfy their basic human needs, where life has meaning and purpose."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www-ee.stanford.edu/~hellman/Breakthrough/book/chapters/roney.html|title = BREAKTHROUGH - Beyond War: A New Way of Thinking}}</ref> Due to this sense of imminent, climactic danger, the principle of commitment is foundational to the movement, in which leaders and serious [[Volunteering|volunteer]]s have taken time off from their work to give a year or two of full-time volunteer help.
+Beyond War aims to end war by addressing the psychological and philosophical roots of human war making behaviors in preference to political causes. It is based on the observation credited  to [[Albert Einstein]]: "With the unleashed power of the atom, everything has changed, save our modes of thinking, and thus we drift towards unparalleled catastrophe".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Einstein |first=Albert |title=Einstein on Peace |date=December 12, 1988 |publisher=Random House Value Publishing |isbn=978-0517345801 |editor-last=Nathan |editor-first=Otto |edition=1981 |pages=576 |editor-last2=Norden |editor-first2=Heinz}}</ref> Beyond War sprang into being during the early 1980s in the [[Palo Alto, California|Palo Alto]] area of [[California]], among a group drawing primarily from [[academia]], the [[computer industry]] and [[marketing]].  From the very start, the Beyond War group strongly held the conviction that "Life is at a crossroads. One direction leads to death, destruction, and possibly the [[Mass extinction|extinction of life on earth]]. The other direction opens new possibilities for the human species; a world where all people have the opportunity to satisfy their basic human needs, where life has meaning and purpose."<ref>{{Cite web |editor-last=Roney |editor-first=Richard T. |title=BREAKTHROUGH - Beyond War: A New Way of Thinking |url=http://www-ee.stanford.edu/~hellman/Breakthrough/book/chapters/roney.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907232412/https://ee.stanford.edu/~hellman/Breakthrough/book/chapters/roney.html |archive-date=2023-09-07 |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=www-ee.stanford.edu}}</ref> Due to this sense of imminent, climactic danger, the principle of commitment is foundational to the movement, in which leaders and serious [[Volunteering|volunteer]]s have taken time off from their work to give a year or two of full-time volunteer help.
-Fanning out across the [[United States]] and a number countries including [[Canada]], [[England]], [[Sweden]], [[Israel]], and [[Germany]], the Beyond War volunteer coordinators brought with them the "Interest Evening" and "Orientation" presentations. Employing an array of video, literary, philosophical, religious and marketing [[psychology]] approaches, the introductory "Interest Evening" culminates with the famously simple but effective "[[BB (ammunition)|BBs]] demonstration". In this, the presenter, having described in graphic detail the devastating effect of a single [[Thermonuclear explosion|thermonuclear detonation]] on a modern city, asks the participants to close their eyes and listen as 10,000 BBs, representing each of the 10,000 thermonuclear devices in the world, are poured into a large tin bucket.<ref>http://www.madetostick.com/blog/2008/12/16/beyond-war-the-audio-version/</ref> Participants, often visibly shaken, are typically asked to commit to a six-part vow "to build a world beyond war". The vows are divided into three guiding principles and three core practices.<ref>Beyond War Communicator's Guide, 1985 [http://traubman.igc.org/bwguide.pdf PDF]</ref>
+Fanning out across the [[United States]] and a number countries including [[Canada]], [[England]], [[Sweden]], [[Israel]], and [[Germany]], the Beyond War volunteer coordinators brought with them the "Interest Evening" and "Orientation" presentations. Employing an array of video, literary, philosophical, religious and marketing [[psychology]] approaches, the introductory "Interest Evening" culminates with the famously simple but effective "[[BB (ammunition)|BBs]] demonstration". In this, the presenter, having described in graphic detail the devastating effect of a single [[Thermonuclear explosion|thermonuclear detonation]] on a modern city, asks the participants to close their eyes and listen as 10,000 BBs, representing each of the 10,000 thermonuclear devices in the world, are poured into a large tin bucket.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Heath |first=Dan |date=2008-12-16 |title=Beyond War: The audio version |url=http://www.madetostick.com/blog/2008/12/16/beyond-war-the-audio-version/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219062417/http://www.madetostick.com/blog/2008/12/16/beyond-war-the-audio-version/ |archive-date=2008-12-19 |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=www.madetostick.com}}</ref> Participants, often visibly shaken, are typically asked to commit to a six-part vow "to build a world beyond war". The vows are divided into three guiding principles and three core practices.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://traubman.igc.org/bwguide.pdf |title=Beyond War Communicator’s Guide |year=1985 |isbn=978-1570758270 |location=222 High Street, Palo Alto, California |language=en |access-date=2024-07-31 |url-status=live}}</ref>
 ==Principles and practices==
@@ Line 23: / Line 22: @@
 After the collapse of the [[Soviet Union]], and the widespread perception that the threat of nuclear war was no longer imminent and the essential goals of Beyond War had been met, the founders met and decided to radically expand the goals of the movement. It was to become even more inclusive and the name was changed to Global Community, with a very [[Philosophy|philosophical]] and [[Internationalism (politics)|internationalist]] leaning, also embracing environmental and social concerns not originally found in the single minded concern with war and [[Weapon of mass destruction|weapons]] of planetary scale mass destruction. This meeting was held without consulting the 24,000 membership worldwide, who were spectators on the sidelines of the momentous events of the years between 1989 and 2001, which included the breakup of [[Soviet communism]], the first [[Gulf War]] and the [[September 11 attacks]].
-However, with concern mounting about the direction of the "[[War on Terrorism|war on terror]]", and boosted by a certain amount of outrage at the second U.S. led assault on [[Iraq]], taking place in March 2003, a group of long time Beyond War/Global Community members based in [[Portland, Oregon|Portland]] and [[Eugene, Oregon]], were roused to action.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.beyondwar.org/about/history.htm |title=The history of Beyond War |access-date=2009-10-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091024091647/http://www.beyondwar.org/about/history.htm |archive-date=2009-10-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref> They had come to the conclusion that the goals of the original movement had not been met and that the danger of a global Armageddon had actually increased since the rise of the "war on terror" and the failure of the U.S. and Russia to continue to dismantle [[nuclear weapon]]s below the level 7,000. With the full cooperation  and assistance of the Global Community Board, the curriculum was updated and the use of web based technology adopted. By 2009, the membership had returned to approximately 2,000.
+However, with concern mounting about the direction of the "[[War on Terrorism|war on terror]]", and boosted by a certain amount of outrage at the second U.S. led assault on [[Iraq]], taking place in March 2003, a group of long time Beyond War/Global Community members based in [[Portland, Oregon|Portland]] and [[Eugene, Oregon]], were roused to action.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The history of Beyond War |url=http://www.beyondwar.org/about/history.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091024091647/http://www.beyondwar.org/about/history.htm |archive-date=2009-10-24 |access-date=2009-10-25 |website=beyondwar.org}}</ref> They had come to the conclusion that the goals of the original movement had not been met and that the danger of a global Armageddon had actually increased since the rise of the "war on terror" and the failure of the U.S. and Russia to continue to dismantle [[nuclear weapon]]s below the level 7,000. With the full cooperation  and assistance of the Global Community Board, the curriculum was updated and the use of web based technology adopted. By 2009, the membership had returned to approximately 2,000.
 ==Framework for a Public Peace Process==
-The Beyond War Foundation  and [[Stanford University]] Center on Conflict and Negotiation<ref name="SCICN">Stanford Center on International Conflict and Negotiation (SCICN), [http://www.law.stanford.edu/node/149750 Website] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128091159/http://www.law.stanford.edu/node/149750 |date=January 28, 2013 }}</ref> worked together to bring to the California redwoods Palestinian and Israeli citizens leaders who then forged and signed the historic ''Framework for a Public Peace Process'' document.<ref name="FWPPP">Stanford Center on International Conflict and Negotiation, Beyond War Foundation, ''FRAMEWORK FOR A PUBLIC PEACE PROCESS: Toward a Peaceful Israeli-Palestinian Relationship'', 1991. [http://traubman.igc.org/ppp.pdf PDF]</ref>  By 1993, government negotiators were clarifying their own plea for mandatory citizen relationships and creativity of People-to-People Programs in Annex VI of the 1993 Oslo Accords.<ref name="GuideToPeaceProcess">THE ISRAELI-PALESTINIAN INTERIM AGREEMENT ON THE WEST BANK AND THE GAZA STRIP, Annex VI, Protocol Concerning Israeli-Palestinian Cooperation Programs, 1999, [http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Peace+Process/Guide+to+the+Peace+Process/THE+ISRAELI-PALESTINIAN+INTERIM+AGREEMENT+-+Annex+VI.htm Website Page]</ref>  The 1991 Framework immediately inspired the 1992 birth of the sustained [[Jewish-Palestinian Living Room Dialogue Group]] in the United States.
+The Beyond War Foundation  and [[Stanford University]] Center on Conflict and Negotiation<ref name="SCICN">{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Home |url=https://law.stanford.edu/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240729125135/https://law.stanford.edu/ |archive-date=2024-07-29 |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=Stanford Law School |language=en}}</ref> worked together to bring to the California redwoods Palestinian and Israeli citizens leaders who then forged and signed the historic ''Framework for a Public Peace Process'' document.<ref name="FWPPP">{{Cite web |title=FRAMEWORK FOR A PUBLIC PEACE PROCESS Toward A Peaceful Israeli-Palestinian Relationship |url=http://traubman.igc.org/ppp.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907232408/http://traubman.igc.org/ppp.pdf |archive-date=2023-09-07 |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=traubman.igc.org}}</ref>  By 1993, government negotiators were clarifying their own plea for mandatory citizen relationships and creativity of People-to-People Programs in Annex VI of the 1993 Oslo Accords.<ref name="GuideToPeaceProcess">{{Cite web |title=Ministry of Foreign Affairs |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Peace+Process/Guide+to+the+Peace+Process/THE+ISRAELI-PALESTINIAN+INTERIM+AGREEMENT+-+Annex+VI.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208105028/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Peace+Process/Guide+to+the+Peace+Process/THE+ISRAELI-PALESTINIAN+INTERIM+AGREEMENT+-+Annex+VI.htm |archive-date=2024-02-08 |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=gov.il}}</ref>  The 1991 Framework immediately inspired the 1992 birth of the sustained [[Jewish-Palestinian Living Room Dialogue Group]] in the United States.
 == Award Ceremonies ==
-The Beyond War Award<ref>The Beyond War Awards, [http://traubman.igc.org/bwaward.htm Website Page]</ref> was created in 1983 and ran for eight years (1983-1990) to honor the great efforts of humankind as it moves to build a world beyond war.  The award attracted national and international attention through the nominating and selection process.
+The Beyond War Award<ref>{{Cite web |title=Beyond War Award |url=https://traubman.igc.org/bwaward.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101154128/https://traubman.igc.org/bwaward.htm |archive-date=2024-01-01 |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=traubman.igc.org}}</ref> was created in 1983 and ran for eight years (1983-1990) to honor the great efforts of humankind as it moves to build a world beyond war.  The award attracted national and international attention through the nominating and selection process.
 * Second Beyond War Award Ceremony 1984.   The International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War received the second Beyond War Award. It was presented to the co-founders, Dr. Bernard Lown of the US and Dr. Yevgeni Chazov of the USSR, simultaneously through the use of a live satellite teleconference link or "spacebridge" between Moscow and San Francisco. This historic event was viewed live by over 75,000 people.  Over 100 million Soviets subsequently saw the televised videotape.  ([https://archive.org/details/BeyondWarAward-1984-Ippnw-FirstSf-moscowSpacebridge Free Video at Archive.org].)
-* Third Beyond War Award Ceremony 1985.  The Beyond War Foundation presented its award to six world leaders, President [[Miguel de la Madrid]] in Mexico, President [[Raúl Alfonsín]] of Argentina, Prime Minister [[Olof Palme]] in Sweden, First President [[Julius Nyerere]] (now retired) in Tanzania, Prime Minister [[Andreas Papandreou]] in Greece and Prime Minister [[Rajiv Gandhi]] in India, each in his respective country, at the same time on two-way television so they could all see and hear each other, and so the world could look on.<ref name="latimes1985">Kathleen Hendrix, ''Peace Group Tries a 'Spacebridge' : Beyond War Uses 6-Nation TV Hookup for Award Rites'', Los Angeles Times, December 16, 1985 [http://articles.latimes.com/1985-12-16/news/vw-882_1_peace-group]</ref>
+* Third Beyond War Award Ceremony 1985.  The Beyond War Foundation presented its award to six world leaders, President [[Miguel de la Madrid]] in Mexico, President [[Raúl Alfonsín]] of Argentina, Prime Minister [[Olof Palme]] in Sweden, First President [[Julius Nyerere]] (now retired) in Tanzania, Prime Minister [[Andreas Papandreou]] in Greece and Prime Minister [[Rajiv Gandhi]] in India, each in his respective country, at the same time on two-way television so they could all see and hear each other, and so the world could look on.<ref name="latimes1985">{{Cite news |last=Hendrix |first=Kathleen |date=1985-12-16 |title=Peace Group Tries a ‘Spacebridge’ : Beyond War Uses 6-Nation TV Hookup for Award Rites |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-12-16-vw-882-story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907232412/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-12-16-vw-882-story.html |archive-date=2023-09-07 |work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref>
-== Notes ==
+== References ==
 {{Reflist}}
 == References ==
-* ''Einstein on Peace'', Albert Einstein (Author), Otto Nathan (Editor), Heinz Norden (Editor), Bertrand Russell (Foreword) Publisher: Random House Value Publishing; Avenel 1981 ed edition (December 12, 1988)
 * [[Winslow Myers]], ''Living Beyond War: A Citizen's Guide'', Orbis Press, 2009, {{ISBN|978-1570758270}}, [http://traubman.igc.org/bwbook.htm Living Beyond War - A Citizen's Guide - Winslow Myers - public peace process how-to book]