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[[Image:Ladybird aphid 7462.jpg|right|thumb|A [[ladybird]] larva eating [[aphid]]s]]
[[Image:Ladybird aphid 7462.jpg|right|thumb|A [[ladybird]] larva eating [[aphid]]s]]
{{Main|Biological pest control}}
{{Main|Biological pest control}}
An important ecosystem function associated with biodiversity is pest control.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ives |first=A.R. |last2=Klug |first2=J.L. |last3=Gross |first3=K. |date=2000 |title=Stability and species richness in complex communities |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1461-0248.2000.00144.x |journal=Ecology Letters |language=en |volume=3 |issue=5 |pages=399–411 |doi=10.1046/j.1461-0248.2000.00144.x |issn=1461-023X}}</ref> Control species can suppress pest populations and reduce loss of crop yields without the negative impacts of chemical [[Pesticide|pesticides]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bianchi |first=F.J.J.A |last2=Booij |first2=C.J.H |last3=Tscharntke |first3=T |date=2006-07-22 |title=Sustainable pest regulation in agricultural landscapes: a review on landscape composition, biodiversity and natural pest control |url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2006.3530 |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |language=en |volume=273 |issue=1595 |pages=1715–1727 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2006.3530 |issn=0962-8452 |pmc=PMC1634792 |pmid=16790403}}</ref> This has economic benefits and maintaining natural pest control is important to humanity's ability to grow crops.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dainese |first=Matteo |last2=Martin |first2=Emily A. |last3=Aizen |first3=Marcelo A. |last4=Albrecht |first4=Matthias |last5=Bartomeus |first5=Ignasi |last6=Bommarco |first6=Riccardo |last7=Carvalheiro |first7=Luisa G. |last8=Chaplin-Kramer |first8=Rebecca |last9=Gagic |first9=Vesna |last10=Garibaldi |first10=Lucas A. |last11=Ghazoul |first11=Jaboury |last12=Grab |first12=Heather |last13=Jonsson |first13=Mattias |last14=Karp |first14=Daniel S. |last15=Kennedy |first15=Christina M. |date=2019-10-11 |title=A global synthesis reveals biodiversity-mediated benefits for crop production |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.aax0121 |journal=Science Advances |language=en |volume=5 |issue=10 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax0121 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=PMC6795509 |pmid=31663019}}</ref> It can also be applied within horticulture.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Biological control in the home garden / RHS Gardening |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/prevention-protection/biological-control-garden |access-date=2024-07-19 |website=www.rhs.org.uk |language=en-gb}}</ref>
Using control species is often considered as more environmentally friendly method with compared with using [[pesticide]]s. The control species can be used to protect the crops against [[Pest (organism)|pest]]s and [[weed]]s. The economic loss due to the loss of crops/food can be reduced with the use of the control species.


Biological pest control can reduce economic losses incurred as a result of pests, disease vectors, and invasive species.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hanley |first=Nick |last2=Roberts |first2=Michaela |date=2019 |editor-last=Chan |editor-first=Kai |title=The economic benefits of invasive species management |url=https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pan3.31 |journal=People and Nature |language=en |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=124–137 |doi=10.1002/pan3.31 |issn=2575-8314}}</ref> However, its use can have unintended effects where control species are introduced without adequate research.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Readfearn |first=Graham |date=2019-01-27 |title=Cane toads wouldn't have made it: inside CSIRO's biocontrol program |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/jan/28/cane-toads-wouldnt-have-made-it-inside-csiros-biocontrol-program |access-date=2024-07-19 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> For example, the [[cane toad]] was introduced to Queensland in 1935 to control [[Dermolepida albohirtum|cane beetles]] that attack [[sugarcane]] roots but are now regarded as an [[Invasive species|invasive]] species through their damaging impacts on native species.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shine |first=Richard |date=2010 |title=The Ecological Impact of Invasive Cane Toads ( Bufo Marinus ) in Australia |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/655116 |journal=The Quarterly Review of Biology |language=en |volume=85 |issue=3 |pages=253–291 |doi=10.1086/655116 |issn=0033-5770}}</ref>
Also, the population of disease vectors (for example, [[mosquito]]es) and the invasive species can be controlled; thus, the economic loss led by the invasive species and vectors can be reduced.

However, even with extensive research into the control species, their use is a risky business, as in the importation of the [[cane toad]] to control beetles in Queensland.


==Medication==
==Medication==
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{{See also|Sustainable tourism|Ecotourism}}
{{See also|Sustainable tourism|Ecotourism}}
Through cultural ecosystem services, biodiversity provides economic benefits in the form of recreation and tourism, while also benefitting human wellbeing.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Paracchini |first=Maria Luisa |last2=Zulian |first2=Grazia |last3=Kopperoinen |first3=Leena |last4=Maes |first4=Joachim |last5=Schägner |first5=Jan Philipp |last6=Termansen |first6=Mette |last7=Zandersen |first7=Marianne |last8=Perez-Soba |first8=Marta |last9=Scholefield |first9=Paul A. |last10=Bidoglio |first10=Giovanni |date=2014-04-08 |title=Mapping cultural ecosystem services: A framework to assess the potential for outdoor recreation across the EU |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.04.018 |journal=Ecological Indicators |volume=45 |pages=371–385 |doi=10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.04.018 |issn=1470-160X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Economic Benefits of Outdoor Recreation And Tourism : WeConservePA Library |url=https://library.weconservepa.org/conservation-benefits/129-Economic-Benefits-of-Outdoor-Recreation-And-Tourism |access-date=2024-07-19 |website=library.weconservepa.org}}</ref> Biodiversity influences the potential of ecosystems to provide recreational services.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mancini |first=Francesca |last2=Coghill |first2=George M. |last3=Lusseau |first3=David |date=2019-01-31 |editor-last=Wiersma |editor-first=Yolanda |title=Quantifying wildlife watchers’ preferences to investigate the overlap between recreational and conservation value of natural areas |url=https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1365-2664.13274 |journal=Journal of Applied Ecology |language=en |volume=56 |issue=2 |pages=387–397 |doi=10.1111/1365-2664.13274 |issn=0021-8901}}</ref> This includes [[outdoor recreation]], such as hiking, hunting, fishing, and wildlife watching.
Through cultural ecosystem services, biodiversity provides economic benefits in the form of recreation and tourism, while also benefitting human wellbeing.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Paracchini |first=Maria Luisa |last2=Zulian |first2=Grazia |last3=Kopperoinen |first3=Leena |last4=Maes |first4=Joachim |last5=Schägner |first5=Jan Philipp |last6=Termansen |first6=Mette |last7=Zandersen |first7=Marianne |last8=Perez-Soba |first8=Marta |last9=Scholefield |first9=Paul A. |last10=Bidoglio |first10=Giovanni |date=2014-04-08 |title=Mapping cultural ecosystem services: A framework to assess the potential for outdoor recreation across the EU |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.04.018 |journal=Ecological Indicators |volume=45 |pages=371–385 |doi=10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.04.018 |issn=1470-160X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Economic Benefits of Outdoor Recreation And Tourism : WeConservePA Library |url=https://library.weconservepa.org/conservation-benefits/129-Economic-Benefits-of-Outdoor-Recreation-And-Tourism |access-date=2024-07-19 |website=library.weconservepa.org}}</ref> Biodiversity influences the potential of ecosystems to provide recreational services.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mancini |first=Francesca |last2=Coghill |first2=George M. |last3=Lusseau |first3=David |date=2019-01-31 |editor-last=Wiersma |editor-first=Yolanda |title=Quantifying wildlife watchers’ preferences to investigate the overlap between recreational and conservation value of natural areas |url=https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1365-2664.13274 |journal=Journal of Applied Ecology |language=en |volume=56 |issue=2 |pages=387–397 |doi=10.1111/1365-2664.13274 |issn=0021-8901}}</ref> This includes [[outdoor recreation]], such as hiking, hunting, fishing, and wildlife watching.
[[File:Sumidero ecotourism reserve.JPG|alt=Sumidero Canyon Ecological Reserve in Sumidero Canyon — in the state of Chiapas, Southwestern Mexico.|thumb|Sumidero Canyon Ecological Reserve in '''Sumidero Canyon''' — in the state of Chiapas, Southwestern Mexico.]]

Another form of [[recreation]] supported by biodiversity is [[tourism]]. Biodiversity is "at the heart of what drives the [[tourism]] industry", according to the [[United Nations Environment Programme]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=No guilt trips: Tourism is part of the solution for nature |url=https://www.cbd.int/article/tourism-part-of-the-solution |access-date=2024-07-19 |website=Convention on Biological Diversity |language=en}}</ref> The beauty of tourist destinations or the species they support can attract tourists to visit certain areas.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=Peter |date=2022-08-25 |title=Tourism and Biodiversity: A Paradoxical Relationship |url=https://www.athensjournals.gr/tourism/2022-9-3-2-Jones.pdf |journal=Athens Journal of Tourism |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=151–162 |doi=10.30958/ajt.9-3-2}}</ref> For example, destinations like [[Rainforest|rainforests]], [[Beach|beaches]], [[National park|national parks]], and [[Nature reserve|nature reserves]] are attractive to tourists. The revenue generated through tourism is vital to many economies worldwide.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Naseem |first=Sana |date=2021-08-18 |title=The Role of Tourism in Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence from Saudi Arabia |url=https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7099/9/3/117 |journal=Economies |language=en |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=117 |doi=10.3390/economies9030117 |issn=2227-7099}}</ref>
Another form of [[recreation]] supported by biodiversity is [[tourism]]. Biodiversity is "at the heart of what drives the [[tourism]] industry", according to the [[United Nations Environment Programme]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=No guilt trips: Tourism is part of the solution for nature |url=https://www.cbd.int/article/tourism-part-of-the-solution |access-date=2024-07-19 |website=Convention on Biological Diversity |language=en}}</ref> The beauty of tourist destinations or the species they support can attract tourists to visit certain areas.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=Peter |date=2022-08-25 |title=Tourism and Biodiversity: A Paradoxical Relationship |url=https://www.athensjournals.gr/tourism/2022-9-3-2-Jones.pdf |journal=Athens Journal of Tourism |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=151–162 |doi=10.30958/ajt.9-3-2}}</ref> For example, destinations like [[Rainforest|rainforests]], [[Beach|beaches]], [[National park|national parks]], and [[Nature reserve|nature reserves]] are attractive to tourists. The revenue generated through tourism is vital to many economies worldwide.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Naseem |first=Sana |date=2021-08-18 |title=The Role of Tourism in Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence from Saudi Arabia |url=https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7099/9/3/117 |journal=Economies |language=en |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=117 |doi=10.3390/economies9030117 |issn=2227-7099}}</ref>


Revision as of 17:35, 19 July 2024

The biodiversity of the Masai Mara nature reserve in Kenya is a tourist attraction

Biodiversity plays an essential role in the global economy. [1] This includes its role in providing ecosystem services - the benefits that humans get from ecosystems. Biodiversity plays a major role in the productivity and functioning of ecosystems, affects their ability to provide ecosystem services.[2] For example, biodiversity is a source of food, medication, and materials used in industry. Recreation and tourism are also examples of human economic activities that rely on these benefits. In 2018, the WWF Living Planet Report estimated that ecosystem services contributed US$125 trillion a year to the global economy.[3]

The benefits of biodiversity are often evaluated in an anthropocentric way and the inherent value of biodiversity, outside of its benefits to humanity, has been debated by economists.[4][5] Despite these benefits, economic activities often result in harm to biodiversity, such as through deforestation.[1]

The majority of species have yet to be evaluated for their current or future economic importance.[6] Raw materials, pharmaceuticals and drug production all directly and indirectly depend upon biodiversity.[6]

Food

Main article: Biodiversity and food

Biodiversity provides high variety of food: crops, livestock, forestry, and fish are important food source of human species. However, the number of species have been domesticated and cultivated are small if comparing with the number of species existing. Wild species and varieties can supply genes for improving domesticated species by improving their yield, disease resistance, tolerance and vigor; this can increase the profit of farming.

Biological pest control

A ladybird larva eating aphids
Main article: Biological pest control

An important ecosystem function associated with biodiversity is pest control.[7] Control species can suppress pest populations and reduce loss of crop yields without the negative impacts of chemical pesticides.[8] This has economic benefits and maintaining natural pest control is important to humanity's ability to grow crops.[9] It can also be applied within horticulture.[10]

Biological pest control can reduce economic losses incurred as a result of pests, disease vectors, and invasive species.[11] However, its use can have unintended effects where control species are introduced without adequate research.[12] For example, the cane toad was introduced to Queensland in 1935 to control cane beetles that attack sugarcane roots but are now regarded as an invasive species through their damaging impacts on native species.[12][13]

Medication

Main article: Biodiversity and drugs

A wide variety of plants, animals and fungi are used as medicine. Wild plant species have been used for medicinal purposes since before the beginning of recorded history. Over 60% of world population depends on the plant medicines for their primary health care.[14] For example, quinine comes from the cinchona tree has been used to treat malaria, digitalis from the foxglove plant treats chronic heart trouble, and morphine from the poppy plant gives pain relief.

According to the National Cancer Institute, over 70% of the promising anti-cancer drugs come from plants in the tropical rainforests. It is estimated that of the 250,000 known plant species, only 5,000 have been researched for possible medical applications. Ethnopharmacy is the branch of science that investigates traditional medicines.

Animals may also play a role, in particular in research. In traditional remedies, animals are extensively used as drugs. Many animals also medicate themselves. Zoopharmacognosy is the study of how animals use plants, insects and other inorganic materials in self-medicatation. In an interview with the late Neil Campbell, Eloy Rodriguez describes the importance of biodiversity:

"Some of the compounds we've identified by zoopharmacognosy kill parasitic worms, and some of these chemicals may be useful against tumors. There is no question that the templates for most drugs are in the natural world."[15]

Industry

For example, fibers for clothing, wood for shelter and warmth. Biodiversity may be a source of energy (such as biomass). Other industrial products are oils, lubricants, perfumes, fragrances, dyes, paper, waxes, rubber, latexes, resins, poisons, and cork, which can all be derived from various plant species. Supplies from animal origin include wool, silk, fur, leather, lubricants, and waxes.

Animals may also be used as a mode of transport.

Biological material can provide models for many industrial materials and structures. For example, the inspiration for the infrared sensor came from the thermosensitive pit organ of rattlesnake. The modelling is considered as Biomimicry.

Recreational harvesting

Various animals are harvested for display and as pet; many species of plants are harvested for personal and private gardening.

In Britain alone, some 65,000 species are sold for horticulture[citation needed]. It has been suggested that this form of ex-situ conservation may be the most practical form in the future.

Tourism and recreation

See also: Sustainable tourism and Ecotourism

Through cultural ecosystem services, biodiversity provides economic benefits in the form of recreation and tourism, while also benefitting human wellbeing.[16][17] Biodiversity influences the potential of ecosystems to provide recreational services.[18] This includes outdoor recreation, such as hiking, hunting, fishing, and wildlife watching.

Sumidero Canyon Ecological Reserve in Sumidero Canyon — in the state of Chiapas, Southwestern Mexico.
Sumidero Canyon Ecological Reserve in Sumidero Canyon — in the state of Chiapas, Southwestern Mexico.

Another form of recreation supported by biodiversity is tourism. Biodiversity is "at the heart of what drives the tourism industry", according to the United Nations Environment Programme.[19] The beauty of tourist destinations or the species they support can attract tourists to visit certain areas.[20] For example, destinations like rainforests, beaches, national parks, and nature reserves are attractive to tourists. The revenue generated through tourism is vital to many economies worldwide.[21]

Nature-based tourism, such as to visit protected areas, also has an important economic impact.[22] For example, ecotourism, where the motivation of tourists is to observe and appreciate nature and the cultures in natural areas, while supporting their maintenance.[23] In 2023, the global ecotourism market was estimated to be worth US$216.49 billion.[24]

Despite the economic benefits from biodiversity through tourism, the tourism industry has negative impacts on biodiversity.[20] For example, through habitat destruction and pollution. As a result, sustainable tourism emerged with the aim of reducing the negative impacts of tourism on the environment.[25]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA), Ecosystems and human well-being: synthesis, Island Press, Washington, DC, 2005, p. 137.
  2. ^ Tilman, David; Isbell, Forest; Cowles, Jane M. (2014-11-23). "Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning". Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics. 45 (1): 471–493. doi:10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-120213-091917. ISSN 1543-592X.
  3. ^ WWF. 2018. Living Planet Report - 2018: Aiming Higher. Grooten, M. and Almond, R.E.A.(Eds). WWF, Gland, Switzerland.
  4. ^ Gómez-Baggethun, Erik; de Groot, Rudolf; Lomas, Pedro L.; Montes, Carlos (2009-12-13). "The history of ecosystem services in economic theory and practice: From early notions to markets and payment schemes". Ecological Economics. 69 (6): 1209–1218. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.11.007.
  5. ^ Seddon, Nathalie; Mace, Georgina M.; Naeem, Shahid; Tobias, Joseph A.; Pigot, Alex L.; Cavanagh, Rachel; Mouillot, David; Vause, James; Walpole, Matt (2016-11-01). "Biodiversity in the Anthropocene: prospects and policy". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 283 (1844): 20162094. doi:10.1098/rspb.2016.2094. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 5204156. PMID 27928040.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  6. ^ a b Gascon, Claude, Thomas M. Brooks, Topiltzin Contreras-MacBeath, Nicolas Heard, William Konstant, John Lamoreux, Frederic Launay, Michael Maunder, Russell A. Mittermeier, Sanjay Molur, Razan Khalifa Al Mubarak, Michael J. Parr, Anders G. J. Rhodin, Anthony B. Rylands, Pritpal Soorae, James G. Sanderson, and Jean-Christophe Vié. 2015. ‘The Importance and Benefits of Species’. Current Biology 25(10): R431–38. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.03.041.
  7. ^ Ives, A.R.; Klug, J.L.; Gross, K. (2000). "Stability and species richness in complex communities". Ecology Letters. 3 (5): 399–411. doi:10.1046/j.1461-0248.2000.00144.x. ISSN 1461-023X.
  8. ^ Bianchi, F.J.J.A; Booij, C.J.H; Tscharntke, T (2006-07-22). "Sustainable pest regulation in agricultural landscapes: a review on landscape composition, biodiversity and natural pest control". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 273 (1595): 1715–1727. doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3530. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 1634792. PMID 16790403.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  9. ^ Dainese, Matteo; Martin, Emily A.; Aizen, Marcelo A.; Albrecht, Matthias; Bartomeus, Ignasi; Bommarco, Riccardo; Carvalheiro, Luisa G.; Chaplin-Kramer, Rebecca; Gagic, Vesna; Garibaldi, Lucas A.; Ghazoul, Jaboury; Grab, Heather; Jonsson, Mattias; Karp, Daniel S.; Kennedy, Christina M. (2019-10-11). "A global synthesis reveals biodiversity-mediated benefits for crop production". Science Advances. 5 (10). doi:10.1126/sciadv.aax0121. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 6795509. PMID 31663019.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  10. ^ "Biological control in the home garden / RHS Gardening". www.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 2024-07-19.
  11. ^ Hanley, Nick; Roberts, Michaela (2019). Chan, Kai (ed.). "The economic benefits of invasive species management". People and Nature. 1 (2): 124–137. doi:10.1002/pan3.31. ISSN 2575-8314.
  12. ^ a b Readfearn, Graham (2019-01-27). "Cane toads wouldn't have made it: inside CSIRO's biocontrol program". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2024-07-19.
  13. ^ Shine, Richard (2010). "The Ecological Impact of Invasive Cane Toads ( Bufo Marinus ) in Australia". The Quarterly Review of Biology. 85 (3): 253–291. doi:10.1086/655116. ISSN 0033-5770.
  14. ^ Kevin J. Gaston & John I. Spicer. 2004. Biodiversity: an introduction, Blackwell Publishing. 2nd Ed. ISBN 1-4051-1857-1
  15. ^ Campbell, N. A. (1996) Biology (4th edition). Benjamin Cummings NY. p.23 ISBN 0-8053-1957-3
  16. ^ Paracchini, Maria Luisa; Zulian, Grazia; Kopperoinen, Leena; Maes, Joachim; Schägner, Jan Philipp; Termansen, Mette; Zandersen, Marianne; Perez-Soba, Marta; Scholefield, Paul A.; Bidoglio, Giovanni (2014-04-08). "Mapping cultural ecosystem services: A framework to assess the potential for outdoor recreation across the EU". Ecological Indicators. 45: 371–385. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.04.018. ISSN 1470-160X.
  17. ^ "Economic Benefits of Outdoor Recreation And Tourism : WeConservePA Library". library.weconservepa.org. Retrieved 2024-07-19.
  18. ^ Mancini, Francesca; Coghill, George M.; Lusseau, David (2019-01-31). Wiersma, Yolanda (ed.). "Quantifying wildlife watchers' preferences to investigate the overlap between recreational and conservation value of natural areas". Journal of Applied Ecology. 56 (2): 387–397. doi:10.1111/1365-2664.13274. ISSN 0021-8901.
  19. ^ "No guilt trips: Tourism is part of the solution for nature". Convention on Biological Diversity. Retrieved 2024-07-19.
  20. ^ a b Jones, Peter (2022-08-25). "Tourism and Biodiversity: A Paradoxical Relationship" (PDF). Athens Journal of Tourism. 9 (3): 151–162. doi:10.30958/ajt.9-3-2.
  21. ^ Naseem, Sana (2021-08-18). "The Role of Tourism in Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence from Saudi Arabia". Economies. 9 (3): 117. doi:10.3390/economies9030117. ISSN 2227-7099.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  22. ^ Gupta A, Zhu H, Bhammar H, Earley E, Filipski M, Narain U, et al. (2023) Economic impact of nature-based tourism. PLoS ONE 18(4): e0282912. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0282912
  23. ^ "Ecotourism and Protected areas | UN Tourism". www.unwto.org. Retrieved 2024-07-19.
  24. ^ "Ecotourism Market Size, Share, Growth | Various Trends [2032]". www.fortunebusinessinsights.com. Retrieved 2024-07-19.
  25. ^ Baloch QB, Shah SN, Iqbal N, Sheeraz M, Asadullah M, Mahar S, Khan AU. Impact of tourism development upon environmental sustainability: a suggested framework for sustainable ecotourism. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2023 Jan;30(3):5917-5930. doi: 10.1007/s11356-022-22496-w
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