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==Politics==
==Politics==
Maithils hold significant influence in the politics of both India and Nepal. They dominate the polity of Bihar, India's third most populous state, by virtue of their majority in 144 of the 243 constituencies of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]].<ref name= Jha2017 />{{cn|date=October 2023}} Maithils are the largest ethnolinguistic group in the Nepalese [[Madhesh Province]] and the second largest ethnolinguistic group in [[Province No. 1]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/official-status-sought-maithili-province-2|title=Official status sought for Maithili in Province 2|date=26 December 2017}}</ref>
Maithils hold significant influence in the politics of both India and Nepal. They dominate the polity of Bihar, India's third most populous state, by virtue of their majority in 144 of the 243 constituencies of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]].<ref name= Jha2017 />{{cn|date=October 2023}} Maithils are the largest ethnolinguistic group in the Nepalese [[Madhesh Province]] and the second largest ethnolinguistic group in [[Province No. 1]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/official-status-sought-maithili-province-2|title=Official status sought for Maithili in Province 2|date=26 December 2017}}</ref>
== Notable people ==
The following are notable residents (past and present) of Mithila region.

===Historical===
[[File:Udyanacharya Sanskrit Vidyalaya.jpg|thumb|Statue of the 11th century philosopher [[Udayana]] ]]
[[File:Statue of Maha Kavi Kokil Vidyapati.jpg|thumb|Statue of Maithili language poet, [[Vidyapati]]]]
* [[Janaka]], King of Mithila and Father in Law of King [[Rama]]
* [[Sita]], Princess of [[Mithila Kingdom]] and wife of King [[Rama]]
* [[Udayana|Udayanacharya]], 10th/11th-century philosopher and [[Indian logic|logician]] of the [[Nyaya]] school.
* [[Vidyapati]], 14th/15th century Maithili and Sanskrit poet-saint
*[[Bhanudatta Misra]], 15th/16th-century [[Sanskrit]] poet from Mithila
*[[Harisimhadeva]], King of Mithila during the [[Karnats of Mithila|Karnat dynasty]] from 1304 - 1324 CE
*[[Gangadeva]], King of Mithila during the [[Karnats of Mithila|Karnat dynasty]] from 1147-1187 CE
*[[Narsimhadeva]], King of Mithila during the [[Karnats of Mithila|Karnat dynasty]] from 1174-1227 CE
*[[Ramasimhadeva]], King of Mithila during the [[Karnats of Mithila|Karnat dynasty]] from 1227-1285 CE
*[[Jyotirishwar Thakur]], 14th-century [[poet]], [[playwright]] and [[musician]] who composed the earliest prose work in the [[Maithili language]], the [[Varna Ratnakara]]
*[[Caṇḍeśvara Ṭhakkura]], political theorist and general from the 14th century
*[[Gaṅgeśa]], 13th/14th century [[philosopher]], [[logic]]ian and [[mathematician]]
*[[Pakshadhara Mishra]], 15th-century philosopher
*[[Vāchaspati Misra]], 9th/10th-century philosopher of the [[Advaita Vedanta]] tradition
*[[Lakshmeshwar Singh]], zamindar and principal landowner of [[Raj Darbhanga]], 1860–1898
*[[Rameshwar Singh]], zamindar and principal landowner of [[Raj Darbhanga]], 1898–1929

===Modern===
* [[Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi]], Indian [[Indian independence movement|Freedom fighter]], political activist, social worker, poet and writer, born in [[Muzaffarpur]]<ref name="Azadi ka Amrit Mahotsav">{{cite web|last1=Ministry of Culture|first1=Government of India|title=Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi|url=https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/unsung-heroes-detail.htm?138|website=amritmahotsav.nic.in}}</ref><ref name="twocircles">{{cite web|last1=Sajjad|first1=Mohammad|title=Maghfur Aijazi: A freedom-fighter and a builder of Indian democracy|url=http://twocircles.net/2013jan06/maghfur_aijazi_freedomfighter_and_builder_indian_democracy.html#.VPkHguHN45w|website=TwoCircles.net|date=6 January 2013|access-date=5 March 2015}}</ref>
* [[Bimalendra Nidhi]], Member of Nepalese parliament, Vice president of ruling party [[Nepali Congress]] and former [[Deputy Prime Minister of Nepal]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nidhi appointed NC Vice-Prez, Khadka Gen Secy|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2018/05/04/nidhi-appointed-nc-vice-prez-khadka-general-secy|access-date=2022-01-15|website=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref>
*[[Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar']] was an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[Hindi]] poet, essayist, patriot and academic.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.anubhuti-hindi.org/gauravgram/dinker/index.htm |title=Ramdhari Singh Dinker - Hindi ke Chhayavadi Kavi |website=www.anubhuti-hindi.org |access-date=2020-04-26}}</ref>
* [[Bindheshwari Prasad Mandal]] was an Indian parliamentarian and social reformer who served as the chairman of the Second Backward Classes Commission (popularly known as the [[Mandal Commission]]).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rT2xWp_iTCYC|title=Nitish Kumar and the Rise of Bihar|date=2011-01-01|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=9780670084593|language=en}}</ref>
* [[C. K. Raut]], formerly US-based computer scientist, author and political leader of Nepal.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ekantipur.com/nepal/article/?id=222 |title=" मुख्य समाचार " :: नेपाल :: |publisher=Ekantipur.com |date=24 May 2015 |access-date=28 May 2015 |archive-date=4 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704035340/http://www.ekantipur.com/nepal/article/?id=222 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[C. K. Lal]], Nepalese journalist and writer from [[Mahottari District]] of Nepal.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lal |first=C. K. |title=Art and identity |url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/60528/ |access-date=2022-10-12 |website=My Republica |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Phanishwar Nath 'Renu']], influential writer of modern [[Hindi]] literature in the post-[[Premchand]] era.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.seasonsindia.com/art_culture/lit_hindi_sea.htm |title=Seasons India :: Hindi Literature of India |website=www.seasonsindia.com |access-date=2020-04-26}}</ref>
* [[Gopal Jee Thakur]], Indian Politician and Member of Parliament from [[Darbhanga Lok Sabha constituency|Darbhanga Lok Sabha Constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shri Gopal Jee Thakur{{!}} National Portal of India |url=https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/indian-parliament/shri-gopal-jee-thakur |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=www.india.gov.in}}</ref>
* [[Syed Shahnawaz Hussain]], Indian politician, born in [[Supaul]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/bjp-s-shahnawaz-hussain-on-im-hit-list-113121000234_1.html|title=BJP's Shahnawaz Hussain on IM hit list|last=IANS|date=10 December 2013|access-date=26 October 2017|via=Business Standard|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026111054/http://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/bjp-s-shahnawaz-hussain-on-im-hit-list-113121000234_1.html|archive-date=26 October 2017|df=dmy-all|newspaper=Business Standard India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/cities/bjp-leader-shahnawaz-hussain-s-impersonator-arrested-76095|title=BJP leader Shahnawaz Hussain's impersonator arrested|website=NDTV.com|access-date=26 October 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219094253/http://www.ndtv.com/article/cities/bjp-leader-shahnawaz-hussain-s-impersonator-arrested-76095|archive-date=19 December 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/article542836.ece|title=PM's 'lack' of leadership has made UPA 'sinking ship': BJP|website=NewIndianExpress.com|access-date=26 October 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304220836/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/article542836.ece|archive-date=4 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* [[Bhagwat Jha Azad]] was the Chief Minister of [[Bihar]] and a member of [[Lok Sabha]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/biodata_1_12/598.htm |title=8th Lok Sabha – Members Bioprofile – AZAD, SHRI BHAGWAT JHA |access-date=2011-08-06 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006151543/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/biodata_1_12/598.htm |archive-date=6 October 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
* [[Maithili Thakur]], Indian singer
* [[Ram Baran Yadav]], First president of Nepal
*[[Ramdev Mahato]], three time Member of Bihar Legislative Assembly from [[Madhubani Assembly constituency]] of Mithila region.
* [[Sharda Sinha]], Indian folk singer
* [[Udit Narayan]], Bollywood playback singer
* [[Kanhaiya Kumar]], leader of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]
* [[Narendra Jha]], Bollywood actor
* [[Sriti Jha]], Indian television actress
* [[Kirti Azad]], former Indian cricketer and politician
* [[Sanjay Mishra (actor)|Sanjay Mishra]], Bollywood actor
* [[Bhawana Kanth]], one of the first female fighter pilots of India
* [[Gangesha Upadhyaya]], 12th-century Indian mathematician and philosopher
* [[Vikas Kumar Jha]]
* [[George Orwell]], novelist and essayist, journalist and critic
* [[Rambriksh Benipuri]], Indian freedom fighter, [[Socialist Leader]], [[editor]] and [[Hindi literature|Hindi]] writer
* [[Devaki Nandan Khatri]], Indian writer
* [[Ganganath Jha]], Indian scholar
* [[Ramjee Singh]], former Member of Indian parliament and vice-chancellor of Jain Vishva Bharati University
* [[Acharya Ramlochan Saran]], Hindi literature, grammarian and publisher
* [[Ramesh Chandra Jha]], Indian poet, novelist and freedom fighter
* [[Acharya Rameshwar Jha]], scholar
* [[Phanishwar Nath 'Renu']], Indian author
* [[Ravindra Prabhat]] a Hindi novelist, journalist, poet, and short story writer
* [[Gajendra Thakur]], Literary critic, historian, novelist, dramatist, poet, and a lexicographer
* [[Anerood Jugnauth]], former President of [[Mauritius]]
* [[Parmanand Jha]], first vice-president of [[Nepal]]
* [[Dhirendra Premarshi]], presenter of [https://www.ilovemithila.com/ Hello Mithila] on [[Radio Kantipur]]
* [[Godawari Dutta]], madhubani artist, social activist
* [[Tarkishore Prasad]], [[Deputy Chief Minister of Bihar]], born in [[Saharsa district]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/patna/i-want-self-reliant-bihar-sushil-modi-is-our-guardian-says-new-deputy-cm-tarkishore-prasad/story-JpUVa9XpDnKP1lO8GGI3pK.html|title=I want self-reliant Bihar; Sushil Modi is our guardian, says new deputy CM Tarkishore Prasad|date=19 November 2020}}</ref>
* [[Ramnath Goenka]], Indian journalist, born in [[Darbhanga]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Reed|first1=Stanley|author-link1=Stanley Reed (British politician)|title=The Indian And Pakistan Year Book And Who's Who 1950|date=1950|publisher=[[The Times Group|Bennett Coleman and Co. Ltd.]]|page=679|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.15206|access-date=20 February 2018}}</ref>
* [[Ashish Jha]], [[Internal medicine|general internist physician]] and academic serving the [[White House COVID-19 Response Team|White House Coronavirus Response Coordinator]]
* [[Vartika Jha]] (born 2000), Indian dancer, choreographer and actress


==See also==
==See also==

Revision as of 10:32, 24 June 2024

This article is about an ethnic group. For the region, see Mithila (region). For other uses, see Maithili.

Maithil
मैथिल
Women performing Jhijhiya, the traditional dance of Mithila
Total population
c. 73 million
Regions with significant populations
India70 million (2011 Census)[1][2]
Nepal3.1 million (2011 Census)[3]
Languages
Maithili
Hindi and Nepali[4]
Religion
Majority:
Hinduism
Minority:
Islam · Buddhism · Others
Related ethnic groups
Magahi · Bhojpuris · Awadhis

Maithils (Tirhuta: মৈথিল, Devanagari: मैथिल), also known as Maithili people, are an Indo-Aryan ethno-linguistic group from the Indian subcontinent, who speak the Maithili language as their native language.[5] They inhabit the Mithila region,[6] which comprises Northern and Eastern Bihar and Northeastern Jharkhand in India[7][8] and some adjoining districts of Nepal constituting Madhesh Province in addition to some terai districts of Bagmati and Koshi Provinces.[9]

The Maithil region forms an important part of Hinduism as it is said to be the birthplace of Sita, the wife of Ram and incarnation of Lakshmi.[10]

History

Main article: History of Mithila Region

Vedic period

See also: Videha, Vajjika League, and Licchavis of Vaishali

Mithila first gained prominence after being settled by Indo-Aryan speaking peoples who established the Videha kingdom. During the late Vedic period (c. 1100–500 BCE), Videha became one of the major political and cultural centers of South Asia, along with Kuru and Pañcāla. The kings of the Videha Kingdom were called Janakas.[11]

The Videha Kingdom later became incorporated into the Vajjika League which was based in Mithila.[12] The Licchavis of Vaishali were one of the constituent tribes of the Vajjika league and the territory of the Licchavis formed a single territorial unit along with Videha within the Mithila region. The Licchavis remained in Vaishali up to the Gupta period with the fourth century A.D. Gupta Emperor, Samudragupta, being the son of a Licchavi princess from Vaishali.[13][14]

Medieval period

From the 11th century to the 20th century, Mithila was ruled by various indigenous dynasties. The first of these were the Karnatas of Mithila who ruled from 1097-1324 A.D. They were followed by the Oiniwar dynasty who ruled from 1325–1526 A.D.[15]

During the Mughal-era, Mithila was controlled by a dynasty of zamindars called the Raj Darbhanga who were tributaries to the Mughals.[16] It was during this period that the capital of Mithila was moved to Darbhanga.[17][18]

Maithili-speaking dynasties and kingdoms

Region

Main articles: Mithila (region); Mithila, India; and Mithila, Nepal

India

Jagannath Mishra, former chief minister of Bihar and a Maithili speaker[24]

Majority of Maithils normally reside north of the Ganges; based around Darbhanga and the rest of North Bihar.[25][5] Native Maithili speakers also reside in Delhi, Kolkata, Patna, Ranchi and Mumbai.[26]

Indian Mithila comprises Tirhut, Darbhanga, Kosi, Purnia, Munger, Bhagalpur and Santhal Pargana divisions.[7][5]

Darbhanga in particular played an important role in the history of Mithila and is considered one of its "core centers". It was the center of Raj Darbhanga who ruled most of the region.[5][27] Madhubani was also where Madhubani paintings originated from which is a major part of Maithil culture.[28] Sitamarhi is claimed by many to be the birthplace of Goddess Sita with Sita Kund being a major pilgrimage site. Baliraajgadh, situated in present-day Madhubani district, is thought to be the capital of ancient Mithila Kingdom.[29] Maithils played a major role in building the Baidyanath Temple which is an important pilgrimage site for them.[30] There is an ongoing movement in the Maithili-speaking region of Bihar and Jharkhand for a separate Indian state of Mithila.[31]

Nepal

Ram Baran Yadav former President of Nepal from 2008-2015 and a native Maithili speaker

The adjoining districts of the eastern Terai form Nepalese Mithila.[32] This area was part of the kingdom of Videha.[33] The kingdom appears in the Ramayana. Many people claim Janakpur to be the birthplace of Goddess Sita but this is disputed as many consider Sitamarhi as Her birthplace. Maithils in Nepal have been working towards a "Free Maithil state".[34]

There is a movement in the Maithili-speaking areas of Nepal for a separate province.[35] Province No. 2 was established under the 2015 Constitution, which transformed Nepal into a Federal Democratic Republic, with a total of 7 provinces. Province No. 2 has a Maithili speaking majority and consists of most of the Maithili speaking areas of Nepal. It has been demanded by some Mithila activists that Province No. 2 be named 'Mithila Province'.[36] Province no. 2 was given the name Madhesh Province on 17 January 2022.[37]

Language

Manuscript of the Varna Ratnakara, the earliest prose work in the Maithili language and dated to the early 14th century[38]

The common language of the Maithil people is Maithili,[5] which is one of the recognised regional languages of India and the second national language of Nepal listed in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution and the Interim Constitution of Nepal. The Tirhuta script, also known as the Mithilakshar script, was used as the original script of the language. However, during the 20th century most Maithili writers gradually adopted Devanagari script for Maithili.[39] Some traditional pandits still use Tirhuta script for pātā (ceremonial letters related to important functions, such as marriage).

Culture

Main article: Mithila culture

Men and women in Mithila are very religious and dress for festivals as well. The costumes of Mithila stem from the rich traditional culture of Mithila. Panjabi Kurta and Dhoti with a Mithila Painting bordered Maroon coloured Gamchha which is the Symbol of Passion, Love, Bravery and Courage are common clothing items for men. Men wear a Gold ring on their nose which symbolizes prosperity, happiness and wealth inspired by Lord Vishnu. Also, wear a Balla on their wrist and Mithila Paag on their Head. In ancient times there was no colour option in Mithila, so the Maithil women wore white or yellow Saree with a red Border but now they have a lot of variety and colour options and wear Laal-Paara (the traditional red-boarded white or yellow Saree)[40] on some special occasions, and also wear Shakha-Pola[41] with a lanthi in their hand which is Mandatory to wear after marriage in Mithila. In Mithila culture, this represents new beginnings, passion and prosperity. Red also represents the Hindu goddess Durga, a symbol of new beginnings and feminine power. During Chhaith, the women of Mithila wear pure cotton dhoti without stitching which reflects the pure, traditional Culture of Mithila. Usually crafted from pure cotton for daily use and from pure silk for more glamorous occasions, traditional attire for the women of Mithila includes Jamdani, Banarisi, Bhagalpuri and many more. Many festivals are celebrated throughout the year in Mithila. Chhaith, Durga Puja and Kali puja is celebrated as perhaps the most important of all the celebrations of Mithila.

The Paag is the traditional headgear of the Maithil people

Household structure

Traditionally Maithils lived in Badaghars called longhouses with big families of many generations, sometimes 40–50 people. All household members pool their labour force, contribute their income, share the expenditure and use one kitchen.[42]

Religion

The religious practices of the Maithils is based on orthodox Hinduism as Mithila has historically been a principal seat of Hindu learning.[43]

Politics

Maithils hold significant influence in the politics of both India and Nepal. They dominate the polity of Bihar, India's third most populous state, by virtue of their majority in 144 of the 243 constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly.[5][citation needed] Maithils are the largest ethnolinguistic group in the Nepalese Madhesh Province and the second largest ethnolinguistic group in Province No. 1.[44]

Notable people

The following are notable residents (past and present) of Mithila region.

Historical

Statue of the 11th century philosopher Udayana
Statue of Maithili language poet, Vidyapati

Modern

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ "Kirti Azad demands a separate Mithila state". m.indiatoday.in. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
  2. ^ Dr. Arun C. Mehta. "District-wise Population (Census) Data: 2001 Census, India". Educationforallinindia.com. Archived from the original on 17 September 2009. Retrieved 18 July 2013.
  3. ^ Dr. Arun C. Mehta. "Maithil Population (Nepali Census) Data: 2011 Census, Nepal". Educationforallnepal.com. Archived from the original on 17 September 2009. Retrieved 18 July 2013.
  4. ^ "Demographics of Maithil population of Nepal".
  5. ^ a b c d e f Kumar Jha, Mithilesh (2017). Language Politics and Public Sphere in North India: Making of the Maithili Movement. Oxford University Press. pp. 37–45. ISBN 9780199091720.
  6. ^ Burman, B.K.R.; Chakrabarti, S.B. (1988). Social Science and Social Concern: Felicitation Volume in Honour of Professor B.K. Roy Burman. Mittal Publications. p. 411. ISBN 9788170990628. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
  7. ^ a b Jha, Pankaj Kumar (2010). Sushasan Ke Aaine Mein Naya Bihar. Bihar (India): Prabhat Prakashan. ISBN 9789380186283.
  8. ^ Brass, Paul R. (8 September 1994). The Politics of India Since Independence. Cambridge University Press. p. 184. ISBN 9780521459709. Retrieved 15 February 2017.
  9. ^ Gellner, D.; Pfaff-Czarnecka, J.; Whelpton, J. (2012). Nationalism and Ethnicity in a Hindu Kingdom: The Politics and Culture of Contemporary Nepal. Taylor & Francis. p. 251. ISBN 9781136649561. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
  10. ^ Minahan, J.B. (2012). Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781598846607. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
  11. ^ Michael Witzel (1989), Tracing the Vedic dialects in Dialectes dans les litteratures Indo-Aryennes ed. Caillat, Paris, pages 13, 141–143
  12. ^ Raychaudhuri Hemchandra (1972), Political History of Ancient India, Calcutta: University of Calcutta, pp. 85–86
  13. ^ Jha, Hit Narayan (1970). The Licchavis of Vaishali. Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series. pp. 14–15.
  14. ^ Trautmann, Thomas (1972). "Licchavi-Dauhitra". The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 104 (1): 2–15. doi:10.1017/S0035869X0012951X. JSTOR 25203320.
  15. ^ Jha, Makhan (1997). Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective. M.D. Publications Pvt. ISBN 9788175330344. Retrieved 11 December 2016.
  16. ^ Henning Brown, Carolyn (1988). "Raja and Rank in North Bihar". Modern Asian Studies. 22 (4): 757–782. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00015730. JSTOR 312524. S2CID 143084073.
  17. ^ Mandal, R. B. (2010). Wetlands management in North Bihar. Concept Publishing Company. ISBN 9788180697074. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
  18. ^ Jha, Makhan (1997). Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective. M.D. Publications Pvt. ISBN 9788175330344. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
  19. ^ Sinha, CPN (1969). "Origin of the Karnatas of Mithila – A Fresh Appraisal". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 31: 66–72. JSTOR 44138330.
  20. ^ Pankaj Jha (20 November 2018). A Political History of Literature: Vidyapati and the Fifteenth Century. OUP India. ISBN 978-0-19-909535-3.
  21. ^ Tahir Hussain Ansari (20 June 2019). Mughal Administration and the Zamindars of Bihar. Taylor & Francis. pp. 200–223. ISBN 978-1-00-065152-2.
  22. ^ Brinkhaus, Horst (1991). "The Descent of the Nepalese Malla Dynasty as Reflected by Local Chroniclers". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 111 (1): 118–122. doi:10.2307/603754. JSTOR 603754.
  23. ^ Das, Basudevlal (2013). "Maithili in Medieval Nepal : A Historical Apprisal". Academic Voices. 3: 1–3. doi:10.3126/av.v3i1.9704.
  24. ^ Gellner, D (2012). Nationalism and Ethnicity in a Hindu Kingdom: The Politics and Culture of Contemporary Nepal. Routledge. p. 260. ISBN 978-1-136-64956-1.
  25. ^ (India), Bihar; Choudhury, Pranab Chandra Roy (1957). "Bihar district gazetteers, Volume 17". p. 16. Retrieved 10 December 2016.
  26. ^ Maithils at Ethnologue (16th ed., 2009) Closed access icon
  27. ^ Jha, Makhan (1997). Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective. M.D. Publications Pvt. p. 62. ISBN 9788175330344. Retrieved 10 December 2016.
  28. ^ Madhubani paintings. Abhinav Publications. 2003. ISBN 9788170171560. Retrieved 10 December 2016.
  29. ^ "नालंदा ने आनंदित किया लेकिन मिथिला के बलिराजगढ़ की कौन सुध लेगा ? – News of Bihar". NewsOfBihar.com. 16 July 2016. Archived from the original on 26 October 2017. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
  30. ^ Narayan, Sachindra (1 June 1983). "Sacred Complexes of Deoghar and Rajgir". Concept Publishing Company – via Google Books.
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Bibliography

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