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{{Short description|Species of tree}}
{{Short description|Species of plant in the family Pandanaceae}}
{{Use Australian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Speciesbox
{{Speciesbox
|name =
|image = Pandanus_spiralis.jpg
|image = Pandanus spiralis 15462603.jpg
|image_caption =
|image_caption =
|genus = Pandanus
|status = LC
|species = spiralis
|status_system = IUCN3.1
|authority = [[Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)|R.Br.]]
|status_ref = {{R|IUCN}}
|synonyms =
|genus = Pandanus
{{Plainlist | style = margin-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em; |
|species = spiralis
*''Pandanus convexus'' <small>H.St.John</small>
|authority = [[Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)|R.Br.]]{{R|APNI|POWO}}
*''Pandanus integer'' <small>H.St.John</small>
|range_map =
*''Pandanus thermalis'' <small>H.St.John</small>
}}
|synonyms_ref = <ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/search?q=pandanus+spiralis
|title=The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species
|accessdate=19 November 2014}}</ref>
}}
}}


'''''Pandanus spiralis''''' is native to northern [[Australia]]. It is commonly called '''common screwpine''',<ref name=APNI>{{cite web |url=http://www.anbg.gov.au/cgi-bin/apni |title=Australian Plant Names Index |accessdate=19 November 2014}}</ref> '''iidool''',<ref name=APNI/> '''pandanus palm''', '''screw pine''',<ref>{{GRIN | accessdate=19 November 2014}}</ref> '''screw palm''' or '''spring pandanus'''.<ref name=APNI/> It is neither a true palm,<ref>{{cite web
'''''Pandanus spiralis''''' is a small tree in the family [[Pandanaceae]] native to northern [[Australia]]. It is commonly called '''pandanus''', '''spring pandanus''', '''screw palm''' or '''screw pine''', although it is neither a palm nor a pine.
| url=http://www.touringaustralia.de/Trees/Pandanus-spiralis.php
| title=Screw Palm
| work=Australian Trees
| accessdate=2006-11-22
}}</ref> nor a [[pine]].


== Distribution ==
==Description==
''Pandanus spiralis'' is a small tree growing up to 10&nbsp;m tall with a slender trunk, and often with a clumping habit. It has long, spiny leaves organised in a spiral arrangement. The plant bears a large, pineapple-like cluster of fruit that turn orange-red when ripe.<!-- needs to be expanded -->


==Taxonomy==
''Pandanus spiralis'' occurs in [[Queensland]], the [[Northern Territory]] and the extreme north of [[Western Australia]].
This species was first described by the Scottish botanist [[Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)|Robert Brown]] in his book ''[[Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen|Prodromus floræ Novæ Hollandiæ et Insulæ Van-Diemen]]'', published in 1810.{{R|BROWN}}


===Infraspecies===
The plant is most commonly found growing along watercourses or coastal fringes and dune systems.<ref>{{cite web
Five varieties are recognised {{As of|2024|6|lc=y}}, as follows:{{R|POWO}}
| url=http://www.rarepalmseeds.com/de/pix/PanSpi.shtml
*[[Pandanus spiralis var. convexus|''Pandanus spiralis'' var. ''convexus'']] {{small|([[Harold St. John|H.St.John]]) [[Benjamin Clemens Stone|B.C.Stone]]}} – synonyms ''P.&nbsp;convexus'' {{small|H.St.John}} and ''P.&nbsp;integer'' {{small|H.St.John}}
| title=Pandanus spiralis
*[[Pandanus spiralis var. flammeus|''Pandanus spiralis'' var. ''flammeus'']] {{small|B.C.Stone}}
| language=German
*[[Pandanus spiralis var. multimammillatus|''Pandanus spiralis'' var. ''multimammillatus'']] {{small|B.C.Stone}}
| accessdate=2006-11-22}}</ref>
*''Pandanus spiralis'' var. ''spiralis'' – [[Autonym (botany)|Autonym]]
*[[Pandanus spiralis var. thermalis|''Pandanus spiralis'' var. ''thermalis'']] {{small|(H.St.John) B.C.Stone}} – synonym ''P.&nbsp;thermalis'' {{small|H.St.John}}


==Distribution and habitat==
== Description ==
This species occurs in northern [[Queensland]], the [[Northern Territory]] and the extreme north of [[Western Australia]]. It grows in savannah woodlands and poorly drained areas such as alongside creeks and rivers, the margins of floodplains, and coastal dunes, on various substrates including sand, alluvium and clay.{{R|FOA|FLORANT|WAFB|AVH}}


==Ecology==
''Pandanus spiralis'' is a shrub or small tree up to 10 metres in height. It has long, spiny leaves organised in a spiral arrangement. The plant bears a large, [[pineapple]]-like cluster of fruit that turn orange-red when ripe.
The dense skirt of old leaves provides a refuge for many forms of wildlife including birds, bats, rodents and lizards. The seeds within the fruit are eaten by cockatoos and possums.{{R|KAKADU|TCC}}


==Uses==
Wildlife including [[bird]]s take advantage of the spiny leaves by living in the tree for protection. They also favor its fruit.
The leaves of this tree are used to weave various products such as neckbands, armbands, baskets, mats, fish traps and shelters, and the fibre can be stripped out to make string for [[dillybag]]s and other uses. The trunks are used to build rafts.{{R|FOA|KAKADU|HAMILTON}} The plant has a number of medicinal uses, including as an analgesic and to treat disentery and diarrhoea.{{R|FOA|AMP}} The leaf bases are eaten and the seeds can be eaten raw or roasted, and may be ground to make flour.{{R|FOA|TCC|TENPS}}

== Uses ==

The leaves of ''P. spiralis'' can be used to weave neckbands and armbands.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Delphi/2970/armband.htm
|title=Pandanus armband
|work=Uw Oykangand and Uw Olkola Multimedia Dictionary
|accessdate=2006-11-22
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091020030139/http://geocities.com/Athens/Delphi/2970/armband.htm
|archivedate=October 20, 2009
|url-status=unfit
}}</ref> The fibre of the leaves can be used as string for [[dillybag]]s.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Delphi/2970/pandanus.htm
|title=Pandanus
|work=Uw Oykangand and Uw Olkola Multimedia Dictionary
|accessdate=2006-11-22
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091019213813/http://geocities.com/Athens/Delphi/2970/pandanus.htm
|archivedate=October 19, 2009
|url-status=unfit
}}</ref> Other uses include [[basket]]s, [[mat]]s, and shelters.<ref>{{cite web
| url=http://www.photographytips.com/page.cfm/4099
| title=Pandanus
| work=PhotographyTips.com
| accessdate=2006-11-22}}</ref> In addition, mashed leaves can be used to cure headaches when tied around the head.<ref>{{cite web
| url=http://australia.jrn.msu.edu/2002/work/plants/bushmedscrewpalm.html
| title=screw palm
| accessdate=2006-11-22}}</ref> The [[Burarra people]] use the plant to make [[fish trap]]s.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://tenpsnt.tripod.com/PhotoList/pandanus_spiralis.htm
| title=New Page 1
| work=Top End Native Plant Society
| accessdate=2006-11-22}}</ref>

The fruit's seeds can also be ground to make flour.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://riverway.thuringowa.qld.gov.au/about/environment/flora
| title=Flora and Fauna
| accessdate=2006-11-22 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060820005726/http://riverway.thuringowa.qld.gov.au/about/environment/flora <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2006-08-20}}</ref>


==Gallery==
==Gallery==
<gallery>
<gallery mode="packed">
Image:Pandanus spiralis fruit.jpg|Fallen fruit of ''Pandanus spiralis''
File:Pandanus spiralis 287854972.jpg|Trunk with persistent leaf bases
Image:Pandanus spiralis on the Coast.jpg|''Pandanus spiralis'' growing on a Coastal cliff
Pandanus spiralis 285739424.jpg|Ripening fruit
File:Pandanus spiralis fruit.jpg|A segment (phalange) of the fallen fruit
File:Pandanus spiralis on the Coast.jpg|Growing on a coastal sandbank
File:Pandanus spiralis 306247359.jpg|Detail of spines on the leaf margin
File:Pandanus spiralis.jpg|Spiral habit of the leaves
</gallery>
</gallery>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist|28em|refs=
<ref name="IUCN">{{cite iucn |author=IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group & Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI). |year=2021 |title=''Pandanus spiralis'' |volume=2021 |page=e.T192234266A192234268 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T192234266A192234268.en |access-date=17 June 2024}}</ref>

<ref name="APNI">{{cite web |url=https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/90384 |title=''Pandanus spiralis'' |website=[[Australian Plant Name Index]] (APNI) |publisher=Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research, [[Australian Government]] |access-date=17 June 2024}}</ref>

<ref name="POWO">{{cite web |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:671509-1 |title=''Pandanus spiralis'' R.Br. |website=[[Plants of the World Online]] |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |year=2024 |access-date=17 June 2024}}</ref>

<ref name="FOA">{{cite web |url=https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Pandanus%20spiralis |title=''Pandanus spiralis'' |last1=Wilson |first1=A.J.G. |year=2022 |editor-last1=Kodela |editor-first1=P.G. |website=[[Flora of Australia]] |publisher=[[Australian Biological Resources Study]], Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water: Canberra |access-date=17 June 2024}}</ref>

<ref name="AVH">{{cite web |title=Search: species: Pandanus spiralis {{!}} Occurrence records |url=https://avh.ala.org.au/occurrences/search?taxa=Pandanus%20spiralis#tab_mapView |website=[[Australasian Virtual Herbarium]] |publisher=[[Australian Government]] |access-date=17 June 2024}}</ref>

<ref name="FLORANT">{{cite web |url=https://eflora.nt.gov.au/factsheet?id=4135 |title=''Pandanus spiralis'' |vauthors= Cowie I, Lewis D, etal |year= |website=[[FloraNT]], [[Northern Territory Herbarium]] |publisher=[[Northern Territory Government]], Darwin. |access-date=17 June 2024}}</ref>

<ref name="WAFB">{{cite web |url=https://florabase.dbca.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/104 |title=''Pandanus spiralis'' |year=2021 |website=[[Western Australian Herbarium]] (1998–). Florabase—the Western Australian Flora |publisher=Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, [[Government of Western Australia]] |access-date=17 June 2024}}</ref>

<ref name="HAMILTON">{{cite web |last1=Hamilton |first1=Phillip |title=Pandanus |url=http://geocities.com/Athens/Delphi/2970/pandanus.htm |website=Uw Oykangand and Uw Olkola Multimedia Dictionary |year=1996 |access-date=22 November 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020409183851/http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Delphi/2970/pandanus.htm |archive-date=9 April 2002 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="TENPS">{{cite web| url=http://tenpsnt.tripod.com/PhotoList/pandanus_spiralis.htm |title=''Pandanus spiralis'' (R. Br.) Screw palm |website=Top End Native Plant Society |access-date=2006-11-22}}</ref>

<ref name="TCC">{{cite web |title=Flora and Fauna |website=Thuringowa Riverway |publisher=Thuringowa City Council |url=http://riverway.thuringowa.qld.gov.au/about/environment/flora |access-date=2006-11-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070313234103/http://riverway.thuringowa.qld.gov.au/about/environment/flora |archive-date=13 Mar 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="KAKADU">{{cite web |title=Pandanus |url=https://parksaustralia.gov.au/kakadu/discover/nature/plants/pandanus/ |website=Kakadu National Park |publisher=Parks Australia, Australian Government |access-date=17 June 2024}}</ref>

<ref name="AMP">{{cite book |last1=Lassak |first1=E.V. |last2=McCarthy |first2=T. |others=Illustrated by Betty Hinton |title=Australian Medicinal Plants |date=1990 |publisher=Mandarin Publishing |location=Melbourne |pages=209, 218 |chapter=Table of plant uses |isbn=1-86330-061-9}}</ref>

<ref name="BROWN">{{cite book |last1=Brown |first1=Robert |title=Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen |date=1810 |publisher=R. Taylor and associates |location=London |page=341 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36315618 |language=la}}</ref>
}}

==External links==
{{Wikispecies}}
{{Commonscat}}
* [https://avh.ala.org.au/occurrences/search?taxa=Pandanus+spiralis#tab_mapView View a map] of herbarium collections of this species at the [[Australasian Virtual Herbarium]]
* [https://www.inaturalist.org/observations?subview=map&taxon_id=563605 View observations] of this species on [[iNaturalist]]
* [https://flickriver.com/search/Pandanus+spiralis See images] of this species on Flickriver.com


{{Taxonbar|from=Q291468}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q291468}}

Revision as of 07:49, 17 June 2024

Pandanus spiralis
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Pandanales
Family: Pandanaceae
Genus: Pandanus
Species:
P. spiralis
Binomial name
Pandanus spiralis

Pandanus spiralis is a small tree in the family Pandanaceae native to northern Australia. It is commonly called pandanus, spring pandanus, screw palm or screw pine, although it is neither a palm nor a pine.

Description

Pandanus spiralis is a small tree growing up to 10 m tall with a slender trunk, and often with a clumping habit. It has long, spiny leaves organised in a spiral arrangement. The plant bears a large, pineapple-like cluster of fruit that turn orange-red when ripe.

Taxonomy

This species was first described by the Scottish botanist Robert Brown in his book Prodromus floræ Novæ Hollandiæ et Insulæ Van-Diemen, published in 1810.[4]

Infraspecies

Five varieties are recognised as of June 2024, as follows:[3]

Distribution and habitat

This species occurs in northern Queensland, the Northern Territory and the extreme north of Western Australia. It grows in savannah woodlands and poorly drained areas such as alongside creeks and rivers, the margins of floodplains, and coastal dunes, on various substrates including sand, alluvium and clay.[5][6][7][8]

Ecology

The dense skirt of old leaves provides a refuge for many forms of wildlife including birds, bats, rodents and lizards. The seeds within the fruit are eaten by cockatoos and possums.[9][10]

Uses

The leaves of this tree are used to weave various products such as neckbands, armbands, baskets, mats, fish traps and shelters, and the fibre can be stripped out to make string for dillybags and other uses. The trunks are used to build rafts.[5][9][11] The plant has a number of medicinal uses, including as an analgesic and to treat disentery and diarrhoea.[5][12] The leaf bases are eaten and the seeds can be eaten raw or roasted, and may be ground to make flour.[5][10][13]

  • Trunk with persistent leaf bases
    Trunk with persistent leaf bases
  • Ripening fruit
    Ripening fruit
  • A segment (phalange) of the fallen fruit
    A segment (phalange) of the fallen fruit
  • Growing on a coastal sandbank
    Growing on a coastal sandbank
  • Detail of spines on the leaf margin
    Detail of spines on the leaf margin
  • Spiral habit of the leaves
    Spiral habit of the leaves

References

  1. ^ IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group & Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI). (2021). "Pandanus spiralis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T192234266A192234268. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T192234266A192234268.en. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
  2. ^ "Pandanus spiralis". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI). Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
  3. ^ a b "Pandanus spiralis R.Br". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2024. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
  4. ^ Brown, Robert (1810). Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen (in Latin). London: R. Taylor and associates. p. 341.
  5. ^ a b c d Wilson, A.J.G. (2022). Kodela, P.G. (ed.). "Pandanus spiralis". Flora of Australia. Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water: Canberra. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
  6. ^ Cowie I, Lewis D, et al. "Pandanus spiralis". FloraNT, Northern Territory Herbarium. Northern Territory Government, Darwin. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
  7. ^ "Pandanus spiralis". Western Australian Herbarium (1998–). Florabase—the Western Australian Flora. Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Government of Western Australia. 2021. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
  8. ^ "Search: species: Pandanus spiralis | Occurrence records". Australasian Virtual Herbarium. Australian Government. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
  9. ^ a b "Pandanus". Kakadu National Park. Parks Australia, Australian Government. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
  10. ^ a b "Flora and Fauna". Thuringowa Riverway. Thuringowa City Council. Archived from the original on 13 March 2007. Retrieved 22 November 2006.
  11. ^ Hamilton, Phillip (1996). "Pandanus". Uw Oykangand and Uw Olkola Multimedia Dictionary. Archived from the original on 9 April 2002. Retrieved 22 November 2006.
  12. ^ Lassak, E.V.; McCarthy, T. (1990). "Table of plant uses". Australian Medicinal Plants. Illustrated by Betty Hinton. Melbourne: Mandarin Publishing. pp. 209, 218. ISBN 1-86330-061-9.
  13. ^ "Pandanus spiralis (R. Br.) Screw palm". Top End Native Plant Society. Retrieved 22 November 2006.
Wikispecies has information related to Pandanus spiralis.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pandanus spiralis.
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