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{{Short description|Festive activity in which a metal frame with fireworks is carried among the public}}
{{Short description|Festive activity in which a metal frame with fireworks is carried among the public}}
{{Expand language|topic=|langcode=ES|otherarticle=Toro de fuego|date=February 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{About|the puppet bull used in parades|the instance where a real bull is used|toro embolado}}
⚫
[[File:Santa Leticia 2006 070.jpg|thumb|The "bull" in [[Ayerbe]] (Spain) is a frame carried by a strong man with a series of fireworks.]]A '''''toro de fuego''''' ("fire bull") is a festive activity in [[Spain]], where a metal frame resembling a [[bull]], with [[fireworks]] attached to it, is set alight, and then the person carrying the frame runs around town at night as if chasing people in the streets.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Toro de Fuego - Running of the Bulls® |url=https://www.runningofthebulls.com/event/toro-de-fuego/ |access-date=2022-09-25 |language=en-US}}</ref> Participants dodge the bull when it comes close, especially because the burning fireworks set off sparks that can cause small burns in people's skin or clothes. This activity is held in a number of Spanish towns during their [[Fiesta patronal|local festivals]]. It is possible that this custom originated in the ''[[Toro embolado]]'', in which a real bull is involved.
[[File:Toro de Fuego de Haro.jpg|thumb|The "bull" in [[La Rioja]] (Spain) is a frame carried by a strong man with a series of fireworks.]]
⚫
A '''{{lang|es|toro de fuego}}''' ("fire bull" or "bull of fire") is a festive activity in [[Spain]], where a metal frame resembling a [[bull]], with [[fireworks]] attached to it, is set alight, and then the person carrying the frame runs around town at night as if chasing people in the streets.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Toro de Fuego - Running of the Bulls® |url=https://www.runningofthebulls.com/event/toro-de-fuego/ |access-date=2022-09-25 |language=en-US}}</ref> Participants dodge the bull when it comes close, especially because the burning fireworks set off sparks that can cause small burns in people's skin or clothes. This activity is held in a number of Spanish towns during their [[Fiesta patronal|local festivals]]. This custom may have originated to replace the ''[[Toro embolado]]'', in which a real bull is involved.


A similar custom in [[Ecuador]] and other Latin American countries is known as ''vaca loca'' ("crazy cow").<ref>{{Cite news |date=August 2015 |title=La tradición de la "Vaca Loca" en las fiestas populares ecuatorianas |url=https://ecuadordelsur.blogspot.com/2015/08/la-tradicion-de-la-vaca-loca-en-las.html |language=es}}</ref>
A similar custom in [[Ecuador]] and other Latin American countries is known as "crazy cow" (Spanish: ''vaca loca').<ref name="ecuadordelsur">{{Cite news |date=August 2015 |title=La tradición de la "Vaca Loca" en las fiestas populares ecuatorianas |url=https://ecuadordelsur.blogspot.com/2015/08/la-tradicion-de-la-vaca-loca-en-las.html |language=es}}</ref>

==Background==
The fire bull is a festival that consists of running a cart or structure made with a frame, that imitates the shape of a bull.<ref name="euskadi" /> The bull is built with a metal or wooden frame or frame so that it can be transported by one or two people. Fireworks are attached to the frame. According to local tradition, the bull can also be in the form of a cart, to which the pyrotechnics are added. The festivals take place during both the day or night.<ref name="donostiakultura">{{Cite web |last=Plaza |first=Donostia Kultura Donostia Kultura Bulegoak Konstituzio |title=Encierro de toros de fuego. |url=https://astenagusia.donostiakultura.eus/es/programa/agenda/32-encierro-de-toros-de-fuego?ide=63242 |access-date=2020-03-05 |website=astenagusia.donostiakultura.eus |language=es}}</ref>

The bull is widely used during local festivals in numerous towns in Spain. Some of these festivals have their origins in the [[19th century]], such as the first fire bulls of [[San Sebastián]] during [[La Semana Grande]].<ref name="euskadi">{{Cite news |last=Goñi |first=Félix M. |title=Fuegos artificiales en Euskalherria |trans-title=Fireworks in the Basque Country |url=https://www.euskadi.eus/contenidos/informacion/jye_publi_espectaculos/es_def/adjuntos/Norm-espectaculos-pirotecnicos-esukadi-cas.pdf |access-date=2020-03-06 |publisher=Gobierno vasco |page=26 |language=eu |series=Normativa sobre espectáculos pirotécnicos}}</ref> Once the fireworks are lit, the fiery bull chases anyone gathered in the streets or squares, trying to surprise those who are distracted by scaring them with different types of pyrotechnics.<ref name="elpais">{{Cite news |last=Esnaola |first=Xabier |date=2014-08-10 |title=Los toros de fuego superan los 30 |url=https://elpais.com/ccaa/2014/08/10/paisvasco/1407689799_040713.html |access-date=2020-03-05 |work=El País |location=San Sebastián |language=es |issn=1134-6582}}</ref>

The fire bull is celebrated in numerous Spanish towns, such as [[Barrax]],<ref name="abc">{{Cite news |date=2018-08-06 |title=El Toro de Fuego de Barrax, declarado Fiesta de Interés Turístico Regional |url=https://www.abc.es/espana/castilla-la-mancha/abci-toro-fuego-barrax-declarado-fiesta-interes-turistico-regional-201808061332_noticia.html |access-date=2020-03-05 |work=abc |language=es}}</ref> [[Bilbao]],<ref name="kulturklik.euskadi">{{Cite web |date=2019-09-08 |title=Aste Nagusia de Bilbao 2019: programación del 17 de agosto |url=https://www.kulturklik.euskadi.eus/evento/2019080911335516/aste-nagusia-de-bilbao-2019-programacion-del-17-de-agosto/kulturklik/es/z12-detalle/es/ |access-date=2020-03-05 |website=Kulturklik |language=es}}</ref> [[Candeleda]] (Ávila),<ref name="puertadelavera">{{Cite web |title=Toro de fuego {{!}} Puerta de la Vera |url=https://puertadelavera.com/tag/toro-de-fuego |access-date=2020-03-05 |language=es}}</ref> [[Ciempozuelos]] (Madrid),<ref name="ZIGZAG ">{{Cite web |title=Toros de fuego: tradición y cultura de Ciempozuelos |url=https://zigzagdigital.com//art/15805/toros-de-fuego-tradicion-y-cultura-de-ciempozuelos |access-date=2020-03-05 |website=ZIGZAG digital |date=28 February 2018 |language=es}}</ref> [[Colombres (Ribadedeva)|Colombres]] (Asturias),<ref name="casadepiedra">{{Cite web |date=2019-07-15 |title=Fiestas de Colombres 2019 |url=https://casadepiedra.net/2019/08/13/fiestas-de-colombres-2019/ |access-date=2020-07-09 |website=casadepiedra.net |language=es}}</ref> [[Guadalajara, Spain|Guadalajara]],<ref name="miracorredor">{{Cite web |date=2019-09-15 |title=Nueve heridos en los toros de fuego de Guadalajara |url=https://www.miracorredor.tv/nueve-heridos-en-los-toros-de-fuego-de-guadalajara/ |access-date=2020-03-05 |website=MiraCorredor |language=es}}</ref> [[Haro, La Rioja|Haro]] (La Rioja),<ref name="larioja">{{Cite web |date=2018-09-18 |title=Escapando del toro de fuego |url=https://www.larioja.com/logrono/san-mateo/escapando-toro-fuego-20180918135818-nt.html |access-date=2020-03-05 |website=La Rioja |language=es}}</ref> [[Madridejos, Toledo|Madridejos]] (Toledo),<ref name="madridejos">{{Cite web |title=Toros de Fuego en Madridejos con motivo de la festividad de San Sebastián - Ayuntamiento de Madridejos |url=https://www.madridejos.es/noticias/1771-toros-de-fuego-en-madridejos-con-motivo-de-la-festividad-de-san-sebastian.html |access-date=2020-03-05 |website=Madridejos}}</ref>​ [[Tocina]] (Seville),<ref name="tocinalosrosales">{{Cite web |title=Bando municipal sobre cohetes, pirotecnia y toros de fuego |url=http://www.tocinalosrosales.es/es/actualidad/noticias/index.html |access-date=2020-03-05 |website=Ayuntamiento de Tocina Los Rosales |language=es}}</ref> ​ [[Valmojado]] (Toledo),<ref name="valmojado">{{Cite web |title=Fiestas destacadas |url=http://www.valmojado.com/index.php |access-date=2020-03-05 |website=valmojado.com |language=es-es}}</ref> {{ill|Toro de fuego (Ayerbe)|es}} (Huesca) or [[Fuente de Pedro Naharro]] (Cuenca). Depending on the location, carts or frames carried by one or more people, with pyrotechnics, are used.

There is an average of one toro de fuego at each local festival. According to data from the Ministry of the Interior for 2003 concerning festejos, there would be 391 for the community of Andalusia, 1143 for the community of Aragon{{sfn|Maudet|2010|p=216}}, 1552 for the community of [[Castilla–La Mancha]]{{sfn|Maudet|2010|p=217}}, 1986 for the community of [[Castile and León]], 54 for the community of [[Catalonia]], 613 for the community of [[Extremadura]].{{sfn|Maudet|2010|p=218}} In total for all of Spain: 11,287.{{sfn|Maudet|2010|p=219}}

This custom may have originated to replace the ''[[Toro embolado]]'', in which a real bull is involved.<ref name="runningofthebulls">{{cite web |title=Playing with Fire |url=https://www.runningofthebulls.com/playing-with-fire |website=Running of the Bulls |access-date=2020-11-29 |date=2018-03-27}}</ref>

== Outside of Spain ==
This practice is also celebrated in the south of France, notably in [[Saint-Savin, Hautes-Pyrénées|Saint-Savin]] (Hautes-Pyrénées), [[Saint-Jean-de-Luz]] (Pyrénées-Atlantiques) and [[Luz-Saint-Sauveur]] (Hautes-Pyrénées), as well as in [[Crusnes]] (Meurthe-et-Moselle).{{sfn|Maudet|2010|p=216}}

Similar fiestas are celebrated in other countries such as Colombia,<ref>{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3FG5Fpcg_tkC&dq=%22vaca+loca%22&pg=PA98|title= Music, Race, and Nation: Musica Tropical in Colombia|isbn= 978-0-226-86844-8|last1= Wade|first1= Peter|date= August 2000|publisher= University of Chicago Press}}</ref> Ecuador,<ref name="ecuadordelsur"/> El Salvador, Paraguay or Peru among others, associated with the celebration of local fiestas in some countries, such as the patronal fiestas of Peru or [[Saint_John%27s_Eve#Paraguay|Saint John's Eve]] in Paraguay, where it is typical. Known as vaca loca, toro candil or torito pinto.<ref name="Tedesco">{{cite journal |last1=Tedesco |first1=Giselda |title=Toro Candil: tradição de uma fronteira ambivalente |journal=Interações (Campo Grande) |date=February 2018 |volume=19 |issue=1|last2=Alves|first2=Giberto |doi=10.20435/inter.v19i1.1622 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323353658 |language=pt}}</ref>

Unlike the bull of fire made in Spain, in some countries of America the bull of fire is decorated with papers and silks of various colors in addition to carrying on the sides or in other areas artificial fires, voladores or reeds with gunpowder that are lit salen disparados.<ref name="Tedesco"/>

==Elements of a bull==

Each frame usually has:<ref name="YouTube">{{cite web |last1=Domingo Daza Librero |title=Toro de fuego, feria de Salteras |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=bgzOaDWWUFM |website=YouTube |language=es |date=2012}}</ref>

*Nozzles:a piece that consists of a tube loaded with a composition of pressed powder and produces the a jet of fire.
*{{ill|Wheelbarrow rockets|es|Cohete carretilla}} (borrachos, encorreviejas or buscapiés): pieces of fire that run along the ground throwing sparks, but without exploding. They can cause burns in contact with clothes and skin
*[[Catherine wheel (firework)|Pinwheel]]: a piece in the shape of a wheel, in which there are several cartridges that release colored sparks when the wheel is pushed in one direction making circles.
*Cannons: cartridges that launch small colored rockets

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Santa Leticia 2006 070.jpg|People racing with the bull in [[Ayerbe]]
File:Tudela St Anna7719m.jpg|{{ill|Fiestas de Santa Ana|es}} in Tudela, Navarra
File:Toro de fuego.jpg|[[Donostia-San Sebastián]]
</gallery>

== Further reading==
* {{cite book|first=René|last= Cuzacq|author-link=:fr:René Cuzacq|language=fr| trans-title = The toro de fuégo, origins and history|title=Le toro de fuégo, origines et histoire|location=Pau|publisher=[[:fr:Marrimpouey|Marrimpouey]]|date=1950}}


== References ==
== References ==
{{Commons category|Fire bull}}
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}
== Bibliography==
* {{cite book|first=Jean-Baptiste |last=Maudet |title=Terres de taureaux |series=les jeux taurins de l'Europe à l'Amérique |location=Madrid |publisher=Casa de Velasquez |date=2010 |pages =512 |isbn=978-84-96820-37-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_y_kK2Eb7yQC|language=fr| trans-title =Lands of bulls: bullfighting games from Europe to America }}

==External links==
*{{Commonscat-inline|fire bull}}


{{Bullfighting}}
{{Bullfighting}}
{{Traditional festivals in Spain}}
{{Traditional festivals in Spain}}

{{authority control}}


[[Category:Bullfighting]]
[[Category:Bullfighting]]
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[[Category:Fireworks events]]
[[Category:Fireworks events]]
[[Category:Traditions involving fire]]
[[Category:Traditions involving fire]]


{{spain-stub}}
{{bullfighting-stub}}

Revision as of 03:25, 7 May 2024

This article is about the puppet bull used in parades. For the instance where a real bull is used, see toro embolado.
The "bull" in La Rioja (Spain) is a frame carried by a strong man with a series of fireworks.

A toro de fuego ("fire bull" or "bull of fire") is a festive activity in Spain, where a metal frame resembling a bull, with fireworks attached to it, is set alight, and then the person carrying the frame runs around town at night as if chasing people in the streets.[1] Participants dodge the bull when it comes close, especially because the burning fireworks set off sparks that can cause small burns in people's skin or clothes. This activity is held in a number of Spanish towns during their local festivals. This custom may have originated to replace the Toro embolado, in which a real bull is involved.

A similar custom in Ecuador and other Latin American countries is known as "crazy cow" (Spanish: vaca loca').[2]

Background

The fire bull is a festival that consists of running a cart or structure made with a frame, that imitates the shape of a bull.[3] The bull is built with a metal or wooden frame or frame so that it can be transported by one or two people. Fireworks are attached to the frame. According to local tradition, the bull can also be in the form of a cart, to which the pyrotechnics are added. The festivals take place during both the day or night.[4]

The bull is widely used during local festivals in numerous towns in Spain. Some of these festivals have their origins in the 19th century, such as the first fire bulls of San Sebastián during La Semana Grande.[3] Once the fireworks are lit, the fiery bull chases anyone gathered in the streets or squares, trying to surprise those who are distracted by scaring them with different types of pyrotechnics.[5]

The fire bull is celebrated in numerous Spanish towns, such as Barrax,[6] Bilbao,[7] Candeleda (Ávila),[8] Ciempozuelos (Madrid),[9] Colombres (Asturias),[10] Guadalajara,[11] Haro (La Rioja),[12] Madridejos (Toledo),[13]​ Tocina (Seville),[14] ​ Valmojado (Toledo),[15] Toro de fuego (Ayerbe) [es] (Huesca) or Fuente de Pedro Naharro (Cuenca). Depending on the location, carts or frames carried by one or more people, with pyrotechnics, are used.

There is an average of one toro de fuego at each local festival. According to data from the Ministry of the Interior for 2003 concerning festejos, there would be 391 for the community of Andalusia, 1143 for the community of Aragon[16], 1552 for the community of Castilla–La Mancha[17], 1986 for the community of Castile and León, 54 for the community of Catalonia, 613 for the community of Extremadura.[18] In total for all of Spain: 11,287.[19]

This custom may have originated to replace the Toro embolado, in which a real bull is involved.[20]

Outside of Spain

This practice is also celebrated in the south of France, notably in Saint-Savin (Hautes-Pyrénées), Saint-Jean-de-Luz (Pyrénées-Atlantiques) and Luz-Saint-Sauveur (Hautes-Pyrénées), as well as in Crusnes (Meurthe-et-Moselle).[16]

Similar fiestas are celebrated in other countries such as Colombia,[21] Ecuador,[2] El Salvador, Paraguay or Peru among others, associated with the celebration of local fiestas in some countries, such as the patronal fiestas of Peru or Saint John's Eve in Paraguay, where it is typical. Known as vaca loca, toro candil or torito pinto.[22]

Unlike the bull of fire made in Spain, in some countries of America the bull of fire is decorated with papers and silks of various colors in addition to carrying on the sides or in other areas artificial fires, voladores or reeds with gunpowder that are lit salen disparados.[22]

Elements of a bull

Each frame usually has:[23]

  • Nozzles:a piece that consists of a tube loaded with a composition of pressed powder and produces the a jet of fire.
  • Wheelbarrow rockets [es] (borrachos, encorreviejas or buscapiés): pieces of fire that run along the ground throwing sparks, but without exploding. They can cause burns in contact with clothes and skin
  • Pinwheel: a piece in the shape of a wheel, in which there are several cartridges that release colored sparks when the wheel is pushed in one direction making circles.
  • Cannons: cartridges that launch small colored rockets

Further reading

  • Cuzacq, René [in French] (1950). Le toro de fuégo, origines et histoire [The toro de fuégo, origins and history] (in French). Pau: Marrimpouey.

References

  1. ^ "Toro de Fuego - Running of the Bulls®". Retrieved 25 September 2022.
  2. ^ a b "La tradición de la "Vaca Loca" en las fiestas populares ecuatorianas" (in Spanish). August 2015.
  3. ^ a b Goñi, Félix M. "Fuegos artificiales en Euskalherria" [Fireworks in the Basque Country] (PDF). Normativa sobre espectáculos pirotécnicos (in Basque). Gobierno vasco. p. 26. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
  4. ^ Plaza, Donostia Kultura Donostia Kultura Bulegoak Konstituzio. "Encierro de toros de fuego". astenagusia.donostiakultura.eus (in Spanish). Retrieved 5 March 2020.
  5. ^ Esnaola, Xabier (10 August 2014). "Los toros de fuego superan los 30". El País (in Spanish). San Sebastián. ISSN 1134-6582. Retrieved 5 March 2020.
  6. ^ "El Toro de Fuego de Barrax, declarado Fiesta de Interés Turístico Regional". abc (in Spanish). 6 August 2018. Retrieved 5 March 2020.
  7. ^ "Aste Nagusia de Bilbao 2019: programación del 17 de agosto". Kulturklik (in Spanish). 8 September 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2020.
  8. ^ "Toro de fuego | Puerta de la Vera" (in Spanish). Retrieved 5 March 2020.
  9. ^ "Toros de fuego: tradición y cultura de Ciempozuelos". ZIGZAG digital (in Spanish). 28 February 2018. Retrieved 5 March 2020.
  10. ^ "Fiestas de Colombres 2019". casadepiedra.net (in Spanish). 15 July 2019. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  11. ^ "Nueve heridos en los toros de fuego de Guadalajara". MiraCorredor (in Spanish). 15 September 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2020.
  12. ^ "Escapando del toro de fuego". La Rioja (in Spanish). 18 September 2018. Retrieved 5 March 2020.
  13. ^ "Toros de Fuego en Madridejos con motivo de la festividad de San Sebastián - Ayuntamiento de Madridejos". Madridejos. Retrieved 5 March 2020.
  14. ^ "Bando municipal sobre cohetes, pirotecnia y toros de fuego". Ayuntamiento de Tocina Los Rosales (in Spanish). Retrieved 5 March 2020.
  15. ^ "Fiestas destacadas". valmojado.com (in European Spanish). Retrieved 5 March 2020.
  16. ^ a b Maudet 2010, p. 216.
  17. ^ Maudet 2010, p. 217.
  18. ^ Maudet 2010, p. 218.
  19. ^ Maudet 2010, p. 219.
  20. ^ "Playing with Fire". Running of the Bulls. 27 March 2018. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
  21. ^ Wade, Peter (August 2000). Music, Race, and Nation: Musica Tropical in Colombia. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-86844-8.
  22. ^ a b Tedesco, Giselda; Alves, Giberto (February 2018). "Toro Candil: tradição de uma fronteira ambivalente". Interações (Campo Grande) (in Portuguese). 19 (1). doi:10.20435/inter.v19i1.1622.
  23. ^ Domingo Daza Librero (2012). "Toro de fuego, feria de Salteras". YouTube (in Spanish).

Bibliography

  • Maudet, Jean-Baptiste (2010). Terres de taureaux [Lands of bulls: bullfighting games from Europe to America]. les jeux taurins de l'Europe à l'Amérique (in French). Madrid: Casa de Velasquez. p. 512. ISBN 978-84-96820-37-1.
  • Media related to fire bull at Wikimedia Commons
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