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Eliza Marian Butler (29 December 1885 – 13 November 1959),^[1] was an English linguist, academic, and scholar of German who successively held two prestigious endowed professorships:^[2] the Henry Simon Chair in German (1936–1944);^[3] at University of Manchester and the Schröder Professor of German at the University of Cambridge (from 1945). She was the first women ever appointed to either of these chairs.^[2] Controversial when first published, and banned in Germany, her 1935 book The Tyranny of Greece over Germany, became a classic of German cultural analysis in the English-speaking world after the Second World War.^[4] In addition to academic works, published as E. M. Butler and Elizabeth M. Butler, she published two novels and a memoir.

Early life

Eliza Butler, known as "Elsie", was born in Bardsea, Lancashire, to a family of Anglo-Irish ancestry.^[5] She was educated by a Norwegian governess (from whom she learned German) and subsequently in Hannover from age 11, Paris from age 15, the school of domestic science at Reifenstein Abbey from age 18, and Newnham College, Cambridge from 21.^[5] As a teenager, she watched Kaiser Wilhelm II inspect his troops. In the First World War she worked as an interpreter and nurse in Scottish units on the Russian and Macedonian fronts (she had learned Russian from Jane Harrison)^[2] and treated the victims of the German assault.^[4]

Career

After working in hospitals, she taught at Cambridge and in 1936 became a professor at the University of Manchester.^[6] Her works include a trilogy on ritual magic and the occult, especially in the Faust legend (1948–1952).^[5]

In her 1935 work, The Tyranny of Greece over Germany,^[2] she wrote that Germany has had "too much exposure to Ancient Greek literature and art. The result was that the German mind had succumbed to 'the tyranny of an ideal'. The German worship of Ancient Greece had emboldened the Nazis to remake Europe in their image."^[4] It was controversial in Britain and its translation was banned in Germany.^[5] Butler also wrote two novels. Her autobiography, Paper Boats, was published by William Collins, Sons in the year of her death.^[5]^[1]

Butler was awarded an honorary doctorate (D. Litt.) from London University in 1957 and one from Oxford University in 1958.^[1]

Legacy

In her research on German orientalism, the scholar Suzanne L. Marchand built upon Butler's German cultural critique; Marchand, too, emphasised the political overtones of Orientalistik ('Oriental studies') and Germany's philhellenism. Marchand is critical of Edward Said's view, expressed in his Orientalism, that German orientalism was not of the same pernicious quality as the orientalism of the colonial powers, France and Britain. Said's belief was that Germany historically had a mostly "classical" interest in the Orient. In contrast, Marchand agrees with Butler in concluding that the use of classical Greece by 18th- to the early-20th-century German nationalism was a factor in the rise of fascist ideology.^[4]^[7]

Personal life

Butler had a long-term committed relationship with fellow-scholar Isaline Blew Horner. From 1926 until Butler's death, the two lived and travelled together.^[2]^[8]^[9]^[10]

Butler died in London on 13 November 1959.^[1]

Selected works

The Saint-Simonian Religion (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1926)
The Tempestuous Prince (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1929)
Sheridan: A Ghost Story (London: Constable, 1931)
The Tyranny of Greece Over Germany: A Study of the Influence Exercised by Greek Art and Poetry Over the Great German Writers of the Eighteenth, Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (Cambridge University Press, 1935; reprinted 1958 Boston: Beacon; and 2012 Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 1107697646).
Rainer Maria Rilke (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1941; reprinted 1946 Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)
The Myth of the Magus (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1947)
Ritual Magic (University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1949; reimpression 1998)
Daylight in a Dream (London: The Hogarth Press, 1951)
Silver Wings (London: The Hogarth Press, 1952)
The Fortunes of Faust (Cambridge University Press, 1952)
Heinrich Heine: a biography (Hogarth Press, 1956)
Paper Boats (London: Collins, 1959), a volume of reminiscences^[6]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d
- "Dr. E. M. Butler. Learning and letters". Obituaries. The Times. London. 14 November 1959.
- Included in:
  - Roberts, Frank C., ed. (1979). "Dr. E. M. Butler". Obituaries from The Times, 1951-1960 – including an index to all obituaries and tributes appearing in the Times during the years 1951–1960. Reading, England: Meckler Books. p. 112. ISBN 978-0-930466-16-9.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Watts, Sheila (2006), Newnham College (ed.), "Eliza Marian (Elsie) Butler (1885–1959)", College History – Newnham Biographies, University of Cambridge, archived from the original on 21 January 2014, retrieved 11 April 2024
^ Sagarra, Eda (October 1998). "The Centenary of the Henry Simon Chair of German at the University Of Manchester (1996): Commemorative Address". German Life and Letters. 51 (4): 509–524. doi:10.1111/1468-0483.00114.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Meaney, Thomas (11 October 2012). "Half-Finished People". London Review of Books. Retrieved 4 October 2012.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e
"The Professional Papers of Eliza 'Elsie' Marian Butler", Institute of Languages, Cultures and Societies (ILCS), School of Advanced Study – University of London, (Biographical note), archived from the original on 9 December 2023
- (Note: The ILCS was formerly the Institute of Modern Languages Research – IMLR)
^ ^a ^b Butler, E. M. (Eliza Marian) (1959). Paper boats. London: Collins. p. 112. As it was, we both agreed that the experiment to give the 'real Germany' another chance had not been outstandingly successful; and it was under sombre auspices that I started professing German studies in Manchester that autumn.
^
- Marchand, Suzanne L. (1996). Down from Olympus: Archaeology and Philhellenism in Germany, 1750–1970. Princeton, NJ (US): Princeton University Press. pp. 153–154. ISBN 978-0-691-04393-7. ... while German orientalists, according to Edward Said, stand apart from French, English, and American colleagues because of their peculiarly nonpolitical, almost exclusively 'classical' interests.
- Citing:
  - Said, Edward W. (1978). Orientalism. New York: Vintage; Random House. p. 19. ISBN 0-394-74067-X. There was nothing in Germany to correspond to the Anglo-French presence in India, the Levant, North Africa. Moreover, the German Orient was almost exclusively a scholarly, or at least a classical, Orient: it was made the subject of lyrics, fantasies, and even novels, but it was never actual, the way Egypt and Syria were actual for Chateaubriand, Lane, Lamartine, Burton, Disraeli, or Nerval.
  - Marchand, Suzanne (2001). "German Orientalism and the Decline of the West". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 145 (4): 465–473. ISSN 0003-049X. JSTOR 1558185.
^ "Collection of Isaline Blew Horner (1896–1981), Pali scholar". Faculty of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies. University of Cambridge. 5 July 2018. Retrieved 11 April 2024.
^ Burford, Grace (2005), Newnham College (ed.), "Isaline B. Horner (1896–1981)", College History – Newnham Biographies, University of Cambridge, archived from the original on 27 April 2007, retrieved 11 April 2024
^ Boucher, Sandy (2007). "Appreciating the Lineage of Buddhist Feminist Scholars". Feminist theologies: Legacy and prospect. Minneapolis, US: Fortress Press. pp. 115–128. ISBN 978-0-8006-3894-8. p. 121: It is demurely noted in the short biography provided by the University of Cambridge, where her papers are housed, that 'she lived with her companion Elsie Butler [from] 1926 [to] 1959'. While this clue could mean more than one thing, I am told by Professor Grace Burford ... that Elsie Butler was what we would now call Horner's 'partner', meaning that I. B. Horner was a lesbian living in a long-term committed relationship with another female scholar at the college.

External links

Works by Eliza Marian Butler at Open Library

[obit-1] 
"Dr. E. M. Butler. Learning and letters". Obituaries. The Times. London. 14 November 1959.
Included in:
Roberts, Frank C., ed. (1979). "Dr. E. M. Butler". Obituaries from The Times, 1951-1960 – including an index to all obituaries and tributes appearing in the Times during the years 1951–1960. Reading, England: Meckler Books. p. 112. ISBN 978-0-930466-16-9.

[2] "Dr. E. M. Butler. Learning and letters". Obituaries. The Times. London. 14 November 1959.

[3] Included in:
Roberts, Frank C., ed. (1979). "Dr. E. M. Butler". Obituaries from The Times, 1951-1960 – including an index to all obituaries and tributes appearing in the Times during the years 1951–1960. Reading, England: Meckler Books. p. 112. ISBN 978-0-930466-16-9.

[4] Roberts, Frank C., ed. (1979). "Dr. E. M. Butler". Obituaries from The Times, 1951-1960 – including an index to all obituaries and tributes appearing in the Times during the years 1951–1960. Reading, England: Meckler Books. p. 112. ISBN 978-0-930466-16-9.

[watts-2] Watts, Sheila (2006), Newnham College (ed.), "Eliza Marian (Elsie) Butler (1885–1959)", College History – Newnham Biographies, University of Cambridge, archived from the original on 21 January 2014, retrieved 11 April 2024

[3] Sagarra, Eda (October 1998). "The Centenary of the Henry Simon Chair of German at the University Of Manchester (1996): Commemorative Address". German Life and Letters. 51 (4): 509–524. doi:10.1111/1468-0483.00114.

[meaney-4] Meaney, Thomas (11 October 2012). "Half-Finished People". London Review of Books. Retrieved 4 October 2012.

[papers-5] "The Professional Papers of Eliza 'Elsie' Marian Butler", Institute of Languages, Cultures and Societies (ILCS), School of Advanced Study – University of London, (Biographical note), archived from the original on 9 December 2023
(Note: The ILCS was formerly the Institute of Modern Languages Research – IMLR)

[9] (Note: The ILCS was formerly the Institute of Modern Languages Research – IMLR)

[boats-6] Butler, E. M. (Eliza Marian) (1959). Paper boats. London: Collins. p. 112. As it was, we both agreed that the experiment to give the 'real Germany' another chance had not been outstandingly successful; and it was under sombre auspices that I started professing German studies in Manchester that autumn.

[7] 
Marchand, Suzanne L. (1996). Down from Olympus: Archaeology and Philhellenism in Germany, 1750–1970. Princeton, NJ (US): Princeton University Press. pp. 153–154. ISBN 978-0-691-04393-7. ... while German orientalists, according to Edward Said, stand apart from French, English, and American colleagues because of their peculiarly nonpolitical, almost exclusively 'classical' interests.
Citing:
Said, Edward W. (1978). Orientalism. New York: Vintage; Random House. p. 19. ISBN 0-394-74067-X. There was nothing in Germany to correspond to the Anglo-French presence in India, the Levant, North Africa. Moreover, the German Orient was almost exclusively a scholarly, or at least a classical, Orient: it was made the subject of lyrics, fantasies, and even novels, but it was never actual, the way Egypt and Syria were actual for Chateaubriand, Lane, Lamartine, Burton, Disraeli, or Nerval.
Marchand, Suzanne (2001). "German Orientalism and the Decline of the West". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 145 (4): 465–473. ISSN 0003-049X. JSTOR 1558185.

[12] Marchand, Suzanne L. (1996). Down from Olympus: Archaeology and Philhellenism in Germany, 1750–1970. Princeton, NJ (US): Princeton University Press. pp. 153–154. ISBN 978-0-691-04393-7. ... while German orientalists, according to Edward Said, stand apart from French, English, and American colleagues because of their peculiarly nonpolitical, almost exclusively 'classical' interests.

[13] Citing:
Said, Edward W. (1978). Orientalism. New York: Vintage; Random House. p. 19. ISBN 0-394-74067-X. There was nothing in Germany to correspond to the Anglo-French presence in India, the Levant, North Africa. Moreover, the German Orient was almost exclusively a scholarly, or at least a classical, Orient: it was made the subject of lyrics, fantasies, and even novels, but it was never actual, the way Egypt and Syria were actual for Chateaubriand, Lane, Lamartine, Burton, Disraeli, or Nerval.
Marchand, Suzanne (2001). "German Orientalism and the Decline of the West". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 145 (4): 465–473. ISSN 0003-049X. JSTOR 1558185.

[14] Said, Edward W. (1978). Orientalism. New York: Vintage; Random House. p. 19. ISBN 0-394-74067-X. There was nothing in Germany to correspond to the Anglo-French presence in India, the Levant, North Africa. Moreover, the German Orient was almost exclusively a scholarly, or at least a classical, Orient: it was made the subject of lyrics, fantasies, and even novels, but it was never actual, the way Egypt and Syria were actual for Chateaubriand, Lane, Lamartine, Burton, Disraeli, or Nerval.

[15] Marchand, Suzanne (2001). "German Orientalism and the Decline of the West". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 145 (4): 465–473. ISSN 0003-049X. JSTOR 1558185.

[pali_camb-8] "Collection of Isaline Blew Horner (1896–1981), Pali scholar". Faculty of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies. University of Cambridge. 5 July 2018. Retrieved 11 April 2024.

[burf_2005-9] Burford, Grace (2005), Newnham College (ed.), "Isaline B. Horner (1896–1981)", College History – Newnham Biographies, University of Cambridge, archived from the original on 27 April 2007, retrieved 11 April 2024

[10] Boucher, Sandy (2007). "Appreciating the Lineage of Buddhist Feminist Scholars". Feminist theologies: Legacy and prospect. Minneapolis, US: Fortress Press. pp. 115–128. ISBN 978-0-8006-3894-8. p. 121: It is demurely noted in the short biography provided by the University of Cambridge, where her papers are housed, that 'she lived with her companion Elsie Butler [from] 1926 [to] 1959'. While this clue could mean more than one thing, I am told by Professor Grace Burford ... that Elsie Butler was what we would now call Horner's 'partner', meaning that I. B. Horner was a lesbian living in a long-term committed relationship with another female scholar at the college.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Short description|English scholar of German; linguist and intellectual historian (1885–1959)}}
 {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
-'''Eliza Marian Butler''' (29 December 1885 – 13 November 1959),<ref name=obit>{{cite news
+'''Eliza Marian Butler''' (29 December 1885 – 13 November 1959),<ref name=obit>{{multiref2|1={{cite news
 | author       =<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->
 | title        = Dr. E. M. Butler. Learning and letters
 | newspaper    = The Times
 | location     = London
-| date         = 14 November 1959
+| date         = 14 November 1959 |department=Obituaries}} |2=Included in:
+* {{cite encyclopaedia |editor1-last=Roberts |editor1-first=Frank C. |encyclopaedia=Obituaries from ''The Times'', 1951-1960 – including an index to all obituaries and tributes appearing in ''the Times'' during the years 1951–1960 |date=1979 |location=Reading, England |publisher=Meckler Books |title=Dr. E. M. Butler |isbn=978-0-930466-16-9 |page=112 |url=https://archive.org/details/obituariesfromti0000unse/page/112/mode/1up |url-access=registration}} }}</ref> was an English linguist, academic, and scholar of German who successively held two prestigious [[endowed professorship]]s:<ref name=watts/> the Henry Simon Chair in German (1936–1944);<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sagarra |first1=Eda |title=The Centenary of the Henry Simon Chair of German at the University Of Manchester (1996): Commemorative Address |journal=German Life and Letters |date=October 1998 |volume=51 |issue=4 |pages=509–524 |doi=10.1111/1468-0483.00114}}</ref> at [[UMIST|University of Manchester]] and the [[Schröder Professor of German]] at the [[University of Cambridge]] (from 1945). She was the first women ever appointed to either of these chairs.<ref name=watts/> Controversial when first published, and banned in Germany, her 1935 book ''The Tyranny of Greece over Germany'', became a classic of German cultural analysis in the English-speaking world after the [[Second World War]].<ref name=meaney/> In addition to academic works, published as '''E. M. Butler''' and '''Elizabeth M. Butler''', she published two novels and a memoir.
-}}</ref> who published as '''E. M. Butler''' and '''Elizabeth M. Butler''', was an English scholar of German, [[Schröder Professor of German]] at the [[University of Cambridge]] from 1945. Her most influential book was ''The Tyranny of Greece over Germany'' (1935),<ref name=watts/> in which she wrote that Germany has had "too much exposure to Ancient Greek literature and art. The result was that the German mind had succumbed to 'the tyranny of an ideal'. The German worship of Ancient Greece had emboldened the Nazis to remake Europe in their image."<ref name=meaney/> It was controversial in Britain and its translation was banned in Germany.<ref name=papers />
-==Life==
+==Early life==
-Eliza Butler, known as "Elsie", was born in [[Bardsea]], [[Lancashire]], to a family of Anglo-Irish ancestry.<ref name=papers/> She died on 13 November 1959 at age 73, unmarried.1She was educated by a Norwegian governess (from whom she learned German) and subsequently in [[Hannover]] from age 11, Paris from age 15, the school of domestic science at [[Reifenstein Abbey]] from age 18, and [[Newnham College, Cambridge]] from 21.<ref name=papers/> As a teenager, she watched [[Kaiser Wilhelm&nbsp;II]] inspect his troops. In the [[First World War]] she worked as an interpreter and nurse in Scottish units on the [[Eastern Front (World War I)|Russian]] and [[Macedonian front]]s (she had learned Russian from [[Jane Ellen Harrison|Jane Harrison]])<ref name=watts>Sheila Watts, [https://archive.ph/20080229180236/http://www.newnham.cam.ac.uk/about/bio_elsiebutler.shtml "Eliza Marian (Elsie) Butler (1885 – 1959)"], ''College History: Biographies'', Newnham College, University of Cambridge, 2006. Retrieved 2024-04-11.</ref> and treated the victims of the German assault.<ref name=meaney>Thomas Meaney, [http://www.lrb.co.uk/v34/n19/thomas-meaney/half-finished-people "Half-Finished People"], ''London Review of Books'', 11 October 2012, p. 14. Retrieved 2012-10-04.</ref> From 1926 to her death Butler lived and travelled with her companion [[Isaline Blew Horner]].<ref name=watts/><ref>University of Cambridge (2007). {{full citation needed|date=August 2013}}</ref><ref>Boucher (2007), p. 121. {{full citation needed|date=August 2013}}</ref><ref>Burford (2005). {{full citation needed|date=August 2013}}</ref> After working in hospitals, she taught at Cambridge and in 1936 became a professor at the [[University of Manchester]].<ref>Eliza Marian Butler, ''Paper boats'', 1959. "As it was, we both agreed that the experiment to give the 'real Germany' another chance had not been outstandingly successful; and it was under sombre auspices that I started professing German studies in Manchester that autumn."</ref> Her works include a trilogy on [[ritual magic]] and the [[occult]], especially in the [[Faust]] legend (1948–1952).<ref name=papers/>
+Eliza Butler, known as "Elsie", was born in [[Bardsea]], [[Lancashire]], to a family of Anglo-Irish ancestry.<ref name=papers/> She was educated by a Norwegian governess (from whom she learned German) and subsequently in [[Hannover]] from age 11, Paris from age 15, the school of domestic science at [[Reifenstein Abbey]] from age 18, and [[Newnham College, Cambridge]] from 21.<ref name=papers/> As a teenager, she watched [[Kaiser Wilhelm&nbsp;II]] inspect his troops. In the [[First World War]] she worked as an interpreter and nurse in Scottish units on the [[Eastern Front (World War I)|Russian]] and [[Macedonian front]]s (she had learned Russian from [[Jane Ellen Harrison|Jane Harrison]])<ref name=watts>{{citation |last1=Watts |first1=Sheila |editor=((Newnham College)) |title=Eliza Marian (Elsie) Butler (1885–1959) |work=College History – Newnham Biographies  |publisher=University of Cambridge |url=https://newn.cam.ac.uk/about/history/biographies/ |access-date=2024-04-11 |archive-date=21 Jan 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.md/20080229180236/http://www.newnham.cam.ac.uk/about/bio_elsiebutler.shtml#selection-379.20-379.27 |date=2006 }}</ref> and treated the victims of the German assault.<ref name=meaney>{{cite magazine |last1=Meaney |first1=Thomas |title=Half-Finished People |url=https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v34/n19/thomas-meaney/half-finished-people |access-date=2012-10-04 |magazine= London Review of Books |date=11 October 2012 |language=en}}</ref>
+==Career==
-Butler also wrote novels. Her autobiography, ''Paper Boats'', was published by [[William Collins, Sons]] in the year of her death.<ref name=papers/><ref>Frank C. Roberts, ''Obituaries from the ''Times'', 1951–1960'', 1979. "She also published two not very good novels, and, in 1959, a delightful volume of reminiscences, ''Paper Boats''. Dr. Butler's Irish origin gave her a degree of high spirits which made those duller than herself"{{clarify|date=August 2013|reason=sentence should be completed if it matters, deleted if it doesn't}}</ref> She died in London on 13 November 1959.<ref name=obit/>
+After working in hospitals, she taught at Cambridge and in 1936 became a professor at the [[UMIST|University of Manchester]].<ref name=boats>{{cite book |last1=Butler |first1=E. M. (Eliza Marian) |title=Paper boats |date=1959 |publisher=Collins |location=London |page=112 |url=https://archive.org/details/paperboats00butl/page/152/mode/2up |url-access=registration |quote=As it was, we both agreed that the experiment to give the 'real Germany' another chance had not been outstandingly successful; and it was under sombre auspices that I started professing German studies in Manchester that autumn.}}</ref> Her works include a trilogy on [[ritual magic]] and the [[occult]], especially in the [[Faust]] legend (1948–1952).<ref name=papers/>
+In her 1935 work, ''The Tyranny of Greece over Germany'',<ref name=watts/> she wrote that Germany has had "too much exposure to Ancient Greek literature and art. The result was that the German mind had succumbed to 'the tyranny of an ideal'. The German worship of Ancient Greece had emboldened the Nazis to remake Europe in their image."<ref name=meaney/> It was controversial in Britain and its translation was banned in Germany.<ref name=papers /> Butler also wrote two novels. Her autobiography, ''Paper Boats'', was published by [[William Collins, Sons]] in the year of her death.<ref name=papers/><ref name=obit/>
-She may have inspired the scholar [[Suzanne L. Marchand]] to research German [[Orientalism]], as Marchand emphasized the political overtones of ''Orientalistik'', in reaction to Edward Said's assumption that Germany has had a mostly "classical" interest in the Orient (Said overlooked Germany in his ''[[Orientalism (book)|Orientalism]]'').<ref>Suzanne L. Marchand, ''Down from Olympus: Archaeology and Philhellenism in Germany, 1750-1970'', Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003, pp. 153-4 (including the Said quotation); Suzanne L. Marchand, "German Orientalism and the Decline of the West", ''Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society'', Volume 145, Issue 4, 12/2001, p. 465.</ref>
+Butler was awarded an honorary doctorate (D. Litt.) from London University in 1957 and one from Oxford University in 1958.<ref name=obit/>
+==Legacy==
+In her research on German [[orientalism]], the scholar [[Suzanne L. Marchand]] built upon Butler's German cultural critique; Marchand, too, emphasised the political overtones of {{lang|de|Orientalistik}} ('Oriental studies') and Germany's [[philhellenism]]. Marchand is critical of [[Edward Said]]'s view, expressed in his ''[[Orientalism (book)|Orientalism]]'', that German orientalism was not of the same pernicious quality as the [[orientalism]] of the colonial powers, France and Britain. Said's belief was that Germany historically had a mostly "classical" interest in the Orient. In contrast, Marchand agrees with Butler in concluding that the use of classical Greece by 18th- to the early-20th-century German nationalism was a factor in the rise of fascist ideology.<ref name=meaney/><ref>{{multiref2|1={{cite book |last1=Marchand |first1=Suzanne L. |title=Down from Olympus: Archaeology and Philhellenism in Germany, 1750–1970 |date=1996 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton, NJ (US) |isbn=978-0-691-04393-7 |pages= 153–154 |url=https://archive.org/details/downfromolympusa0000marc |url-access=subscription |quote=...{{nbsp}}while German orientalists, according to Edward Said, stand apart from French, English, and American colleagues because of their peculiarly nonpolitical, almost exclusively 'classical' interests.}} |2=Citing:
+* {{cite book |last1=Said |first1=Edward W. |title=Orientalism |date=1978 |publisher=Vintage; Random House |location=New York |isbn=0-394-74067-X |page=19 |url=https://archive.org/details/orientalism-said/page/19/mode/2up |quote=There was nothing in Germany to correspond to the Anglo-French presence in India, the Levant, North Africa. Moreover, the German Orient was almost exclusively a scholarly, or at least a classical, Orient: it was made the subject of lyrics, fantasies, and even novels, but it was never actual, the way Egypt and Syria were actual for Chateaubriand, Lane, Lamartine, Burton, Disraeli, or Nerval.}}|3={{cite journal |last1=Marchand |first1=Suzanne |title=German Orientalism and the Decline of the West |journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society |date=2001 |volume=145 |issue=4 |pages=465–473 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1558185 |jstor=1558185 |issn=0003-049X |url-access=subscription}} }}</ref>
 ==Personal life==
+Butler had a long-term committed relationship with fellow-scholar [[Isaline Blew Horner]]. From 1926 until Butler's death, the two lived and travelled together.<ref name=watts/><ref name="pali camb">{{cite web |title=Collection of Isaline Blew Horner (1896–1981), Pali scholar |access-date=11 April 2024 |url=https://www.ames.cam.ac.uk/faculty-library/archive/collection-isaline-blew-horner-1896-1981-pali-scholar |website=Faculty of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies |publisher=University of Cambridge |language=en |date=5 July 2018}}</ref><ref name="burf 2005">{{citation |last1=Burford |first1=Grace |work=College History – Newnham Biographies |date=2005 |url=https://newn.cam.ac.uk/about/history/biographies/ |access-date=11 April 2024 |publisher=University of Cambridge |title=Isaline B. Horner (1896–1981) |archive-date=27 April 2007 |editor=((Newnham College)) |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070427182336/http://www.newn.cam.ac.uk/about/bio_isalinehorner.shtml }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Boucher |first1=Sandy |title=Feminist theologies: Legacy and prospect |date=2007 |publisher=Fortress Press |location=Minneapolis, US |isbn=978-0-8006-3894-8 |chapter-url-access=registration |pages=115–[https://archive.org/details/feministtheologi0000unse_f1w7/page/127/mode/1up 128] |language=en |quote-page=[https://archive.org/details/feministtheologi0000unse_f1w7/page/120/mode/1up 121] |chapter=Appreciating the Lineage of Buddhist Feminist Scholars |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/feministtheologi0000unse_f1w7/page/115/mode/1up |quote=It is demurely noted in the short biography provided by the University of Cambridge, where her papers are housed, that 'she lived with her companion Elsie Butler [from] 1926 [to] 1959'. While this clue could mean more than one thing, I am told by Professor Grace Burford{{nbsp}}... that Elsie Butler was what we would now call Horner's 'partner', meaning that I. B. Horner was a lesbian living in a long-term committed relationship with another female scholar at the college. }}</ref>
-From 1926 until her death, Eliza Butler lived in a [[lesbian]] relationship with fellow-scholar [[Isaline Blew Horner]].<ref>University of Cambridge (2007). "[https://www.ames.cam.ac.uk/faculty-library/archive/collection-isaline-blew-horner-1896-1981-pali-scholar Isaline Blew Horner (1896-1981), Pali scholar]." Retrieved 11 April 2024.</ref><ref>Burford, Grace (2005). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20070427182336/http://www.newn.cam.ac.uk/about/bio_isalinehorner.shtml Newnham Biographies: Isaline B. Horner (1896-1981)].", retrieved 11 April 2024</ref>
+Butler died in London on 13 November 1959.<ref name=obit/>
 ==Selected works==
-{{expand section|date=August 2013}}
 * ''The Saint-Simonian Religion'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1926)
 * ''The Tempestuous Prince'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1929)
 * ''Sheridan: A Ghost Story'' (London: Constable, 1931)
-* ''The Tyranny of Greece Over Germany: A Study of the Influence Exercised by Greek Art and Poetry Over the Great German Writers of the Eighteenth, Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries'' (Cambridge University Press, 1935; repr. Boston: Beacon, 1958, and Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 2012, {{ISBN|1107697646}}).
+* ''The Tyranny of Greece Over Germany: A Study of the Influence Exercised by Greek Art and Poetry Over the Great German Writers of the Eighteenth, Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries'' (Cambridge University Press, 1935; reprinted 1958 Boston: Beacon; and 2012 Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|1107697646}}).
-* ''Rainer Maria Rilke'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1941; repr. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1946)
+* ''Rainer Maria Rilke'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1941; reprinted 1946 Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)
 * ''The Myth of the Magus'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1947)
 * ''Ritual Magic'' (University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1949; reimpression 1998)
@@ Line 33: / Line 42: @@
 * ''The Fortunes of Faust'' (Cambridge University Press, 1952)
 * ''Heinrich Heine: a biography'' (Hogarth Press, 1956)
-* ''Paper Boats'' (London: Collins, 1959), a volume of reminiscences
+* ''Paper Boats'' (London: Collins, 1959), a volume of reminiscences<ref name=boats/>
 ==See also==
@@ Line 41: / Line 50: @@
 {{reflist |30em |refs=
 <ref name=papers>
-[https://modernlanguages.sas.ac.uk/library/germanic-archives/archive-collections/professional-papers-eliza-elsie-marian-butler "Biographical Note"]. ''The Professional Papers of Eliza 'Elsie' Marian Butler''. Institute of Modern Languages Research, School of Advanced Study, University of London. Retrieved 2013-08-09.</ref>
+{{citation |title=The Professional Papers of Eliza 'Elsie' Marian Butler |url=https://ilcs.sas.ac.uk/library/germanic-archives/professional-papers-eliza-elsie-marian-butler |website=Institute of Languages, Cultures and Societies (ILCS) |publisher=[[School of Advanced Study]] – [[University of London]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209060853/https://ilcs.sas.ac.uk/library/germanic-archives/professional-papers-eliza-elsie-marian-butler |archive-date=9 December 2023 |language=en |id=(Biographical note)}}
+* (Note: The ILCS was formerly the [[Institute of Modern Languages Research]]{{snd}}IMLR) </ref>}}
-}}
 ==External links==

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