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{{Npov|date=April 2024}}{{Jainism}}
{{Npov|date=April 2024}}{{Jainism}}
[[Acharya]] '''Manatunga''' (c. seventh century CE) was the author of the [[Jainism|Jain]] prayer ''[[Bhaktamara Stotra]]''.{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2013|p=193}} His name only appears in the last stanza of the said prayer. He is also credited with composing another hymn titled ''Bhayahara Stotra'', an adoration of [[Adinatha]].{{sfn|Dalal|2010|p=754}}
[[Acharya]] '''Manatunga''' (c. seventh century CE) was the author of the [[Jainism|Jain]] prayer ''[[Bhaktamara Stotra]]''.{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2013|p=193}} His name only appears in the last stanza of the said prayer. He is also credited with composing another [[Śvetāmbara]] hymn titled ''Namiun Stotra or Bhayahara Stotra'', an adoration of [[Parshvanatha]].{{sfn|Dalal|2010|p=754}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://jainworld.jainworld.com/JWSanskrit/Bhaktamar-Kalyanmandir-Namiun-Stotratrayam_Shri_Gunakar_Suri.pdf |title=Bhaktamar-Kalyanmandir-Namiun-Stotratrayam |publisher=Sheth Devchand Lalbhai Jain Pustakoddhar Fund Series, No. 79 |year=1932 |edition=1st |location=Bombay |pages=228 |language=Gujarati, Hindi, English}}</ref>


According to a legend, Manatunga composed the ''Bhaktamara Stotra'' when he was locked up in prison for failing to appear before the royal court of King [[Mihira Bhoja|Bhoja]]. As he composed each stanza of the ''Bhaktimara Stotra'', the 48 locks of his chain were broken one by one.{{sfn|Dalal|2010|p=754}}
According to a Digambar legend, Manatunga composed the ''Bhaktamara Stotra'' when he was locked up in prison for failing to appear before the royal court of King [[Mihira Bhoja|Bhoja]]. A [[Śvetāmbara]] legend as stated in the 14th century text [[Prabandha-Chintamani]] says that he was locked up to test the mantric powers of [[Śvetāmbara|Śvetāmbara Jain]] monks.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=JaineLibrary |first=Anish Visaria |title=Search, Seek, and Discover Jain Literature. |url=https://jainqq.org/ |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=jainqq.org}}</ref> As he composed each stanza of the ''Bhaktamara Stotra'', the 44 ([[Śvetāmbara]] tradition) or 48 ([[Digambara]] tradition) locks of his chain were broken one by one.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jackson |first=Abraham Valentine Williams |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uKwiAAAAMAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA24&dq=%22Manatunga+Suri%22+-wikipedia&hl=en |title=Indo-Iranian Series |date=1917 |language=en}}</ref>{{sfn|Dalal|2010|p=754}}

The [[Śvetāmbara]] literature contains extensively described biographies of Acharya Manatungsuri. The oldest mention of the legend of the composition of the [[Bhaktāmara Stotra]] is in Acharya Prabhachandrasuri's [[Prabhavakacarita]] written in 1277 AD.<ref name=":1" />

== Biography ==
According to [[Prabhavakacarita]], he was born in [[Varanasi]]. His father's name has been mentioned as ''Brahmakshatriya Dhandev.'' He was initiated by Acharya Jinsinhsuri of the Vanvaasi [[Gaccha]] of the [[Śvetāmbara|Śvetāmbara Murtipujak]] sect. The place where he composed the [[Bhaktāmara Stotra]] is also [[Varanasi]] as stated in the 13th century text.<ref name=":1" /> The details provided in [[Prabhavakacarita]] are also corroborated by the [[Pattavali]] of [[Śvetāmbara|Śvetāmbaras]].

The second oldest mention of Manatungsuri is again a piece of [[Śvetāmbara]] literature, the 1305 text[[Prabandha-Chintamani]] authored by [[Merutunga|Merutungasuri]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=JaineLibrary |first=Anish Visaria |title=Search, Seek, and Discover Jain Literature. |url=https://jainqq.org/ |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=jainqq.org}}</ref> Another mention is also found in Acharya Gunakarsuri's ''Bhaktamar Stotra Vritti'' written in 1370 AD.<ref name=":0" />

Earliest mentions of Acharya Manatungsuri in [[Digambara]] literature can only be dated to 1665 AD in ''Bhaktamar Charit'' by [[Bhattaraka|Bhattaraka Vishwabhushan]]. [[Digambara]] [[Pattavali|Pattavalis]], including the most popular ones like the one at [[Shravanabelagola|Shravanabelagola Digambara temple]] do not mention Acharya Manatungsuri.


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 05:26, 15 April 2024

Acharya
Manatunga
Manatunga
Modern statue of Manatunga tied up with chains and locks
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Born7th century CE
ReligionJainism
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Acharya Manatunga (c. seventh century CE) was the author of the Jain prayer Bhaktamara Stotra.[1] His name only appears in the last stanza of the said prayer. He is also credited with composing another Śvetāmbara hymn titled Namiun Stotra or Bhayahara Stotra, an adoration of Parshvanatha.[2][3]

According to a Digambar legend, Manatunga composed the Bhaktamara Stotra when he was locked up in prison for failing to appear before the royal court of King Bhoja. A Śvetāmbara legend as stated in the 14th century text Prabandha-Chintamani says that he was locked up to test the mantric powers of Śvetāmbara Jain monks.[4] As he composed each stanza of the Bhaktamara Stotra, the 44 (Śvetāmbara tradition) or 48 (Digambara tradition) locks of his chain were broken one by one.[5][2]

The Śvetāmbara literature contains extensively described biographies of Acharya Manatungsuri. The oldest mention of the legend of the composition of the Bhaktāmara Stotra is in Acharya Prabhachandrasuri's Prabhavakacarita written in 1277 AD.[4]

Biography

According to Prabhavakacarita, he was born in Varanasi. His father's name has been mentioned as Brahmakshatriya Dhandev. He was initiated by Acharya Jinsinhsuri of the Vanvaasi Gaccha of the Śvetāmbara Murtipujak sect. The place where he composed the Bhaktāmara Stotra is also Varanasi as stated in the 13th century text.[4] The details provided in Prabhavakacarita are also corroborated by the Pattavali of Śvetāmbaras.

The second oldest mention of Manatungsuri is again a piece of Śvetāmbara literature, the 1305 textPrabandha-Chintamani authored by Merutungasuri.[6] Another mention is also found in Acharya Gunakarsuri's Bhaktamar Stotra Vritti written in 1370 AD.[3]

Earliest mentions of Acharya Manatungsuri in Digambara literature can only be dated to 1665 AD in Bhaktamar Charit by Bhattaraka Vishwabhushan. Digambara Pattavalis, including the most popular ones like the one at Shravanabelagola Digambara temple do not mention Acharya Manatungsuri.

References

  1. ^ Vijay K. Jain 2013, p. 193.
  2. ^ a b Dalal 2010, p. 754.
  3. ^ a b Bhaktamar-Kalyanmandir-Namiun-Stotratrayam (PDF) (in Gujarati, Hindi, and English) (1st ed.). Bombay: Sheth Devchand Lalbhai Jain Pustakoddhar Fund Series, No. 79. 1932. p. 228.
  4. ^ a b c JaineLibrary, Anish Visaria. "Search, Seek, and Discover Jain Literature". jainqq.org. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
  5. ^ Jackson, Abraham Valentine Williams (1917). Indo-Iranian Series.
  6. ^ JaineLibrary, Anish Visaria. "Search, Seek, and Discover Jain Literature". jainqq.org. Retrieved 15 April 2024.

Further reading

  • Media related to Manatunga at Wikimedia Commons


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