Stonewall Inn: Difference between revisions

	Stonewall Inn
	U.S. National Register of Historic Places
	U.S. National Historic Landmark
	U.S. National Monument
	New York City Landmark No. 2574
	Facade of Stonewall Inn during the 2016 Pride celebrations
Location	53 Christopher Street, Greenwich Village, Manhattan, New York City
Coordinates	40°44′02″N 74°00′08″W / 40.73389°N 74.00222°W
NRHP reference No.	99000562
NYCL No.	2574
Significant dates
Added to NRHP	June 28, 1999
Designated NHL	February 16, 2000
Designated NMON	June 24, 2016
Designated NYCL	June 23, 2015

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The Stonewall Inn (also known as Stonewall) is a gay bar and recreational tavern at 53 Christopher Street in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City. Founded as a speakeasy in 1930, it was the site of the 1969 Stonewall riots, which led to the gay liberation movement and the modern fight for LGBT rights in the United States.^[2] At the time of the riots, Stonewall was one of the relative few gay bars in New York City. In part because of its impact on LGBT culture, the Stonewall Inn is designated as a National Historic Landmark and a New York City designated landmark; it is the first official LGBT landmark both in New York City and the United States. The tavern is also part of the Stonewall National Monument, the first U.S. National Monument dedicated to the LGBT-rights movement.

The original Stonewall Inn relocated in 1934 to a pair of horse stables at 51–53 Christopher Street. After operating as a restaurant for three decades it became a gay bar in 1967.^[4] The Stonewall riots of June 27 to July 3, 1969, took place in response to a police raid. went out of business shortly after the uprising and was leased as two separate spaces to a number of different businesses over the years. A bar named Stonewall operated out of 51 Christopher Street in 1987–1989. In 1990, 53 Christopher Street was leased to a new bar named New Jimmy's at Stonewall Place and about a year later the bar's owner changed the name to Stonewall. The current management bought the bar in 2006. The structure at 51 Christopher Street became a visitor center for the Stonewall National Monument in the 2020s.

Background

Original tavern

The Stonewall Inn buildings at 51–53 Christopher Street, in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City, were constructed as horse stables.^[5]^[6] The older of the two buildings is 51 Christopher Street, which was built in 1843 by A. Voorhis and expanded with a third story in 1898.^[5]^[6] The other structure, 53 Christopher Street, was built in 1846; it was originally used by Mark Spencer before becoming a bakery operated by Baptiste Ycre in 1914. The then-owner of the buildings, Henry J. Harper, hired the architect William Bayard in 1930 to combine and redesign the structures in the Arts & Crafts style.^[5] The two structures were reclad in stucco, and the third story atop 51 Christopher Street was removed.^[5]^[6] The ground floor continued to host a bakery until 1933, while the Ycre family lived on the second floor.^[5]

Meanwhile, Vincent Bonavia had opened Stonewall Inn (also known as Bonnie's Stonewall Inn) at 91 Seventh Avenue South, near the Christopher Street buildings, in 1930. The tavern was a secret speakeasy that illegally sold alcohol during Prohibition in the United States;^[5] as a consequence, it was raided in December 1930.^[7] Bonavia relocated to 51–53 Christopher Street in 1934, after Prohibition was repealed. The architect Harry Yarish added a large vertical sign to the facade and installed a doorway with columns around the entrance to 53 Christopher Street.^[5] The eatery had become the Stonewall Inn Restaurant by the 1950s.^[6] It operated as a bar and restaurant until 1964, when the interior was destroyed by fire.^[5]^[8] National Park Service documents indicate that the restaurant had definitely shuttered by 1966.^[6]

Conversion to gay bar

Greenwich Village had become an LGBT neighborhood as early as the 1930s.^[10] To cater to the growing LGBT community, in 1966, three members of the mafia invested in the Stonewall Inn, turning the restaurant into a gay bar. The mafia believed that a business catering to the otherwise shunned gay community might well turn a profit, as they served watered-down alcohol—like other gay bars of the time^[11]—and demanded regular payoffs for "protection". It was also common for the mafia to blackmail closeted wealthy patrons.^[12] The tavern itself was nondescript; the only external indication of its existence was a small sign proclaiming that it was a private, members-only club.^[13]

Stonewall opened as a gay bar on March 18, 1967, and its two dance floors quickly attracted many guests.^[14] There was also a long bar, as well as a jukebox, tables, and seating booths.^[13] The bar was operated as a private club, with patrons signing a logbook upon entry, to avoid the requirement of a liquor license, and the owner gave cash bribes to local police as a payoff.^[12] Though the bar was not openly used for prostitution, drug sales and other "cash transactions" took place. Many bars kept extra liquor in a secret panel behind the bar, or in a car down the block, to facilitate resuming business as quickly as possible if the alcohol was seized in a raid.^[12]

One patron, the artist Thomas Lanigan-Schmidt, recalled that Stonewall was one of the only bars in the city where couples could slow dance together.^[15] Another patron, the historian Martin Duberman, said that the tavern was frequented by a "non-vanilla mix of people: people in suits and ties, street hustlers, drag queens, a few dope pushers, a fair number of nonwhites".^[11] The New York Daily News called the bar a "mecca" for the LGBT community in the neighborhood,^[16] and Newsday wrote that "Here the young men with the delicate wrists and the bobby pins in their hair come to dance the night away with one another".^[13]

Uprising

The Stonewall riots started in the early morning hours of June 28, 1969.^[17] According to a Daily News article from the time, the New York City Police Department (NYPD) had obtained a warrant to raid the bar because it was illegally serving liquor.^[16] Around 1:20 a.m., Seymour Pine of the New York City Vice Squad Public Morals Division and four other officers joined forces with two male and two female undercover police officers who were already stationed inside the bar. The lights on the dance floor flashed, as was the usual signal to alert patrons of the arrival of police.^[17] The routine raid did not go as planned. Because the patrol wagons responsible for transporting the arrested patrons and the alcohol from the bar took longer than expected, a crowd of released patrons and bystanders began to grow outside of the inn. According to the writer David Carter, the police officers eventually became so afraid of the crowd that they refused to leave the bar for 45 minutes.

A scuffle broke out when a butch lesbian in handcuffs was escorted from the door of the bar to the waiting police wagon several times.^[18]^[19] The police tried to restrain some of the crowd, and knocked a few people down, which incited bystanders even more.^[20] The riots escalated to the point where the bar was on fire and the Tactical Police Force (TPF) of the New York City Police Department arrived to free the officers who had barricaded themselves inside.^[21] The TPF formed a phalanx and attempted to clear the streets; it took them until 4:00 am to do so.^[22]

Another demonstration took place on June 29;^[23] it attracted more than 400 people, who, according to The New York Times, were setting fires and throwing bottles.^[24] Activity in Greenwich Village was sporadic over the next two days due to inclement weather,^[25] but another riot took place on July 2, with about 500 people taking part.^[26]

After the riots

20th century

By October 1969, a few months after the uprising, the Stonewall Inn closed because it had no liquor license, as well as negative attention following the riots.^[27]^[28] The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) indicates that there were plans to convert 51 to 53 Christopher Street into a restaurant and non-alcoholic bar in late 1970; the new venue would have retained most of the 1966 bar's decorations.^[28] The Stonewall Inn reopened at 211 22nd Street in Miami Beach, Florida, during the 1970s.^[29] In May 1973, two patrons of that venue filed a lawsuit against the local police chief, asserting malicious harassment.^[30] The Miami Beach location burned down shortly before 7:00 a.m. on March 2, 1974,^[29] following a suspected arson.^[31]

Over the next 20 years, the original space in Manhattan was occupied by various other establishments. The structure at 51 Christopher Street became a men's clothing store.^[11] The structure at 53 Christopher became a bagel shop, a Chinese restaurant, and a shoe store. Many visitors and new residents in the neighborhood were unaware of the building's history or its connection to the Stonewall riots. In the early 1990s, a new gay bar, named simply "Stonewall", opened in the west half of the original Stonewall Inn. Around this time, the block of Christopher Street between Sixth and Seventh Avenues was co-named "Stonewall Place."

The building was renovated in the late 1990s and became a popular multi-floor nightclub, with theme nights and contests.^[32] The club gained popularity for several years, but the city government charged the club's owners with several safety violations. According to one member of the local Manhattan Community Board 2, the owners were reportedly closing curtains (which was disallowed because the club held a New York state liquor license) and allowing sexually explicit shows inside.^[33] The club was forced to close again in 2006.^[33]^[34] Its closure was attributed to neglect, gross mismanagement, and noise complaints from neighbors.^[34]

21st century

A public rally in front of the Stonewall Inn celebrating the passage of the Marriage Equality Act minutes earlier (June 2011).

By 2007, the Stonewall Inn was undergoing major renovation under the supervision of local businessmen Bill Morgan, Tony DeCicco, and Kurt Kelly,^[33]^[34] as well as the only female lesbian investor, Stacy Lentz.^[35]^[36] Morgan told the LGBT newspaper PinkNews that "When we went looking for investors to save the Stonewall people came out of the woodwork. Gay and straight."^[34] The Stonewall Inn opened in March 2007. Subsequently, regaining popularity and continuing to pay homage to its historic significance, the Stonewall Inn hosts a variety of local music artists, drag shows, trivia nights, cabaret, karaoke and private parties. Since the passage of New York State's Marriage Equality Act the inn offers gay wedding receptions as well. Kelly, Morgan, and Lentz have also been dedicated to incorporating various fundraising events for a host of LGBT non-profit organizations.^[37]

After the Stonewall National Monument was established around the tavern in 2016, the LGBT rights organization Pride Live tried to develop a visitor center for it.^[38]^[39] Following several years of negotiations, Pride Live and the owner of 51 Christopher Street came to an agreement over the visitor center.^[38] In June 2022, Pride Live announced that it would build the visitor center at 51 Christopher Street.^[40]^[41] MBB Architects was hired to design the visitor center, while Local Projects was responsible for designing the exhibits;^[38]^[42] as of February 2024^[update], the visitor center is scheduled to open on June 28, 2024.^[43]

Buildings

At the time of the Stonewall riots, the Stonewall Inn into a pair of repurposed horse stables at 51 and 53 Christopher Street, on the northern side of the street.^[44] The modern-day inn occupies only the structure at 53 Christopher Street; the neighboring building to the east, at 51 Christopher, contains the Stonewall National Monument visitor center.^[41]

Advocacy

In 2017, Stonewall co-owners Stacy Lentz and Kurt Kelly established the Stonewall Inn Gives Back Initiative, a nonprofit LGBTQ-rights advocacy organization.^[45] Since 2023, the organization has hosted the Stonewall Inn Brick Awards Gala.^[45] The organization also uses a certification process to designate LGBT-friendly events as "safe spaces"; the process includes training programs and organizational reviews of such events.^[46]

Impact

Effects of the riots

The Stonewall riots led to the formation of some of the first radical gay activist groups in the U.S., such as the Gay Liberation Front^[47] and Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries.^[48] Christopher Street Liberation Day, on June 28, 1970, marked the first anniversary of the Stonewall riots; it was one of the first Gay Pride marches in U.S. history.^[49] This became the inspiration for gay pride parades in the United States and in many other countries.^[50] A Gay Pride march has been hosted in New York City on the final Sunday of each June.^[33] NBC News wrote in 2019 that "Stonewall is an ethos that persists today in the courageous activism of subsequent generations."^[51] Gay Pride marches around the world have also been organized in commemoration of the Stonewall riots.^[52]

The Washington Post wrote in 1994 that, although the tavern was one block from Julius Bar (where LGBT activists staged sit-ins during the 1960s), Stonewall "seems to belong to another era, one that made the notion of protesting in neckties ludicrous".^[11]

As part of the Stonewall 45 exhibit in 2014, which commemorated the 45th anniversary of the riots, the Arcus Foundation and Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation placed posters in the windows of businesses on Christopher Street, including the Stonewall Inn.^[53] Stonewall 50 – WorldPride NYC 2019, a half-century after the riots, was the largest international Pride celebration in history at the time, with 150,000 participants and five million spectators in Manhattan alone.^[54]

Landmark designations

On June 24, 2016, President Obama designated the Stonewall Inn as part of the "Stonewall National Monument" (video).

The buildings are both part of the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC)'s Greenwich Village Historic District, designated in April 1969, two months before the riots.^[55]^[56] In early 1999, thirty years after the riots occurred, the Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation and the Organization of Lesbian and Gay Architects and Designers jointly nominated the tavern for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP).^[57] The Stonewall Inn, Christopher Park, and portions of surrounding streets and sidewalks were formally added to the NRHP on June 25, 1999.^[56]^[57] The area was re-added to the NRHP when it was designated a National Historic Landmark in February 2000.^[3]^[58]^[59]

On June 23, 2015, the LPC designated Stonewall as a city landmark, the first to be designated based on its LGBT cultural significance alone.^[60]^[61] The Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation had advocated for the designation during the tenures of two New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission chairs.^[62]^[63] In June 2016, U.S. President Barack Obama established a 7.7-acre (3.11 ha) area around the site as the Stonewall National Monument, the first LGBT U.S. National Park site.^[64]^[65] Christopher Park was owned by the NPS, while the two buildings at 51 and 53 Christopher Street remained in private hands.^[8] On June 24, 2016, Governor Cuomo designated the Stonewall Inn a State Historic Site.^[66]

Stonewall was the first site in the country listed on the State and National Registers of Historic Places based on its LGBT history.^[65]^[67] In the years after Stonewall was added to the NRHP, other LGBT-related sites were listed on the register, including Julius Bar, James Baldwin Residence, and Caffe Cino in New York City.^[68] As of 2023^[update], it was one of 28 NRHP sites nationwide that had been designated specifically because of their LGBT history, out of over 90,000 total NRHP listings.^[68] Following Stonewall's designation as a city landmark, the LPC also sought to designate other LGBT cultural sites as city landmarks.^[69]

In popular culture

The Stonewall riots inspired the creation of various LGBT-themed works of art, such as music, literature, and visual and performing arts. The uprising itself was described in various works of print media.^[52]

The Beautiful Room is Empty (1988), a semi-autobiographical novel by Edmund White concludes with White's first-hand account of unintentionally encountering The Stonewall Riots.^[70]
Brazilian singer Renato Russo recorded his first solo album, The Stonewall Celebration Concert, in 1994, celebrating the 25th anniversary of the riots. The booklet accompanying the album contained information about 29 social organizations, several of which related to gay rights; part of the royalties was donated to such organizations.
The 1995 movie Stonewall, directed by Nigel Finch, is loosely based on the incidents leading up to the Stonewall riots.
The 2012 play Hit the Wall, by Ike Holter, is a dramatic retelling of the Stonewall riots.^[71]
The 2015 movie Stonewall, directed by Roland Emmerich, is a coming-of-age drama focused on a fictional, young gay male protagonist. It takes place during the time shortly before and during the 1969 riots. It stars Jeremy Irvine, Jonny Beauchamp, Jonathan Rhys Meyers, Ron Perlman, and Caleb Landry Jones.^[72]
The 2018 short film Happy Birthday, Marsha! is a fictional account of the lives of Marsha P. Johnson and Sylvia Rivera in the hours leading up to the Stonewall uprising, featuring Mya Taylor as Johnson.^[73]
Madonna gave a surprise performance at Stonewall Inn on December 31, 2018; she had been named an "ambassador" for the 50th anniversary celebrations in 2019.^[74]

References

Citations

^ Brazee, Christopher D. et al. (June 23, 2015) Stonewall Inn Designation Report Archived November 14, 2019, at the Wayback Machine New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission
^ ^a ^b National Park Service (2008). "Workforce Diversity: The Stonewall Inn, National Historic Landmark National Register Number: 99000562". US Department of Interior. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved December 30, 2008.
^ ^a ^b National Historic Landmarks Program (2008). "Stonewall". National Park Service. Archived from the original on February 21, 2009. Retrieved December 30, 2008.
^ "The Stonewall Inn on Christopher Street, interactive Google Street View image and map". Geographic.org/streetview. Archived from the original on August 28, 2016. Retrieved June 27, 2016.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Landmarks Preservation Commission 2015, p. 6.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e National Park Service 2000, p. 10.
^ "Nine Resorts in Village Visited by Dry Raiders: Hofbrau Boboli Gardens and Annex Yield Prisoners". New York Herald Tribune. December 7, 1930. p. 3. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1113765972; "Village Hofbrau and Eight More Resorts Raided". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. December 7, 1930. p. 20. Retrieved March 9, 2024; "Raids Spike the Village's Week-end Drinks". Daily News. December 7, 1930. p. 20. Archived from the original on February 27, 2023. Retrieved October 30, 2022.
^ ^a ^b "Stonewall: The Basics" (PDF). Stonewall 50 Consortium. 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 3, 2021. Retrieved June 5, 2021.
^ Carter 2004, photo spread, p. 1.
^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 2015, p. 5.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Span, Paula (June 22, 1994). "Greenwich Time". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved March 9, 2024.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Why Did the Mafia Own the Bar? | American Experience | PBS". www.pbs.org. Archived from the original on November 3, 2019. Retrieved November 21, 2019.
^ ^a ^b ^c Mayer, Robert (June 30, 1969). "A Hot Weekend in the Village". Newsday. p. 133. Retrieved March 9, 2024.
^ Carter 2004, p. 77.
^ Barbanel, Josh (June 22, 2015). "Stonewall Inn, Historic Gay Site, May Become New York City Landmark". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. ProQuest 1690157023. Retrieved March 9, 2024.
^ ^a ^b Lisker, Jerry (July 6, 1969). "Homo Nest Raided, Queen Bees Are Stinging Mad". Daily News. p. 113. Retrieved March 9, 2024.
^ ^a ^b "Gale – Enter Product Login". go.galegroup.com. Archived from the original on February 24, 2024. Retrieved November 17, 2016.
^ Carter 2004, pp. 151–152.
^ Lucian K. Truscott IV (June 28, 2017). "The night they busted Stonewall". Salon. Archived from the original on March 22, 2020. Retrieved July 1, 2017.
^ Carter 2004, p. 154.
^ Carter 2004, p. 175.
^ Carter 2004, p. 180.
^ Carter 2004, p. 184.
^ "Police Again Rout 'Village' Youths; Outbreak by 400 Follows a Near-Riot Over Raid". The New York Times. June 30, 1969. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 9, 2024.
^ Duberman 1993, p. 205.
^ "Hostile Crowd Dispersed Near Sheridan Square". The New York Times. July 3, 1969. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 9, 2024.
^ Carter 2004, p. 252.
^ ^a ^b Landmarks Preservation Commission 2015, p. 11.
^ ^a ^b "Club Destroyed". Miami Herald. March 3, 1974. p. 1-B. Archived from the original on October 31, 2022. Retrieved October 30, 2022 – via newspapers.com.
^ Fabricio, Roberto (May 27, 1973). "Suit Charges Beach Harassment of Homosexuals". Miami Herald. p. 2-B. Archived from the original on February 24, 2024. Retrieved October 30, 2022 – via newspapers.com.
^ "Nightclub Destroyed". Miami Herald. March 3, 1974. p. 2-B. Archived from the original on October 31, 2022. Retrieved October 30, 2022 – via newspapers.com.
^ Halbfinger, David M. (July 29, 1997). "For a Bar Not Used to Dancing Around Issues, Dancing Is Now the Issue". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 23, 2020. Retrieved May 24, 2010.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Edwards, Brooke (February 13, 2007). "Stonewall, once dingy gay icon, to be 'nicer'". amNewYork. Retrieved March 9, 2024.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Grew, Tony (January 12, 2007). "Original Stonewall Inn saved by gay developers". PinkNews. Retrieved March 9, 2024.
^ Waddoups, Ryan (July 24, 2020). "Inclusivity, Strength, and Resilience: How the Stonewall Inn Endured an Unconventional Pride Month – SURFACE". SURFACE. Retrieved March 9, 2024.
^ Long, Kat; Frances, Jacqueline; Collins, Andrew. "100 Women We Love: Stacy Lentz". GO Magazine. Archived from the original on February 20, 2015. Retrieved April 1, 2015.
^ Lakey, George (June 26, 2019). "What we can learn from the LGBTQ movement's 50 years of achievement". The Commons Social Change Library. Archived from the original on October 5, 2022. Retrieved October 5, 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c Hickman, Matt (June 22, 2022). "New visitor center at Stonewall National Monument to kick off NYC Pride". The Architect’s Newspaper. Archived from the original on February 24, 2024. Retrieved February 24, 2024.
^ Bixby, Scott (June 9, 2021). "Landlords Squeeze Stonewall Just in Time for Pride". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on February 23, 2024. Retrieved February 24, 2024.
^ Holpuch, Amanda (June 21, 2022). "A Stonewall Visitor Center Will Celebrate L.G.B.T.Q. History". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on February 24, 2024. Retrieved February 24, 2024; Rajamani, Maya (June 22, 2022). "Stonewall National Monument visitor center to open in 2024". Spectrum News NY1. Archived from the original on February 24, 2024. Retrieved February 24, 2024.
^ ^a ^b Lockwood, Lisa (June 23, 2022). "Stonewall National Monument Visitor Center Breaks Ground Friday in New York". WWD. Retrieved March 9, 2024.
^ Lockwood, Lisa (June 23, 2022). "Stonewall National Monument Visitor Center Breaks Ground Friday in New York". WWD. Archived from the original on February 24, 2024. Retrieved February 24, 2024.
^ "Visitor Center For Stonewall National Monument Will Celebrate LGBTQ+ History". National Parks Traveler. Archived from the original on February 23, 2024. Retrieved February 23, 2024.
^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 2015, p. 3.
^ ^a ^b Holtermann, Gabriele (October 24, 2023). "Stonewall Inn gives back to LGBTQ+ community". amNewYork. Retrieved March 9, 2024.
^ Rhim, Kris (November 6, 2022). "Stonewall Inn Names Event A 'Safe Space'". The New York Times. p. F3. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 2732451864. Retrieved March 9, 2024.
^ Clendinen, Dudley; Adam, Nagourney (1999). Out for Good. Simon & Schuster. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-684-81091-1.
^ Transgender History. Seal Press. 2021. pp. 109–111. ISBN 9781580056892.
^ Duberman 1993, pp. 278–279.
^ Fosburgh, Lacey (June 29, 1970). "Thousands of Homosexuals Hold a Protest Rally in Central Park". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 13, 2023. Retrieved November 2, 2016.
^ Aviles, Gwen (June 28, 2019). "The legacy of Stonewall: 'Where Pride began'". NBC News. Retrieved March 9, 2024.
^ ^a ^b National Park Service 2000, p. 8.
^ "'Stonewall 45' offers a window onto L.G.B.T. history". amNewYork. June 21, 2014. Retrieved March 9, 2024.
^ Allen, Karma (July 2, 2019). "About 5 Million People Attended WorldPride in NYC, mayor says". ABC News. Archived from the original on July 4, 2019. Retrieved June 5, 2021.
^ "Stonewall Inn". NYC LGBT Historic Sites Project. Archived from the original on June 13, 2019. Retrieved May 16, 2019.
^ ^a ^b Dunlap, David W. (June 26, 1999). "Stonewall, Gay Bar That Made History, Is Made a Landmark". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 9, 2024.
^ ^a ^b Freedman, Dan (June 25, 1999). "Gay landmark added to national register". SFGATE. Retrieved March 9, 2024.
^ Carter, David; Dolkart, Andrew Scott; Harris, Gale; Shockley, Jay (May 27, 1999). "National Historic Landmark Nomination: Stonewall (Text)" (PDF). National Park Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 26, 2021. Retrieved June 5, 2021.
^ David Carter; Andrew Scott Dolkart; Gale Harris & Jay Shockley (May 27, 1999). "National Historic Landmark Nomination: Stonewall (Photos)". National Park Service. Archived from the original on February 24, 2024. Retrieved December 30, 2008.
^ Humm, Andy (May 29, 2015). "Stonewall Inn Appears Headed for City Landmarks Status – A Gay First". Gay City News. Archived from the original on August 19, 2018. Retrieved May 29, 2015.
^ "NYC grants landmark status to gay rights movement building". North Jersey Media Group. Associated Press. June 23, 2015. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved June 23, 2015.
^ Berman, Andrew. "Letter to LPC Chairman Robert Tierney" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved June 27, 2015.
^ Berman, Andrew. "Letter to LPC Chair Meenakshi Srinivasan" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on June 29, 2015. Retrieved June 27, 2015.
^ "President Obama Designates Stonewall National Monument". whitehouse.gov. June 24, 2016. Archived from the original on January 22, 2017. Retrieved June 24, 2016 – via National Archives.
^ ^a ^b Rosenberg, Eli (June 24, 2016). "Stonewall Inn Named National Monument, a First for the Gay Rights Movement". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 18, 2016. Retrieved June 24, 2016.
^ "Stonewall Inn State Historic Site". parks.ny.gov. Archived from the original on October 11, 2019. Retrieved May 16, 2019.
^ Goicichea, Julia (August 16, 2017). "Why New York City Is a Major Destination for LGBT Travelers". The Culture Trip. Archived from the original on January 2, 2020. Retrieved February 2, 2019.
^ ^a ^b Shadel, JD (June 14, 2023). "10 LGBTQ+ historic sites to visit, beyond Stonewall". Washington Post. Retrieved March 9, 2024.
^ Rosenberg, Zoe (May 14, 2019). "Six historic LGBTQ sites may become NYC landmarks". Curbed NY. Retrieved March 9, 2024; Honan, Katie (June 4, 2019). "Six Historic LGBT Sites in New York City Are Up for Landmark Status". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved March 9, 2024; Conklin, Emily (May 30, 2019). "Six LGBTQ-related sites could be landmarked in New York City". The Architect’s Newspaper. Retrieved March 9, 2024.
^ "Goodreads". Archived from the original on May 1, 2023. Retrieved May 1, 2023.
^ Jones, Chris (February 19, 2012). "'Hit the Wall' is a raw, ambitious telling of historic fight for gay rights(12 Feb 2012)". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on April 29, 2014. Retrieved April 28, 2014.
^ Stonewall Archived August 3, 2018, at the Wayback Machine (2015) at the Internet Movie Database
^ Happy Birthday Marsha Archived October 16, 2015, at the Wayback Machine official website
^ Aswad, Jem (December 31, 2018). "Madonna Gives Surprise New Year's Eve Performance at Stonewall Inn". Variety. Archived from the original on October 31, 2022. Retrieved October 30, 2022.

Sources

Carter, David (2004). Stonewall: The Riots that Sparked the Gay Revolution. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-34269-2.
Duberman, Martin (1993). Stonewall. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-525-93602-2.
Stein, Marc (2019). The Stonewall Riots: A Documentary History. NYU Press. ISBN 978-1-4798-9571-7.
Stonewall Inn Designation Report (PDF) (Report). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 14, 2019.
Stonewall (Report). National Register of Historic Places, National Park Service. February 16, 2000.

External links

Official website

[desrep-1] Brazee, Christopher D. et al. (June 23, 2015) Stonewall Inn Designation Report Archived November 14, 2019, at the Wayback Machine New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission

[diversity-2] National Park Service (2008). "Workforce Diversity: The Stonewall Inn, National Historic Landmark National Register Number: 99000562". US Department of Interior. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved December 30, 2008.

[nhlsum-3] National Historic Landmarks Program (2008). "Stonewall". National Park Service. Archived from the original on February 21, 2009. Retrieved December 30, 2008.

[4] "The Stonewall Inn on Christopher Street, interactive Google Street View image and map". Geographic.org/streetview. Archived from the original on August 28, 2016. Retrieved June 27, 2016.

[NYCL_p._6-5] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Landmarks Preservation Commission 2015, p. 6.

[NPS_p._10-6] National Park Service 2000, p. 10.

[p1113765972a-7] "Nine Resorts in Village Visited by Dry Raiders: Hofbrau Boboli Gardens and Annex Yield Prisoners". New York Herald Tribune. December 7, 1930. p. 3. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1113765972; "Village Hofbrau and Eight More Resorts Raided". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. December 7, 1930. p. 20. Retrieved March 9, 2024; "Raids Spike the Village's Week-end Drinks". Daily News. December 7, 1930. p. 20. Archived from the original on February 27, 2023. Retrieved October 30, 2022.

[facts-8] "Stonewall: The Basics" (PDF). Stonewall 50 Consortium. 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 3, 2021. Retrieved June 5, 2021.

[9] Carter 2004, photo spread, p. 1.

[NYCL_p._5-10] Landmarks Preservation Commission 2015, p. 5.

[Span1994-11] Span, Paula (June 22, 1994). "Greenwich Time". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved March 9, 2024.

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@@ Line 36: / Line 36: @@
 ==Background==
-=== Buildings ===
-The two storefronts at 51–53 Christopher Street, in the [[Greenwich Village]] neighborhood of [[Manhattan]], were constructed as [[Horse stable|horse stables]] in the 1840s. The older of the two buildings is 51 Christopher Street, which was built in 1843 by A. Voorhis and expanded with a third story in 1898.<ref name="NYCL p. 6">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2015|ps=.|p=6}}</ref><ref name="NPS p. 10">{{harvnb|National Park Service|2000|ps=.|p=10}}</ref> The other structure, 53 Christopher Street, was built in 1846; it was originally used by Mark Spencer before becoming a bakery operated by Baptiste Ycre in 1914. Henry J. Harper owned both buildings by 1930, when he hired the architect William Bayard to combine the structures in the [[Arts and Crafts movement|Arts & Crafts]] style.<ref name="NYCL p. 6" /> The two structures were reclad in [[stucco]], and the third story atop 51 Christopher Street was removed.<ref name="NYCL p. 6" /><ref name="NPS p. 10" /> The ground floor continued to host a bakery until 1933, while the Ycre family lived on the second floor.<ref name="NYCL p. 6" />
 === Original tavern ===
+The Stonewall Inn buildings at 51–53 Christopher Street, in the [[Greenwich Village]] neighborhood of [[Manhattan]] in New York City, were constructed as [[Horse stable|horse stables]].<ref name="NYCL p. 6">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2015|ps=.|p=6}}</ref><ref name="NPS p. 10">{{harvnb|National Park Service|2000|ps=.|p=10}}</ref> The older of the two buildings is 51 Christopher Street, which was built in 1843 by A. Voorhis and expanded with a third story in 1898.<ref name="NYCL p. 6" /><ref name="NPS p. 10" /> The other structure, 53 Christopher Street, was built in 1846; it was originally used by Mark Spencer before becoming a bakery operated by Baptiste Ycre in 1914. The then-owner of the buildings, Henry J. Harper, hired the architect William Bayard in 1930 to combine and redesign the structures in the [[Arts and Crafts movement|Arts & Crafts]] style.<ref name="NYCL p. 6" /> The two structures were reclad in [[stucco]], and the third story atop 51 Christopher Street was removed.<ref name="NYCL p. 6" /><ref name="NPS p. 10" /> The ground floor continued to host a bakery until 1933, while the Ycre family lived on the second floor.<ref name="NYCL p. 6" />
-[[File:Layout_of_the_Stonewall_Inn_1969-en.svg|alt=An illustration of the layout of the Stonewall Inn in 1969:. The floor layout is rectangular, with the front of the inn along Christopher Street. The entrance opens to a lobby where patrons could go to the larger part of the bar to the right that also featured a larger dance floor. From that room was an entrance to a smaller room with a smaller dance floor and smaller bar. The toilets are located near the rear of the building|thumb|Layout of the Stonewall Inn, 1969<ref>{{harvnb|Carter|2004|ps=.|loc=photo spread, p. 1}}</ref>]]
-In 1930, the Stonewall Inn—sometimes known as Bonnie's Stonewall Inn, presumably in honor of its proprietor Vincent Bonavia—opened at 91 [[Seventh Avenue (Manhattan)|Seventh Avenue]] South. Purportedly a tearoom, a restaurant serving light meals and non-alcoholic beverages, it was in fact a [[speakeasy]], which was raided by prohibition agents in December 1930, along with several other Village nightspots.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/112295568/raids-spike-the-villages-week-end-drink/ |title=Raids Spike the Village's Week-end Drinks |newspaper=[[New York Daily News|Daily News]] |location=New York City |page=20 |date=December 7, 1930 |accessdate=October 30, 2022 |via=newspapers.com |archive-date=February 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227110830/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/112295568/raids-spike-the-villages-week-end/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
-In 1934, a year after the end of [[Prohibition in the United States|Prohibition]], Bonavia relocated to 51–53 Christopher Street, where a large vertical sign was installed with the name Bonnie's Stonewall Inn.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="facts">{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=Stonewall: The Basics |url=https://stonewall50consortium.org/stonewallfactsheet.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603221553/https://stonewall50consortium.org/stonewallfactsheet.pdf |archive-date=June 3, 2021 |access-date=June 5, 2021 |publisher=Stonewall 50 Consortium}}</ref> The eatery had become the Stonewall Inn Restaurant by the 1950s.<ref name="NPS p. 10" /> It operated as a bar and restaurant until 1964, when the interior was destroyed by fire.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/2574.pdf|title=Stonewall: New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission Designation Report June 2015|access-date=August 20, 2015|archive-date=November 14, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114111318/http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/2574.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="facts" /> [[National Park Service]] documents indicate that the restaurant had definitely shuttered by 1966.<ref name="NPS p. 10" />
+Meanwhile, Vincent Bonavia had opened Stonewall Inn (also known as Bonnie's Stonewall Inn) at 91 [[Seventh Avenue (Manhattan)|Seventh Avenue]] South, near the Christopher Street buildings, in 1930. The tavern was a secret [[speakeasy]] that illegally sold alcohol during [[Prohibition in the United States]];<ref name="NYCL p. 6" /> as a consequence, it was raided in December 1930.<ref name="p1113765972a">{{cite news |date=7 Dec 1930 |title=Nine Resorts in Village Visited by Dry Raiders: Hofbrau Boboli Gardens and Annex Yield Prisoners |work=New York Herald Tribune |page=3 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1113765972}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |date=1930-12-07 |title=Village Hofbrau and Eight More Resorts Raided |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-village-hofbrau/143040543/ |access-date=2024-03-09 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |pages=20 |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |date=December 7, 1930 |title=Raids Spike the Village's Week-end Drinks |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/112295568/raids-spike-the-villages-week-end-drink/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227110830/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/112295568/raids-spike-the-villages-week-end/ |archive-date=February 27, 2023 |access-date=October 30, 2022 |work=Daily News |page=20}}</ref> Bonavia relocated to 51–53 Christopher Street in 1934, after Prohibition was repealed. The architect Harry Yarish added a large vertical sign to the facade and installed a doorway with columns around the entrance to 53 Christopher Street.<ref name="NYCL p. 6" /> The eatery had become the Stonewall Inn Restaurant by the 1950s.<ref name="NPS p. 10" /> It operated as a bar and restaurant until 1964, when the interior was destroyed by fire.<ref name="NYCL p. 6" /><ref name="facts">{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=Stonewall: The Basics |url=https://stonewall50consortium.org/stonewallfactsheet.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603221553/https://stonewall50consortium.org/stonewallfactsheet.pdf |archive-date=June 3, 2021 |access-date=June 5, 2021 |publisher=Stonewall 50 Consortium}}</ref> [[National Park Service]] documents indicate that the restaurant had definitely shuttered by 1966.<ref name="NPS p. 10" />
-==== Conversion to gay bar ====
+=== Conversion to gay bar ===
+[[File:Layout_of_the_Stonewall_Inn_1969-en.svg|alt=An illustration of the layout of the Stonewall Inn in 1969:. The floor layout is rectangular, with the front of the inn along Christopher Street. The entrance opens to a lobby where patrons could go to the larger part of the bar to the right that also featured a larger dance floor. From that room was an entrance to a smaller room with a smaller dance floor and smaller bar. The toilets are located near the rear of the building|thumb|Layout of the Stonewall Inn, 1969<ref>{{harvnb|Carter|2004|ps=.|loc=photo spread, p. 1}}</ref>]]
-As early as the 1930s, Greenwich Village had become known as an [[Gay village|LGBT neighborhood]].<ref name="NYCL p. 5">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2015|ps=.|p=5}}</ref> In 1966, three members of the [[Italian-American Mafia|Mafia]] invested in the Stonewall Inn, turning it into a gay bar. It had previously been a restaurant and a nightclub for heterosexuals. The Mafia believed that a business catering to the otherwise shunned gay community might well turn a profit, as they served watered-down alcohol and demanded regular [[extortion|payoffs]] for "protection". It was also common for the Mafia to blackmail closeted wealthy patrons.<ref name="amex">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/stonewall-why-did-mafia-own-bar/|title=Why Did the Mafia Own the Bar? {{!}} American Experience {{!}} PBS|website=www.pbs.org|language=en|access-date=November 21, 2019|archive-date=November 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103041316/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/stonewall-why-did-mafia-own-bar/|url-status=live}}</ref>
+Greenwich Village had become an [[Gay village|LGBT neighborhood]] as early as the 1930s.<ref name="NYCL p. 5">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2015|ps=.|p=5}}</ref> To cater to the growing LGBT community, in 1966, three members of the [[Italian-American Mafia|mafia]] invested in the Stonewall Inn, turning the restaurant into a gay bar. The mafia believed that a business catering to the otherwise shunned gay community might well turn a profit, as they served watered-down alcohol—like other gay bars of the time<ref name="Span1994">{{Cite news |last=Span |first=Paula |date=June 22, 1994 |title=Greenwich Time |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1994/06/22/greenwich-time/18af5293-7430-4d7f-8423-ba436a6f2033/ |access-date=2024-03-09 |work=Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref>—and demanded regular [[extortion|payoffs]] for "protection". It was also common for the mafia to blackmail closeted wealthy patrons.<ref name="amex">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/stonewall-why-did-mafia-own-bar/|title=Why Did the Mafia Own the Bar? {{!}} American Experience {{!}} PBS|website=www.pbs.org|language=en|access-date=November 21, 2019|archive-date=November 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103041316/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/stonewall-why-did-mafia-own-bar/|url-status=live}}</ref> The tavern itself was nondescript; the only external indication of its existence was a small sign proclaiming that it was a private, members-only club.<ref name="n79457616">{{Cite news |last=Mayer |first=Robert |date=1969-06-30 |title=A Hot Weekend in the Village |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-nassau-edition-the-first-pride/79457616/ |access-date=2024-03-09 |work=Newsday |pages=133}}</ref>
-Stonewall opened as a gay bar on March 18, 1967, and its two dance floors quickly attracted many guests.<ref name="Carter p. 77">{{harvnb|Carter|2004|ps=.|page=77}}</ref> One patron, the artist [[Thomas Lanigan-Schmidt]], recalled that Stonewall was one of the only bars in the city where couples could [[slow dance]] together.<ref name="p1690157023">{{Cite news |last=Barbanel |first=Josh |date=22 June 2015 |title=Stonewall Inn, Historic Gay Site, May Become New York City Landmark |url=http://www.wsj.com/articles/stonewall-inn-historic-gay-site-may-become-new-york-city-landmark-1434931221 |access-date=2024-03-09 |work=The Wall Street Journal |language=en-US |issn=0099-9660 |id={{Pq|1690157023}}}}</ref> The [[New York Daily News|''New York Daily News'']] called the bar a "mecca" for the LGBT community in the neighborhood.<ref name="n20597252">{{Cite news |last=Lisker |first=Jerry |date=1969-07-06 |title=Homo Nest Raided, Queen Bees Are Stinging Mad |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-homo-nest-raided-queen-bees/20597252/ |access-date=2024-03-09 |work=Daily News |pages=113}}</ref>
+Stonewall opened as a gay bar on March 18, 1967, and its two dance floors quickly attracted many guests.<ref name="Carter p. 77">{{harvnb|Carter|2004|ps=.|page=77}}</ref> There was also a long bar, as well as a jukebox, tables, and seating booths.<ref name="n79457616" /> The bar was operated as a [[private club]], with patrons signing a logbook upon entry, to avoid the requirement of a liquor license, and the owner gave cash bribes to local police as a payoff.<ref name="amex" /> Though the bar was not openly used for prostitution, drug sales and other "cash transactions" took place. Many bars kept extra liquor in a secret panel behind the bar, or in a car down the block, to facilitate resuming business as quickly as possible if the alcohol was seized in a raid.<ref name="amex" />
+One patron, the artist [[Thomas Lanigan-Schmidt]], recalled that Stonewall was one of the only bars in the city where couples could [[slow dance]] together.<ref name="p1690157023">{{Cite news |last=Barbanel |first=Josh |date=22 June 2015 |title=Stonewall Inn, Historic Gay Site, May Become New York City Landmark |url=http://www.wsj.com/articles/stonewall-inn-historic-gay-site-may-become-new-york-city-landmark-1434931221 |access-date=2024-03-09 |work=The Wall Street Journal |language=en-US |issn=0099-9660 |id={{Pq|1690157023}}}}</ref> Another patron, the historian [[Martin Duberman]], said that the tavern was frequented by a "non-vanilla mix of people: people in suits and ties, street hustlers, drag queens, a few dope pushers, a fair number of nonwhites".<ref name="Span1994" /> The [[New York Daily News|''New York Daily News'']] called the bar a "mecca" for the LGBT community in the neighborhood,<ref name="n20597252">{{Cite news |last=Lisker |first=Jerry |date=1969-07-06 |title=Homo Nest Raided, Queen Bees Are Stinging Mad |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-homo-nest-raided-queen-bees/20597252/ |access-date=2024-03-09 |work=Daily News |pages=113}}</ref> and ''[[Newsday]]'' wrote that "Here the young men with the delicate wrists and the bobby pins in their hair come to dance the night away with one another".<ref name="n79457616" />
-The bar was operated as a [[private club]], with patrons signing a logbook upon entry, to avoid the requirement of a liquor license, and the owner gave cash bribes to local police as a payoff.<ref name="amex" /> Though the bar was not openly used for prostitution, drug sales and other "cash transactions" took place. Many bars kept extra liquor in a secret panel behind the bar, or in a car down the block, to facilitate resuming business as quickly as possible if the alcohol was seized in a raid.<ref name="amex" />
 ==Uprising==
@@ Line 68: / Line 65: @@
 By October 1969, a few months after the uprising, the Stonewall Inn closed because it had no liquor license, as well as negative attention following the riots.<ref name="Carter252">{{harvnb|Carter|2004|ps=.|p=252}}</ref><ref name="NYCL p. 11">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2015|ps=.|p=11}}</ref> The [[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] (LPC) indicates that there were plans to convert 51 to 53 Christopher Street into a restaurant and non-alcoholic bar in late 1970; the new venue would have retained most of the 1966 bar's decorations.<ref name="NYCL p. 11" /> The Stonewall Inn reopened at 211 22nd Street in [[Miami Beach]], Florida, during the 1970s.<ref name=fire/> In May 1973, two patrons of that venue filed a lawsuit against the local police chief, asserting malicious harassment.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/112299719/suit-charges-beach-harassment-of-homosex/ |title=Suit Charges Beach Harassment of Homosexuals |first=Roberto |last=Fabricio |newspaper=[[Miami Herald]] |page=2-B |date=May 27, 1973 |accessdate=October 30, 2022 |via=newspapers.com |archive-date=February 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224145234/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-miami-herald-suit-charges-beach-hara/112299719/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Miami Beach location burned down shortly before 7:00 a.m. on March 2, 1974,<ref name=fire>{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/112299075/club-destroyed/ |title=Club Destroyed |newspaper=[[Miami Herald]] |page=1-B |date=March 3, 1974 |accessdate=October 30, 2022 |via=newspapers.com |archive-date=October 31, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031033835/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/112299075/club-destroyed/ |url-status=live }}</ref> following a suspected [[arson]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/112299345/nightclub-destroyed/ |title=Nightclub Destroyed |newspaper=[[Miami Herald]] |page=2-B |date=March 3, 1974 |accessdate=October 30, 2022 |via=newspapers.com |archive-date=October 31, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031033834/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/112299345/nightclub-destroyed/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
-Over the next 20 years, the original space in Manhattan was occupied by various other establishments, including a bagel sandwich shop, a Chinese restaurant, and a shoe store. Many visitors and new residents in the neighborhood were unaware of the building's history or its connection to the Stonewall riots. In the early 1990s, a new gay bar, named simply "Stonewall", opened in the west half of the original Stonewall Inn. Around this time, the block of Christopher Street between Sixth and Seventh Avenues was co-named "Stonewall Place."
+Over the next 20 years, the original space in Manhattan was occupied by various other establishments. The structure at 51 Christopher Street became a men's clothing store.<ref name="Span1994" /> The structure at 53 Christopher became a bagel shop, a Chinese restaurant, and a shoe store. Many visitors and new residents in the neighborhood were unaware of the building's history or its connection to the Stonewall riots. In the early 1990s, a new gay bar, named simply "Stonewall", opened in the west half of the original Stonewall Inn. Around this time, the block of Christopher Street between Sixth and Seventh Avenues was co-named "Stonewall Place."
 The building was renovated in the late 1990s and became a popular multi-floor nightclub, with theme nights and contests.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/07/29/nyregion/for-a-bar-not-used-to-dancing-around-issues-dancing-is-now-the-issue.html?pagewanted=1 | work=The New York Times | title=For a Bar Not Used to Dancing Around Issues, Dancing Is Now the Issue | first=David M. | last=Halbfinger | date=July 29, 1997 | access-date=May 24, 2010 | archive-date=April 23, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423051311/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/07/29/nyregion/for-a-bar-not-used-to-dancing-around-issues-dancing-is-now-the-issue.html?pagewanted=1 | url-status=live }}</ref> The club gained popularity for several years, but the city government charged the club's owners with several safety violations. According to one member of the local [[Manhattan Community Board 2]], the owners were reportedly closing curtains (which was disallowed because the club held a New York state liquor license) and allowing sexually explicit shows inside.<ref name="Author 2007 v895">{{cite web |last=Edwards |first=Brooke |date=February 13, 2007 |title=Stonewall, once dingy gay icon, to be ‘nicer’ |url=https://www.amny.com/news/stonewall-once-dingy-gay-icon-to-be-nicer/ |access-date=March 9, 2024 |website=amNewYork}}</ref> The club was forced to close again in 2006.<ref name="Author 2007 v895" /><ref name="Grew 2007 k067">{{cite web |last=Grew |first=Tony |date=January 12, 2007 |title=Original Stonewall Inn saved by gay developers |url=https://www.thepinknews.com/2007/01/12/original-stonewall-inn-saved-by-gay-developers/ |access-date=March 9, 2024 |website=PinkNews}}</ref> Its closure was attributed to neglect, gross mismanagement, and noise complaints from neighbors.<ref name="Grew 2007 k067" />
@@ Line 76: / Line 73: @@
 By 2007, the Stonewall Inn was undergoing major renovation under the supervision of local businessmen Bill Morgan, Tony DeCicco, and Kurt Kelly,<ref name="Author 2007 v895" /><ref name="Grew 2007 k067" /> as well as the only female lesbian investor, [[Stacy Lentz]].<ref name="Waddoups 2020 m201">{{cite web |last=Waddoups |first=Ryan |date=July 24, 2020 |title=Inclusivity, Strength, and Resilience: How the Stonewall Inn Endured an Unconventional Pride Month – SURFACE |url=https://www.surfacemag.com/articles/stonewall-inn-stacy-lentz-interview/ |access-date=March 9, 2024 |website=SURFACE}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Long |first=Kat |last2=Frances |first2=Jacqueline |last3=Collins |first3=Andrew |title=100 Women We Love: Stacy Lentz |url=http://www.gomag.com/article/100_women_we_love_stacy_l/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220234609/http://www.gomag.com/article/100_women_we_love_stacy_l/ |archive-date=February 20, 2015 |access-date=April 1, 2015 |website=GO Magazine}}</ref> Morgan told the LGBT newspaper ''[[PinkNews]]'' that "When we went looking for investors to save the Stonewall people came out of the woodwork. Gay and straight."<ref name="Grew 2007 k067" /> The Stonewall Inn opened in March 2007. Subsequently, regaining popularity and continuing to pay homage to its historic significance, the Stonewall Inn hosts a variety of local music artists, drag shows, trivia nights, cabaret, karaoke and private parties. Since the passage of New York State's [[Marriage Equality Act (New York)|Marriage Equality Act]] the inn offers gay wedding receptions as well. Kelly, Morgan, and Lentz have also been dedicated to incorporating various fundraising events for a host of LGBT non-profit organizations.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lakey |first=George |date=June 26, 2019 |title=What we can learn from the LGBTQ movement's 50 years of achievement |url=https://commonslibrary.org/what-we-can-learn-from-the-lgbtq-movements-50-years-of-achievement/ |access-date=October 5, 2022 |website=The Commons Social Change Library |language=en-AU |archive-date=October 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005121405/https://commonslibrary.org/what-we-can-learn-from-the-lgbtq-movements-50-years-of-achievement/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
+After the [[Stonewall National Monument]] was established around the tavern in 2016, the LGBT rights organization [[Pride Live]] tried to develop a visitor center for it.<ref name="Hickman 2022 c481">{{cite web |last=Hickman |first=Matt |date=June 22, 2022 |title=New visitor center at Stonewall National Monument to kick off NYC Pride |url=https://www.archpaper.com/2022/06/new-visitor-center-stonewall-national-monument-kick-off-nyc-pride/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224032409/https://www.archpaper.com/2022/06/new-visitor-center-stonewall-national-monument-kick-off-nyc-pride/ |archive-date=February 24, 2024 |access-date=February 24, 2024 |website=The Architect’s Newspaper}}</ref><ref name="Bixby 2021 f173">{{cite web |last=Bixby |first=Scott |date=June 9, 2021 |title=Landlords Squeeze Stonewall Just in Time for Pride |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/landlords-squeeze-stonewall-just-in-time-for-pride |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223224224/https://www.thedailybeast.com/landlords-squeeze-stonewall-just-in-time-for-pride |archive-date=February 23, 2024 |access-date=February 24, 2024 |website=The Daily Beast}}</ref> Following several years of negotiations, Pride Live and the owner of 51 Christopher Street came to an agreement over the visitor center.<ref name="Hickman 2022 c481" /> In June 2022, Pride Live announced that it would build the visitor center at 51 Christopher Street.<ref name="nyt-2022-06-21a">{{Cite news |last=Holpuch |first=Amanda |date=2022-06-21 |title=A Stonewall Visitor Center Will Celebrate L.G.B.T.Q. History |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/21/nyregion/stonewall-national-monument-visitor-center.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224013854/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/21/nyregion/stonewall-national-monument-visitor-center.html |archive-date=February 24, 2024 |access-date=2024-02-24 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |postscript=none}}; {{Cite web |last=Rajamani |first=Maya |date=June 22, 2022 |title=Stonewall National Monument visitor center to open in 2024 |url=https://ny1.com/nyc/all-boroughs/news/2022/06/22/stonewall-national-monument-visitor-center |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224013855/https://ny1.com/nyc/all-boroughs/news/2022/06/22/stonewall-national-monument-visitor-center |archive-date=February 24, 2024 |access-date=February 24, 2024 |website=Spectrum News NY1}}</ref><ref name="Lockwood 2022 w1482">{{cite web |last=Lockwood |first=Lisa |date=June 23, 2022 |title=Stonewall National Monument Visitor Center Breaks Ground Friday in New York |url=https://wwd.com/business-news/human-resources/stonewall-national-monument-new-york-visitor-center-1235226297/ |access-date=March 9, 2024 |website=WWD}}</ref> [[MBB Architects]] was hired to design the visitor center, while Local Projects was responsible for designing the exhibits;<ref name="Hickman 2022 c481" /><ref name="Lockwood 2022 w148">{{cite web |last=Lockwood |first=Lisa |date=June 23, 2022 |title=Stonewall National Monument Visitor Center Breaks Ground Friday in New York |url=https://wwd.com/business-news/human-resources/stonewall-national-monument-new-york-visitor-center-1235226297/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224013908/https://wwd.com/business-news/human-resources/stonewall-national-monument-new-york-visitor-center-1235226297/ |archive-date=February 24, 2024 |access-date=February 24, 2024 |website=WWD}}</ref> {{As of|February 2024|lc=y}}, the visitor center is scheduled to open on June 28, 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Visitor Center For Stonewall National Monument Will Celebrate LGBTQ+ History |url=https://www.nationalparkstraveler.org/2024/02/visitor-center-for-stonewall-national-monument-will-celebrate-lgbtq-history |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223224831/https://www.nationalparkstraveler.org/2024/02/visitor-center-for-stonewall-national-monument-will-celebrate-lgbtq-history |archive-date=February 23, 2024 |access-date=2024-02-23 |website=National Parks Traveler |language=en}}</ref>{{clear}}
-As part of the Stonewall 45 exhibit in 2014, which commemorated the 45th anniversary of the riots, the [[Arcus Foundation]] and [[Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation]] placed posters in the windows of businesses on Christopher Street, including the Stonewall Inn.<ref name="Author 2014 y389">{{cite web |date=June 21, 2014 |title=‘Stonewall 45’ offers a window onto L.G.B.T. history |url=https://www.amny.com/news/stonewall-45-offers-a-window-into-l-g-b-t-history/ |access-date=March 9, 2024 |website=amNewYork}}</ref> [[Stonewall 50 – WorldPride NYC 2019]] was the [[list of largest LGBT events|largest international Pride celebration]] in history, produced by [[Heritage of Pride]] and enhanced through a partnership with the [[I Love New York]] program's LGBT division, commemorating the 50th anniversary of the Stonewall uprising, with 150,000 participants and five million spectators attending in Manhattan alone.<ref name="Authorities1">{{cite web |last=Allen |first=Karma |date=July 2, 2019 |title=About 5 Million People Attended WorldPride in NYC, mayor says |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/million-people-crowed-nyc-worldpride-mayor/story?id=64090338 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704023917/https://abcnews.go.com/US/million-people-crowed-nyc-worldpride-mayor/story?id=64090338 |archive-date=July 4, 2019 |access-date=June 5, 2021 |website=ABC News}}</ref>{{clear}}<!--
-==Building==
+==Buildings==
--->
+At the time of the Stonewall riots, the Stonewall Inn into a pair of repurposed horse stables at 51 and 53 Christopher Street, on the northern side of the street.<ref name="NYCL p. 3">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2015|ps=.|p=3}}</ref> The modern-day inn occupies only the structure at 53 Christopher Street; the neighboring building to the east, at 51 Christopher, contains the Stonewall National Monument visitor center.<ref name="Lockwood 2022 w1482" /><!-- Expanding section soon -->
 == Advocacy ==
@@ Line 87: / Line 85: @@
 === Effects of the riots ===
 {{Main|Stonewall riots#Legacy}}
-The [[Stonewall riots]] led to the formation of some of the first radical gay activist groups in the U.S., such as the [[Gay Liberation Front]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Clendinen |first1=Dudley |title=Out for Good |last2=Adam |first2=Nagourney |date=1999 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=978-0-684-81091-1 |page=31}}</ref> and [[Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Transgender History |publisher=Seal Press |year=2021 |isbn=9781580056892 |pages=109–111}}</ref>
+The [[Stonewall riots]] led to the formation of some of the first radical gay activist groups in the U.S., such as the [[Gay Liberation Front]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Clendinen |first1=Dudley |title=Out for Good |last2=Adam |first2=Nagourney |date=1999 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=978-0-684-81091-1 |page=31}}</ref> and [[Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Transgender History |publisher=Seal Press |year=2021 |isbn=9781580056892 |pages=109–111}}</ref> [[Christopher Street Liberation Day]], on June 28, 1970, marked the first anniversary of the Stonewall riots; it was one of the first [[Pride parade|Gay Pride marches]] in U.S. history.<ref>{{harvnb|ps=.|Duberman|1993|pages=278-279}}</ref> This became the inspiration for [[gay pride parade]]s in the United States and in many other countries.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fosburgh |first=Lacey |date=June 29, 1970 |title=Thousands of Homosexuals Hold a Protest Rally in Central Park |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/06/29/archives/thousands-of-homosexuals-hold-a-protest-rally-in-central-park.html?_r=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213085432/https://www.nytimes.com/1970/06/29/archives/thousands-of-homosexuals-hold-a-protest-rally-in-central-park.html?_r=0 |archive-date=February 13, 2023 |access-date=November 2, 2016 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> A Gay Pride march has been hosted in New York City on the final Sunday of each June.<ref name="Author 2007 v895" /> [[NBC News]] wrote in 2019 that "Stonewall is an ethos that persists today in the courageous activism of subsequent generations."<ref name="NBC News 2019 n894">{{cite web |last=Aviles |first=Gwen |date=June 28, 2019 |title=The legacy of Stonewall: 'Where Pride began' |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/legacy-stonewall-where-pride-began-n1024581 |access-date=March 9, 2024 |website=NBC News}}</ref> Gay Pride marches around the world have also been organized in commemoration of the Stonewall riots.<ref name="NPS p. 8">{{harvnb|National Park Service|2000|ps=.|p=8}}</ref>
+The ''Washington Post'' wrote in 1994 that, although the tavern was one block from [[Julius Bar (New York City)|Julius Bar]] (where LGBT activists staged [[Sit-in|sit-ins]] during the 1960s), Stonewall "seems to belong to another era, one that made the notion of protesting in neckties ludicrous".<ref name="Span1994" />
-[[Christopher Street Liberation Day]], on June 28, 1970, marked the first anniversary of the Stonewall riots; it was one of the first [[Pride parade|Gay Pride marches]] in U.S. history.<ref>{{harvnb|ps=.|Duberman|1993|pages=278-279}}</ref> This became the inspiration for [[gay pride parade]]s in the United States and in many other countries.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fosburgh |first=Lacey |date=June 29, 1970 |title=Thousands of Homosexuals Hold a Protest Rally in Central Park |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/06/29/archives/thousands-of-homosexuals-hold-a-protest-rally-in-central-park.html?_r=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213085432/https://www.nytimes.com/1970/06/29/archives/thousands-of-homosexuals-hold-a-protest-rally-in-central-park.html?_r=0 |archive-date=February 13, 2023 |access-date=November 2, 2016 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> A Gay Pride march has been hosted in New York City on the final Sunday of each June.<ref name="Author 2007 v895" /> [[NBC News]] wrote in 2019 that "Stonewall is an ethos that persists today in the courageous activism of subsequent generations."<ref name="NBC News 2019 n894">{{cite web |last=Aviles |first=Gwen |date=June 28, 2019 |title=The legacy of Stonewall: 'Where Pride began' |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/legacy-stonewall-where-pride-began-n1024581 |access-date=March 9, 2024 |website=NBC News}}</ref> Gay Pride marches around the world have also been organized in commemoration of the Stonewall riots.<ref name="NPS p. 8">{{harvnb|National Park Service|2000|ps=.|p=8}}</ref>
+As part of the Stonewall 45 exhibit in 2014, which commemorated the 45th anniversary of the riots, the [[Arcus Foundation]] and [[Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation]] placed posters in the windows of businesses on Christopher Street, including the Stonewall Inn.<ref name="Author 2014 y389">{{cite web |date=June 21, 2014 |title=‘Stonewall 45’ offers a window onto L.G.B.T. history |url=https://www.amny.com/news/stonewall-45-offers-a-window-into-l-g-b-t-history/ |access-date=March 9, 2024 |website=amNewYork}}</ref> [[Stonewall 50 – WorldPride NYC 2019]], a half-century after the riots, was the [[list of largest LGBT events|largest international Pride celebration]] in history at the time, with 150,000 participants and five million spectators in Manhattan alone.<ref name="Authorities1">{{cite web |last=Allen |first=Karma |date=July 2, 2019 |title=About 5 Million People Attended WorldPride in NYC, mayor says |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/million-people-crowed-nyc-worldpride-mayor/story?id=64090338 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704023917/https://abcnews.go.com/US/million-people-crowed-nyc-worldpride-mayor/story?id=64090338 |archive-date=July 4, 2019 |access-date=June 5, 2021 |website=ABC News}}</ref>
 === Landmark designations ===
 [[File:Announcing the Stonewall National Monument.webm|thumb|290px|thumbtime=1:00|On June 24, 2016, President Obama designated the Stonewall Inn as part of the "[[Stonewall National Monument]]" (video).]]
-The buildings are both part of the [[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] (LPC)'s Greenwich Village Historic District, designated in April 1969.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stonewall Inn |url=https://www.nyclgbtsites.org/site/stonewall-inn-christopher-park/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613164616/https://www.nyclgbtsites.org/site/stonewall-inn-christopher-park/ |archive-date=June 13, 2019 |access-date=May 16, 2019 |website=NYC LGBT Historic Sites Project |language=en-US}}</ref> In June 1999, through the efforts of the [[Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation]] and the Organization of Lesbian and Gay Architects and Designers, the area including Stonewall was listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] (NRHP)<ref>{{cite web |title=National Register of Historic Places Report |url=http://www.gvshp.org/documents/StonewallText.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024554/http://www.gvshp.org/documents/StonewallText.pdf |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |access-date=October 1, 2014 |publisher=Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation}}</ref> for its historic significance to gay and lesbian history. The area delineated included the Stonewall Inn, Christopher Park, and portions of surrounding streets and sidewalks. The area was declared a [[National Historic Landmark]] in February 2000.<ref name="nhlsum" /><ref name="nrhpinv">{{cite web |last1=Carter |first1=David |last2=Dolkart |first2=Andrew Scott |last3=Harris |first3=Gale |last4=Shockley |first4=Jay |date=May 27, 1999 |title=National Historic Landmark Nomination: Stonewall (Text) |url=https://www.nps.gov/heritageinitiatives/LGBThistory/stonewall_national_historic_landmark_nomination.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626033949/https://www.nps.gov/heritageinitiatives/LGBThistory/stonewall_national_historic_landmark_nomination.pdf |archive-date=June 26, 2021 |access-date=June 5, 2021 |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref><ref name="nrhpphotos">{{cite web |author1=David Carter |author2=Andrew Scott Dolkart |author3=Gale Harris |author4=Jay Shockley |name-list-style=amp |date=May 27, 1999 |title=National Historic Landmark Nomination: Stonewall (Photos) |url=https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NHLS/99000562_photos |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224145123/https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NHLS/99000562_photos |archive-date=February 24, 2024 |access-date=December 30, 2008 |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref>
+The buildings are both part of the [[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] (LPC)'s Greenwich Village Historic District, designated in April 1969, two months before the riots.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stonewall Inn |url=https://www.nyclgbtsites.org/site/stonewall-inn-christopher-park/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613164616/https://www.nyclgbtsites.org/site/stonewall-inn-christopher-park/ |archive-date=June 13, 2019 |access-date=May 16, 2019 |website=NYC LGBT Historic Sites Project |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="nyt-1999-06-26">{{Cite news |last=Dunlap |first=David W. |date=1999-06-26 |title=Stonewall, Gay Bar That Made History, Is Made a Landmark |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/06/26/nyregion/stonewall-gay-bar-that-made-history-is-made-a-landmark.html |access-date=2024-03-09 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In early 1999, thirty years after the riots occurred, the [[Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation]] and the [[Organization of Lesbian and Gay Architects and Designers]] jointly nominated the tavern for inclusion on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] (NRHP).<ref name="Freedman 1999 j277">{{cite web |last=Freedman |first=Dan |date=June 25, 1999 |title=Gay landmark added to national register |url=https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/gay-landmark-added-to-national-register-3078501.php |access-date=March 9, 2024 |website=SFGATE}}</ref> The Stonewall Inn, Christopher Park, and portions of surrounding streets and sidewalks were formally added to the NRHP on June 25, 1999.<ref name="nyt-1999-06-26" /><ref name="Freedman 1999 j277" /> The area was re-added to the NRHP when it was designated a [[National Historic Landmark]] in February 2000.<ref name="nhlsum" /><ref name="nrhpinv">{{cite web |last1=Carter |first1=David |last2=Dolkart |first2=Andrew Scott |last3=Harris |first3=Gale |last4=Shockley |first4=Jay |date=May 27, 1999 |title=National Historic Landmark Nomination: Stonewall (Text) |url=https://www.nps.gov/heritageinitiatives/LGBThistory/stonewall_national_historic_landmark_nomination.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626033949/https://www.nps.gov/heritageinitiatives/LGBThistory/stonewall_national_historic_landmark_nomination.pdf |archive-date=June 26, 2021 |access-date=June 5, 2021 |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref><ref name="nrhpphotos">{{cite web |author1=David Carter |author2=Andrew Scott Dolkart |author3=Gale Harris |author4=Jay Shockley |name-list-style=amp |date=May 27, 1999 |title=National Historic Landmark Nomination: Stonewall (Photos) |url=https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NHLS/99000562_photos |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224145123/https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NHLS/99000562_photos |archive-date=February 24, 2024 |access-date=December 30, 2008 |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref>
 On June 23, 2015, the LPC designated Stonewall as a city landmark, the first to be designated based on its LGBT cultural significance alone.<ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Humm|first1=Andy|title=Stonewall Inn Appears Headed for City Landmarks Status – A Gay First|url=http://gaycitynews.nyc/exclusive-stonewall-inn-appears-headed-city-landmark-status-gay-first/|access-date=May 29, 2015|magazine=Gay City News|date=May 29, 2015|archive-date=August 19, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819063958/http://gaycitynews.nyc/exclusive-stonewall-inn-appears-headed-city-landmark-status-gay-first/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=June 23, 2015 |title=NYC grants landmark status to gay rights movement building |url=http://www.northjersey.com/news/nyc-grants-landmark-status-to-gay-rights-movement-building-1.1361241 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201003/http://www.northjersey.com/news/nyc-grants-landmark-status-to-gay-rights-movement-building-1.1361241 |archive-date=March 3, 2016 |access-date=June 23, 2015 |publisher=North Jersey Media Group |agency=Associated Press}}</ref> The Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation had advocated for the designation during the tenures of two New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission chairs.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Berman|first1=Andrew|title=Letter to LPC Chairman Robert Tierney|url=http://www.gvshp.org/_gvshp/preservation/doc/lpc-lgbt-letter-01-16-14.pdf|access-date=June 27, 2015|archive-date=September 24, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024347/http://www.gvshp.org/_gvshp/preservation/doc/lpc-lgbt-letter-01-16-14.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Berman|first1=Andrew|title=Letter to LPC Chair Meenakshi Srinivasan|url=http://www.gvshp.org/_gvshp/pdf/SrinivasanLGBTStonewalllet4.15.pdf|access-date=June 27, 2015|archive-date=June 29, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629035855/http://www.gvshp.org/_gvshp/pdf/SrinivasanLGBTStonewalllet4.15.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In June 2016, [[Barack Obama|U.S. President Barack Obama]] established a 7.7-acre (3.11 ha) area around the site as the [[Stonewall National Monument]], the first LGBT [[U.S. National Park Service|U.S. National Park]] site.<ref>{{cite web|title=President Obama Designates Stonewall National Monument|url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2016/06/24/president-obama-designates-stonewall-national-monument|via=[[NARA|National Archives]]|work=[[whitehouse.gov]]|date=June 24, 2016|access-date=June 24, 2016|archive-date=January 22, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122175450/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2016/06/24/president-obama-designates-stonewall-national-monument|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> Christopher Park was owned by the NPS, while the two buildings at 51 and 53 Christopher Street remained in private hands.<ref name="facts" /> On June 24, 2016, Governor Cuomo designated the Stonewall Inn a State Historic Site.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://parks.ny.gov/historic-sites/41/details.aspx|title=Stonewall Inn State Historic Site|website=parks.ny.gov|access-date=May 16, 2019|archive-date=October 11, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011232352/https://parks.ny.gov/historic-sites/41/details.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>
-Stonewall was the first LGBT-history site in the country listed on the State and National Registers of Historic Places.<ref name=":2">{{cite news |author=Rosenberg |first=Eli |date=June 24, 2016 |title=Stonewall Inn Named National Monument, a First for the Gay Rights Movement |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/25/nyregion/stonewall-inn-named-national-monument-a-first-for-gay-rights-movement.html?hpw&rref=nyregion&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&module=well-region&region=bottom-well&WT.nav=bottom-well&_r=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718223459/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/25/nyregion/stonewall-inn-named-national-monument-a-first-for-gay-rights-movement.html?hpw&rref=nyregion&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&module=well-region&region=bottom-well&WT.nav=bottom-well&_r=0 |archive-date=July 18, 2016 |access-date=June 24, 2016 |newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref><ref name="GayGreenwichVillage1">{{cite web |author=Goicichea |first=Julia |date=August 16, 2017 |title=Why New York City Is a Major Destination for LGBT Travelers |url=https://theculturetrip.com/north-america/usa/new-york/articles/why-new-york-city-is-a-major-destination-for-lgbt-travelers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102084000/https://theculturetrip.com/north-america/usa/new-york/articles/why-new-york-city-is-a-major-destination-for-lgbt-travelers/ |archive-date=January 2, 2020 |access-date=February 2, 2019 |publisher=The Culture Trip}}</ref> In the years after Stonewall was added to the NRHP, other LGBT-related sites were listed on the register, including [[Julius Bar (New York City)|Julius Bar]], [[James Baldwin Residence]], and [[Caffe Cino]] in New York City.<ref name="Shadel 2023 i834">{{cite web |last=Shadel |first=JD |date=June 14, 2023 |title=10 LGBTQ+ historic sites to visit, beyond Stonewall |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/travel/tips/lgbtq-historic-places/ |access-date=March 9, 2024 |website=Washington Post}}</ref> {{As of|2023}}, it was one of 28 NRHP sites nationwide that had been designated specifically because of their LGBT history, out of over 90,000 total NRHP listings.<ref name="Shadel 2023 i834" /> Following Stonewall's designation as a city landmark, the LPC also sought to designate other LGBT cultural sites across the city as city landmarks.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Honan |first=Katie |date=June 4, 2019 |title=Six Historic LGBT Sites in New York City Are Up for Landmark Status |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/six-historic-lgbt-sites-in-new-york-city-are-up-for-landmark-status-11559687575 |access-date=2024-03-09 |work=The Wall Street Journal |language=en-US |issn=0099-9660}}</ref>
+Stonewall was the first site in the country listed on the State and National Registers of Historic Places based on its LGBT history.<ref name=":2">{{cite news |author=Rosenberg |first=Eli |date=June 24, 2016 |title=Stonewall Inn Named National Monument, a First for the Gay Rights Movement |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/25/nyregion/stonewall-inn-named-national-monument-a-first-for-gay-rights-movement.html?hpw&rref=nyregion&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&module=well-region&region=bottom-well&WT.nav=bottom-well&_r=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718223459/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/25/nyregion/stonewall-inn-named-national-monument-a-first-for-gay-rights-movement.html?hpw&rref=nyregion&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&module=well-region&region=bottom-well&WT.nav=bottom-well&_r=0 |archive-date=July 18, 2016 |access-date=June 24, 2016 |newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref><ref name="GayGreenwichVillage1">{{cite web |author=Goicichea |first=Julia |date=August 16, 2017 |title=Why New York City Is a Major Destination for LGBT Travelers |url=https://theculturetrip.com/north-america/usa/new-york/articles/why-new-york-city-is-a-major-destination-for-lgbt-travelers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102084000/https://theculturetrip.com/north-america/usa/new-york/articles/why-new-york-city-is-a-major-destination-for-lgbt-travelers/ |archive-date=January 2, 2020 |access-date=February 2, 2019 |publisher=The Culture Trip}}</ref> In the years after Stonewall was added to the NRHP, other LGBT-related sites were listed on the register, including Julius Bar, [[James Baldwin Residence]], and [[Caffe Cino]] in New York City.<ref name="Shadel 2023 i834">{{cite web |last=Shadel |first=JD |date=June 14, 2023 |title=10 LGBTQ+ historic sites to visit, beyond Stonewall |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/travel/tips/lgbtq-historic-places/ |access-date=March 9, 2024 |website=Washington Post}}</ref> {{As of|2023}}, it was one of 28 NRHP sites nationwide that had been designated specifically because of their LGBT history, out of over 90,000 total NRHP listings.<ref name="Shadel 2023 i834" /> Following Stonewall's designation as a city landmark, the LPC also sought to designate other LGBT cultural sites as city landmarks.<ref name="Rosenberg 2019 s672">{{cite web |last=Rosenberg |first=Zoe |date=May 14, 2019 |title=Six historic LGBTQ sites may become NYC landmarks |url=https://ny.curbed.com/2019/5/14/18623000/lgbtq-historic-sites-new-york-landmarks |access-date=March 9, 2024 |website=Curbed NY |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |last=Honan |first=Katie |date=June 4, 2019 |title=Six Historic LGBT Sites in New York City Are Up for Landmark Status |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/six-historic-lgbt-sites-in-new-york-city-are-up-for-landmark-status-11559687575 |access-date=2024-03-09 |work=The Wall Street Journal |language=en-US |issn=0099-9660 |postscript=none}}; {{Cite web |last=Conklin |first=Emily |date=May 30, 2019 |title=Six LGBTQ-related sites could be landmarked in New York City |url=https://www.archpaper.com/2019/05/lgbtq-landmarks-new-york-city/ |access-date=March 9, 2024 |website=The Architect’s Newspaper}}</ref>
-After the Stonewall National Monument was established, the LGBT rights organization [[Pride Live]] tried to develop a visitor center for it.<ref name="Hickman 2022 c481">{{cite web |last=Hickman |first=Matt |date=June 22, 2022 |title=New visitor center at Stonewall National Monument to kick off NYC Pride |url=https://www.archpaper.com/2022/06/new-visitor-center-stonewall-national-monument-kick-off-nyc-pride/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224032409/https://www.archpaper.com/2022/06/new-visitor-center-stonewall-national-monument-kick-off-nyc-pride/ |archive-date=February 24, 2024 |access-date=February 24, 2024 |website=The Architect’s Newspaper}}</ref><ref name="Bixby 2021 f173">{{cite web |last=Bixby |first=Scott |date=June 9, 2021 |title=Landlords Squeeze Stonewall Just in Time for Pride |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/landlords-squeeze-stonewall-just-in-time-for-pride |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223224224/https://www.thedailybeast.com/landlords-squeeze-stonewall-just-in-time-for-pride |archive-date=February 23, 2024 |access-date=February 24, 2024 |website=The Daily Beast}}</ref> Following several years of negotiations, Pride Live and the owner of 51 Christopher Street came to an agreement over the visitor center.<ref name="Hickman 2022 c481" /> In June 2022, Pride Live announced that it would build the visitor center at 51 Christopher Street.<ref name="nyt-2022-06-21">{{Cite news |last=Holpuch |first=Amanda |date=2022-06-21 |title=A Stonewall Visitor Center Will Celebrate L.G.B.T.Q. History |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/21/nyregion/stonewall-national-monument-visitor-center.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224013854/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/21/nyregion/stonewall-national-monument-visitor-center.html |archive-date=February 24, 2024 |access-date=2024-02-24 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="Rajamani 2022 h369">{{cite web |last=Rajamani |first=Maya |date=June 22, 2022 |title=Stonewall National Monument visitor center to open in 2024 |url=https://ny1.com/nyc/all-boroughs/news/2022/06/22/stonewall-national-monument-visitor-center |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224013855/https://ny1.com/nyc/all-boroughs/news/2022/06/22/stonewall-national-monument-visitor-center |archive-date=February 24, 2024 |access-date=February 24, 2024 |website=Spectrum News NY1}}</ref> [[MBB Architects]] was hired to design the visitor center, while Local Projects was responsible for designing the exhibits;<ref name="Hickman 2022 c481" /><ref name="Lockwood 2022 w148">{{cite web |last=Lockwood |first=Lisa |date=June 23, 2022 |title=Stonewall National Monument Visitor Center Breaks Ground Friday in New York |url=https://wwd.com/business-news/human-resources/stonewall-national-monument-new-york-visitor-center-1235226297/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224013908/https://wwd.com/business-news/human-resources/stonewall-national-monument-new-york-visitor-center-1235226297/ |archive-date=February 24, 2024 |access-date=February 24, 2024 |website=WWD}}</ref> {{As of|February 2024|lc=y}}, the visitor center is scheduled to open on June 28, 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Visitor Center For Stonewall National Monument Will Celebrate LGBTQ+ History |url=https://www.nationalparkstraveler.org/2024/02/visitor-center-for-stonewall-national-monument-will-celebrate-lgbtq-history |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223224831/https://www.nationalparkstraveler.org/2024/02/visitor-center-for-stonewall-national-monument-will-celebrate-lgbtq-history |archive-date=February 23, 2024 |access-date=2024-02-23 |website=National Parks Traveler |language=en}}</ref>
 === In popular culture ===

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