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| nationality = Dominican
| nationality = Dominican
| allegiance = {{flag|Dominican Republic}}
| allegiance = {{flag|Dominican Republic}}
| battles = [[Cibaeño Revolution]]<br>[[Dominican Restoration War]]<br>
| battles = [[Dominican Restoration War]]<br>
[[Six Years' War]]
[[Six Years' War]]
}}
}}


'''Gregorio Luperón''' (September 8, 1839 – May 21, 1897) was a Dominican revolutionary, military general, businessman, liberal politician, [[Freemasonry|freemason]], and Statesman who was one of the leaders in the [[Dominican Restoration War]]. Luperón was an active member of the [[Triumvirate|Triunvirato]] of 1866, becoming the President of the Provincial Government in [[Puerto Plata, Dominican Republic|San Felipe de Puerto Plata]], and after the successful coup against [[Cesareo Guillermo]], he became the 28th [[President of the Dominican Republic]]. During his government in 1879, he incentivised [[secularism]] in the [[Dominican Republic]] with the help of the General Captain of Puerto Rico and [[Eugenio María de Hostos]]. Luperón is often called the 4th Founding father of the Dominican Republic.
'''Gregorio Luperón''' (September 8, 1839 – May 21, 1897) was a Dominican Republic revolutionary, military general, businessman, liberal politician, [[Freemasonry|freemason]], and Statesman who was one of the leaders in the [[Dominican Restoration War]]. Luperón was an active member of the [[Triumvirate|Triunvirato]] of 1866, becoming the President of the Provincial Government in [[Puerto Plata, Dominican Republic|San Felipe de Puerto Plata]], and after the successful coup against [[Cesareo Guillermo]], he became the 28th [[President of the Dominican Republic]]. During his government in 1879, he incentivised [[secularism]] in the [[Dominican Republic]] with the help of the General Captain of Puerto Rico and [[Eugenio María de Hostos]].


==Biography==
Once the independence of the [[First Dominican Republic]] was achieved in 1844, the nation had to suffer both the repeated attacks of the Haitians, which threatened national sovereignty, and the dictatorial ways of the presidents who during those years alternated in power. [[Pedro Santana]] and [[Buenaventura Báez]] were the two prolific politicians competing during this time. At the end of his last term, Pedro Santana decided to annex the country to Spain; His idea was to end the permanent threat from Haiti, but also to remain in power, since in exchange he accepted the position of captain general of the new Spanish province of Santo Domingo.
Gregorio Luperón was born 8 September 1839 in [[Puerto Plata, Dominican Republic|Puerto Plata]] to Pedro Castellanos, a [[White Dominicans|White Dominican]], and Nicolasa du Perron (the surname [[Duperron|du Perron]] would later become "Luperón", to [[Hispanicization|sound more Spanish]]), a [[Cocolo|black immigrant]] from the [[Lesser Antilles]]. His parents owned a ''ventorrillo'' (rudimentary market stall) that sold homemade foodstuffs such as ''[[:es:Piñonate|piñonate]]'', a local delicacy made of sweetened pine-nut kernels. Most of these were sold on the street by Gregorio and his siblings in order to help the family livelihood.


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Around the age of 14, Gregorio began working for Pedro Eduardo Dubocq, a local timber businessman of French origin. While working there, he displayed a strong strength of character and a knack for getting any job assigned to him completed in the best possible fashion. Because of this, Mr. Dubocq promoted Gregorio to a management position. Mr.&nbsp;Dubocq also allowed Gregorio to spend time in his personal library because Gregorio wanted to enrich his intellect. He was fluent in [[English language|English]], (his mother was a black immigrant from the British Isles), he had a gift for oratory, and in his employer's library he was able to begin solid self-taught training.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Biografia de Gregorio Luperón |url=https://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/l/luperon.htm |access-date=2023-10-26 |website=www.biografiasyvidas.com}}</ref>
Such a decision would unleash the [[Dominican Restoration War]], which pitted the supporters of annexation to Spain against the independentistas or restorers (since their objective was to restore the First Republic). Gregorio Luperón stood out as the most capable of the generals on the independence side, to whose victory he contributed decisively. But the war would not bring stability either; The continuous confrontations between the red or conservatives (led by Buenaventura Báez) and the blue or liberals (like Luperón himself, who aspired to modernize and democratize the republican institutions) continued to tear apart and impoverish the country in the following decades.


<ref>{{Cite web|title=GREGORIO LUPERON|url=https://www.historiologiapuertoplata.com/general-gregorio-luperon|access-date=2021-11-30|website=HISTORIOLOGIA PUERTO|language=es}}</ref>
==Early life==
In 1861, the annexation of the Dominican Republic by Spain took place.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Annexation of Dominican Republic|url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780190280024/obo-9780190280024-0036.xml|access-date=2021-11-29|website=obo|language=en}}</ref> Gregorio was only 22 years old at the time but a sense of nationalism began to swell within him. During one instance, Gregorio was arrested but managed to escape and flee to the United States for protection. Shortly thereafter, Gregorio managed to return to the Dominican Republic through the town of [[Monte Cristi Province|Monte Cristi]] in time to take part in the uprising of [[Sabaneta de Yásica]] (1863). However, this uprising was short-lived due to the quick Spanish response.
His family origin reveals the man who excels through his own efforts and transcends disadvantageous conditions. Born in Puerto Plata on September 8, 1839, he was not recognized by his father – Pedro Castellanos, from the urban middle class –, so he received the surname of his mother, Nicolasa Duperron, of humble condition, descendant of a Frenchman established in Santiago de los Caballeros, at the beginning of the 18th century, and of manumitted slaves who received that surname. It was Luperón himself who made the decision to change the surname, which translated a symbolic desire for self-affirmation. He was of mulatto ancestry; his mother was a [[Cocolo|black immigrant]] from the [[Lesser Antilles]], and his father was of Spanish descent. The Cohabitation outside the bond of marriage between white men and black women constituted one of the keys to the process of miscegenation, in turn particular component of the formation of the conglomerate Dominican. As was common, he grew up in his mother's home environment, and his childhood was that of a poor child who had to work to help support the family. Himself, in the first pages of Notes autobiographical and historical notes, he remembers having carried out jobs as a water bearer, baker, fisherman and seller of sweets and fruits. The above did not prevent him from being able to attend one of the few schools in Puerto Plata, run by an English subject, where he learned to read and write and received the rudiments that motivated him to improve himself culturally.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cassá |first=Roberto |title=Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II |year=2013 |isbn=9789945586046 |edition=2nd |location=Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic |pages=17 |language=Spanish |trans-title=Dominican Characters, Volume II}}</ref>


After the failure at Sabaneta, Gregorio and his compatriots hid in the mountains of La Vega in order to prepare for a full-scale revolution against the Spanish forces.
Due to the precocity resulting from his early incorporation to work,
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At the age of 14 he was appointed foreman of a mahogany cut by the Frenchman Pedro Dubocq, in Jamao, not far from Puerto Plata. It so happened that the owner was a cultured man, who had left books in the hut of the court, Vidas parallelales, by Plutarco, being the one that most influenced the formation of the young Goyito, as he was known to everyone. His personality ended up being defined in the wild life of Jamao, where he made a living for six years. Even as a teenager he had to face, machete in hand, to a group of scoundrels, which gained him celebrity and already revealed bravery as the first attribute of his personality.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cassá |first=Roberto |title=Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II |year=2013 |isbn=9789945586046 |edition=2nd |location=Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic |pages=17-18 |language=Spanish |trans-title=Dominican Characters, Volume II}}</ref>While working there, he displayed a strong strength of character and a knack for getting any job assigned to him completed in the best possible fashion. Because of this, Mr. Dubocq promoted Gregorio to a management position. Mr.&nbsp;Dubocq also allowed Gregorio to spend time in his personal library because Gregorio wanted to enrich his intellect. He was fluent in [[English language|English]], (his mother was a black immigrant from the British Isles), he had a gift for oratory, and in his employer's library he was able to begin solid self-taught training.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Biografia de Gregorio Luperón |url=https://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/l/luperon.htm |access-date=2023-10-26 |website=www.biografiasyvidas.com}}</ref>


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== Dominican Restoration War (1863-1865) ==
In 1857, when he was 18 years old, he joined the [[Cibaeño Revolution]] against the second government of [[Buenaventura Báez]]; he took part in the fighting in Samaná, the only place outside of Santo Domingo where the baecistas managed to entrench themselves. From then on he became fixated on an insurmountable aversion to that character, who would form part of the plot of his political actions. In the midst of the conflict he received his first appointment; assistant commander at the Rincón post. It can be inferred that in 1857 the young man was sufficiently educated
to identify with the democratic proposals of the leaders of Santiago. His military vocation is also observed, as well as a recurring attitude: he did not last long in military and administrative functions, but decided to establish himself as a small merchant in Sabaneta de Yásica, the town closest to Jamao. Before the age of 20, he began the career that would lead him to be a wealthy bourgeois of
Puerto Plata.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cassá |first=Roberto |title=Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II |year=2013 |isbn=9789945586046 |edition=2nd |location=Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic |pages=18 |language=Spanish |trans-title=Dominican Characters, Volume II}}</ref>

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==Dominican Restoration War (1863-1865)==
===Beginnings of a revolution===
[[File:General Gregorio Luperón - Monumento a los Héroes de la Restauración.jpg|left|thumb|321x321px|Painting of Luperón in the [[Dominican Restoration War]] found in [[Monumento de Santiago|El Monumento de Santiago]]]]
[[File:General Gregorio Luperón - Monumento a los Héroes de la Restauración.jpg|left|thumb|321x321px|Painting of Luperón in the [[Dominican Restoration War]] found in [[Monumento de Santiago|El Monumento de Santiago]]]]
After the so-called [[Dominican Restoration War|Grito de Capotillo]] (Call of Capotillo) on August 16, 1863, the successful raid at Capotillo Hill close to [[Dajabón Province|Dajabon]] under the command of [[Santiago Rodríguez Masagó|Santiago Rodriguez]] and 14 other men, it was Luperon's time to take the initiative in the Provinces of [[Moca, Dominican Republic|Moca]] and [[La Vega Province|La Vega]] where he would earn the rank of General.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Molina|first=Tania|title=Grito de Capotillo o la chispa que encendió a un país|url=https://www.diariolibre.com/grito-de-capotillo-o-la-chispa-que-encendio-a-un-pais-HJ7913180|access-date=2021-11-29|website=www.diariolibre.com|language=es-ES}}</ref>
While its existence was going on without major disturbance in the midst of small-scale commercial operations in Sabaneta de Yásica, the annexation of the Dominican Republic to Spain took place on March 18, 1861. Luperón, like a bolt of lightning, decided to register his absolute opposition to the political change. He made a bold call not to hand over weapons, as they would serve to regain freedom. The young rural shopkeeper, thanks to his readings in the inhospitable wood cutting, already had a good
defined a personality that included a belligerent national conception. When he was presented with a copy of the manifesto supporting the annexation, he refused to sign it with high-sounding expressions. He was immediately subject to the persecution of General Juan Suero, the Black Cid, chief
from Puerto Plata and until then his personal friend. Serum there was
evaluated well, so he harassed him until he was forced to leave the country.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cassá |first=Roberto |title=Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II |year=2013 |isbn=9789945586046 |edition=2nd |location=Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic |pages=18-19 |language=Spanish |trans-title=Dominican Characters, Volume II}}</ref>


As soon as it was possible, he joined the operations at Santiago where he was left in charge of the Chief Commander from the war of the Restauracion, General [[Gaspar Polanco]], who had been designated so by the Council consisting of [[Pedro Antonio Pimentel]], [https://www.conectate.com.do/articulo/benito-moncion-duran-biografia/ Benito Moncion], and [[José Antonio Salcedo|Jose Antonio (Pepillo) Salcedo]], for his military service in the first republic. From his post, he hostilized the Spaniards on September 6, 1863, in the Battle of Santiago.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-06|title=La Batalla de Santiago: marcó el principio del fin de la Anexión de RD a España|url=https://hoy.com.do/la-batalla-de-santiago-marco-el-principio-del-fin-de-la-anexion-de-rd-a-espana/|access-date=2021-11-29|website=Hoy Digital|language=en}}</ref>
El Cid Negro told Pedro Santana that he had to kill Luperón, since he anticipated that, if he did not do so, he would be his victim in combat. The outlaw wandered through the [[United States]], [[Mexico]] and [[Jamaica]]. In this last country he met a homeopathic doctor, who died on a sea voyage. Luperón took his name, inherited his instruments and posed as a doctor, which gave him the necessary coverage to return to the country. The brand new doctor Eugenio settled in Sabaneta, a town near the northern border, where he cultivated the friendship of the commander of weapons, [[Santiago Rodríguez]]. In that remote town – he records in Autobiographical Notes and Historical Notes – there were no revolutionary concerns. Patiently, Luperón added people to a propaganda action with the purpose of unleashing armed insurrection. When the extortion measures of the Spanish regime began to generate discontent among important sectors of the population of Cibao, Luperón agreed with other conspirators of the Northwest Line to start the rebellion. Lucas de Peña was appointed chief and a council composed of Norberto Torres, Ignacio Reyes and Gregorio Luperón was formed. They, as leaders, decided to appoint themselves generals.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cassá |first=Roberto |title=Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II |year=2013 |isbn=9789945586046 |edition=2nd |location=Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic |pages=19 |language=Spanish |trans-title=Dominican Characters, Volume II}}</ref>


He was a man of strong patriotic convictions and great valor, knowledgeable in both military tactics and strategy. These qualities made him the choice of general Pedro Santana as Chief Superior of Operations for the invasion of el [[Cibao]] and the eastern and southern provinces. In Santo Domingo, he attacked the Spanish Army commanded by Santana head-on, in a battle known as Marques de las Carreras. Although powerful and disciplined, the Spanish forces were defeated with guerrilla tactics, forced on Luperón by the inferior number of his troops and the quality of their weapons and resources.
As a result of Norberto Torres' precipitation, military operations began on February 21. Quickly, the conspirators formed contingents that proposed to expel the Spanish troops.
of the Northwest Line. The population of Sabaneta spoke out against Spanish rule and remained the main center of the uprising. Luperón was sent to extend operations in the direction of [[San José de las Matas]], but he ran into resistance from the “serranos,” a term used to designate the inhabitants of the foothills of the Central Mountain Range. This attitude showed that, in February 1863, a considerable portion of the population still had neutral or favorable attitudes regarding the annexation, which led to the rapid failure of the insurrectional attempt in Santiago. Reserve troops remained loyal to the Crown throughout Cibao. As the days passed, the government took the initiative and routed the rebels.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cassá |first=Roberto |title=Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II |year=2013 |isbn=9789945586046 |edition=2nd |location=Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic |pages=19 |language=Spanish |trans-title=Dominican Characters, Volume II}}</ref>


From there he re-enforced operations in the provinces of [[Baní|Bani]] and [[San Cristóbal, Dominican Republic|San Cristobal]] where he expelled the enemy. He returned to Santiago where he put his support behind Gaspar Polanco's government, even though Polanco had refused to participate in the movement to oust Salcedo. Luperón understood that under Polanco's government the War for Restoration would once again regain the momentum and vigor that it had lost during Salcedo's government.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-28|title=Gaspar Polanco Borbón Biografia|url=https://www.conectate.com.do/articulo/gaspar-polanco-biografia-republica-dominicana/|access-date=2021-11-29|language=es}}</ref>
Some took refuge in Haiti, others hid and the majority chose to appear and take advantage of the guarantees offered by the rulers. Some of those presented were shot, which inaugurated the reign of terror established by General Buceta and Colonel Campillo, the two Spanish military leaders in the region. Luperón did not care about the population's attitude towards the
rebels, since the only thing that counted was his attachment to the principles of good causes, even at the risk of being left alone, as was the constant norm for the rest of his life. Still young, he strengthened the will to rigorously observe the principles, with absolute independence from the
prevailing circumstances. Hence he decided not to surrender or leave the country.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cassá |first=Roberto |title=Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II |year=2013 |isbn=9789945586046 |edition=2nd |location=Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic |pages=20 |language=Spanish |trans-title=Dominican Characters, Volume II}}</ref>


== Battle of Bermejo Creek ==
For him, the annexation entailed a state of legal and social inferiority for the Dominicans and contravened the right to sovereignty. Independence, he believed, was the only system that could guarantee the dignity and happiness of the people. Their duty could not be other than to continue working with all determination to restart the struggle, until freedom was achieved. He was convinced that if the majority of people thought otherwise, it was due to ignorance or the influence of shady interests, which is why he was obliged to oppose such a point of view. Sentenced to death in default, he had to abandon the area and take refuge in La Jagua, a rural section near La Vega. He again established contact with patriots, waiting for the conditions for rebellion to ripen again.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cassá |first=Roberto |title=Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II |year=2013 |isbn=9789945586046 |edition=2nd |location=Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic |pages=20 |language=Spanish |trans-title=Dominican Characters, Volume II}}</ref>
On September 30 of 1863 in Bermejo de Don Juan River ([[Monte Plata]]), at one point along the borders of that creek, as General Santana was attempting to reach the slope at Sillon de la Viuda, which would have meant sure defeat for Luperón, ending the revolution, both Spanish and of the Republic ships came face to face the river's small Rubicon area, and Luperón's forces were able to attack the Spanish and block their passage.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Departamento Aeroportuario {{!}} DA - DIRECTOR DE DEPARTAMENTO AEROPORTUARIO PARTICIPA EN ACTOS EN CONMEMORACIÓN DEL 157 ANIVERSARIO DE LA BATALLA DE ARROYO BERMEJO|url=https://da.gob.do/index.php/noticias/item/437-director-de-departamento-aeroportuario-participa-en-actos-en-conmemoracion-del-157-aniversario-de-la-batalla-de-arroyo-bermejo|access-date=2021-11-29|website=da.gob.do|language=es}}</ref>


After this strategic move, both armies engaged in battle on land, resulting in defeat for General Santana and subsequently Salcedo's Presidency, as Luperón occupied San Pedro.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}
===Raids from Haiti===
The northern border area remained the weakest territorial link in Spanish domination. The exiles in Haiti, commanded by Santiago Rodríguez and Benito Monción, made frequent raids in the surroundings of Dajabón. José Cabrera, another of the commanders of the February insurrection, managed to maintain a guerrilla force in Dominican territory almost the entire time. This explains why, in mid-August 1863, a contingent of exiles entered the country and, immediately, several pockets of rebellion spread. After a few days the “mambises” troops were at the gates of Santiago, after devastating the Spanish garrisons throughout the region.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cassá |first=Roberto |title=Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II |year=2013 |isbn=9789945586046 |edition=2nd |location=Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic |pages=20-21 |language=Spanish |trans-title=Dominican Characters, Volume II}}</ref>


Santana was forced to seek refuge at the general barracks of Guanuma, where sickness fell upon his army, and the very next day President Salcedo established his new barracks at Monte Plata, where he designated [[Benigno Filomeno de Rojas]] as the General in Chief of their eastern forces, once Luperón's occupation. President Salcedo stood in Monte Plata for 6 days.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-06-10|title=La arcaica raya de Arroyo Bermejo|url=https://hoy.com.do/la-arcaica-raya-de-arroyo-bermejo/|access-date=2021-11-28|website=Hoy Digital|language=en}}</ref>
Luperón was absent from what was happening on the Northwest Line,
But as soon as he heard news, he prepared to join. When the rebels appeared in front of Santiago, they sent small contingents to the neighboring regions, so the insurrection spread to Moca, La Vega and other towns. It was Luperón's turn to take initiatives in these uprisings, asserting his status as general. As soon was possible, he joined the leadership of the operations against Santiago and joined the council of chiefs composed of generals Gaspar Polanco, Ignacio Reyes, Gregorio de Lora and himself, and the colonels
Pedro Pimentel, Benito Monción and José Antonio Salcedo. This council appointed Polanco as commander in chief, based on his seniority in the army of the defunct Republic.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cassá |first=Roberto |title=Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II |year=2013 |isbn=9789945586046 |edition=2nd |location=Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic |pages=21 |language=Spanish |trans-title=Dominican Characters, Volume II}}</ref>


== Post War of Restoration ==
Under the command of Polanco, Luperón took part in the events that led to the taking of Santiago, the siege of the Spanish and Dominican annexationists in the San Luis fortress and in their retreat towards Puerto Plata. The climax of these operations was the battle of September 6. From his position in El Meadero, Luperón directed a contingent that harassed the Spanish around the fort. Later, he commanded troops that tried to storm San Luis, always placing himself in the front row. He showed so many displays of bravery that he earned the admiration of the troops. In a certain way, in his opinion, he rivaled General Polanco, because both faced each other in the February rebellion, when the now general-in-chief still remained loyal to the Spanish regime. The battle was not easy, despite the courage of the Mambises, since the Spanish maintained a no less tough disposition for combat. At times the outcome of the crash was in doubt. In a moment of confusion, Luperón had a false communication read, written by himself, with falsified information that the southern and eastern provinces had revolted. Morale was immediately restored and the patriots regained the initiative. Audacity in difficult situations was another attribute of his warrior bearing.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cassá |first=Roberto |title=Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II |year=2013 |isbn=9789945586046 |edition=2nd |location=Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic |pages=21 |language=Spanish |trans-title=Dominican Characters, Volume II}}</ref>

In those days he showed an intransigent attitude towards the approaches aimed at negotiating with the Spanish. He strongly demanded that only the unconditional capitulation of those besieged in San Luis be accepted. When José Antonio Salcedo, Pepillo, accepted the withdrawal of the Spanish towards Puerto Plata, Luperón arranged for his
at his own expense to restart hostilities, which opened the chase to Puerto Plata. This intransigence derived from his conceptions. It is believed that the goal of restoring the Republic left no room for any mediatization. Hence, he also rejected Salcedo's suggestion to call Buenaventura Báez. For Luperón, Báez was as much an annexationist as [[Pedro Santana]], so from that moment on he came into conflict with the surreptitious Baecista sector of the restoration field.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cassá |first=Roberto |title=Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II |year=2013 |isbn=9789945586046 |edition=2nd |location=Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic |pages=21-22 |language=Spanish |trans-title=Dominican Characters, Volume II}}</ref>

Immediately, Pepillo Salcedo took a dislike to him and decided to get rid of him, possibly judging him a dangerous rival. On the occasion of the appointment of the Provisional Government, a next reason for confrontation with Salcedo. He, who had remained with Luperón in Santiago, decided to summon notable civilians in order for them to elect a president and his cabinet. According to Luperón's account, Ulises F. Espaillat noted that all the generals had to be present. When Luperón arrived, he was informed of this point of view, at which he said that he was glad, since he had intended to arrest them all for usurpation of powers. Given the assurance offered by Salcedo that Polanco had given his
acquiescence, Luperón agreed for the meeting to continue. When the time came for the president's election – always according to his story – he was proposed for the Presidency, which he declined and allowed Salcedo to remain in that position. Salcedo's election generated disagreement in Polanco, who considered that a natural procedure by not being consulted as general in chief. Luperón tried to stay away from such conflicts, since he was not interested in occupying positions other than those of troop leader. In his opinion, he reduced his actions to that of a temporary soldier, as long as the cause of freedom required his services.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cassá |first=Roberto |title=Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II |year=2013 |isbn=9789945586046 |edition=2nd |location=Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic |pages=22 |language=Spanish |trans-title=Dominican Characters, Volume II}}</ref>

===End of the war===
In accordance with this vocation of service, he accepted the designation of
governor of La Vega. During the days he lasted in this position, his conciliatory considerations regarding his enemies were evident. At the time he was seen as the representative of the most radical position, which was not accurate, since his intransigence was limited to the demand for independence. He affirmed the criterion that the fight was not against the Spanish, whom, he assured retrospectively, he saw as brothers who had a place within the country, but against the oppressive regime of the annexation. Within this situation, he sought to protect the Dominicans who had fled from the exactions of some rebel leaders shown support for the annexation. He praised these urban notables as misguided Dominicans who had to be led out of their error. Despite being in antagonistic positions, Luperón appreciated them for seeing in them cultured people capable of being bearers of progress. On the contrary, in La Vega he used strong procedures to force them to commit to the restoration cause, and decided to set an intimidating example by shooting, on charges of espionage, a Spanish colonel who had left Santo Domingo with the aim of extracting money from the people. and obtain information.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cassá |first=Roberto |title=Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II |year=2013 |isbn=9789945586046 |edition=2nd |location=Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic |pages=22-23 |language=Spanish |trans-title=Dominican Characters, Volume II}}</ref>

When it became known about Pedro Santana's preparations to invade the
Cibao, Luperón received the order from the Santiago government to take charge of operations in the southern and eastern provinces in order to stop Santana's column. He accepted the assignment – ​​which put him in charge of the most critical scenario – with the condition that a decree be issued that would put Santana outside the law for treason and order his execution. Prior to his departure, he dispatched advances in all directions. Arrived on the other side of El Sillón de la Viuda, a mountain that separated the departments of Santo Domingo and La Vega, Luperón engaged in combat with the annexationist troops commanded by Santana. Faced with the Dominican flag, the Marquis of Las Carreras saw his aura of invincible disappear. After being defeated in Arroyo Bermejo by the mambises commanded by Luperón, the old tyrant, as on previous occasions, opted to retreat. This time it did not do him much good, as he left the ground free for the guerrillas led by General Eusebio Manzueta to begin infiltrating towards the east.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cassá |first=Roberto |title=Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II |year=2013 |isbn=9789945586046 |edition=2nd |location=Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic |pages=23 |language=Spanish |trans-title=Dominican Characters, Volume II}}</ref>

Luperon was on several of the fronts at the precise moments when the course of events was being debated. After the battle of Santiago, his main military work took place in the leadership of operations in the south and east, where he showed a skill in command that placed his contribution among the most valuable in the entire course of the war. His courage in leading the troops and his nationalist belligerence earned him the high esteem of the soldiers, who came to ignore government orders, such as the one issued by President Salcedo that relieved him of the leadership of the Eastern Front.
Luperón's military action was disturbed by Salcedo, who, moved by jealousy, he twice ordered his replacement. On the first occasion the President took command of the front on Monte Plata, and made costly military mistakes. Almost immediately, Luperón was assigned to reinforce operations on Baní and San Cristóbal, where he contributed to the expulsion of the annexationists. There he once again showed a conciliatory stance towards those who had shown solidarity with the annexation, opposing the predatory actions of General Juan de
Jesus Salcedo.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cassá |first=Roberto |title=Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II |year=2013 |isbn=9789945586046 |edition=2nd |location=Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic |pages=23-24 |language=Spanish |trans-title=Dominican Characters, Volume II}}</ref>

During operations in the vicinity of Santo Domingo, he was summoned by General Pedro Florentino, appointed chief in San Juan, who announced that he had received an order from the government to shoot him. Florentino, despite his toughness, did not want to shoulder the responsibility, so he sent Luperón to Cibao. Upon arriving in Santiago and after interviewing members of the government, it became clear that the order against him came from Salcedo. While the problem was resolved, he was confined in Sabaneta, where he was again summoned to rejoin actions in the east. In the second opportunity to intervene in the operations, Luperón contributed to expanding the rebellion to all corners of a region where Santana still enjoyed
popularity. He returned to Santiago due to his poor health, undermined by months of stay in cantons where they barely ate, despite being accustomed to the harsh existence in the mountains.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cassá |first=Roberto |title=Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II |year=2013 |isbn=9789945586046 |edition=2nd |location=Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic |pages=24 |language=Spanish |trans-title=Dominican Characters, Volume II}}</ref>

From then on he took part in the events that occurred at the highest levels of the government. He assured that he did not renounce his position as a combatant without aspiring to charges, but the urgencies of an impetuous process forced him to get involved in political resolutions and accept positions since the end of 1864. He refused to participate in the movement that overthrew Salcedo, but once the fact was consummated, he unreservedly supported the Polanco government, since he believed that the war would recover the vigor lost in the previous months. He considered, a posteriori, the Polanco government as the culmination of the national-democratic project of the restoration feat. More than anyone, Luperón condemned the attempts of the deposed president Salcedo in favor of Báez or an armistice with the Spanish; However, in strict observance of principles, he was the only general who protested publicly for his execution and tried to protect him as much as possible.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cassá |first=Roberto |title=Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II |year=2013 |isbn=9789945586046 |edition=2nd |location=Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic |pages=24-25 |language=Spanish |trans-title=Dominican Characters, Volume II}}</ref>

When Polanco fell, Luperón was proposed for the presidency by a council of generals meeting in Santiago, which he again declined. However, in order not to break the cohesion of the restoration field, he was forced to participate in the provisional government presided over by [[Benigno Filomeno de Rojas]], in which he held the vice presidency and the acting presidency due to the illness of the incumbent and his fear of facing the demands of the generals. It seems that, in those circumstances, when rivalries and ambitions began to manifest themselves, he tried to survive within a delicate balance, conscious of their weakness and their responsibility to help ensure that the objectives involved were not distorted. At the same time, he tried to maintain his independence, which is why he refused to accept any more positions, when Pimentel was president.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cassá |first=Roberto |title=Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II |year=2013 |isbn=9789945586046 |edition=2nd |location=Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic |pages=25 |language=Spanish |trans-title=Dominican Characters, Volume II}}</ref>

==Second Dominican Republic==
===Opposition to Báez===
[[File:General Luperón en 1866.jpg|thumb|294x294px|General Luperon in 1866]]
[[File:General Luperón en 1866.jpg|thumb|294x294px|General Luperon in 1866]]
With the Spanish Army now defeated, Luperón accepted the position of Vice President of the government under Benigno Filomeno de Rojas. Having seen the Republic fully restored, he returned to his birth place of Puerto Plata and opened a shop.
Once the war was over, in July 1865, the only thing Luperón proposed was to establish a commercial house on the ruins of Puerto Plata. Thinking
that the future of the country was clear, it seems that for a brief time he came to the conclusion that his political commitment had ended. He says that his conviction about the terrible nature of political activity was strengthened, so the contribution to development of the country would do it from the position of bourgeois. Such inclination could not be maintained for long, because in October 1865, barely three months after the evacuation of the Spanish troops, the restoring general Pedro Guillermo led a mutiny in Hato Mayor in favor of Báez. What Luperón feared most was the return of Báez, who posed danger to the nation.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cassá |first=Roberto |title=Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II |year=2013 |isbn=9789945586046 |edition=2nd |location=Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic |pages=25-26 |language=Spanish |trans-title=Dominican Characters, Volume II}}</ref>

Unfortunately, almost no one shared his point of view, since the fields between the parties were not yet drawn and it was not visible no obstacle for the man who had held the position of field marshal of the Spanish army during the war to return to the presidency. The vast majority of the military leaders of the Restoration bowed to the rising star of the veteran annexationist. President [[José María Cabral]], a follower of Báez in 1857, bowed to the facts and went to look for his former boss in Curaçao to offer him the presidency.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cassá |first=Roberto |title=Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II |year=2013 |isbn=9789945586046 |edition=2nd |location=Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic |pages=26 |language=Spanish |trans-title=Dominican Characters, Volume II}}</ref>

In his attempt at armed opposition to Báez, at the end of 1865, Luperón only had, among the leaders of the Restoration, the support of Benito Monción and Gaspar Polanco, but both quickly decided abandon the rebellion, which precipitated its failure. From exile, Luperón continued to promote movements against the government and finally reached an agreement with [[Manuel Rodríguez Objío]], who had accepted the position of government delegate in Puerto Plata. This promoted the uprising of the city, which allowed it to receive Luperón as a hero. Immediately both began the actions that led to the overthrow of the government. In the south, former President Cabral, after resigning his position as Secretary of War, begins operations against Baez. The former field marshal had to leave power, albeit for a short time.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cassá |first=Roberto |title=Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II |year=2013 |isbn=9789945586046 |edition=2nd |location=Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic |pages=26 |language=Spanish |trans-title=Dominican Characters, Volume II}}</ref>

Luperón realized that he had to intervene to normalize the political situation, in order to resolve the conflicting aspirations of Cabral and Pimentel, then the two most powerful men to come out of the Restoration. To this end, he was part for the second time of a provisional government, the Triumvirate, together with Federico de Jesús García and Pedro Pimentel, which had the mission of organizing
elections. Despite the contempt that Cabral deserved, Luperón had no choice but to recognize his popularity when he won the electoral tournament.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cassá |first=Roberto |title=Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II |year=2013 |isbn=9789945586046 |edition=2nd |location=Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic |pages=26 |language=Spanish |trans-title=Dominican Characters, Volume II}}</ref>

Once the intervention in the reorganization of the government was concluded, he returned to dealing with commercial activities in Puerto Plata, although he reacted to the recovery of Báez's popularity by agreeing to collaborate with the government in Cibao. He became involved again in political activity motivated by the consideration that national independence was would be in danger if Báez returned to the presidency. However, he could not achieve a cohesion of purposes with other important leaders who came out of the Restoration. Unlike Baecism, compacted
Around loyalty to the supreme leader, the liberals were divided between several military leaders, each of whom had a cohort of followers. Of the three leaders, at that time Luperón was the
who had less influence, but compensated for this weakness with his will and the superior coherence of his approaches.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cassá |first=Roberto |title=Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II |year=2013 |isbn=9789945586046 |edition=2nd |location=Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic |pages=26-27 |language=Spanish |trans-title=Dominican Characters, Volume II}}</ref>

As was to be feared, the inconsistencies of the Cabral government soon led to Báez's supporters rebelling again, especially in Cibao, where they had the majority support of the peasants. The Puerto Plata bourgeois warrior led the position of the urban middle-class sectors in favor of the Cabral government, and faced what he himself called a rural insurrection. It became clear that his infidelity was essentially limited to media in his hometown, largely thanks to primary relationships. Fighting Baecism in arms, he received information that the Cabral government was in negotiations with the United States to lease the Samaná peninsula in exchange for resources, in weapons and cash,
that would guarantee survival. He decided to leave the country and protest, sending a letter to President Cabral in which he announced his willingness to fight it.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cassá |first=Roberto |title=Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II |year=2013 |isbn=9789945586046 |edition=2nd |location=Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic |pages=27 |language=Spanish |trans-title=Dominican Characters, Volume II}}</ref>


He opposed the return of [[Buenaventura Báez|Buenaventura Baez]] to power, who would have him exiled and expelled from the country. A few months later, Luperón returned as part of the Triunvirato of 1866, which would eventually topple Baez and form a new government. That same year, the Triunvirato agreed to dissolve and allow General [[José María Cabral|Jose Maria Cabral]] to ascend to the Presidency, with the caveat that a new constitution would be created.
===Preparation for uprising===
At the beginning of 1868, Cabral's second government had fallen, and with Báez again in the presidency, all the leading men of the Blue Party
They had to leave the country. Relations between bosses were characterized by mistrust. Luperón considered that Cabral lacked the conditions to lead the opposition, having shown signs of betraying the
principles, so that he appointed himself supreme chief of the national armies, which Cabral and Pimentel also did. Each of these leaders operated on their own, although some intellectuals, such as [[José Gabriel García]], sought to harmonize the competing interests. It had to be the Haitian president [[Nissage Saget]] who managed to put the agreement to the three leaders through a manifesto dated in [[Saint Marc]] on April 17, 1869, also signed by the main military leaders and liberal politicians who were preparing to invade the country. This agreement was feasible in response to the government's efforts to alienate Samaná and then annex the country to the United States. In addition to the intermediation of the Haitian president, the desire for unity increased among the blue expels, aware that the rivalries in their area
They fed back into the enemy's strength.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cassá |first=Roberto |title=Personajes Dominicanos, Tomo II |year=2013 |isbn=9789945586046 |edition=2nd |location=Santo Domingo, DN, Dominican Republic |pages=27-28 |language=Spanish |trans-title=Dominican Characters, Volume II}}</ref>


== New exile ==
== New exile ==

Revision as of 03:35, 8 March 2024

Gregorio Luperón
20th President of the Dominican Republic
In office
October 7, 1879 – 1 September 1880
Preceded byCesáreo Guillermo
Succeeded byFernando Arturo de Meriño
Vice President of the Dominican Republic[1]
In office
24 January 1865 – 24 March 1865
PresidentBenigno Filomeno de Rojas
Preceded byUlises Francisco Espaillat
Succeeded byBenigno Filomeno de Rojas
Personal details
BornSeptember 8, 1839
Puerto Plata, Dominican Republic
DiedMay 21, 1897 (aged 57)
Puerto Plata, Dominican Republic
NationalityDominican
Political partyBlue Party
SpouseAna Luisa Tavárez
ChildrenLuisa, Jacobo Leoncio, and Elena Maria Tavarez Bernal
Parent(s)Nicolasa Luperón and Pedro Castellanos
ProfessionMilitary General
Military service
Allegiance Dominican Republic
RankGeneral
Battles/warsDominican Restoration War
Six Years' War

Gregorio Luperón (September 8, 1839 – May 21, 1897) was a Dominican Republic revolutionary, military general, businessman, liberal politician, freemason, and Statesman who was one of the leaders in the Dominican Restoration War. Luperón was an active member of the Triunvirato of 1866, becoming the President of the Provincial Government in San Felipe de Puerto Plata, and after the successful coup against Cesareo Guillermo, he became the 28th President of the Dominican Republic. During his government in 1879, he incentivised secularism in the Dominican Republic with the help of the General Captain of Puerto Rico and Eugenio María de Hostos.

Biography

Gregorio Luperón was born 8 September 1839 in Puerto Plata to Pedro Castellanos, a White Dominican, and Nicolasa du Perron (the surname du Perron would later become "Luperón", to sound more Spanish), a black immigrant from the Lesser Antilles. His parents owned a ventorrillo (rudimentary market stall) that sold homemade foodstuffs such as piñonate, a local delicacy made of sweetened pine-nut kernels. Most of these were sold on the street by Gregorio and his siblings in order to help the family livelihood.

Around the age of 14, Gregorio began working for Pedro Eduardo Dubocq, a local timber businessman of French origin. While working there, he displayed a strong strength of character and a knack for getting any job assigned to him completed in the best possible fashion. Because of this, Mr. Dubocq promoted Gregorio to a management position. Mr. Dubocq also allowed Gregorio to spend time in his personal library because Gregorio wanted to enrich his intellect. He was fluent in English, (his mother was a black immigrant from the British Isles), he had a gift for oratory, and in his employer's library he was able to begin solid self-taught training.[2]

[3] In 1861, the annexation of the Dominican Republic by Spain took place.[4] Gregorio was only 22 years old at the time but a sense of nationalism began to swell within him. During one instance, Gregorio was arrested but managed to escape and flee to the United States for protection. Shortly thereafter, Gregorio managed to return to the Dominican Republic through the town of Monte Cristi in time to take part in the uprising of Sabaneta de Yásica (1863). However, this uprising was short-lived due to the quick Spanish response.

After the failure at Sabaneta, Gregorio and his compatriots hid in the mountains of La Vega in order to prepare for a full-scale revolution against the Spanish forces.

Dominican Restoration War (1863-1865)

Painting of Luperón in the Dominican Restoration War found in El Monumento de Santiago

After the so-called Grito de Capotillo (Call of Capotillo) on August 16, 1863, the successful raid at Capotillo Hill close to Dajabon under the command of Santiago Rodriguez and 14 other men, it was Luperon's time to take the initiative in the Provinces of Moca and La Vega where he would earn the rank of General.[5]

As soon as it was possible, he joined the operations at Santiago where he was left in charge of the Chief Commander from the war of the Restauracion, General Gaspar Polanco, who had been designated so by the Council consisting of Pedro Antonio Pimentel, Benito Moncion, and Jose Antonio (Pepillo) Salcedo, for his military service in the first republic. From his post, he hostilized the Spaniards on September 6, 1863, in the Battle of Santiago.[6]

He was a man of strong patriotic convictions and great valor, knowledgeable in both military tactics and strategy. These qualities made him the choice of general Pedro Santana as Chief Superior of Operations for the invasion of el Cibao and the eastern and southern provinces. In Santo Domingo, he attacked the Spanish Army commanded by Santana head-on, in a battle known as Marques de las Carreras. Although powerful and disciplined, the Spanish forces were defeated with guerrilla tactics, forced on Luperón by the inferior number of his troops and the quality of their weapons and resources.

From there he re-enforced operations in the provinces of Bani and San Cristobal where he expelled the enemy. He returned to Santiago where he put his support behind Gaspar Polanco's government, even though Polanco had refused to participate in the movement to oust Salcedo. Luperón understood that under Polanco's government the War for Restoration would once again regain the momentum and vigor that it had lost during Salcedo's government.[7]

Battle of Bermejo Creek

On September 30 of 1863 in Bermejo de Don Juan River (Monte Plata), at one point along the borders of that creek, as General Santana was attempting to reach the slope at Sillon de la Viuda, which would have meant sure defeat for Luperón, ending the revolution, both Spanish and of the Republic ships came face to face the river's small Rubicon area, and Luperón's forces were able to attack the Spanish and block their passage.[8]

After this strategic move, both armies engaged in battle on land, resulting in defeat for General Santana and subsequently Salcedo's Presidency, as Luperón occupied San Pedro.[citation needed]

Santana was forced to seek refuge at the general barracks of Guanuma, where sickness fell upon his army, and the very next day President Salcedo established his new barracks at Monte Plata, where he designated Benigno Filomeno de Rojas as the General in Chief of their eastern forces, once Luperón's occupation. President Salcedo stood in Monte Plata for 6 days.[9]

Post War of Restoration

General Luperon in 1866

With the Spanish Army now defeated, Luperón accepted the position of Vice President of the government under Benigno Filomeno de Rojas. Having seen the Republic fully restored, he returned to his birth place of Puerto Plata and opened a shop.

He opposed the return of Buenaventura Baez to power, who would have him exiled and expelled from the country. A few months later, Luperón returned as part of the Triunvirato of 1866, which would eventually topple Baez and form a new government. That same year, the Triunvirato agreed to dissolve and allow General Jose Maria Cabral to ascend to the Presidency, with the caveat that a new constitution would be created.

New exile

The Government of Jose Maria Cabral would later be retaken by Buenaventura Baez, which once again forced Luperón to leave the country for his opposition to Baez, who is looking to the United States for support.

Luperón manages to put together a revolutionary expedition name "El Telegrafo" The Telegraph, after the steamboat baring the same name, but would ultimately fail due to the intervention of the United States, that were in talks of purchasing the Samaná Peninsula. This would reinvigorate Luperón's desire to return to his land, and regained public support from Latin America, even sending protesters to the United States Senate.

When Baez was expelled from power in the Unionist Revolution in 1873, Luperón was able to safely return to Puerto Plata.[10]

Provincial President and Minister

With the rise of Ulises Espaillat to the Presidency, Luperón is named the Minister of War and Marines. But with the removal of Espaillat, he is once again forced to flee, and waits almost 2 years while his enemies Gonzalez and Baez shift power for a stealth return.

In 1879, Luperón attended a banquet in France, where in Paris he was proclaimed Honorary President of the Salvadores de Sena and Salvadores de Francia Societies, apart from being also decorated with the Legion de Honor.[11]

Following the coup of Cesareo Guillermo, Luperón assumes the Presidency of the Provincial Government of Puerto Plata, where his Twelve months of governance were of peace, liberty, and progress which produced a free and fair election in 1880, in which the Presbyterian Fernando Arturo de Merino was elected President of the republic, also backed by Luperón.

In this new government, hes was named Extraordinary Envoy and Plenipotentiary Minister in Europe. Returning to the Republic, he is named Governing Delegate of the Cibao under Francisco Gregorio Billini.  Upon resigning in 1885, he partners with the Vice President Alejandro Woss y Gil.

Revolution of 1886

Equestrian Statue of Gregorio Luperón on the Malecón near the San Felipe fortress.

Upon the inception of the Revolution of 1886, and from his post, Luperón engages in battle in Puerto Plata, contributing greatly to triumph of Ulises Heureaux and his Presidency in 1887.

Heureaux, also of Puerto Plata, and who had been a valiant preservationist like Luperón, began to developed a despotic and dictatorial government, which mustered up a strong sentiment of regret and deception in Luperón, causing him to go abroad to form a campaign against Heureaux, but without the support of the Haitian Government, the campaign was a failure.[12]

Final exile

Around the year 1895, General Luperón began to complained about having neuralgia from one his inferior molars and had it removed, yet the cavity where the molar extracted had not been codifying or scaring, causing an infection.

His feet would later begin to swell, from months of sitting down as he wrote his autobiography, so said his daughter at the time, and had been under medication from the doctors in Saint Thomas.

In 1896, Doctor Mortensen had explained his grave medical situation, to which Luperón said, that if he is going to die in just a few days, he wanted to know how much the doctor charged for an embalmment so that his body may be sent to Puerto Plata. Up until that point, it had not occurred to him to return to the Dominican Republic while Ulises Heareaux was still president.

In December 1896, in a gesture of gratitude for his past service, Heareaux went to visit Luperón on Saint Thomas, forgetting their rivalry, and offering to take Luperón back with him to Puerto Plata. Luperón accepts, but declines returning on the same boat as Heareaux, and traveled on an alternate vessel.[13]

Death

Former Tomb of Gregorio Luperón.

On December 15 of 1896, Luperón departs from Saint Thomas to Puerto Plata and arrived at the Port of Santo Domingo very ill, and remains on board. President Heareaux visits him on board and provided a foreign doctor named Dr. Fosse to assist him in San Felipe de Puerto Plata, and takes care of Luperón during the final 5 months of his life. For those months he had been bedridden and before his final breaths on May 20, 1897, said "Men like me, should not die laying down",[14] and as he attempted to lift his head, he passed away at 9:30 p.m.  in his beloved birthplace of Puerto Plata.

Masonry

He began his masonry studies in the Logia Nuevo Mundo No. 5, in the province of Santiago de los Caballeros where he would reach the highest 33rd Degree of Masonry.[15]

On September 25 of 1867, Luperón became a sectarian member of the Installation Commission of the reputable Masonic Restoration Lodge No. 11 in Puerto Plata, becoming a founder himself, becoming the Lodges first Orator. His guide and mentor was Venerable Master Don Pedro Eduardo Dubocq, who was a friend of Juan Pablo Duarte.

During Luperón's government in 1879, he widely incentivized Secularism with the help of a Spanish Captain General of Puerto Rico, Eugenio Maria de Hostos.

Legacy

Gregorio Luperón International Airport

The town of Luperón 50 km west of Puerto Plata, the Gregorio Luperón International Airport in Puerto Plata, a metro station in Santo Domingo, and the Gregorio Luperón High School for Math & Science in New York are named after him.

His former home was renovated and converted into the Casa Museo General Gregorio Luperón museum that showcases his life through various exhibits.[16]

General Gregorio Luperón Museum, 12 de Julio Street, Puerto Plata

References

  1. ^ Herrera, José Rafael Laine (25 October 2016). Colosal guerra dominico-española 1863-65. Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial España. ISBN 9788491129950. Retrieved 11 May 2018 – via Google Books.
  2. ^ "Biografia de Gregorio Luperón". www.biografiasyvidas.com. Retrieved 2023-10-26.
  3. ^ "GREGORIO LUPERON". HISTORIOLOGIA PUERTO (in Spanish). Retrieved 2021-11-30.
  4. ^ "Annexation of Dominican Republic". obo. Retrieved 2021-11-29.
  5. ^ Molina, Tania. "Grito de Capotillo o la chispa que encendió a un país". www.diariolibre.com (in European Spanish). Retrieved 2021-11-29.
  6. ^ "La Batalla de Santiago: marcó el principio del fin de la Anexión de RD a España". Hoy Digital. 2021-09-06. Retrieved 2021-11-29.
  7. ^ "Gaspar Polanco Borbón Biografia" (in Spanish). 2021-11-28. Retrieved 2021-11-29.
  8. ^ "Departamento Aeroportuario | DA - DIRECTOR DE DEPARTAMENTO AEROPORTUARIO PARTICIPA EN ACTOS EN CONMEMORACIÓN DEL 157 ANIVERSARIO DE LA BATALLA DE ARROYO BERMEJO". da.gob.do (in Spanish). Retrieved 2021-11-29.
  9. ^ "La arcaica raya de Arroyo Bermejo". Hoy Digital. 2010-06-10. Retrieved 2021-11-28.
  10. ^ Diario, Listin (2016-09-08). "Luperón: El Centauro de Isabel de Torres". listindiario.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 2021-11-30.
  11. ^ "Dominicanos y extranjeros exaltados al Panteón Nacional: General Gregorio Luperón (3)". Acento (in European Spanish). Retrieved 2021-11-29.
  12. ^ "Biografía de Gregorio Luperón". gilalexandel.github.io. Retrieved 2021-11-29.
  13. ^ Stern, Herbert (2020-07-10). "Salud y enfermedad de Gregorio Luperón". Periódico El Caribe (in Spanish). Retrieved 2021-11-30.
  14. ^ "Biografía de Gregorio Luperón (Su vida, historia, bio resumida)". www.buscabiografias.com. Retrieved 2021-11-29.
  15. ^ "Masón destacado". supremoconsejo33rd (in Spanish). Retrieved 2021-11-30.
  16. ^ "Museo Gregorio Luperon". Puerto Plata Click (in European Spanish). Retrieved 2021-11-29.
Political offices
Preceded by
Ulises Francisco Espaillat during Dominican Restoration War
 Vice President of the Dominican Republic
1865 		Succeeded by
Preceded by President of the Dominican Republic
1879-1880 		Succeeded by


Cetegory:Freemasons

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