List of fake news websites: Difference between revisions

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Fake news websites are those which intentionally, but not necessarily solely, publish hoaxes and disinformation for purposes other than news satire. Some of these sites use homograph spoofing attacks, typosquatting and other deceptive strategies similar to those used in phishing attacks to resemble genuine news outlets.^[1]^[2]^[3]

Definition

Fake news sites deliberately publish hoaxes and disinformation to drive web traffic inflamed by social media.^[4]^[5]^[6] These sites are distinguished from news satire (which is usually intended to be humorous) as they mislead and sometimes profit from readers' gullibility.^[5] While most fake news sites are portrayed to be spinoffs of other news sites, some of these websites are examples of website spoofing, structured to make visitors believe they are visiting major news outlets like ABC News or MSNBC.^[7] The New York Times pointed out that within a strict definition, "fake news" on the Internet referred to a fictitious article which was fabricated with the deliberate motivation to defraud readers, generally with the goal of profiting through clickbait.^[8] PolitiFact described fake news as fabricated content designed to fool readers and subsequently made viral through the Internet to crowds that increase its dissemination.^[9]

The New York Times noted in a December 2016 article that fake news had previously maintained a presence on the Internet and within tabloid journalism in the years prior to the 2016 U.S. election.^[8] Except for the 2016 Philippine elections,^[10] prior to the election between Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump, fake news had not impacted the election process and subsequent events to such a high degree.^[8] Subsequent to the 2016 election, the issue of fake news turned into a political weapon, with supporters of left-wing politics saying those on the opposite side of the spectrum spread falsehoods, and supporters of right-wing politics arguing such accusations were merely a way to censor conservative views.^[8] Due to these back-and-forth complaints, the definition of fake news as used for such polemics became more vague.^[8]

List

Campaigns by individuals

American News LLC

Name	Domain	Notes	Sources
American News	americannews[.]com	Published a false story claiming actor Denzel Washington endorsed Donald Trump for president. The fictional headline led to thousands of people sharing it on Facebook, a prominent example of fake news spreading on the social network prior to the 2016 presidential election.	^[11] ^[12]^[13]
Conservative 101	conservative101[.]com	Falsely claimed that the White House fired Kellyanne Conway.	^[11]^[12]
Democratic Review	DemocraticReview[.]com	Owned by American Review LLC of Miami, the same company that owns American News (americannews[.]com), Conservative 101 and Liberal Society.	^[12]
Liberal Society	LiberalSociety[.]com	Published a fake direct quote attributed to Obama, Falsely claimed that the White House fired Kellyanne Conway.	^[11]^[12]

Jestin Coler

Name	Domain	Status	Notes	Sources
Conservative Frontline	conservativefrontline[.]com			^[14]
Denver Guardian	denverguardian[.]com			^[14]
DrudgeReport[.]com[.]co	DrudgeReport[.]com[.]co		Mimics the name of the Drudge Report.	^[14]
United Media Publishing	unitedmediapublishing[.]com			^[14]
usatoday[.]com[.]co	usatoday[.]com[.]co	Defunct	Falsely reports celebrity appearances and filming locations in random local towns	^[14]
washingtonpost[.]com[.]co	washingtonpost[.]com[.]co		Originally registered by Jestin Coler. The Washington Post submitted a complaint against Coler's registration of the site with GoDaddy under the UDRP, and in 2015, an arbitral panel ruled that Coler's registration of the domain name was a form of bad-faith cybersquatting (specifically, typosquatting), "through a website that competes with Complainant through the use of fake news. ... The fake news content misleads readers and serves as 'click bait' to drive readers to other sites, or to share the fake news content with others on social networking websites, to generate advertising revenue."	^[15]^[14]

Paul Horner

Name	Domain	Status	Notes	Sources
ABCnews.com.co	ABCnews[.]com[.]co	Defunct	Owned by Paul Horner. Mimics the URL, design and logo of ABC News (owned by Disney–ABC Television Group).	^[16] ^[17]
CBSnews[.]com[.]co	CBSnews[.]com[.]co		Mimics the URL, design and logo of CBS News.	^[18]
christianfreedommovement[.]com	christianfreedommovement[.]com			^[18]
cnn[.]com[.]de	cnn[.]com[.]de		Impostor site of CNN.	^[18]
isissingles[.]com	isissingles[.]com			^[18]
iywib[.]com	iywib[.]com			^[18]
keepdonaldtrump[.]com	keepdonaldtrump[.]com			^[18]
makeredhatswearableagain[.]com	makeredhatswearableagain[.]com			^[18]
mericaland[.]com	mericaland[.]com			^[18]
microsoftsite[.]com	microsoftsite[.]com			^[18]
nationalgeographic[.]com[.]co	nationalgeographic[.]com[.]co		Spoof of National Geographic.	^[18]
nationalreview[.]biz	nationalreview[.]biz		Spoof of National Review.	^[18]
NBC[.]com[.]co	NBC[.]com[.]co		Imitates NBC.	^[19]^[18]
NBCNews[.]com[.]co	NBCNews[.]com[.]co	Defunct	Mimics the URL, design and logo of NBC News.	^[20]
News Examiner	newsexaminer[.]net		Started in 2015 by Paul Horner, the lead writer of the National Report. This website has been known to mix real news along with its fake news.	^[21]
paulhorner[.]org	paulhorner[.]org			^[18]
snopes[.]com[.]co	snopes[.]com[.]co		Imposter site of Snopes.	^[18]
St George Gazette	stgeorgegazette[.]com			^[18]^[22]^[23]
superofficialnews[.]com	superofficialnews[.]com			^[18]
thephoenixnewtimes[.]com	thephoenixnewtimes[.]com			^[18]
trumptized[.]com	trumptized[.]com			^[18]

WTOE 5 News

Name	Domain	Status	Notes	Sources
16WMPO	16WMPO[.]com		Impostor site, per PolitiFact. Likely part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.	^[19]^[24]^[25]
AlexJones[.]xyz	AlexJones[.]xyz		Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.	^[26]
alynews[.]com	alynews[.]com		Part of a network that posted a false story that there was a sequel to the movie Step Brothers in the works in 2016. Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.	^[27]^[28]^[26]
channel16news[.]com	channel16news[.]com		Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.	^[27]^[26]
channel17news[.]com	channel17news[.]com		Likely part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.	^[27]^[29]
Channel 18 News	Channel18News[.]com		Impostor site, per PolitiFact. Likely part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.	^[19]^[30]^[24]
clancyreport[.]com	clancyreport[.]com		Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.	^[27]^[26]
Daily News 10	DailyNews10[.]com		Impostor site, per PolitiFact. Likely part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.	^[19]^[31]^[24]
Daily News 11	dailynews11[.]com		Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.	^[27]^[26]
Daily News 5	DailyNews5[.]com		Impostor site, per PolitiFact. Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.	^[19]^[26]^[24]
FoxBusiness[.]xyz	FoxBusiness[.]xyz		Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.	^[26]
Headline Brief	headlinebrief[.]com		Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.	^[27]^[28]^[26]
km8news[.]com	km8news[.]com		Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.	^[27]^[26]
KMT 11 News	kmt11[.]com	Defunct	Falsely reports celebrity appearances and filming locations in random local towns. Before the website went down, it referred to itself as a "fantasy news website".^[32]^[33] Likely part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.	^[34]^[32]^[33]^[24]
knp7[.]com	knp7[.]com		Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.	^[27]^[26]
kspm33[.]com	kspm33[.]com		Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.	^[27]^[28]^[26]
KUPR7	kupr7[.]com		Likely part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.	^[27]^[35]^[36]
ky6news[.]com	ky6news[.]com		Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.	^[27]^[28]^[26]
KY12News[.]com	KY12News[.]com		Impostor site, per PolitiFact. Likely part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.	^[19]^[24]
KYPO6	kypo6[.]com		Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.	^[27]^[26]
Local 31 News	Local31News[.]com		Impostor site, per PolitiFact. Likely part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.	^[19]^[31]^[24]
localnews33[.]com	localnews33[.]com		Part of the same network as alynews[.]com	^[27]^[28]
lopezreport[.]com	lopezreport[.]com		Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.	^[27]^[26]
maywoodpost[.]com	maywoodpost[.]com		Likely part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.	^[27]^[37]
mbynews[.]com	mbynews[.]com		Part of the same network as alynews[.]com	^[27]^[28]^[26]
McKenzie Post	mckenziepost[.]com		Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.	^[27]^[28]^[26]
NewsDaily12[.]com	NewsDaily12[.]com		Impostor site, per PolitiFact. Likely part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.	^[19]^[24]^[25]
newsdaily27[.]com	newsdaily27[.]com		Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.	^[27]^[26]
News Now 11	newsnow11[.]com		Likely part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.	^[38]
The North Devon Journal	northdevonjournal[.]co[.]uk		Likely part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.	^[29]
oreillypost[.]com	oreillypost[.]com		Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.	^[27]^[26]
WBN 12 News	wbn12[.]com		Likely part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.	^[31]
wcpm3[.]com	wcpm3[.]com		Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.	^[27]^[26]
wleb21[.]com	wleb21[.]com		Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.	^[27]^[26]
WRPT 16 News	wrpt16[.]com		Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.	^[27]^[26]
WTOE 5 News	wtoe5news[.]com		Original source of false claim that Pope Francis had endorsed Donald Trump in 2016.	^[39]

Your News Wire

Name	Domain	Notes	Sources
Neon Nettle	neonnettle[.]com	Per FactCheck.org and PolitiFact. Stated by Snopes to be "interrelated" with NewsPunch and Your News Wire.	^[19]^[40]^[41]
Newspunch	Newspunch[.]com	Alternative name for YourNewsWire.	^[40]
The People's Voice (formerly NewsPunch and Your News Wire)	thepeoplesvoice[.]tv	Founded by Sean Adl-Tabatabai and Sinclair Treadway in 2014. It has published fake stories, such as "claims that the Queen had threatened to abdicate if the UK voted against Brexit." Its name was changed to NewsPunch in 2018 and The People's Voice in 2023.	^[42]^[19]^[40]^[43]^[44]^[45]^[46]^[47]^[48]^[49]
Your News Wire	yournewswire[.]com	Former name for The People's Voice.	^[42]^[19]

Others

Name	Domain	Notes	Sources
ABCNews1[.]us	ABCNews1[.]us	Same owner as AJUAnews.	^[50]
African News Updates	africannewupsdate[.]com	Same owner as News Updates South Africa. Published a false story about election fraud during the 2016 municipal elections in South Africa, which led to the Electoral Commission of South Africa filing a criminal complaint against the site owner.	^[51]^[52]
AJUAnews	AJUAnews[.]com	Plagiarized content from The Last Line of Defense. Reportedly owned by individual based in Pakistan.	^[50]
ALNewsNetwork[.]press	ALNewsNetwork[.]press	Same owner as AJUAnews.	^[50]
America Talks	Americatalks[.]com	Per FactCheck.org.	^[40]
America's Freedom Fighters	Americasfreedomfighters[.]com	Per FactCheck.org.	^[40]
Banned Information	BannedInformation[.]com	Per FactCheck.org.	^[40]
Conservative Beaver	conservativebeaver[.]com	Published false anti-vaccination claims related to Pfizer, leading to Pfizer filing a petition to compel the site host to reveal the site owner's identity.	^[53]
Dos Palos News	dospalosnews[.]com	Same owner as AJUAnews.	^[50]
FB News Cycle	Fbnewscycle[.]com	Per FactCheck.org. Same owner as Banned Information.	^[40]
HealthFacts.pro	HealthFacts[.]pro	Same owner as AJUAnews.	^[50]
Hot Global News	hotglobalnews[.]com		^[47]^[54]
ILoveQuilting.pro	ILoveQuilting[.]pro	Same owner as AJUAnews.	^[50]
Leading Report	theleadingreport[.]com	A website and Twitter account that promotes misinformation and conspiracy theories about COVID-19 and United States politics.	^[55]
National News Bulletin	nationalnewsbulletin[.]com	Same Google Analytics ID as News Updates South Africa.	^[51]^[52]
The National Sun	thenationalsun[.]com	Same owners as Hot Global News.	^[54]^[56]
net-breaking[.]com	net-breaking[.]com	Affiliated with Leading Report.	^[55]
News@Last	newsatlast[.]com	Fake news website in South Africa, per Africa Check, an IFCN signatory. Same owner as News Updates South Africa.	^[51]^[52]
News Updates South Africa	newsupdatessa[.]site	Per Africa Check and News24.	^[57]^[51]
Ohio Press Pro	ohiopress[.]pro	Same owner as AJUAnews.	^[50]
thepedogate[.]com	thepedogate[.]com	Part of same network as America Talks. Spread the false Pizzagate conspiracy theory.	^[40]
The Red Panther	theredpanther[.]com	Former name of Toronto Today.	^[53]
Right Wing Tribune	Rightwingtribune[.]com	Per FactCheck.org. Same owners as America's Freedom Fighters.	^[40]
Toronto99[.]com	Toronto99[.]com	Had the same Google Adsense code as The Conservative Beaver.	^[53]
Toronto Today	torontotoday[.]net	Had the same Google Adsense code as The Conservative Beaver.	^[53]
Vancouver Times	vancouvertimes[.]org	Likely shares the same site owner as the Conservative Beaver and Toronto Today.	^[58]

Disinformation campaigns

Corporate disinformation campaigns

Examples of disinformation campaigns from companies include Eliminalia, a reputation management firm that created a network of over 600 websites for its clients,^[59]^[60] and Regency Enterprises, which created sites to promote the movie A Cure for Wellness.^[61]^[62]

Political disinformation campaigns

Examples of countries with political actors that have been confirmed or suspected to be involved with fake news website networks include Brazil,^[63] India,^[64] Iran,^[3] Italy,^[65] the People's Republic of China,^[66] the Philippines,^[67] Russia,^[68] Ukraine (Luhansk),^[69] and the United States.^[70]

Fraudulent fact-checking websites

According to the Poynter Institute, there are four categories of false fact-checking websites:

Sites that are satirical in nature
Sites that attempt to subvert serious fact-checking sites
Sites that re-appropriate the term "fact-check" for partisan political causes
Sites with more violent intentions, such as genocide denial.^[71]

Name	Domain	Notes	Sources
AosFatos[.]com	AosFatos[.]com	Spoof of Brazilian fact-checking organization Aos Fatos.	^[72]
Business2Community	business2community[.]com	Plagiarized fact-checks from Lead Stories.	^[73]
The California Republican	carepublican[.]com	Run by Devin Nunes' political campaign.	^[71]
Descobrindo As Verdades	descobrindoasverdades[.]blogspot[.]com	Has the same Google AdSense and Google Analytics codes as AosFatos[.]com.	^[72]
Duboka Voda	dubokavoda[.]com	Partisan false fact-checking site in Croatia, per the Poynter Institute.	^[71]
Faktiskt[.]eu	Faktiskt[.]eu	Spoof of Swedish fact-checking organization Faktiskt.	^[74]
India News Network	indianewsnetwork[.]com	Same owner as India Vs Disinformation.	^[75]
India Vs Disinformation	indiavsdisinformation[.]com	Owned by "a Canadian communications firm called Press Monitor"^[76]	^[76]^[75]
Jigyasa Online	jigyasaonline[.]org	Same owner as India Vs Disinformation.	^[75]
Middle East Guardians	meguardians[.]com	Published false fact-check about Jamal Khashoggi.	^[77]
Notícias Brasil Online	noticiasbrasilonline[.]com[.]br	Has the same Google AdSense and Google Analytics codes as AosFatos[.]com.	^[72]
O Detetive	odetetive[.]com	Has the same Google AdSense and Google Analytics codes as AosFatos[.]com. The website owner was summoned by a regional court in Brazil for publishing a false story about the 2018 attack on Jair Bolsonaro.	^[72]^[78]
OpIndia	opindia[.]com	OpIndia is an Indian website that has been rejected by the International Fact-Checking Network (IFCN). Fact checkers certified by the IFCN have identified 25 fake news stories published by OpIndia between January 2018 and June 2020.	^[79]^[80]
Pensa Brasil	pensabrasil[.]com	Has the same Google AdSense and Google Analytics codes as AosFatos[.]com.	^[72]
Plantão Brasil	plantaobrasil[.]net	Has the same Google AdSense and Google Analytics codes as AosFatos[.]com.	^[72]
Shayeaat	shayeaat[.]ir	Partisan false fact-checking site in Iran, per the Poynter Institute.	^[71]
Vøx	voxnews[.]info	Partisan false fact-checking site in Italy, per the Poynter Institute. Not to be confused with Vox, the American news site.	^[71]
War on Fakes	waronfakes[.]com	A Russian website that promotes Russian propaganda and disinformation about the Russian invasion of Ukraine.	^[81]^[82]

Generative AI

As of December 2023, NewsGuard has tracked at least 583 news/information websites automatically generated by machine learning models that span 15 languages.^[83]

Name	Domain	Notes	Sources
airc[.]it	airc[.]it		^[84]
AlaskaCommons[.]com	AlaskaCommons[.]com		^[85]
BestBudgetUSA[.]com	BestBudgetUSA[.]com		^[86]
Boluno[.]com	Boluno[.]com		^[84]
bosase[.]com	bosase[.]com		^[84]
celebritiesdeaths[.]com	celebritiesdeaths[.]com		^[87]^[86]
CountyLocalNews[.]com	CountyLocalNews[.]com		^[86]
DailyHeadliner[.]com	DailyHeadliner[.]com		^[88]
Daily Time Update			^[89]
Famadillo[.]com	Famadillo[.]com		^[87]^[86]
FilthyLucre[.]com	FilthyLucre[.]com		^[86]
FoodingWorld[.]com	FoodingWorld[.]com		^[85]
Getintoknowledge[.]com	Getintoknowledge[.]com		^[87]^[86]
globalvillagespace[.]com	globalvillagespace[.]com		^[88]
HistoryFact[.]in	HistoryFact[.]in		^[86]
iBusiness Day			^[89]
Ireland Top News	irelandtopnews[.]com		^[89]
LiverPoolDigest[.]co[.]uk	LiverPoolDigest[.]co[.]uk		^[88]
Lunumi[.]com	Lunumi[.]com		^[84]
Medical Outline	medicaloutline[.]com		^[89]
NewsGPT	newsgpt[.]ai		^[90]
News You Can't Use	newsyoucantuse[.]com		^[91]
NoticiasDeEmprego[.]com[.]br	NoticiasDeEmprego[.]com[.]br		^[85]
NotRealNews[.]net	NotRealNews[.]net		^[92]
Roadan[.]com	Roadan[.]com		^[88]
Scoop Earth	ScoopEarth[.]com		^[87]^[86]
setolu[.]com	setolu[.]com		^[84]
Time[.]news	Time[.]news		^[85]
TnewsNetwork[.]com	TnewsNetwork[.]com		^[86]
TopGolf[.]kr	TopGolf[.]kr		^[88]
topnews67[.]com	topnews67[.]com	Accused of plagiarizing story from The Last Line of Defense, possibly via ChatGPT.	^[93]
TopStories[.]com[.]ng	TopStories[.]com[.]ng		^[88]
vatolu[.]com	vatolu[.]com		^[84]
Walli[.]us	Walli[.]us		^[88]
WaveFunction[.]info	WaveFunction[.]info		^[86]
WhatsNew2Day[.]com	WhatsNew2Day[.]com		^[88]
World-Today-News[.]com	World-Today-News[.]com		^[85]

Hate groups

The following table lists websites that have been both considered by fact-checkers as distributing false news and are run by organizations that have been designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as hate groups.

Name	Domain	Notes	Sources
banned[.]video	banned[.]video	Sister site of InfoWars. Warned by the US Food and Drug Administration for spreading misinformation on COVID-19 for "claims on videos posted on your websites that establish the intended use of your products and misleadingly represent them as safe and/or effective for the treatment or prevention of COVID-19."	^[94]^[95]^[96]
Bare Naked Islam	barenakedislam[.]com		^[97]^[98]
Brighteon	Brighteon[.]com	Sister site of Natural News.	^[99]
The Daily Stormer	DailyStormer[.]com	Per PolitiFact.	^[19]^[100]
Geller Report	Gellerreport[.]com	Registered through Pamela Geller's organization, the American Freedom Defense Initiative.	^[40]^[98]
HoggWatch	hoggwatch[.]com	Setup by Natural News founders to publish attacks against Parkland high school shooting survivors.	^[101]^[102]
InfoWars	infowars[.]com	Managed by Alex Jones. Has claimed that millions of people have voted illegally in the 2016 presidential election, that the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting was a hoax, that the Boston Marathon bombing was a false flag attack, and that the Democratic Party was hosting a child sex slave ring out of a pizza restaurant.	^[103]^[104] ^[105]^[106]^[107]^[108]^[109]^[110]^[111]^[112]^[113]
Natural News	naturalnews[.]com	Formerly NewsTarget, a website for the sale of various dietary supplements, promotion of alternative medicine, controversial nutrition and health claims, and various conspiracy theories, such as "chemtrails", chemophobic claims (including the purported dangers of fluoride in drinking water, anti-perspirants, laundry detergent, monosodium glutamate, aspartame), and purported health problems caused by allegedly "toxic" ingredients in vaccines, including the now-discredited link to autism.	^[114]^[115]^[116]^[117]^[112]^[113]
NewsTarget	newstarget[.]com	Sister site of Natural News.	^[99]
Next News Network	nextnewsnetwork[.]com	Combined content from mainstream sites such as the Associated Press with content from sites such as RT and Sputnik.	^[118]^[119]^[120]^[121]
PrisonPlanet	prisonplanet[.]com	Sister site of InfoWars.	^[122]
Red Ice	RedIce[.]tv		^[123]^[124]
TruNews	trunews[.]com		^[125]^[126]^[113]
WorldNetDaily	wnd[.]com	A far-right website known for promoting falsehoods and conspiracy theories, including the false claim that Barack Obama was not born in the United States.	^[125]^[127]^[128]^[112]^[129]^[113]

Satire

Numerous websites have been created by companies that contain satirical or news parody content that is intended to be or has been designated by fact-checkers as fake news.

Troll farms

Examples of countries with troll farms that have been confirmed or suspected to be involved with fake news website networks include Cambodia,^[130] Ghana,^[131] North Macedonia,^[132] the Republic of Georgia,^[133] and Russia.^[134]

User-generated fake news

The following table lists websites that have allowed users to generate their own hoaxes that appear in the form of news articles. While the stated purpose is for users to prank their friends, many of the resulting false stories have spread on social media and have led to harassment.^[135]

Name	Domain	Notes	Sources
12minutos[.]com	12minutos[.]com	Same owner as React 365.	^[47]
24aktuelles[.]com	24aktuelles[.]com	Same owner as React 365.	^[47]
actualite[.]co	actualite[.]co	Same owner as React 365.	^[47]
theasociatedpress[.]com	theasociatedpress[.]com	Same owner as The Fake News Generator.	^[136]^[137]
thebreakingnews[.]co	thebreakingnews[.]co	Same owner as React 365.	^[47]
BreakingNews247[.]net	BreakingNews247[.]net	Impostor site, per PolitiFact. Same owner as React 365.	^[19]^[47]
BreakingNews365[.]net	BreakingNews365[.]net	Impostor site, per PolitiFact. Same owner as React 365.	^[19]^[47]
cbs-news[.]us	cbs-news[.]us	Same owner as The Fake News Generator.	^[138]
cbsnews[.]us	cbsnews[.]us	Same owner as The Fake News Generator.	^[138]
channel22news[.]com	channel22news[.]com	Same owner as Channel 23 News.	^[47]^[135]
Channel 23 News	Channel23News[.]com	Prank website for generating false stories.	^[42]
Channel24news[.]com	Channel24news[.]com	Impostor site, per PolitiFact. Same owner as Channel 23 News.	^[19]^[47]^[135]
channel28news[.]com	channel28news[.]com	Same owner as Channel 23 News.	^[47]^[135]
channel33news[.]com	channel33news[.]com	Same owner as Channel 23 News.	^[47]^[135]
channel34news[.]com	channel34news[.]com	Same owner as Channel 23 News.	^[47]^[135]
channel40news[.]com	channel40news[.]com	Same owner as Channel 23 News.	^[47]^[135]
channel45news[.]com	channel45news[.]com	Same owner as Channel 23 News.	^[47]^[135]
channel46news[.]com	channel46news[.]com	Same owner as Channel 23 News.	^[47]^[135]
channel55news[.]com	channel55news[.]com	Same owner as Channel 23 News.	^[47]^[135]
channel56news[.]com	channel56news[.]com	Same owner as Channel 23 News.	^[47]^[135]
channel59news[.]com	channel59news[.]com	Same owner as Channel 23 News.	^[47]^[135]
channel60news[.]com	channel60news[.]com	Same owner as Channel 23 News.	^[47]^[135]
channel62news[.]com	channel62news[.]com	Same owner as Channel 23 News.	^[47]^[135]
channel63news[.]com	channel63news[.]com	Same owner as Channel 23 News.	^[47]^[135]
channel65news[.]com	channel65news[.]com	Same owner as Channel 23 News.	^[47]^[135]
channel66news[.]com	channel66news[.]com	Same owner as Channel 23 News.	^[47]^[135]
channel68news[.]com	channel68news[.]com	Same owner as Channel 23 News.	^[47]^[135]
channel77news[.]com	channel77news[.]com	Same owner as Channel 23 News.	^[47]^[135]
cnoticias[.]net	cnoticias[.]net	Same owner as React 365.	^[47]
en-bref[.]fr	en-bref[.]fr	Same owner as React 365.	^[47]
The Fake News Generator	thefakenewsgenerator[.]com		^[138]
fakeShare	fakeshare[.]com		^[139]^[140]
FeedNewz	feednewz[.]com	Renamed to prank[.]link.	^[141]
nachrichten[.]de[.]com	nachrichten[.]de[.]com	Same owner as React 365.	^[47]
nachrichten365[.]com	nachrichten365[.]com	Same owner as React 365.	^[47]
net-infosnews[.]com	net-infosnews[.]com	Same owner as React 365.	^[47]
thenewyorktimes[.]company	thenewyorktimes[.]company	Same owner as The Fake News Generator.	^[136]^[137]
noticias-frescas[.]com	noticias-frescas[.]com	Same owner as React 365.	^[47]
notizzia[.]com	notizzia[.]com	Same owner as React 365.	^[47]
prank[.]link	prank[.]link		^[141]^[139]
PunkShare	PunkShare[.]com		^[142]
React 365	React365[.]com	This user-created fake news generator, supposedly for "pranking your friends", had at least two stories that went viral.	^[21]^[47]
routers[.]news	routers[.]news	Same owner as PunkShare. Spoof of Reuters.	^[143]
toutelinfo[.]fr	toutelinfo[.]fr	Same owner as React 365.	^[47]

Other networks

Many fake news websites can be assessed as likely being part of the same network campaign if some combination of the following are true:

They share the same Google Analytics account^[144]^[145]^[146]
They share the same Google AdSense account^[144]^[145]^[50]^[146]^[147]
They share the same IP address(es)^[145]^[3]
They share the same Gravatar ID^[130]
They refer to each other's domains^[40]
They publish the exact or near-exact same content,^[144] especially content that has been plagiarized from other sources^[50]^[60]
They have the same or similar designs (layouts, bylines, privacy policies, "About" pages, etc.)^[144]^[146]
They have the same owner(s) or hosting provider, based on domain registration information.^[145]^[50]^[3]

Action News 3

Name	Domain	Notes	Sources
Action News 3	actionnews3[.]com	Spread death hoaxes about various public figures.	^[21]
Daily Buzz Live	DailyBuzzLive[.]com	Per PolitiFact. Republished a hoax about worldwide blackout, a false claim that had been spreading since 2012. Hosted on the same webserver as Action News 3.	^[19]^[148]^[149]^[150]
News4KTLA[.]com	News4KTLA[.]com	Impostor site, per PolitiFact. Has the same IP address as Action News 3. Repurposed an Associated Press article with a false headline. Cited story from World News Daily Report.	^[19]^[151]^[152]^[153]^[154]
Now 8 News	Now8News[.]com	Started in 2015, this fake news website is also designed to look like a local television outlet. Several of the website's fake stories have successfully spread on social media. Has the same IP address as Action News 3.	^[21]^[155]^[156]^[151]
TheRacketReport[.]com	TheRacketReport[.]com	Per PolitiFact. Has the same IP address as Action News 3. Repurposed an Associated Press article with a false headline.	^[19]^[151]^[152]
Straight Stoned	straightstoned[.]com	Hosted on the same webserver as Action News 3.	^[47]^[157]^[150]

Batty Post

Name	Domain	Notes	Sources
abc14news[.]com	abc14news[.]com	Spoof of ABC News.	^[158]^[159]
abcnews-us[.]com	abcnews-us[.]com	Spoof of ABC News.	^[21]^[47]
abcnews5[.]com	abcnews5[.]com	Spoof of ABC News.	^[160]
AlabamaObserver[.]com	AlabamaObserver[.]com		^[19]^[144]
albertatimes[.]com	albertatimes[.]com		^[144]
Batty Post	battypost[.]com	Published a false claim about being acquired by East Asia Tribune, a page that has the same Google AdSense ID.	^[144]^[47]^[161]^[162]
Border Herald	borderherald[.]com		^[144]
Boston Leader	bostonleader[.]com	Possibly part of same network as Associated Media Coverage, another fake news site.	^[19]^[21]^[163]^[144]
boston-post[.]com	boston-post[.]com	Not to be confused with the Boston Post. Part of the same network as abcnews-us[.]com.	^[158]^[160]
cairnstimes[.]com	cairnstimes[.]com		^[144]
cbs15[.]com	cbs15[.]com	Spoof of CBS News. Possibly part of same network as abc14news[.]com.	^[164]^[165]
cbsnews10[.]com	cbsnews10[.]com	Spoof of CBS News. Part of same network as abc14news[.]com.	^[158]^[159]
cbsnews15[.]com	cbsnews15[.]com	Spoof of CBS News.	^[160]
cbsnews24[.]com	cbsnews24[.]com	Spoof of CBS News.	^[160]
cgcnews[.]com	cgcnews[.]com	Part of the same network as nbc9news[.]com.	^[165]^[164]
cnn-globalnews[.]com	cnn-globalnews[.]com	Impostor site of CNN. Published death hoax on Clint Eastwood.	^[166]^[144]^[47]
cnn-internationaledition[.]com	cnn-internationaledition[.]com	Impostor site of CNN.	^[144]^[47]
coindesk-us[.]com	coindesk-us[.]com	Spoof of CoinDesk.	^[160]
countyweekly[.]com	countyweekly[.]com		^[47]
dallastimes[.]us	dallastimes[.]us		^[47]
DenverInquirer[.]com	DenverInquirer[.]com		^[19]^[144]
dublintribune[.]com	dublintribune[.]com		^[47]
East Asia Tribune	eastasiatribune[.]com	Published death hoax about Kim Jong-un.	^[167]
Florida Sun Post	floridasunpost[.]com	Possibly part of same network as Associated Media Coverage, another fake news site.	^[163]^[19]^[144]
focustimes[.]org	focustimes[.]org		^[144]
foreignjournal[.]com	foreignjournal[.]com		^[144]
fox-26houston[.]com	fox-26houston[.]com		^[160]
fox-32chicago[.]com	fox-32chicago[.]com		^[160]
foxnews-us[.]com	foxnews-us[.]com	Part of the same network as abcnews-us[.]com.	^[158]^[160]
foxnews15[.]com	foxnews15[.]com		^[160]
freeinquirer[.]com	freeinquirer[.]com		^[47]
The Jackson Telegraph	jacksontelegraph[.]com		^[166]^[144]^[47]
longarticles[.]com	longarticles[.]com		^[144]
MississippiHerald[.]com	MississippiHerald[.]com		^[19]^[144]^[47]
nbc9news[.]com	nbc9news[.]com	Spoof of NBC. Part of same network as abc14news[.]com.	^[158]^[159]^[164]^[165]
nbcnews11[.]com	nbcnews11[.]com		^[160]
nbcnews15[.]com	nbcnews15[.]com		^[160]
nbcnews6[.]com	nbcnews6[.]com		^[160]
newjournal[.]us	newjournal[.]us		^[47]
thenyherald[.]com	thenyherald[.]com	Part of the same network as nbc9news[.]com.	^[165]
pressunion[.]org	pressunion[.]org		^[144]
si-nba[.]com	si-nba[.]com		^[160]
sundayregister[.]com	sundayregister[.]com		^[144]
The Sunday Inquirer	sundayinquirer[.]com		^[166]^[144]
The Sunday Post	sundaypost[.]org		^[144]
surreytelegraph[.]com	surreytelegraph[.]com		^[47]
sydneybulletin[.]com	sydneybulletin[.]com		^[47]
Telegraph Sun	telegraphsun[.]com		^[144]
timesofcambodia[.]com	timesofcambodia[.]com		^[47]
tmz-us[.]com	tmz-us[.]com	Spoof of TMZ. Part of the same network as nbc9news[.]com.	^[165]
tvtnews[.]com	tvtnews[.]com	Part of the same network as nbc9news[.]com.	^[165]^[164]
unitednews[.]org	unitednews[.]org		^[144]
us-nbcnews[.]com	us-nbcnews[.]com	Spoof of NBC News. Part of the same network as nbc9news[.]com.	^[165]
usatoday-go[.]com	usatoday-go[.]com	Has the same IP address as cbsnews10[.]com.	^[158]^[168]
Vancouver Inquirer	vancouverinquirer[.]com		^[144]^[47]
vice-en-us[.]com	vice-en-us[.]com	Part of the same network as abcnews-us[.]com.	^[158]^[160]
weekendherald[.]com	weekendherald[.]com		^[144]
yahoonews-us[.]com	yahoonews-us[.]com	Part of the same network as abcnews-us[.]com.	^[158]^[160]

Celebtricity

Name	Domain	Notes	Sources
20minutenews[.]com	20minutenews[.]com		^[47]^[145]
alertchild[.]com	alertchild[.]com		^[47]^[145]
areyousleep[.]com	areyousleep[.]com		^[47]^[145]
badcriminals[.]com	badcriminals[.]com		^[47]^[145]
cartelreport[.]com	cartelreport[.]com		^[47]^[145]
Celebtricity	celebtricity[.]com	Has falsely claimed that Barack Obama declared a state of emergency in Chicago, Illinois after more than 300 people were shot in one night; that a Wendy's employee put vaginal discharge on a burger as revenge against a partner; and that Bryshere Y. Gray was Jay-Z's son. Contains a "notorious fauxtire and satire entertainment" disclaimer which used to read "the most notorious urban satirical entertainment website in the world".^[169]	^[170]^[169]^[171]
channel5000[.]com	channel5000[.]com		^[47]^[145]
drugsofficial[.]com	drugsofficial[.]com		^[47]^[145]
everydaybreakingnews[.]com	everydaybreakingnews[.]com		^[47]^[145]
FedsAlert[.]com	FedsAlert[.]com		^[19]^[47]^[145]
folksvideo[.]com	folksvideo[.]com		^[47]^[145]
thefrt[.]com	thefrt[.]com		^[47]^[145]
jokerviral[.]com	jokerviral[.]com		^[47]^[145]
mrnewswatch[.]com	mrnewswatch[.]com		^[47]^[145]
Persecutes[.]com	Persecutes[.]com		^[19]^[47]^[145]
qualitysharing[.]com	qualitysharing[.]com		^[47]^[145]
scaryhours[.]com	scaryhours[.]com		^[47]^[145]
smhwtfnews[.]com	smhwtfnews[.]com		^[47]^[145]
tmzbreaking[.]com	tmzbreaking[.]com		^[47]^[145]
tmzbusiness[.]com	tmzbusiness[.]com		^[145]
tmzcomedy[.]com	tmzcomedy[.]com		^[47]^[145]
tmzhiphop[.]com	tmzhiphop[.]com		^[47]^[145]
tmzurban[.]com	tmzurban[.]com		^[145]
tmzuncut[.]com	tmzuncut[.]com		^[47]^[145]
TMZWorldNews[.]com	TMZWorldNews[.]com		^[19]^[47]^[145]
tmzworldstar[.]com	tmzworldstar[.]com		^[47]^[145]
tmzworldstarnews[.]com	tmzworldstarnews[.]com		^[47]^[145]
ViralActions[.]com	ViralActions[.]com	Cited story from World News Daily Report.	^[19]^[47]^[145]^[154]
viralcocaine[.]com	viralcocaine[.]com		^[145]
viraldevil[.]com	viraldevil[.]com		^[47]^[145]
viralmugshot[.]com	viralmugshot[.]com		^[47]^[145]
viralpropaganda[.]com	viralpropaganda[.]com		^[47]^[145]
viralspeech[.]com	viralspeech[.]com		^[47]^[145]
viralstupid[.]com	viralstupid[.]com		^[47]^[145]

PoliticsFocus

Used a technique called "domain hopping" - repeatedly switching domain names to stay ahead of advertising blacklists on social media.^[172]^[173]

Name	Domain	Notes	Sources
PoliticsFocus	anypolitical[.]com		^[172]
PoliticsFocus	cloudpolitical[.]com		^[172]^[174]
PoliticsFocus	goldpolitics[.]com		^[174]
PoliticsFocus	flexpolitics[.]com		^[174]
PoliticsFocus	jetpolitics[.]com		^[172]^[174]
PoliticsFocus	maxrepublican[.]com		^[172]^[174]
PoliticsFocus	politicsbee[.]com		^[172]
PoliticsFocus	politicsedge[.]com		^[174]
PoliticsFocus	politicsfast[.]com		^[174]
PoliticsFocus	Politicsfocus[.]com	Per FactCheck.org.	^[40]^[172]^[174]^[175]
PoliticsFocus	politicsmate[.]com		^[172]^[174]
PoliticsFocus	politicstec[.]com		^[172]^[174]
PoliticsFocus	politicsvision[.]com		^[172]^[174]
PoliticsFocus	sunrepublican[.]com		^[172]
PoliticsFocus	totalpolitical[.]com		^[174]

Miscellaneous

The following article lists miscellaneous sites that are one-offs or otherwise lack information that would place them into one of the other categories above.

References

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^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^bm ^bn ^bo ^bp ^bq ^br ^bs ^bt ^bu ^bv ^bw ^bx ^by ^bz ^ca ^cb ^cc Silverman, Craig; Lytvynenko, Jane; Pham, Scott (December 28, 2017). "These Are 50 Of The Biggest Fake News Hits On Facebook In 2017". BuzzFeed News. Archived from the original on January 5, 2019. Retrieved February 2, 2019.
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^ Serabian, Ryan; Kapellmann Zafra, Daniel. "Pro-PRC "HaiEnergy" Information Operations Campaign Leverages Infrastructure from Public Relations Firm to Disseminate Content on Inauthentic News Sites". Mandiant. Archived from the original on 2022-08-31. Retrieved 2023-12-04.
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@@ Line 256: / Line 256: @@
 |Part of a network that posted a false story that there was a sequel to the movie [[Step Brothers (film)|Step Brothers]] in the works in 2016.
 Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.
-|<ref name="Silverman-2016b" /><ref name="Evon-2016">{{Cite web |last=Evon |first=Dan |date=2016-03-22 |title='Step Brothers 2' Rumors Are False |url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/step-brothers-2-hoax/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611004400/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/step-brothers-2-hoax/ |archive-date=2023-06-11 |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=Snopes |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Silverman-2016d" />
+|<ref name="Silverman-2016b">{{Cite web |last=Silverman |first=Craig |date=2016-12-30 |title=Here Are 50 Of The Biggest Fake News Hits On Facebook From 2016 |url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/craigsilverman/top-fake-news-of-2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510164042/https://www.buzzfeed.com/craigsilverman/top-fake-news-of-2016#.ns5WzWdomR |archive-date=2023-05-10 |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=BuzzFeed News |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Evon-2016">{{Cite web |last=Evon |first=Dan |date=2016-03-22 |title='Step Brothers 2' Rumors Are False |url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/step-brothers-2-hoax/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611004400/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/step-brothers-2-hoax/ |archive-date=2023-06-11 |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=Snopes |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Silverman-2016d" />
 |-
 |channel16news[.]com
@@ Line 477: / Line 477: @@
 |Per FactCheck.org and PolitiFact.
 Stated by Snopes to be "interrelated" with NewsPunch and Your News Wire.
-|<ref name="politifact-guide" /><ref name="FactCheck-2017" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Emery |first=David |date=2018-01-19 |title=Did Macaulay Culkin Say Satanic Hollywood Executives Wear Shoes Made From Dead Children? |url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/macauley-culkin-satanic-hollywood/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604205845/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/macauley-culkin-satanic-hollywood/ |archive-date=2023-06-04 |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=Snopes |language=en}}</ref>
+|<ref name="politifact-guide" /><ref name="FactCheck-2017">{{Cite web |date=2017-07-06 |title=Misinformation Directory |url=https://www.factcheck.org/2017/07/websites-post-fake-satirical-stories/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129185536/https://www.factcheck.org/2017/07/websites-post-fake-satirical-stories/ |archive-date=2023-11-29 |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=[[FactCheck.org]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Emery |first=David |date=2018-01-19 |title=Did Macaulay Culkin Say Satanic Hollywood Executives Wear Shoes Made From Dead Children? |url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/macauley-culkin-satanic-hollywood/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604205845/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/macauley-culkin-satanic-hollywood/ |archive-date=2023-06-04 |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=Snopes |language=en}}</ref>
 |-
 |[[NewsPunch|Newspunch]]
@@ Line 516: / Line 516: @@
 |
 |Same owner as News Updates South Africa. Published a false story about election fraud during the [[2016 South African municipal elections|2016 municipal elections in South Africa]], which led to the [[Electoral Commission of South Africa]] filing a criminal complaint against the site owner.
-|<ref name="News24-2022">{{Cite web |title=The former PWC staffer in charge of fake news – #exposed |url=https://exposed.news24.com/newsupdatessa-site/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004123402/https://exposed.news24.com/newsupdatessa-site/ |archive-date=2022-10-04 |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=[[News24 (website)|News24]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Africa Check-2016" />
+|<ref name="News24-2022">{{Cite web |title=The former PWC staffer in charge of fake news – #exposed |url=https://exposed.news24.com/newsupdatessa-site/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004123402/https://exposed.news24.com/newsupdatessa-site/ |archive-date=2022-10-04 |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=[[News24 (website)|News24]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Africa Check-2016">{{Cite web |date=2016-11-18 |title=GUIDE: How to stop falling for fake news |url=https://africacheck.org/fact-checks/guides/guide-how-stop-falling-fake-news |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326223551/https://africacheck.org/fact-checks/guides/guide-how-stop-falling-fake-news |archive-date=2023-03-26 |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=Africa Check |language=en}}</ref>
 |-
 |AJUAnews
@@ Line 1,086: / Line 1,086: @@
 |Managed by [[Alex Jones]]. Has claimed that millions of people have voted illegally in the 2016 presidential election, that the [[Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting]] was a hoax, that the [[Boston Marathon bombing]] was a false flag attack, and that the Democratic Party [[Pizzagate (conspiracy theory)|was hosting a child sex slave ring out of a pizza restaurant]].
 |<ref>{{cite web |last=Mak |first=Tim |date=4 December 2016 |title='Pizzagate' Gunman Liked Alex Jones |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/12/04/fake-news-delivers-real-gunman-to-pizzeria-caught-up-in-alt-right-fake-news.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161211223215/http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/12/04/fake-news-delivers-real-gunman-to-pizzeria-caught-up-in-alt-right-fake-news.html |archive-date=11 December 2016 |access-date=12 December 2016 |work=thedailybeast.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Blake |first1=Andrew |date=9 December 2016 |title=Alex Jones, Infowars founder, appeals to Trump for aid over fears of 'fake news' crackdown |work=The Washington Times |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/dec/9/alex-jones-conspiracy-theorist-appeals-trump-aid-o/ |url-status=live |access-date=16 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161209224504/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/dec/9/alex-jones-conspiracy-theorist-appeals-trump-aid-o/ |archive-date=9 December 2016}}</ref>
-<ref>{{cite web |title=Radio Conspiracy Theorist Claims Ear Of Trump, Pushes 'Pizzagate' Fictions |url=https://www.npr.org/2016/12/06/504590375/radio-conspiracy-theorist-claims-ear-of-trump-pushes-pizzagate-fictions |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161211164147/http://www.npr.org/2016/12/06/504590375/radio-conspiracy-theorist-claims-ear-of-trump-pushes-pizzagate-fictions |archive-date=11 December 2016 |access-date=12 December 2016 |website=NPR.org |publisher=NPR}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Tracy |first=Abigail |date=6 December 2016 |title=The InfoWars Presidency Arrives in Washington |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2016/12/mike-flynn-conspiracy-theories |url-status=live |magazine=Vanity Fair |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161209163115/http://www.vanityfair.com/news/2016/12/mike-flynn-conspiracy-theories |archive-date=9 December 2016 |access-date=12 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Finnegan |first=William |author-link=William Finnegan |date=22 November 2016 |title=Why Won't Donald Trump Denounce Sandy Hook Deniers? |url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/why-wont-donald-trump-denounce-sandy-hook-deniers |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124081417/http://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/why-wont-donald-trump-denounce-sandy-hook-deniers |archive-date=24 November 2016 |access-date=12 December 2016 |work=newyorker.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Page |first=Clarence |date=6 December 2016 |title=Does the First Amendment protect fake news? |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/opinion/page/ct-pizzagate-fake-news-first-amendment-perspec-1207-20161206-story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161212023032/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/opinion/page/ct-pizzagate-fake-news-first-amendment-perspec-1207-20161206-story.html |archive-date=12 December 2016 |access-date=12 December 2016 |work=Chicago Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Hinckley |first=Story |date=15 December 2016 |title=Why fake news holds such allure |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2016/1215/Why-fake-news-holds-such-allure |url-status=live |journal=Christian Science Monitor |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111010102/http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2016/1215/Why-fake-news-holds-such-allure |archive-date=11 January 2017 |access-date=10 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Goldman |first=Adam |date=2016-12-07 |title=The Comet Ping Pong Gunman Answers Our Reporter's Questions |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/07/us/edgar-welch-comet-pizza-fake-news.html |url-status=live |access-date=2017-01-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213214547/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/07/us/edgar-welch-comet-pizza-fake-news.html |archive-date=2016-12-13 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mahani |first1=Doha |title=InfoWars' Alex Jones claims a 'psychosis' caused him to question Sandy Hook massacre |language=en |work=NBC News |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/infowars-alex-jones-claims-psychosis-caused-him-question-sandy-hook-n989091 |url-status=live |access-date=2019-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922235907/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/infowars-alex-jones-claims-psychosis-caused-him-question-sandy-hook-n989091 |archive-date=2019-09-22}}</ref><ref name="Owen-2020" /><ref name="SPLC-2020">{{Cite web |title=The Year in Hate and Extremism 2020 |url=https://www.splcenter.org/sites/default/files/yih_2020-21_final.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208103718/https://www.splcenter.org/sites/default/files/yih_2020-21_final.pdf |archive-date=2023-12-08 |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=Southern Poverty Law Center}}</ref>
+<ref>{{cite web |title=Radio Conspiracy Theorist Claims Ear Of Trump, Pushes 'Pizzagate' Fictions |url=https://www.npr.org/2016/12/06/504590375/radio-conspiracy-theorist-claims-ear-of-trump-pushes-pizzagate-fictions |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161211164147/http://www.npr.org/2016/12/06/504590375/radio-conspiracy-theorist-claims-ear-of-trump-pushes-pizzagate-fictions |archive-date=11 December 2016 |access-date=12 December 2016 |website=NPR.org |publisher=NPR}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Tracy |first=Abigail |date=6 December 2016 |title=The InfoWars Presidency Arrives in Washington |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2016/12/mike-flynn-conspiracy-theories |url-status=live |magazine=Vanity Fair |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161209163115/http://www.vanityfair.com/news/2016/12/mike-flynn-conspiracy-theories |archive-date=9 December 2016 |access-date=12 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Finnegan |first=William |author-link=William Finnegan |date=22 November 2016 |title=Why Won't Donald Trump Denounce Sandy Hook Deniers? |url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/why-wont-donald-trump-denounce-sandy-hook-deniers |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124081417/http://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/why-wont-donald-trump-denounce-sandy-hook-deniers |archive-date=24 November 2016 |access-date=12 December 2016 |work=newyorker.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Page |first=Clarence |date=6 December 2016 |title=Does the First Amendment protect fake news? |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/opinion/page/ct-pizzagate-fake-news-first-amendment-perspec-1207-20161206-story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161212023032/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/opinion/page/ct-pizzagate-fake-news-first-amendment-perspec-1207-20161206-story.html |archive-date=12 December 2016 |access-date=12 December 2016 |work=Chicago Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Hinckley |first=Story |date=15 December 2016 |title=Why fake news holds such allure |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2016/1215/Why-fake-news-holds-such-allure |url-status=live |journal=Christian Science Monitor |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111010102/http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2016/1215/Why-fake-news-holds-such-allure |archive-date=11 January 2017 |access-date=10 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Goldman |first=Adam |date=2016-12-07 |title=The Comet Ping Pong Gunman Answers Our Reporter's Questions |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/07/us/edgar-welch-comet-pizza-fake-news.html |url-status=live |access-date=2017-01-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213214547/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/07/us/edgar-welch-comet-pizza-fake-news.html |archive-date=2016-12-13 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mahani |first1=Doha |title=InfoWars' Alex Jones claims a 'psychosis' caused him to question Sandy Hook massacre |language=en |work=NBC News |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/infowars-alex-jones-claims-psychosis-caused-him-question-sandy-hook-n989091 |url-status=live |access-date=2019-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922235907/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/infowars-alex-jones-claims-psychosis-caused-him-question-sandy-hook-n989091 |archive-date=2019-09-22}}</ref><ref name="Owen-2020">{{Cite web |last=Owen |first=Laura Hazard |date=October 26, 2020 |title=Older people and Republicans are most likely to share Covid-19 stories from fake news sites on Twitter |url=https://www.niemanlab.org/2020/10/older-people-and-republicans-are-most-likely-to-share-covid-19-stories-from-fake-news-sites-on-twitter/ |access-date=2021-10-20 |website=[[Nieman Lab]] |archive-date=2020-10-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030040313/https://www.niemanlab.org/2020/10/older-people-and-republicans-are-most-likely-to-share-covid-19-stories-from-fake-news-sites-on-twitter/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="SPLC-2020">{{Cite web |title=The Year in Hate and Extremism 2020 |url=https://www.splcenter.org/sites/default/files/yih_2020-21_final.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208103718/https://www.splcenter.org/sites/default/files/yih_2020-21_final.pdf |archive-date=2023-12-08 |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=Southern Poverty Law Center}}</ref>
 |-
 |[[Natural News]]
@@ Line 1,110: / Line 1,110: @@
 |
 |Sister site of InfoWars.
+|<ref name="Collins-2016">{{Cite news |last=Collins |first=Ben |date=2016-10-28 |title=This 'Conservative News Site' Trended on Facebook, Showed Up on Fox News... and Duped the World |language=en |work=The Daily Beast |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/10/28/the-man-who-duped-trumpkins-fox-news |access-date=2023-12-11}}</ref>
-|<ref name="Collins-2016" />
 |-
 |[[Red Ice]]
@@ Line 1,122: / Line 1,122: @@
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 |
+|<ref name="Grinberg-2019">{{Cite journal |last1=Grinberg |first1=Nir |last2=Joseph |first2=Kenneth |last3=Friedland |first3=Lisa |last4=Swire-Thompson |first4=Briony |last5=Lazer |first5=David |date=2019-01-25 |title=Fake news on Twitter during the 2016 U.S. presidential election |journal=Science |language=en |volume=363 |issue=6425 |pages=374–378 |doi=10.1126/science.aau2706 |pmid=30679368 |bibcode=2019Sci...363..374G |s2cid=59248491 |issn=0036-8075|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Guess-2021">{{Cite journal |last1=Guess |first1=Andy |last2=Aslett |first2=Kevin |last3=Tucker |first3=Joshua |last4=Bonneau |first4=Richard |last5=Nagler |first5=Jonathan |date=2021 |title=Cracking Open the News Feed: Exploring What U.S. Facebook Users See and Share with Large-Scale Platform Data |url=https://journalqd.org/article/view/2586 |journal=Journal of Quantitative Description: Digital Media |language=en |volume=1 |doi=10.51685/jqd.2021.006 |s2cid=236598470 |issn=2673-8813 |doi-access=free |access-date=2022-08-31 |archive-date=2023-06-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602040723/https://journalqd.org/article/view/2586 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="SPLC-2020" />
-|<ref name="Grinberg-2019" /><ref name="Guess-2021" /><ref name="SPLC-2020" />
 |-
 |''[[WorldNetDaily]]''
@@ Line 1,128: / Line 1,128: @@
 |
 |A far-right website known for promoting falsehoods and conspiracy theories, including the false claim that [[Barack Obama]] [[Barack Obama citizenship conspiracy theories|was not born in the United States.]]
-|<ref name="Grinberg-2019" /><ref name="Osmundsen-2021" /><ref name="Ognyanova-2020" /><ref name="Owen-2020" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kukura |first=Joe |date=2017-03-16 |title=The Inside Dope on Jean Quan's Pot Club |url=https://www.sfweekly.com/news/suckafreecity/the-inside-dope-on-jean-quans-pot-club/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008131523/https://www.sfweekly.com/news/suckafreecity/the-inside-dope-on-jean-quans-pot-club/ |archive-date=2022-10-08 |access-date=2022-10-02 |website=[[SF Weekly]] |language=en-US |quote=As of press time, the homepage of their website lists links to right-wing fake news sites like WorldNetDaily...}}</ref><ref name="SPLC-2020" />
+|<ref name="Grinberg-2019" /><ref name="Osmundsen-2021">{{Cite journal|last1=Osmundsen|first1=Mathias|last2=Bor|first2=Alexander|last3=Vahlstrup|first3=Peter Bjerregaard|last4=Bechmann|first4=Anja|last5=Petersen|first5=Michael Bang|date=May 7, 2021|title=Partisan Polarization Is the Primary Psychological Motivation behind Political Fake News Sharing on Twitter|url=https://dataverse.harvard.edu/file.xhtml?fileId=4491271&version=1.0|journal=[[American Political Science Review]]|language=en|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|volume=115|issue=3|pages=999–1015|doi=10.1017/S0003055421000290|s2cid=235527523|issn=0003-0554|access-date=August 23, 2021|archive-date=August 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210822100753/https://dataverse.harvard.edu/file.xhtml?fileId=4491271&version=1.0|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Ognyanova-2020">{{Cite journal|last1=Ognyanova|first1=Katherine|last2=Lazer|first2=David|last3=Robertson|first3=Ronald E.|last4=Wilson|first4=Christo|date=2020-06-02|title=Misinformation in action: Fake news exposure is linked to lower trust in media, higher trust in government when your side is in power|url=https://misinforeview.hks.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Misinformation-in-action-Ognyanova-et-al-2020.pdf|journal=[[Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review]]|language=en-US|publisher=[[Shorenstein Center]]|volume=1|issue=4|doi=10.37016/mr-2020-024|doi-access=free|access-date=2021-08-23|archive-date=2021-03-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320192323/https://misinforeview.hks.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Misinformation-in-action-Ognyanova-et-al-2020.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Owen-2020" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kukura |first=Joe |date=2017-03-16 |title=The Inside Dope on Jean Quan's Pot Club |url=https://www.sfweekly.com/news/suckafreecity/the-inside-dope-on-jean-quans-pot-club/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008131523/https://www.sfweekly.com/news/suckafreecity/the-inside-dope-on-jean-quans-pot-club/ |archive-date=2022-10-08 |access-date=2022-10-02 |website=[[SF Weekly]] |language=en-US |quote=As of press time, the homepage of their website lists links to right-wing fake news sites like WorldNetDaily...}}</ref><ref name="SPLC-2020" />
 |}
@@ Line 1,458: / Line 1,458: @@
 Cited story from World News Daily Report.
-|<ref name="politifact-guide" /><ref name="Schenk-2018e">{{Cite web |date=2018-04-29 |title=Fake News: Comedian Bill Cosby NOT Dead Of Apparent Suicide At Age 80 {{!}} Lead Stories |url=https://hoax-alert.leadstories.com/3469322-no-suicide-bill-cosby.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529193532/https://leadstories.com/hoax-alert/2018/04/no-suicide-bill-cosby.html |archive-date=2023-05-29 |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=Lead Stories |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=LaCapria |first=Kim |date=2016-06-23 |title=Las Vegas Parents Facing Charges for Modifying 8-Month-Old Baby's Ears |url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/lv-parents-ear-modification/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207014550/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/lv-parents-ear-modification/ |archive-date=2023-02-07 |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=Snopes |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite web |last=Gillin |first=Joshua |date=2017-03-06 |title=PolitiFact - Rats! Rumors of tons of rodent meat passed off as chicken wings in U.S. are fake news |url=https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2017/mar/06/blog-posting/rats-rumors-tons-rodent-meat-passed-chicken-wings-/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814024901/https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2017/mar/06/blog-posting/rats-rumors-tons-rodent-meat-passed-chicken-wings-/ |archive-date=2022-08-14 |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=[[Politifact]] |language=en-US}}</ref>
+|<ref name="politifact-guide" /><ref name="Schenk-2018e">{{Cite web |date=2018-04-29 |title=Fake News: Comedian Bill Cosby NOT Dead Of Apparent Suicide At Age 80 {{!}} Lead Stories |url=https://hoax-alert.leadstories.com/3469322-no-suicide-bill-cosby.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529193532/https://leadstories.com/hoax-alert/2018/04/no-suicide-bill-cosby.html |archive-date=2023-05-29 |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=Lead Stories |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Gillin |first=Joshua |title=PolitiFact - Fake headline muddles real story of man cooked to death in tuna oven |url=https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2017/jun/26/blog-posting/fake-headline-muddles-real-story-man-cooked-death-/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816220955/https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2017/jun/26/blog-posting/fake-headline-muddles-real-story-man-cooked-death-/ |archive-date=2022-08-16 |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=[[Politifact]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=LaCapria |first=Kim |date=2016-06-23 |title=Las Vegas Parents Facing Charges for Modifying 8-Month-Old Baby's Ears |url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/lv-parents-ear-modification/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207014550/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/lv-parents-ear-modification/ |archive-date=2023-02-07 |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=Snopes |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite web |last=Gillin |first=Joshua |date=2017-03-06 |title=PolitiFact - Rats! Rumors of tons of rodent meat passed off as chicken wings in U.S. are fake news |url=https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2017/mar/06/blog-posting/rats-rumors-tons-rodent-meat-passed-chicken-wings-/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814024901/https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2017/mar/06/blog-posting/rats-rumors-tons-rodent-meat-passed-chicken-wings-/ |archive-date=2022-08-14 |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=[[Politifact]] |language=en-US}}</ref>
 |-
 |Now 8 News