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Undid revision 1191977033 by Jamezofchez (talk) dead reference links need to be pointed to an archived copy, see Template:Cite web#Using "archive-url" and "archive-date" (and optionally "url-status") for webpages that have been archived
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{{Short description|none}}
{{Short description|none}}


The first [[website]] was created in August 1991 by [[Tim Berners-Lee]] at [[CERN]], a European nuclear research agency. Berners-Lee's [[WorldWideWeb]] browser became publicly available the same month. By the end of 1992, there were ten websites. The [[World Wide Web]] began to enter everyday use in 1993, helping to grow the number of websites to 130 by the end of the year. In 1994, websites for the general public became available. By the end of 1994, the total number of websites was 2,278, including several notable websites and many precursors of today's most popular services.
The first [[website]] was created in August 1991 by [[Tim Berners-Lee]] at [[CERN]], a European nuclear research agency. Berners-Lee's [[WorldWideWeb]] browser became publicly available the same month. By the end of 1992, there were ten websites.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Total number of Websites |url=https://www.internetlivestats.com/total-number-of-websites/ |access-date=2023-11-06 |website=Internet Live Stats |language=en}}</ref> The [[World Wide Web]] began to enter everyday use in 1993, helping to grow the number of websites to 130 by the end of the year.<ref name=":8" /> In 1994, websites for the general public became available.<ref name=":8">{{cite book|last1=Couldry|first1=Nick|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AcHvP9trbkAC&pg=PA2|title=Media, Society, World: Social Theory and Digital Media Practice|date=2012|publisher=Polity Press|isbn=9780745639208|location=London|page=2}}</ref> By the end of 1994, the total number of websites was 2,278, including several notable websites and many precursors of today's most popular services.<ref name=":7" />


By the end of 1995, the number of websites had expanded significantly, with some 23,500 sites. Thus, this '''list of websites founded before 1995''' covers the early innovators. Of the 2,879 websites established before 1995, those listed here meet one or more of the following:
By the end of 1995, the number of websites had expanded significantly, with some 23,500 sites.<ref name=":7" /> Thus, this '''list of websites founded before 1995''' covers the early innovators. Of the 2,879 websites established before 1995, those listed here meet one or more of the following:


*They still exist (albeit in some cases with different names).
*They still exist (albeit in some cases with different names).
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=== CERN ===
=== CERN ===
[[CERN]], a research center in [[Switzerland]], created the first website. The Web was publicly announced with a post to the [[Usenet newsgroup]] alt.hypertext on August 6, 1991. There is a snapshot of the site from November 1992 at '''{{Strikethrough color|The World Wide Web project|textcolor=red}}'''.
[[CERN]], a research center in [[Switzerland]], created the first website.<ref name=":2">{{cite web|title = The World Wide Web project|url = http://www.w3.org/History/19921103-hypertext/hypertext/WWW/TheProject.html|website = www.w3.org|access-date = 2015-06-05}}</ref> The Web was publicly announced with a post to the [[Usenet newsgroup]] alt.hypertext on August 6, 1991.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://groups.google.com/d/msg/alt.hypertext/eCTkkOoWTAY/pwyBmDUpCAAJ|title=WorldWideWeb: Summary|date=6 August 1991|archive-url=https://groups.google.com/d/msg/comp.archives/CfsHlSNYPUI/DTs60INnuzcJ|archive-date=9 Aug 1991}}</ref> There is a snapshot of the site from November 1992 at [http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/TheProject.html The World Wide Web project].<ref name=":2" />


=== World Wide Web Virtual Library ===
=== World Wide Web Virtual Library ===
The ''[[World Wide Web Virtual Library]]'' is a website started as [[Tim Berners-Lee]]'s web catalog at CERN. There is a snapshot of the site from November 1992 at '''{{Strikethrough color|Subject listing – Information by Subject|textcolor=red}}'''.
The ''[[World Wide Web Virtual Library]]'' is a website started as [[Tim Berners-Lee]]'s web catalog at CERN. There is a snapshot of the site from November 1992 at [http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/DataSources/bySubject/Overview.html Subject listing – Information by Subject].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vlib.org/admin/history.html|title=History of the Virtual Library [Overview.html]|website=vlib.org|access-date=2019-12-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The World Wide Web project |url=http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/TheProject.html |access-date=2023-11-05 |website=info.cern.ch}}</ref>


=== Stanford Linear Accelerator Center ===
=== Stanford Linear Accelerator Center ===
[[Paul Kunz]] from [[Stanford Linear Accelerator Center]] (SLAC) at [[Stanford University]] visited Tim Berners-Lee at CERN in September 1991. He was impressed by the WWW project and brought a copy of the [[software]] back to Stanford. SLAC launched the first [[web server]] in North America on December 12, 1991. SLAC's first [[web page]] was the '''{{Strikethrough color|''SLACVM Information Service''|textcolor=red}}'''.
[[Paul Kunz]] from [[Stanford Linear Accelerator Center]] (SLAC) at [[Stanford University]] visited Tim Berners-Lee at CERN in September 1991. He was impressed by the WWW project and brought a copy of the [[software]] back to Stanford. SLAC launched the first [[web server]] in North America on December 12, 1991.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livinginternet.com/w/wi_slac.htm |title=Stanford Linear Accelerator Center – First North American Web Site |publisher=LivingInternet.com |date=1991-12-12 |access-date=2012-07-10}}</ref> SLAC's first [[web page]] was the [https://swap.stanford.edu/19911206000000/http://slacvm.slac.stanford.edu/FIND/default.html ''SLACVM Information Service''].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.slac.stanford.edu/history/earlyweb/firstpages.shtml|title=Archives and History Office: SLAC's First Web Pages|website=www.slac.stanford.edu|access-date=2020-03-01}}</ref>


==1992 websites==
==1992 websites==
Near the end of 1992, there were fifty to sixty websites, according to a robot web crawl by [[Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica]] researcher [[Guido van Rossum]]. The following list is in chronological order.
Near the end of 1992, there were fifty to sixty websites, according to a robot web crawl by [[Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica]] researcher [[Guido van Rossum]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://1997.webhistory.org/www.lists/www-talk.1993q1/0060.html|title=Re: strategy for HTML spec?|website=The World Wide Web History Project}}</ref> The following list is in chronological order.


=== Nikhef ===
=== Nikhef ===
[[Nikhef]], the Dutch National Institute for Subatomic Physics, launched the third website in the world in February 1992. It was originally at '''{{Strikethrough color|nic.nikhef.nl.|textcolor=red}}'''
[[Nikhef]], the Dutch National Institute for Subatomic Physics, launched the third website in the world in February 1992.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Nikhef Guide |url=https://www.nikhef.nl/~a03/www/default/NikhefGuide.html |website=www.nikhef.nl}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Hoffmann |first=Jay |date=2006-11-01 |title=The Unlikely Pioneers of the Early Web |url=https://thehistoryoftheweb.com/the-unlikely-pioneers-of-the-early-web/ |access-date=2023-11-06 |website=The History of the Web}}</ref> It was originally at [http://nic.nikhef.nl. nic.nikhef.nl.]


=== National Center for Supercomputing Applications ===
=== National Center for Supercomputing Applications ===
The [[National Center for Supercomputing Applications]] created a website that was home to the [[NCSA Mosaic]] [[web browser]], as well as documentation on the web and a "What's New?" list which many people used as an early [[web directory]].
The [[National Center for Supercomputing Applications]] created a website that was home to the [[NCSA Mosaic]] [[web browser]], as well as documentation on the web and a "What's New?" list which many people used as an early [[web directory]].<ref name="faq">{{cite web|url=http://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/FAQ.html#browser|title=What were the first WWW browsers?|publisher=World Wide Web Consortium|first=Tim |last=Berners-Lee|access-date=2010-06-15}}</ref>


=== FNAL ===
=== FNAL ===
[[Fermilab]], a [[high-energy physics]] laboratory in Illinois, created ''fnal.gov'', the second or third website in the United States. It was established in June 1992.
[[Fermilab]], a [[high-energy physics]] laboratory in Illinois, created ''fnal.gov'', the second or third website in the United States.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |title=History of the FNAL website |url=https://www.fnal.gov/pub/help/history.html |access-date=2023-11-06 |website=www.fnal.gov}}</ref> It was established in June 1992.<ref name=":10" />


=== SunSITE ===
=== SunSITE ===
'''[[Sunsite|SunSITE]]''' (Sun Software, Information & Technology Exchange) started in 1992 as an [[Ftp|FTP]] service and was hosted by the [[University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill]]. It was a comprehensive archiving project that was a collaboration between Sun Microsystems Computer Corporation and the Office of Information Technology at the University of North Carolina.
'''[[Sunsite|SunSITE]]''' (Sun Software, Information & Technology Exchange) started in 1992 as an [[Ftp|FTP]] service and was hosted by the [[University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill]].<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |date=February 1996 |title=SunSITE {{!}} D-Lib Magazine |url=https://www.cybergrass.com/ |access-date=2023-11-06 |website=www.cybergrass.com}}</ref> It was a comprehensive archiving project that was a collaboration between Sun Microsystems Computer Corporation and the Office of Information Technology at the University of North Carolina.<ref name=":11" />


=== Ohio State University ===
=== Ohio State University ===
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=== IN2P3 ===
=== IN2P3 ===
The French National Institute for Nuclear Physics and Particle Physics ([[IN2P3]]) launched its '''{{Strikethrough color|website|textcolor=red}}''' at Centre de Calcul in 1992.
The French National Institute for Nuclear Physics and Particle Physics ([[IN2P3]]) launched its [https://info.in2p3.fr/ website] at Centre de Calcul in 1992.<ref name="auto" />


=== HUJI ===
=== HUJI ===
The [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]] (HUJI) Information Service launched its '''{{Strikethrough color|website|textcolor=red}}''' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] and English in April 1992. It was the first [[right-to-left|RTL]] website and the tenth website to go online.
The [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]] (HUJI) Information Service launched its [http://www.huji.ac.il website] in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] and English in April 1992. It was the first [[right-to-left|RTL]] website and the tenth website to go online.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.w3.org/History/19921103-hypertext/hypertext/DataSources/WWW/Servers.html|title=World-Wide Web Servers|website=www.w3.org}}</ref>


=== The Exploratorium ===
=== The Exploratorium ===
The [[Exploratorium]] in [[San Francisco]], [[California]] was one of the first science museums to go [[Online and offline|online]].
The [[Exploratorium]] in [[San Francisco]], [[California]] was one of the first science museums to go [[Online and offline|online]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.exploratorium.edu/about/fact-sheet|title=Exploratorium Fact Sheet|date=2014-07-07|website=Exploratorium|language=en|access-date=2019-05-02|archive-date=2021-04-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417113439/https://www.exploratorium.edu/about/fact-sheet|url-status=dead}}</ref>


=== youngmonkey ===
=== youngmonkey ===
Initially hosted as a .nb.ca domain, ''youngmonkey'' showcased music and writing projects and [[DOS]] and [[Amiga software]]. It also included articles, technical information, and other resources for [[synthesizer]] enthusiasts and developers. It was home to what was likely the first online store using [[Dial-up Internet access|dial-up]] [[credit card verification]]; and the first web streaming video distribution, and [[pay-per-view]] online video system. It came online at some point between 1991 and 1992. It moved to '''{{Strikethrough color|www.youngmonkey.ca|textcolor=red}}''' in April 1995.
Initially hosted as a .nb.ca domain, ''youngmonkey'' showcased music and writing projects and [[DOS]] and [[Amiga software]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |date=2022-12-09 |title=Flashback: What Were The Earliest Websites Like? |url=https://inetventures.com/blog/flashback-what-were-the-earliest-websites-like/ |access-date=2023-11-06 |website=iNet Ventures |language=en-CA}}</ref> It also included articles, technical information, and other resources for [[synthesizer]] enthusiasts and developers. It was home to what was likely the first online store using [[Dial-up Internet access|dial-up]] [[credit card verification]]; and the first web streaming video distribution, and [[pay-per-view]] online video system. It came online at some point between 1991 and 1992. It moved to [http://www.youngmonkey.ca www.youngmonkey.ca] in April 1995.


=== simianpress ===
=== simianpress ===
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=== CBSS ===
=== CBSS ===
CBSS Inc., a consulting firm in Houston, Texas offered what was very likely the first commercial Website hosting service, coming online in late 1992. CBSS pioneered Web access via [[mobile phone]] through [[Motorola|Motorola's]] proprietary [[Computer network|cellular data]] [[Interface (computing)|interface]]. The Motorola service is no longer maintained, but the Website is still visible today at '''{{Strikethrough color|www.cbss.com|textcolor=red}}'''.{{better source needed|date=November 2023|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ('''{{Strikethrough color|WP:NOTRS|textcolor=red}}''').}}
CBSS Inc., a consulting firm in Houston, Texas offered what was very likely the first commercial Website hosting service, coming online in late 1992. CBSS pioneered Web access via [[mobile phone]] through [[Motorola|Motorola's]] proprietary [[Computer network|cellular data]] [[Interface (computing)|interface]]. The Motorola service is no longer maintained, but the Website is still visible today at [http://www.cbss.com www.cbss.com].<ref name="CBSS">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cbss.com/|title=CBSS, Inc.|website=www.cbss.com}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=November 2023|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).}}


=== KEK ===
=== KEK ===
[[KEK]]: The [[KEK|High Energy Accelerator Research Organization]] established the first web page in Japan. It was created by {{ill|Yohei Morita|ja|森田洋平}} at the suggestion of [[Tim Berners-Lee]] in September 1992. CERN's website was linked to the KEK page on September 30, 1992. It is still online at '''{{Strikethrough color|KEK Entry Point|textcolor=red}}'''.
[[KEK]]: The [[KEK|High Energy Accelerator Research Organization]] established the first web page in Japan. It was created by {{ill|Yohei Morita|ja|森田洋平}} at the suggestion of [[Tim Berners-Lee]] in September 1992. CERN's website was linked to the KEK page on September 30, 1992.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.kek.jp/ja/newskek/2002/sepoct/3w.html|title=10年前のホームページ[!|website=www2.kek.jp}}</ref> It is still online at [http://www.ibarakiken.gr.jp/www/first/kek.html KEK Entry Point].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.ibarakiken.gr.jp/www/ |title= First Web page in Japan }}</ref>


=== Cybergrass ===
=== Cybergrass ===
Bob Cherr launched the ''Bluegrass Music News and Information,'' the first music-based website, on September 9, 1992. Its name changed to ''Banjo'' on September 30, 1992, and ''Cybergrass'' in 1995. Its content was bluegrass music, lyrics, and chords. It was hosted on the [[Xerox Palo Alto Research Center]] vax, parcvax.xerox.com. It now resides at '''{{Strikethrough color|www.cybergrass.com|textcolor=red}}'''.
Bob Cherr launched the ''Bluegrass Music News and Information,'' the first music-based website, on September 9, 1992.<ref>{{cite web |date=1996-10-29 |title=Internet Archive |url=http://www.banjo.com/Cybergrass.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961029204830/http://www.banjo.com/Cybergrass.html |archive-date=1996-10-29 |website=Internet Archive |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":12" /> Its name changed to ''Banjo'' on September 30, 1992, and ''Cybergrass'' in 1995.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nodepression.com/artist/bob-cherry/|title=Build Your Brand: A Musician's Life on Social Media|date=2018-02-14|website=No Depression|language=en}}</ref> Its content was bluegrass music, lyrics, and chords. It was hosted on the [[Xerox Palo Alto Research Center]] vax, parcvax.xerox.com. It now resides at [https://www.cybergrass.com/ www.cybergrass.com].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cybergrass.com/|title=Cybergrass|website=Cybergrass|language=en}}</ref>


==1993 websites==
==1993 websites==
By the end of 1993, there were 623 websites, according to a study by [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] researcher Matthew Gray. The following list of websites established in 1993 is in alphabetical order.
By the end of 1993, there were 623 websites, according to a study by [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] researcher Matthew Gray.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Web Growth Summary |url=http://stuff.mit.edu/people/mkgray/net/web-growth-summary.html |access-date=2012-07-10 |publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology}}</ref> The following list of websites established in 1993 is in alphabetical order.


=== ALIWEB ===
=== ALIWEB ===
[[Aliweb|''ALIWEB'']] (''A''rchie ''L''ike ''I''ndexing for the ''WEB'') was the first [[search engine]] created for the Web. It was announced in November 1993 by its developer [[Martijn Koster]] but was relatively short-lived.
[[Aliweb|''ALIWEB'']] (''A''rchie ''L''ike ''I''ndexing for the ''WEB'') was the first [[search engine]] created for the Web.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |last=Edwards |first=Benj |date=September 9, 2020 |title=Finding Stuff Online: 20 Years of Innovative Search Engines |url=https://www.pcworld.com/article/503051/20_years_of_internet_search.html |access-date=2023-11-06 |website=PCWorld |language=en}}</ref> It was announced in November 1993 by its developer [[Martijn Koster]] but was relatively short-lived.<ref name=":14">{{cite web |author=Koster |first=Martin |date=30 November 1993 |title=Announcement: ALIWEB (Archie-Like Indexing for the WEB) |url=http://groups.google.com/group/comp.infosystems.www/browse_frm/thread/5903be849c05362f/4b58ee36a52f21ee?hl=en#4b58ee36a52f21ee |work=comp.infosystems}}</ref><ref name=":13" />


=== Bloomberg.com ===
=== Bloomberg.com ===
'''''{{Strikethrough color|Bloomberg.com|textcolor=red}}''''' is a financial portal with information on markets, currency conversion, news and events, and [[Bloomberg Terminal]] subscriptions.
''[https://www.bloomberg.com/ Bloomberg.com]'' is a financial portal with information on markets, currency conversion, news and events, and [[Bloomberg Terminal]] subscriptions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adrforum.com/domaindecisions/96600.htm|title=Decision: Bloomberg, L.P. v. David Cohen|publisher=National Arbitration Forum|access-date=April 11, 2013}}</ref>


=== Chabad.org ===
=== Chabad.org ===
''[[Chabad.org]]'' is the flagship website of the [[Chabad]] [[Hasidic Judaism]] movement.
''[[Chabad.org]]'' is the flagship website of the [[Chabad]] [[Hasidic Judaism]] movement.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Yosef Kazen, Hasidic Rabbi And Web Pioneer, Dies at 44|author= Amy Harmon |date= December 13, 1998 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/12/13/nyregion/yosef-kazen-hasidic-rabbi-and-web-pioneer-dies-at-44.html|access-date= May 19, 2016 |newspaper= The New York Times }}</ref>


=== CURIA ===
=== CURIA ===
Peter Flynn from [[University College Cork]] (UCC) saw Tim Berners-Lee demonstrating the Web at a RARE WG3 meeting. He tasked Berner-Lee to install software at UCC for the ''CURIA'' project, now known as [[Corpus of Electronic Texts]].
Peter Flynn from [[University College Cork]] (UCC) saw Tim Berners-Lee demonstrating the Web at a RARE WG3 meeting. He tasked Berner-Lee to install software at UCC for the ''CURIA'' project, now known as [[Corpus of Electronic Texts]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2017-06-01 |title=How the Internet came to Ireland |url=http://techarchives.irish/how-the-internet-came-to-ireland-1987-97/peter-flynn/ |access-date=2017-06-29 |publisher=TechArchives.irish}}</ref>


=== Doctor Fun ===
=== Doctor Fun ===
''[[Doctor Fun]]'' was one of the first [[webcomic]]s. The [[National Center for Supercomputing Applications]] called it "a major breakthrough for the Web".<ref>Stratton, Erik. "A Brief History of Webcomics". ''[[The Rutgers Review]]'', Vol. 40, Issue 1, Page 15</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.shadowculture.com/wtbr/site.html |title=Where the Buffalo Roam – First Comic on the Internet |author=Hans Boordahl |work=Where The Buffalo Roam |access-date=November 14, 2010 |quote=In 1991, Where the Buffalo Roam become the Internet's first regularly updated comic strip, when it was scanned and posted daily to its own USENET newsgroup, which still can be found in dusty corners of the Internet at alt.comics.buffalo-roam. Since then, WTBR has migrated from USENET to the Web. Alas, we cannot claim the title of 'first Webcomic' – that distinction belongs to 'Dr. Fun'. }}</ref><ref>[http://home.mcom.com/home/whatsnew/whats_new_0993.html What's New: September, 1993], [[Mosaic Communications|Mosaic Communications Corporation]].</ref> It laid the foundation for today's webcomics.<ref name=":12" />
''[[Doctor Fun]]'' was one of the first [[webcomic]]s. The [[National Center for Supercomputing Applications]] called it "a major breakthrough for the Web". It laid the foundation for today's webcomics.


=== Électricité de France ===
=== Électricité de France ===
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=== Global Network Navigator ===
=== Global Network Navigator ===
Created by [[O'Reilly Media]], ''[[Global Network Navigator]]'' is an example of an early [[web directory]] and is one of the Web's first commercial sites. It was hosted at [[BBN Technologies|Bolt Beranek and Newman]] and was launched in October 1993.
Created by [[O'Reilly Media]], ''[[Global Network Navigator]]'' is an example of an early [[web directory]] and is one of the Web's first commercial sites. It was hosted at [[BBN Technologies|Bolt Beranek and Newman]] and was launched in October 1993.<ref>{{cite web |title= GNN One Year Update |author= Dale Dougherty |date= October 1994 |url= http://www.intercom.co.cr/internet/research/1994/10.htm |access-date= December 17, 2011 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120426060628/http://www.intercom.co.cr/internet/research/1994/10.htm |archive-date= April 26, 2012 }}</ref>


=== Haystack Observatory ===
=== Haystack Observatory ===
[[Haystack Observatory]]'s website explained its [[radio]] and [[radar remote sensing]] mission and provided [[data access]] for science users. John Holt rolled out its content on December 13, 1993.{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}} The website is still active at '''{{Strikethrough color|www.haystack.mit.edu|textcolor=red}}'''. The original web page format is archived at '''{{Strikethrough color|www.haystack.mit.edu/orig/|textcolor=red}}'''.
[[Haystack Observatory]]'s website explained its [[radio]] and [[radar remote sensing]] mission and provided [[data access]] for science users. John Holt rolled out its content on December 13, 1993.{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}} The website is still active at [http://www.haystack.mit.edu www.haystack.mit.edu]. The original web page format is archived at [http://www.haystack.mit.edu/orig/ www.haystack.mit.edu/orig/].<ref name="ho">{{Cite web |title=Millstone Hill Observatory |url=https://www.haystack.mit.edu/orig/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724044608/https://www.haystack.mit.edu/orig/ |archive-date=2020-07-24 |access-date=2020-07-24}}</ref><ref name="ho2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.haystack.mit.edu/|title=MIT Haystack Observatory - Radio science & technology research center|website=MIT Haystack Observatory}}</ref>


=== IMDb ===
=== IMDb ===
The ''[[Internet Movie Database]]'' (IMDb) was founded in 1990 by participants in the [[Usenet]] newsgroup rec.arts.movies. ''IMDb'' was launched on the web in late 1993 and was initially hosted by the computer science department of [[Cardiff University]] in Wales.
The ''[[Internet Movie Database]]'' (IMDb) was founded in 1990 by participants in the [[Usenet]] newsgroup rec.arts.movies.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |title=100 Websites That Shaped the Internet as We Know It |work=Gizmodo |url=https://gizmodo.com/100-websites-that-shaped-the-internet-as-we-know-it-1829634771 |access-date=October 14, 2023}}</ref> ''IMDb'' was launched on the web in late 1993 and was initially hosted by the computer science department of [[Cardiff University]] in Wales.<ref>{{cite newsgroup
| title = Re: Frequently Asked Questions List (2/28/90)
| author = Jeff Dalton
| date = 1 March 1990
| newsgroup = rec.arts.movies
| message-id = 1892@skye.ed.ac.uk
| url = https://groups.google.com/d/msg/rec.arts.movies/_3XDw1YOp6A/11SgWWh24wsJ
| access-date = 13 August 2019
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Chmielewski |first=Dawn C. |date=January 19, 2013 |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2013/jan/19/business/la-fi-himi-needham-20130120 |title=Col Needham created IMDb |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cs.cf.ac.uk/movies/ |title=Historical Internet Movie Database Site |publisher=Cardiff School of Computer Science & Informatics |access-date=March 21, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130324121844/http://www.cs.cf.ac.uk/movies/ |archive-date=March 24, 2013}}</ref>


=== Internet Underground Music Archive ===
=== Internet Underground Music Archive ===
''[[Internet Underground Music Archive]]'' (IUMA) was created by students at the [[University of California, Santa Cruz]] to help promote unsigned musical artists. It shared music using the [[MP2 (format)|MP2]] format, presaging the later extreme popularity of [[MP3]] sharing and [[online music store]]s.
''[[Internet Underground Music Archive]]'' (IUMA) was created by students at the [[University of California, Santa Cruz]] to help promote unsigned musical artists. It shared music using the [[MP2 (format)|MP2]] format, presaging the later extreme popularity of [[MP3]] sharing and [[online music store]]s.<ref>{{cite web |last=Maurer |first=Wendy |title=The Dynamics of Music Distribution |url=http://www.chime.com/about/press/iris_online-9501.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080429000447/http://www.chime.com/about/press/iris_online-9501.shtml |archive-date=April 29, 2008 |access-date=April 21, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| author-link = David Pescovitz
| author = David Pescovitz
| title = It's All Geek to Them; Digital Communes Find a Social Scene in Computers
| url = https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/21431045.html?dids=21431045:21431045&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Aug+30%2C+1995&author=DAVID+PESCOVITZ&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(pre-1997+Fulltext)&edition=&startpage=1&desc=The+Cutting+Edge%3A+COMPUTING+%2F+TECHNOLOGY+%2F+INNOVATION%3B+It%27s+All+Geek+to+Them%3B+Digital+Communes+Find+a+Social+Scene+in+Computers
| work = Business section, The Cutting Edge: COMPUTING / TECHNOLOGY / INNOVATION
| publisher = [[Los Angeles Times]]
| page = 1
| date = August 30, 1995
| access-date = April 21, 2008
| quote = ...27-year-old Jon Luini, who co-founded the hip Internet Underground Music Archive (IUMA) in 1993
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120725091900/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/21431045.html?dids=21431045:21431045&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Aug+30%2C+1995&author=DAVID+PESCOVITZ&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(pre-1997+Fulltext)&edition=&startpage=1&desc=The+Cutting+Edge%3A+COMPUTING+%2F+TECHNOLOGY+%2F+INNOVATION%3B+It%27s+All+Geek+to+Them%3B+Digital+Communes+Find+a+Social+Scene+in+Computers
| archive-date = July 25, 2012
}} [http://www.geek.org/press/95-08-30/ Alt URL]</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://gigaom.com/2012/05/29/iuma-resurrection/|last=Roettgers|first=Janko|title=The Internet Underground Music Archive is back|date=May 29, 2012|access-date=May 30, 2012|publisher=[[GigaOM]]|archive-date=January 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122140736/https://gigaom.com/2012/05/29/iuma-resurrection/|url-status=dead}}</ref>


=== Joachim Jarre Society ===
=== Joachim Jarre Society ===
The '''{{Strikethrough color|Joachim Jarre Society|textcolor=red}}''' website was created by students at the [[Norwegian University of Science and Technology]] in November 1993. It was one of the first websites in Norway.{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}}
The [https://www.jarre.org/museum/jarreHomePage.html Joachim Jarre Society] website was created by students at the [[Norwegian University of Science and Technology]] in November 1993. It was one of the first websites in Norway.{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}}


=== JumpStation ===
=== JumpStation ===
''[[JumpStation]]'' was the world's first [[Web search engine]].<ref name="Why we nearly McGoogled it">[http://www.metro.co.uk/news/article.html?Why_we_nearly_McGoogled_it&in_article_id=582089 Why we nearly McGoogled it] Metro, March 15, 2009</ref> It was launched by [[Jonathon Fletcher]] on December 12, 1993.<ref name="Why we nearly McGoogled it" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.robotstxt.org/db/jumpstation.html|title=The Web Robots Pages|website=www.robotstxt.org}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090328225441/http://www.slais.ubc.ca/COURSES/libr500/00-01-wt2/www/E_Hernandez/EarlySpiders.htm Robots, Spiders and Wanderers: Finding Information on the Web] archived March 28, 2009 from [http://www.slais.ubc.ca/COURSES/libr500/00-01-wt2/www/E_Hernandez/EarlySpiders.htm the original]</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-23945326 | title=Jonathon Fletcher: forgotten father of the search engine | last=Miller | first=Joe | work=BBC News | date=September 3, 2013 | access-date=September 10, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://stuff.mit.edu/afs/sipb/user/mkgray/tmp/coolwwwmail|title=Archive of email sent to Matt Gray}}</ref><ref>Adam Wishart and Regula Bochsler: Leaving Reality Behind: etoys v eToys.com, and other battles to control cyberspace, Ecco, 2003, {{ISBN|0-06-621076-3}}.</ref> It was hosted at the [[University of Stirling]] in Scotland and operated until 1994.<ref name="Scotland on Sunday">[http://www.scotsman.com/latestnews/Googling-was-born-in-Stirling.5073256.jp Googling was born in Stirling] The Scotsman, 15 March 2009</ref>
''[[JumpStation]]'' was the world's first [[Web search engine]]. It was launched by [[Jonathon Fletcher]] on December 12, 1993. It was hosted at the [[University of Stirling]] in Scotland and operated until 1994.


=== LANL preprint archive ===
=== LANL preprint archive ===
The [[ArXiv.org e-print archive|''LANL preprint archive'']] provided web access to thousands of papers in physics, mathematics, computer science, and biology. It was developed by [[Paul Ginsparg]] out of earlier [[Gopher (protocol)|Gopher]], [[File Transfer Protocol]] (FTP), and [[Email|e-mail]] archives at the [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]] It was launched in April 1993 and moved to Cornell University as ''[[ArXiv]]'' when Ginsparg took a position there in 2001. It is still active as '''{{Strikethrough color|arxiv.org|textcolor=red}}'''
The [[ArXiv.org e-print archive|''LANL preprint archive'']] provided web access to thousands of papers in physics, mathematics, computer science, and biology. It was developed by [[Paul Ginsparg]] out of earlier [[Gopher (protocol)|Gopher]], [[File Transfer Protocol]] (FTP), and [[Email|e-mail]] archives at the [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]]<ref name="dddmag2015">{{cite news |author=Staff |date=January 13, 2015 |title=In the News: Open Access Journals |work=[[Drug Discovery & Development]] |url=http://www.dddmag.com/articles/2015/01/news-open-access-journals}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Ginsparg |first=Paul |date=October 1, 2008 |title=The global-village pioneers |url=http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/print/35983 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081004025000/http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/print/35983 |archive-date=October 4, 2008 |access-date=July 24, 2020 |work=[[Physics World]]}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{cite journal |last=Butler |first=Declan |date=July 5, 2001 |title=Los Alamos Loses Physics Archive as Preprint Pioneer Heads East |journal=Nature |volume=412 |issue=6842 |pages=3–4 |bibcode=2001Natur.412....3B |doi=10.1038/35083708 |pmid=11452262 |s2cid=1527860 |doi-access=free}}</ref> It was launched in April 1993 and moved to Cornell University as ''[[ArXiv]]'' when Ginsparg took a position there in 2001.<ref name=":6" /> It is still active as [https://arxiv.org/ arxiv.org]


=== LSD.com ===
=== LSD.com ===
''LSD.com'', the "digital acid test" came online on November 18, 1993.{{better source needed|date=November 2023|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ('''{{Strikethrough color|WP:NOTRS|textcolor=red}}''').}}
''LSD.com'', the "digital acid test" came online on November 18, 1993.<ref>{{Cite web |title=lsd.com whois lookup - who.is |url=https://who.is/whois/lsd.com |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=who.is}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=November 2023|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).}}


=== The OTIS Project ===
=== The OTIS Project ===
After a start as an [[anonymous FTP]]-based art gallery and collaborative collective, The OTIS Project (later [[SITO]]) moved to the web in January 1993. This artist collaborative was hosted by [[SunSITE]]. It remains at '''{{Strikethrough color|sito.org/|textcolor=red}}'''.
After a start as an [[anonymous FTP]]-based art gallery and collaborative collective, The OTIS Project (later [[SITO]]) moved to the web in January 1993.<ref name=":15" /> This artist collaborative was hosted by [[SunSITE]].<ref>{{cite newsgroup |title=The OTIS Project (attn: artists and photographers) |author=Stastny, Ed |date=27 January 1993 |newsgroup=alt.best.of.internet |message-id=ed.728159157@cwis |url=http://groups.google.com/groups?selm=ed.728159157%40cwis |accessdate=9 September 2009}}</ref><ref name=":15">{{cite web |title=OTIS vs. Otis College of Art and Design |url=http://www.sito.org/notes/otisvsotis.html |publisher=SITO |date=25 February 1996 |access-date=9 September 2009}}</ref> It remains at [https://www.sito.org/ sito.org/].


===The Tech===
===The Tech===
[[The Tech (newspaper)|''The Tech'']], the campus newspaper at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]], was the first newspaper to deliver content over the Web, beginning in May 1993.
[[The Tech (newspaper)|''The Tech'']], the campus newspaper at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]], was the first newspaper to deliver content over the Web, beginning in May 1993.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tech.mit.edu/about/staff.html |title=The Tech – Our Staff |publisher=Tech.mit.edu |date=2012-06-13 |access-date=2012-07-10 |archive-date=2020-07-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725142428/http://tech.mit.edu/about/staff.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hoffmann |first=Jay |date=February 18, 2020 |title=The Tech: The First Newspaper published online |url=https://thehistoryoftheweb.com/postscript/the-tech-first-newspaper-published-online/ |access-date=2023-11-06 |website=The History of the Web}}</ref>


=== NASA ===
=== NASA ===
''[[NASA.gov]]'' is the website of the [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]]. It was launched in 1993.
''[[NASA.gov]]'' is the website of the [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]]. It was launched in 1993.<ref name=":1" />


=== Nexor ===
=== Nexor ===
[[Martijn Koster]] created a website for [[Nexor]], an early [[Internet]] software company.
[[Martijn Koster]] created a website for [[Nexor]], an early [[Internet]] software company.<ref>{{cite web|title = WWW-Talk Apr-Jun 1993: NeXor's Web and Warchie|url = http://1997.webhistory.org/www.lists/www-talk.1993q2/0224.html|website = 1997.webhistory.org|access-date = 2015-09-26}}</ref>


=== MTV ===
=== MTV ===
[[MTV]] [[VJ (media personality)|VJ]] [[Adam Curry]] registered the music television network's domain in 1993 and personally ran an unofficial site. Later, MTV sued Curry over the rights to the domain. The corporate website is still live at '''{{Strikethrough color|www.mtv.com/|textcolor=red}}'''
[[MTV]] [[VJ (media personality)|VJ]] [[Adam Curry]] registered the music television network's domain in 1993 and personally ran an unofficial site.<ref name=":3" /> Later, MTV sued Curry over the rights to the domain.<ref name=":3" /> The corporate website is still live at [https://www.mtv.com/ www.mtv.com/]


=== Nippon Telegraph and Telephone ===
=== Nippon Telegraph and Telephone ===
[[Nippon Telegraph and Telephone]] or NTT ({{Nihongo|'''''WWW Servers in Japan'''''|日本のホームページ|Nihon no houmu peiji|{{lit}} "Home Pages in Japan"}} was the most famous web page in Japan in the mid-1990s. The page launched in December 1993. It still has a website at '''{{Strikethrough color|group.ntt/en|textcolor=red}}'''
[[Nippon Telegraph and Telephone]] or NTT ({{Nihongo|'''''WWW Servers in Japan'''''|日本のホームページ|Nihon no houmu peiji|{{lit}} "Home Pages in Japan"}} was the most famous web page in Japan in the mid-1990s.<ref>{{cite web |title=WWW Servers in Japan |url=http://www.ntt.co.jp/SQUARE/www-in-JP.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19971210222557/http://www.ntt.co.jp/SQUARE/www-in-JP-j.html |archive-date=1997-12-10}}</ref> The page launched in December 1993.<ref>{{cite web |author=Yohei Morita |title=WWWとは |url=https://www2.kek.jp/ja/news/archive/www_9503/morita/}}</ref> It still has a website at [https://group.ntt/en/ group.ntt/en]


=== PARC Map Server ===
=== PARC Map Server ===
Line 132: Line 153:


=== PARC Researcher ===
=== PARC Researcher ===
''PARC Researcher'' was created by PARC researcher, [[Steve Putz]], who tied an existing map viewing program to the Web. It is now defunct.
''PARC Researcher'' was created by PARC researcher, [[Steve Putz]], who tied an existing map viewing program to the Web. It is now defunct.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pubweb.parc.xerox.com/map |title=Dataglyphs |publisher=PARC.Xerox.com |date=2006-05-03 |access-date=2012-07-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011214052633/http://pubweb.parc.xerox.com/map |archive-date=2001-12-14 }}</ref>


=== photo.net ===
=== photo.net ===
[[Philip Greenspun]] designed and founded ''photo.net'', an online photography resource and community. Later, Greenspun released the software behind photo.net, the [[ArsDigita Community System]], as a free open-source toolkit for building community websites.
[[Philip Greenspun]] designed and founded ''photo.net'', an online photography resource and community.<ref>{{cite web|title=photo.net |url=https://photo.net |publisher=photo.net |date=2012-06-13 |access-date=2019-08-20}}</ref> Later, Greenspun released the software behind photo.net, the [[ArsDigita Community System]], as a free open-source toolkit for building community websites.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Greenspun |first=Philip |date=June 2003 |title=Scalable Systems for Online Communities |url=https://philip.greenspun.com/panda/community |access-date=2023-11-06 |website=philip.greenspun.com}}</ref>


=== Principia Cybernetica ===
=== Principia Cybernetica ===
[[Francis Heylighen]], [[Cliff Joslyn]], and [[Valentin Turchin]] designed a website for [[Principia Cybernetica]] to develop a [[cybernetic]] philosophy. This is probably the first complex, collaborative knowledge system, sporting a hierarchical structure, index, map, annotations, search, and [[hyperlink]]s. It went online in July 1993.
[[Francis Heylighen]], [[Cliff Joslyn]], and [[Valentin Turchin]] designed a website for [[Principia Cybernetica]] to develop a [[cybernetic]] philosophy.<ref>[http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/MASTHEAD.html Principia Cybernetica Masthead] Last modified Oct 17, 2006. Accessed Oct 13, 2009.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to Principia Cybernetica Web |url=http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/ |website=pespmc1.vub.ac.be}}</ref><ref>[[Ben Goertzel]] (2000), ''[http://www.goertzel.org/benzine/PrincipiaCybernetica.htm The Principia Cybernetica Project: Placing the Web at the Center of Man's Quest for Knowledge]'', September 2000.</ref> This is probably the first complex, collaborative knowledge system, sporting a hierarchical structure, index, map, annotations, search, and [[hyperlink]]s. It went online in July 1993.


=== ExPASy ===
=== ExPASy ===
''[[ExPASy]]'' was a project of the [[Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics]] and was the first [[life sciences]] website. it went online in August 1993 and is still active at '''{{Strikethrough color|www.expasy.org|textcolor=red}}'''.
''[[ExPASy]]'' was a project of the [[Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics]] and was the first [[life sciences]] website. it went online in August 1993 and is still active at [https://www.expasy.org/ www.expasy.org].<ref name="pmid12824418">{{cite journal |pages=3784–8 |doi=10.1093/nar/gkg563 |title=ExPASy: The proteomics server for in-depth protein knowledge and analysis |year=2003 |last1=Gasteiger |first1=E. |journal=Nucleic Acids Research |volume=31 |issue=13 |pmid=12824418 |last2=Gattiker |first2=A |last3=Hoogland |first3=C |last4=Ivanyi |first4=I |last5=Appel |first5=RD |last6=Bairoch |first6=A |pmc=168970}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.expasy.org/|title=SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics &#124; Expasy|website=www.expasy.org}}</ref>


=== Trojan Room coffee pot ===
=== Trojan Room coffee pot ===
''[[Trojan Room coffee pot]]'' was the first [[webcam]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/coffee/qsf/|title=Trojan Room Coffee Pot resources|author=Quentin Stafford-Fraser|author-link=Quentin Stafford-Fraser|access-date=26 October 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/coffee/coffee.html|title=The Trojan Room Coffee Machine|author=Daniel Gordon, Martyn Johnson|access-date=26 October 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/coffee/qsf/coffee.html|title=The Trojan Room Coffee Pot|author=Quentin Stafford- Fraser|access-date=3 October 2017}}</ref> It started as a local system, ''XCoffee'', in 1991 and was connected to the Web in November 1993.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Trojan Room Coffee Pot Timeline |url=https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/coffee/qsf/timeline.html |access-date=2023-11-05 |website=www.cl.cam.ac.uk}}</ref>
''[[Trojan Room coffee pot]]'' was the first [[webcam]]. It started as a local system, ''XCoffee'', in 1991 and was connected to the Web in November 1993.


=== Trincoll Journal ===
=== Trincoll Journal ===
[[Trinity Journal (webzine)|''Trincoll Journal'']] was a multimedia [[webzine]] published by students at [[Trinity College (Connecticut)|Trinity College]] in [[Hartford, Connecticut]]. It was established in 1992 as a local network and moved to the web in November 1993. It went defunct in the spring of 2000.
[[Trinity Journal (webzine)|''Trincoll Journal'']] was a multimedia [[webzine]] published by students at [[Trinity College (Connecticut)|Trinity College]] in [[Hartford, Connecticut]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Wright|first=Frederick A.|title=FROM ZINES TO EZINES: ELECTRONIC PUBLISHING AND THE LITERARY UNDERGROUND|year=2001|url=http://www.zinebook.com/resource/wrightdissertation.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=E-zines: A window on people and their interests|date=1997|url=http://chronicle.augusta.com/stories/1997/11/14/tec_217505.shtml#.WAhteoZHaaM|access-date=2020-07-24|archive-date=2016-10-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020173523/http://chronicle.augusta.com/stories/1997/11/14/tec_217505.shtml#.WAhteoZHaaM|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":16">{{cite web |date=November 21, 1993 |title=What's New On the Web |url=http://home.mcom.com/home/whatsnew/whats_new_1193.html |publisher=Mozilla Corporation}}</ref> It was established in 1992 as a local network and moved to the web in November 1993.<ref name=":16" /> It went defunct in the spring of 2000.


=== Wired.com ===
=== Wired.com ===
Previously called '''''Wired News''''' and ''[[HotWired]]'', the online presence for [[Wired (magazine)|''Wired'' magazine]] launched in October 1994. The website and magazine separated and ''[[Wired.com]]'' was purchased by [[Lycos]]. It is still live at '''{{Strikethrough color|www.wired.com/|textcolor=red}}'''.
Previously called '''''Wired News''''' and ''[[HotWired]]'', the online presence for [[Wired (magazine)|''Wired'' magazine]] launched in October 1994.<ref>Jeffrey Veen, ''[[HotWired Style]]'', 1997, pp. 14–15.</ref> The website and magazine separated and ''[[Wired.com]]'' was purchased by [[Lycos]].<ref>"WN: Wired News". ''[[Wired News]]''. December 30, 2005.</ref> It is still live at [https://www.wired.com/ www.wired.com/].


==1994 websites==
==1994 websites==
By mid-1994, there were 2,738 websites, according to a study by [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] researcher Matthew Gray. By the end of 1994, there were more than 10,000 websites. The following selected list of websites is in alphabetical order.
By mid-1994, there were 2,738 websites, according to a study by [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] researcher Matthew Gray.<ref name=":0" /> By the end of 1994, there were more than 10,000 websites. The following selected list of websites is in alphabetical order.


=== ALIWEB ===
=== ALIWEB ===
[[ALIWEB]], an acronym for Archie Like Indexing for the Web, was the first web search engine. It was announced in November 1993 by [[Martijn Koster]] and went online in May 1994.
[[ALIWEB]], an acronym for Archie Like Indexing for the Web, was the first web search engine.<ref name=":17" /> It was announced in November 1993 by [[Martijn Koster]] and went online in May 1994.<ref name=":17">{{Cite web |title=12 Oldest Websites Still Running |url=https://www.oldest.org/technology/oldest-websites-still-editing/ |access-date=October 15, 2023 |website=oldest.org}}</ref><ref name=":14" />


=== Allied Artists Entertainment Group ===
=== Allied Artists Entertainment Group ===
The movie studio and film distribution company Allied Artists Entertainment Group (now [[Allied Artists International]]), registered [[URL]]s in 1993 and launched its website in 1994.{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}
The movie studio and film distribution company Allied Artists Entertainment Group (now [[Allied Artists International]]), registered [[URL]]s in 1993 and launched its website in 1994.<ref>[http://alliedartists.com/ "alliedartists.com" & "alliedartists.net], both .com and .net URLs were registered in 1993, but no website was launched until 1994. The corporation used .com for its corporate website & .net for its email, switching from a late eighties CompuServe webmail server.</ref>{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}


=== American Marketing Association ===
=== American Marketing Association ===
A group of marketing professors created a website for the [[American Marketing Association]] professional association in 1994. The website offered general marketing news for marketers and marketing professors. Approximately a year later, the site was moved to '''{{Strikethrough color|www.ama.org|textcolor=red}}''', where it remains.
A group of marketing professors created a website for the [[American Marketing Association]] professional association in 1994. The website offered general marketing news for marketers and marketing professors. Approximately a year later, the site was moved to [https://www.ama.org/ www.ama.org], where it remains.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ama.org/academics/Pages/Profiles-from-the-Academy-Ray-Fisk.aspx|website=www.ama.org|publisher=American Marketing Association|access-date=7 November 2016|title=Profiles from the Academy: Raymond P. Fisk|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118174430/https://www.ama.org/academics/Pages/Profiles-from-the-Academy-Ray-Fisk.aspx|archive-date=18 November 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>


=== Amnesty International Canada ===
=== Amnesty International Canada ===
The International Secretariat and the Computer Communications Working Group of [[Amnesty International|Amnesty International Canada]] created a human rights website in 1994. It still operates at '''{{Strikethrough color|amnesty.ca|textcolor=red}}'''.{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}}
The International Secretariat and the Computer Communications Working Group of [[Amnesty International|Amnesty International Canada]] created a human rights website in 1994. It still operates at [https://amnesty.ca/ amnesty.ca].{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}}


=== Apple Inc. ===
=== Apple Inc. ===
[[Apple Inc.]] created '''{{Strikethrough color|apple.com|textcolor=red}}''', an example of an early corporate site, using the [[NCSA Mosaic]] browser. Snapshots of early versions of this site are available through the '''{{Strikethrough color|''Version Museum''|textcolor=red}}'''.
[[Apple Inc.]] created [https://www.apple.com/ apple.com], an example of an early corporate site, using the [[NCSA Mosaic]] browser.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.versionmuseum.com/history-of/apple-website |title=History of apple.com |publisher=versionmuseum.com |date=2020}}</ref> Snapshots of early versions of this site are available through the [https://www.versionmuseum.com/history-of/apple-website ''Version Museum''].


=== Art.Net ===
=== Art.Net ===
Lile Elam created '''{{Strikethrough color|''Art.Net''|textcolor=red}}''' or ''Art on the Net'' in June 1994 to showcase the artwork of [[San Francisco Bay Area]] artists as well as international artists.{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}} It offered free linkage and hosted extensive links to other artists' sites. This is not to be confused with ''[[Artnet]]''''',''' a [[publicly traded]] [[art market]] website based in New York City.
Lile Elam created [http://art.net/ ''Art.Net''] or ''Art on the Net'' in June 1994 to showcase the artwork of [[San Francisco Bay Area]] artists as well as international artists.{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}} It offered free linkage and hosted extensive links to other artists' sites. This is not to be confused with ''[[Artnet]]''''',''' a [[publicly traded]] [[art market]] website based in New York City.


=== Art Crimes ===
=== Art Crimes ===
[[Susan Farrell]] of the Art Crimes Gallery launched the website '''{{Strikethrough color|''Art Crimes''|textcolor=red}}''' in September 1994. It was the first [[graffiti art]] website and originally served as an archive of photos from around the world. It became an important academic resource as well as a thriving online community. Its early content was moved to the '''{{Strikethrough color|''Graffiti Archives''|textcolor=red}}''' in August 2015.
[[Susan Farrell]] of the Art Crimes Gallery launched the website [https://www.graffiti.org/ ''Art Crimes''] in September 1994. It was the first [[graffiti art]] website and originally served as an archive of photos from around the world. It became an important academic resource as well as a thriving online community.<ref name="graffiti-official">{{cite web| url=https://graffiti.org | access-date=9 April 2019 | title=Art Crimes – The Writing on the Wall – Graffiti Worldwide }}</ref> Its early content was moved to the [https://www.graffitiarchiv.org/ ''Graffiti Archives''] in August 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 2015 |title=Art Crimes: About us: What We're Doing and Why |url=https://www.graffiti.org/index/story.html |access-date=2023-11-05 |website=www.graffiti.org}}</ref>


=== The Amazing FishCam ===
=== The Amazing FishCam ===
[[Lou Montulli]] created [[Fishcam#Netscape|''The Amazing FishCam'']] which provided a continuous [[web feed]] of an [[aquarium]] in the [[Netscape]] headquarters, via a [[webcam]]. This was the second live camera broadcast on the Web. According to a contemporaneous article by ''[[The Economist]]'', "In its audacious uselessness—and that of thousands of ego trips like it—lie the seeds of the Internet revolution." It went offline in the summer of 2007, showing an empty tank on the '''{{Strikethrough color|website|textcolor=red}}''' It was later moved to a new site showing Montulli's new tank at the offices of [[Zetta]], but has since ceased operations.
[[Lou Montulli]] created [[Fishcam#Netscape|''The Amazing FishCam'']] which provided a continuous [[web feed]] of an [[aquarium]] in the [[Netscape]] headquarters, via a [[webcam]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cole |first=Samantha |date=2018-08-27 |title=How a Decades-Long Livestream of a Fish Tank Helped Shape the Internet |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/ev8wyj/the-oldest-livestream-webcam-fishcam-netscape |access-date=2023-11-06 |website=Vice |language=en}}</ref> This was the second live camera broadcast on the Web.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Amazing FishCam -- the oldest live camera on the Internet |url=https://www.fishcam.com/ |access-date=2023-11-05 |website=www.fishcam.com}}</ref> According to a contemporaneous article by ''[[The Economist]]'', "In its audacious uselessness—and that of thousands of ego trips like it—lie the seeds of the Internet revolution." It went offline in the summer of 2007, showing an empty tank on the [https://www.fishcam.com/ website] It was later moved to a new site showing Montulli's new tank at the offices of [[Zetta]], but has since ceased operations.


=== Automatic Complaint-Letter Generator ===
=== Automatic Complaint-Letter Generator ===
[[Scott Pakin]] created the ''[[Automatic Complaint-Letter Generator]]'' in April 1994. The site allows users to specify the name of the individual or company that the complaint is directed toward, as well as the number of paragraphs the complaint will have. After submitting the data, the computer generates sentences that are composed of arbitrary verbs, nouns, and adjectives. This website is still active at '''{{Strikethrough color|www.pakin.org/complaint|textcolor=red}}'''.
[[Scott Pakin]] created the ''[[Automatic Complaint-Letter Generator]]'' in April 1994. The site allows users to specify the name of the individual or company that the complaint is directed toward, as well as the number of paragraphs the complaint will have. After submitting the data, the computer generates sentences that are composed of arbitrary verbs, nouns, and adjectives. This website is still active at [https://www.pakin.org/complaint www.pakin.org/complaint].<ref name="Investor's Business Journal">{{cite news |first=Karin D. |last=Case |title=Ranting and Raving is Therapeutic |url=http://www.pakin.org/complaint-info/investors.html |newspaper=Investor's Business Journal |date=1998-04-30 |access-date=4 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016124904/http://pakin.org/complaint-info/investors.html |archive-date=2007-10-16 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Pakin, Scott |title=Automatic complaint-letter generator – new and improved |url=http://www.pakin.org/complaint-info/new-improved.html |work=Automatic Complaint-Letter Generator |date=2009-09-19 |access-date=4 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091005072559/http://www.pakin.org/complaint-info/new-improved.html |archive-date=2009-10-05 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=John M. |last=Scalzi, II |title=Article by John M. Scalzi, II |url=http://www.pakin.org/complaint-info/fresnobee.html |newspaper=[[Fresno Bee]] |publisher=[[The McClatchy Company]] |date=1995-01-18 |access-date=4 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071126103458/http://www.pakin.org/complaint-info/fresnobee.html |archive-date=2007-11-26 }}</ref>


=== BBC Online ===
=== BBC Online ===
''[[BBC Online]]'' started as '''BBCi''' in April 1994 with some regional information and content from the [[Open University]] Production Centre (OUPC). By September, it launched the first commercial service, providing transcription services via an [[FTP server]]. At its peak, it had 122 accounts, including [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] offices from around the world, taking daily updates from twelve feeds. It is still active at '''{{Strikethrough color|bbc.com|textcolor=red}}'''.
''[[BBC Online]]'' started as '''BBCi''' in April 1994 with some regional information and content from the [[Open University]] Production Centre (OUPC). By September, it launched the first commercial service, providing transcription services via an [[FTP server]]. At its peak, it had 122 accounts, including [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] offices from around the world, taking daily updates from twelve feeds. It is still active at [https://www.bbc.com/ bbc.com].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://support.bbc.co.uk/support/history.html|title=BBC Internet Services – History|website=support.bbc.co.uk|access-date=2020-02-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ErOOP2ocl0C&pg=PA50|title=Film and Television in Education: The Handbook of the British Universities Film & Video Council|last1=Dry|first1=Chris|last2=Council|first2=British Universities Film & Video|date=1995|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-1-85713-016-4|language=en}}</ref>


=== Bianca's Smut Shack ===
=== Bianca's Smut Shack ===
[[Bianca.com|''Bianca's Smut Shack'']] was an early web-based [[chatroom]] and [[online community]] known for raucous free speech and [[deviance (sociology)|deviant behavior]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Schwartz |first=Evan |author-link=Evan Schwartz (author) |year=1997 |title=Webonomics|url=https://archive.org/details/webonomicsninees00schw |url-access=registration | publisher=[[Broadway Books]] | pages=[https://archive.org/details/webonomicsninees00schw/page/24 24–26]|isbn=9780553061727 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Evans |editor1-first=Kevin |editor2-last=Galbraith |editor2-first=Carrie|editor3-last=Law |editor3-first=John |year=2013 |title=Tales of the San Francisco Cacophony Society | publisher=[[Last Gasp Publishing]] | pages=143–144}}</ref><ref name="Sanctions Constraints">{{cite web | last1=Sanctions | first1=Developing Social | last2=Constraints. | first2=Using System | title=freeform.org : thesis : Deviant Behavior (Virtual Community HCI) | website=freeform.org | url=http://www.freeform.org/thesis/deviant.html | access-date=2019-05-28}}</ref>
[[Bianca.com|''Bianca's Smut Shack'']] was an early web-based [[chatroom]] and [[online community]] known for raucous free speech and [[deviance (sociology)|deviant behavior]].


=== Birmingham City Council ===
=== Birmingham City Council ===
[[Birmingham City Council]] created an early local government site, ''Birmingham Assist'', that was initially hosted by the Computer Science Department at the [[University of Birmingham]]. It was renamed in 1996 and still functions at '''{{Strikethrough color|www.birminghamalcitycouncil.org/|textcolor=red}}'''.
[[Birmingham City Council]] created an early local government site, ''Birmingham Assist'', that was initially hosted by the Computer Science Department at the [[University of Birmingham]].<ref name=":18">{{Cite web |date=2009-11-17 |title=Birmingham.gov.uk: History - Birmingham City Council |url=http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/cs/Satellite?c=Page&childpagename=WT-General/PageLayout&cid=1223092626235&pagename=BCC/Common/Wrapper/Wrapper |access-date=2023-11-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091117131648/http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/cs/Satellite?c=Page&childpagename=WT-General/PageLayout&cid=1223092626235&pagename=BCC/Common/Wrapper/Wrapper |archive-date=2009-11-17 }}</ref> It was renamed in 1996 and still functions at [https://www.birminghamalcitycouncil.org/ www.birminghamalcitycouncil.org/].


=== Britannica Online ===
=== Britannica Online ===
[[Encyclopædia Britannica|''Encyclopaedia Britannica'']] launched [[Encyclopaedia Britannica Online|''Britannica Online'']] as a subscription service in 1994. It was the first Internet-based encyclopedia. The encyclopedia has been published exclusively online at '''{{Strikethrough color|www.britannica.com|textcolor=red}}''' since 2016.
[[Encyclopædia Britannica|''Encyclopaedia Britannica'']] launched [[Encyclopaedia Britannica Online|''Britannica Online'']] as a subscription service in 1994.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Webmaster and Blogger Tools |url=https://corporate.britannica.com/bps/reftools.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003215910/https://corporate.britannica.com/bps/reftools.html |archive-date=3 October 2019 |access-date=1 December 2019 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica Inc, Corporate Site}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Corporate Site |url=http://corporate.britannica.com/ |access-date=28 January 2014 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Corporate Site}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{cite web |title=Britannica Online |url=http://www.britannica.com |access-date=28 September 2008 |publisher=[[Britannica.com]]}}</ref> It was the first Internet-based encyclopedia.<ref name=":4" /> The encyclopedia has been published exclusively online at [https://www.britannica.com/ www.britannica.com] since 2016.<ref name=":18" />


=== Buzzweb.com ===
=== Buzzweb.com ===
Line 198: Line 219:


=== CDNAir.ca ===
=== CDNAir.ca ===
[[Canadian Airlines]]' website, ''CDNAir.ca'', was the first website for an [[airline]].
[[Canadian Airlines]]' website, ''CDNAir.ca'', was the first website for an [[airline]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Broadhead|first1=Jim Carroll, Rick|title=Canadian Internet handbook|date=1994|publisher=Prentice Hall Canada|location=Scarborough, Ont.|isbn=9780133043952|edition=1994}}</ref>


=== Chabad.org ===
=== Chabad.org ===
''[[Chabad.org]]'' was the first "[[ask the rabbi]]" website. It was launched by [[Yosef Yitzchak Kazen|Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak Kazen]] as an outgrowth of earlier discussion groups on [[FidoNet]], which dated back to 1988.
''[[Chabad.org]]'' was the first "[[ask the rabbi]]" website. It was launched by [[Yosef Yitzchak Kazen|Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak Kazen]] as an outgrowth of earlier discussion groups on [[FidoNet]], which dated back to 1988.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jta.org/2006/09/11/archive/ask-a-rabbi-on-the-web-online-rabbis-offer-answers |title='ask a Rabbi' — on the Web: Online Rabbis Offer Answers |date=September 11, 2006 |publisher=[[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]] |access-date=September 16, 2013}}</ref>


=== CitySites ===
=== CitySites ===
''CitySites'', the first "City Site" web development company, created this website in 1994 to advertise businesses and review music and art events in the [[San Francisco Bay Area]]. ''CitySites'' was featured in ''Interactive Week Magazine'' in 1997. Founder [[Darrow Boggiano]] still operates CitySites.
''CitySites'', the first "City Site" web development company, created this website in 1994 to advertise businesses and review music and art events in the [[San Francisco Bay Area]]. ''CitySites'' was featured in ''Interactive Week Magazine'' in 1997. Founder [[Darrow Boggiano]] still operates CitySites.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.CitySites.com |title=CitySites – Global Internet Services, Media and Advertising |publisher=Citysites.com |access-date=2019-10-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citysites.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961031210014/http://www.citysites.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=1996-10-31 |access-date=2019-10-08}}</ref>


=== Classical MIDI Archives ===
=== Classical MIDI Archives ===
Pierre R. Schwob founded ''Classical MIDI Archives'' in 1994 as an online digital music archive featuring MIDI sequences of classical music for free. It became ''[[Classical Archives]]'' in August 2000 and now offers commercial label recordings for downloading and streaming. It is still active at '''{{Strikethrough color|www.classicalarchives.com|textcolor=red}}'''/
Pierre R. Schwob founded ''Classical MIDI Archives'' in 1994 as an online digital music archive featuring MIDI sequences of classical music for free.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last=Jurgensen |first=John |date=2009-05-09 |title=New Ways to Buy Bach Online |language=en-US |work=Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124174826897199479 |access-date=2023-11-06 |issn=0099-9660}}</ref> It became ''[[Classical Archives]]'' in August 2000 and now offers commercial label recordings for downloading and streaming.<ref name=":5" /> It is still active at [https://www.classicalarchives.com/newca/#!/ www.classicalarchives.com]/


=== Cool Site of the Day ===
=== Cool Site of the Day ===
Webdesigner [[Glenn Davis (web design)|Glenn Davis]] created ''[[Cool Site of the Day]]'' in August 1994, featuring his daily pick of a website. Its Cool Site of the Year Award, also known as the [[Webby Awards]], became a coveted prize for [[Silicon Alley]] start-ups. Davis disaffiliated with the site in November 1995 and it went dormant in February 2020.
Webdesigner [[Glenn Davis (web design)|Glenn Davis]] created ''[[Cool Site of the Day]]'' in August 1994, featuring his daily pick of a website.<ref name="Sanctions Constraints" /><ref name="ryan">{{Cite news | last = Ryan | first = James | title = What's Cool on Line? The E-mail Basket, Please | work = New York Times | access-date = 2011-02-22 | date = 1996-10-07 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1996/10/07/business/what-s-cool-on-line-the-e-mail-basket-please.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last = Gibson | first = Julie Gammill | title = Location, Location, Location | journal = American Journalism Review | access-date = 2011-02-22 | date = September 1995 | url = http://www.ajr.org/Article.asp?id=2032 }}</ref> Its Cool Site of the Year Award, also known as the [[Webby Awards]], became a coveted prize for [[Silicon Alley]] start-ups.<ref name="ryan" /> Davis disaffiliated with the site in November 1995 and it went dormant in February 2020.


=== Cybersell ===
=== Cybersell ===
Cybersell was the first commercial advertising service that focused on using [[Spamming|spam]]. It came online as sell.com. It was set up by [[Laurence Canter and Martha Siegel]], notorious for spamming [[Usenet]] newsgroups earlier that year. It is no longer active.
Cybersell was the first commercial advertising service that focused on using [[Spamming|spam]]. It came online as sell.com. It was set up by [[Laurence Canter and Martha Siegel]], notorious for spamming [[Usenet]] newsgroups earlier that year.<ref name="wsj">
{{Citation
|last=Sandberg
|first=Jared
|url=http://www.l-ware.com/wall_stree_journal__june_22_1994.htm
|date=June 22, 1994
|title=Phoenix Lawyers Irk Internet Users Again by Broadcasting Ad
|journal=[[The Wall Street Journal]]
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204122549/http://www.l-ware.com/wall_stree_journal__june_22_1994.htm
|archive-date= December 4, 2008
}}
</ref><ref name="time">
{{Citation
| title = Battle for the Soul of the Internet
|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]
| url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,981132,00.html
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070107130913/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,981132,00.html
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = January 7, 2007
|date=July 25, 1994
|url-access=subscription
}}
<!-- Note: Online version gives a date of March 18, 2005, but according to http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,981162,00.html was originally published July 25, 1994 -->
</ref><ref name="nyt_qanda">
{{Citation
|last=Flynn
|first=Laurie
|url=http://www.l-ware.com/ny_times_q__a__october_16_1994.htm
|title='Spamming' on the Internet
|date=October 16, 1994
|magazine=[[The New York Times]]
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919130455/http://www.l-ware.com/ny_times_q__a__october_16_1994.htm
|archive-date=September 19, 2008
}}
</ref> It is no longer active.


=== CORDIS ===
=== CORDIS ===
''[[CORDIS]]'', an anacronym for the Community Research & Development Information Service, was the [[European Commission]]'s first permanent website. Launched on [[European System Providing Refueling, Infrastructure, and Telecommunications|ESPRIT]] day in November 1994 as www.cordis.lu, it provided a [[Repository (version control)|repository]] of EU-funded research projects. It is still online at '''{{Strikethrough color|cordis.europa.eu/|textcolor=red}}'''.
''[[CORDIS]]'', an anacronym for the Community Research & Development Information Service, was the [[European Commission]]'s first permanent website. Launched on [[European System Providing Refueling, Infrastructure, and Telecommunications|ESPRIT]] day in November 1994 as www.cordis.lu, it provided a [[Repository (version control)|repository]] of EU-funded research projects.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cordis.europa.eu/news/rcn/122038_en.html |title=20 years of CORDIS on the World Wide Web |date=2014-11-07 |access-date=2016-07-22}}</ref> It is still online at [https://cordis.europa.eu/ cordis.europa.eu/].


=== Dianne Feinstein ===
=== Dianne Feinstein ===
[[Dianne Feinstein]] used a website for her [[United States Senate]] campaign, becoming the first senatorial candidate to have utilized a website.
[[Dianne Feinstein]] used a website for her [[United States Senate]] campaign, becoming the first senatorial candidate to have utilized a website.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Trent |first1=Judith S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z9XencqsS9gC |title=Political Campaign Communication: Principles and Practices |last2=Friedenberg |first2=Robert V. |last3=Denton |first3=Robert E. |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group |year=2011 |isbn=9781442206717 |edition=7 |pages=348 |quote="In 1993, Ted Kennedy became the first U.S. senator to have a website, while, in 1994 Dianne Feinstein established the first candidate website."}}</ref>


=== The Economist ===
=== The Economist ===
''[[The Economist]]'' created its website in early 1994. One of the magazine's correspondents, [[Kenneth Cukier]], paid $120 (${{Inflation|index=US|value=120|start_year=1994}} in today's money) to create the website which featured a [[web portal]] with search tools such as [[Archie search engine|Archie]], [[Gopher (protocol)|Gopher]], [[Jughead (search engine)|Jughead]], [[Veronica (search engine)|Veronica]], and [[Wide area information server|WAIS]]. At the end of 1993, ''[[America Online]]'' selected it as one of the top-ten news sites in the world; beating [[Time-Warner|Time-Warner's]] [[Pathfinder (website)|''Pathfinder'']] which cost $120 million (${{Inflation|index=US|value=120,000,000|start_year=1994|fmt=c}} in today's money). It is still live today at '''{{Strikethrough color|www.economist.com/|textcolor=red}}'''.
''[[The Economist]]'' created its website in early 1994. One of the magazine's correspondents, [[Kenneth Cukier]], paid $120 (${{Inflation|index=US|value=120|start_year=1994}} in today's money) to create the website which featured a [[web portal]] with search tools such as [[Archie search engine|Archie]], [[Gopher (protocol)|Gopher]], [[Jughead (search engine)|Jughead]], [[Veronica (search engine)|Veronica]], and [[Wide area information server|WAIS]].<ref name=":3" /> At the end of 1993, ''[[America Online]]'' selected it as one of the top-ten news sites in the world; beating [[Time-Warner|Time-Warner's]] [[Pathfinder (website)|''Pathfinder'']] which cost $120 million (${{Inflation|index=US|value=120,000,000|start_year=1994|fmt=c}} in today's money).<ref name="babbage">{{cite news| url= https://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2012/07/digital-archives-0 |title= Difference Engine: Lost in cyberspace | date= July 9, 2012 | author= N.V.(Los Angeles)| work= Babbage (blog) |publisher= The Economist | access-date=2012-07-20}}</ref> It is still live today at [https://www.economist.com/ www.economist.com/].


=== e-democracy ===
=== e-democracy ===
e-democracy went online in 1994 to help civic organizations in Minnesota would distribute information online and then hold the first online debates ever for US Gubernatorial and Senatorial candidates in October 1994.
e-democracy went online in 1994 to help civic organizations in Minnesota would distribute information online and then hold the first online debates ever for US Gubernatorial and Senatorial candidates in October 1994.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dennis W. Johnson |first=Dennis W. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Campaigning_in_the_Twenty_First_Century/j-mSAgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1 |title=Campaigning in the Twenty-First Century: A Whole New Ballgame? |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2011 |isbn=9781135968113 |via=Google Books}}</ref>


=== Einet Galaxy ===
=== Einet Galaxy ===
''Einet Galaxy'' was one of the first searchable [[web catalog]]s. It was created at the Einet Division of the MCC Research Consortium at the [[University of Texas at Austin]] and went online in January 1994. It passed through several commercial owners and is now run by Logika Corporation as '''{{Strikethrough color|gallexy.einet|textcolor=red}}'''.
''Einet Galaxy'' was one of the first searchable [[web catalog]]s.<ref name=":13" /> It was created at the Einet Division of the MCC Research Consortium at the [[University of Texas at Austin]] and went online in January 1994.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Galaxy/eiNet History |url=https://www.einet.net/static/history.html |access-date=2023-11-06 |website=www.einet.net}}</ref> It passed through several commercial owners and is now run by Logika Corporation as [https://www.einet.net/ gallexy.einet].


=== FogCam! ===
=== FogCam! ===
Jeff Schwartz and Dan Wong launched [[FogCam|''FogCam!'']] in July 1994 at [[San Francisco State University]] to track changes in the local weather. It is the oldest still-operating [[webcam]] in the world and can be found at '''{{Strikethrough color|www.fogcam.org|textcolor=red}}'''
Jeff Schwartz and Dan Wong launched [[FogCam|''FogCam!'']] in July 1994 at [[San Francisco State University]] to track changes in the local weather.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-08-20 |title='World's oldest webcam' to be switched off |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-49408335 |access-date=2023-11-06}}</ref><ref name=":17" /> It is the oldest still-operating [[webcam]] in the world and can be found at [https://www.fogcam.org/ www.fogcam.org]


=== FolkBook ===
=== FolkBook ===
''FolkBook: An Online Acoustic Music Establishment'' was a fansite dedicated to documenting [[folk music]] and folk musicians. It operated at [[Ohio State University]] at web.cgrg.ohio-state.edu/folkbook/ from September 1, 1994, until it went offline on March 7, 1998. After that, it was redirected to a similar site, '''{{Strikethrough color|folkmusic dot org|textcolor=red}}''', which still exists, but has not been updated since 2002.
''FolkBook: An Online Acoustic Music Establishment'' was a fansite dedicated to documenting [[folk music]] and folk musicians. It operated at [[Ohio State University]] at web.cgrg.ohio-state.edu/folkbook/ from September 1, 1994, until it went offline on March 7, 1998. After that, it was redirected to a similar site, [http://folkmusic.org/ folkmusic dot org], which still exists, but has not been updated since 2002.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.folklib.net/index/folkbook_conversion.shtml |title=FolkBook to folkmusic.org Conversion Page |date=2016-01-21 |access-date=2022-02-13}}</ref>


=== Flags of the World ===
=== Flags of the World ===
[[Flags of the World (website)|''Flags of the World'']] is the Internet's largest website devoted to [[vexillology]]. It was established by [[Giuseppe Bottasini]] in 1994 and is still live as '''{{Strikethrough color|www.crwflags.com|textcolor=red}}'''.
[[Flags of the World (website)|''Flags of the World'']] is the Internet's largest website devoted to [[vexillology]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Flags of the World|url=https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/|access-date=2022-01-04|website=www.crwflags.com}}</ref> It was established by [[Giuseppe Bottasini]] in 1994 and is still live as [https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/index.html www.crwflags.com].


=== GeneNetwork ===
=== GeneNetwork ===
''[[GeneNetwork]]'' launched in January 1994 and was the first website on biomedical research and the earliest [[URL|Uniform Resource Locator]] (URL) in [[PubMed]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Portable Dictionary of the Mouse Genome |date=1994-06-01 |pmid=8043953 |last1=Williams |first1=R. W. |journal=Mammalian Genome |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=372–5 |doi=10.1007/BF00356557 |s2cid=655396 }}</ref> It was initially known as the '''''Portable Dictionary of the Mouse Genome''''' and then as '''''WebQTL.'''''<ref name="pmid 8043953">{{cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=RW |year=1994 |title=The Portable Dictionary of the Mouse Genome: a personal database for gene mapping and molecular biology. |journal=Mammalian Genome |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=372–5 |doi=10.1007/bf00356557 |pmid=8043953 |s2cid=655396}}</ref><ref name="pmid 15711545">{{cite journal |last1=Chesler |first1=EJ |last2=Lu |first2=L |last3=Shou |first3=S |last4=Qu |first4=Y |last5=Gu |first5=J |last6=Wang |first6=J |last7=Hsu |first7=HC |last8=Mountz |first8=JD |last9=Baldwin |first9=NE |last10=Langston |first10=Michael A |last11=Threadgill |first11=David W |last12=Manly |first12=Kenneth F |last13=Williams |first13=Robert W |title=Complex trait analysis of gene expression uncovers polygenic and pleiotropic networks that modulate nervous system function |journal=Nature Genetics |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=233–42 |year=2005 |pmid=15711545 |doi=10.1038/ng1518|s2cid=13189340 |display-authors=8 }}</ref><ref name="pmid 15711547">{{cite journal |last1=Bystrykh |first1=L |last2=Weersing |first2=E |last3=Dontje |first3=B |last4=Sutton |first4=S |last5=Pletcher |first5=MT |last6=Wiltshire |first6=T |last7=Su |first7=AI |last8=Vellenga |first8=E |last9=Wang |first9=J |last10=Manly |first10=Kenneth F |last11=Lu |first11=Lu |last12=Chesler |first12=Elissa J |last13=Alberts |first13=Rudi |last14=Jansen |first14=Ritsert C |last15=Williams |first15=Robert W |last16=Cooke |first16=Michael P |last17=De Haan |first17=Gerald |title=Uncovering regulatory pathways that affect hematopoietic stem cell function using 'genetical genomics' |journal=Nature Genetics |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=225–32 |year=2005 |pmid=15711547 |doi=10.1038/ng1497|s2cid=5622506 |display-authors=8 }}</ref> This genetics site has been funded continuously by the [[National Institutes of Health]] and the [[University of Tennessee]]-[[Oak Ridge National Laboratory]] Governor's Chair to RW Williams.
''[[GeneNetwork]]'' launched in January 1994 and was the first website on biomedical research and the earliest [[URL|Uniform Resource Locator]] (URL) in [[PubMed]]. It was initially known as the '''''Portable Dictionary of the Mouse Genome''''' and then as '''''WebQTL.''''' This genetics site has been funded continuously by the [[National Institutes of Health]] and the [[University of Tennessee]]-[[Oak Ridge National Laboratory]] Governor's Chair to RW Williams.


=== HM Treasury ===
=== HM Treasury ===
[[HM Treasury]], the United Kingdom government department, formed a website in 1994. It is live at '''{{Strikethrough color|www.gov.uk/government/organisations/hm-treasury|textcolor=red}}'''.
[[HM Treasury]], the United Kingdom government department, formed a website in 1994.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of the Internet|url=https://www.thocp.net/reference/internet/internet3.htm|website=www.thocp.net|access-date=2020-05-04}}</ref> It is live at [https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/hm-treasury www.gov.uk/government/organisations/hm-treasury].


=== Horror ===
=== Horror ===
''Horror'' is the earliest website dedicated to horror movies and horror book/comic reviews and news. It is still live at '''{{Strikethrough color|www.horror.com/|textcolor=red}}'''.
''Horror'' is the earliest website dedicated to horror movies and horror book/comic reviews and news.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rdap.verisign.com/com/v1/domain/horror.com|title=Horror.com|website=www.verisign.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.horror.com/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961022181718/http://www.horror.com/|url-status=dead|archive-date=1996-10-22|title=Welcome to the 3 idiots guide to horror}}</ref> It is still live at [https://www.horror.com/ www.horror.com/].


=== HotWired ===
=== HotWired ===
''[[HotWired]]'' is the website of [[Wired magazine|''Wired'' magazine]] and features unique and innovative online content. It is noteworthy as the home of the first [[banner ad]]s, for [[Zima (drink)|Zima]] and [[AT&T]].
''[[HotWired]]'' is the website of [[Wired magazine|''Wired'' magazine]] and features unique and innovative online content. It is noteworthy as the home of the first [[banner ad]]s, for [[Zima (drink)|Zima]] and [[AT&T]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zakon.org/robert/internet/timeline/ |title=Hobbes' Internet Timeline – the definitive ARPAnet & Internet history |publisher=Zakon.org |access-date=2012-07-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com/first66.html |title=First banner ad ever in the world. AT&T Hotwired |publisher=Thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com |date=1994-10-25 |access-date=2012-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060209030353/http://thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com/first66.html |archive-date=2006-02-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref>


=== IBM ===
=== IBM ===
[[IBM]] launched one of the early corporate websites in 1994. It is live at '''{{Strikethrough color|www.ibm.com/us-en|textcolor=red}}'''.
[[IBM]] launched one of the early corporate websites in 1994. It is live at [https://www.ibm.com/us-en www.ibm.com/us-en].<ref>{{Cite web |title=IBM.com Homepage History in Screen Shots |url=https://epcostello.net/library/ibmcom/ |access-date=2023-11-06 |website=epcostello.net |language=en-us}}</ref>


=== Innerviews ===
=== Innerviews ===
''Innerviews'' was the first online music magazine. It was launched by music journalist [[Anil Prasad]] and is accessible at '''{{Strikethrough color|''Innerviews: Music Without Borders''|textcolor=red}}'''{{better source needed|date=November 2023|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ('''{{Strikethrough color|WP:NOTRS|textcolor=red}}''').}}
''Innerviews'' was the first online music magazine. It was launched by music journalist [[Anil Prasad]] and is accessible at [http://www.innerviews.org ''Innerviews: Music Without Borders'']<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.innerviews.org/ |title=Music Without Borders |publisher=Innerviews |access-date=2019-10-08}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=November 2023|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).}}


=== The Irish Times ===
=== The Irish Times ===
In 1994'', [[The Irish Times]]'' became the first newspaper in [[Ireland]] to have a website. The newspaper moved to ''ireland.com'' in 1999 and '''''{{Strikethrough color|irishtimes.com|textcolor=red}}''''' in 2008.{{better source needed|date=November 2023|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ('''{{Strikethrough color|WP:NOTRS|textcolor=red}}''').}}
In 1994'', [[The Irish Times]]'' became the first newspaper in [[Ireland]] to have a website. The newspaper moved to ''ireland.com'' in 1999 and ''[https://www.irishtimes.com/ irishtimes.com]'' in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/about-us/the-irish-times-trust |title=Trust {{pipe}} History & Values |publisher=The Irish Times |access-date=2019-10-08}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=November 2023|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).}}


=== Lawinfo ===
=== Lawinfo ===
''Lawinfo'' is an early legal website and provides public access to pre-qualified, pre-screened attorneys, and free legal resources. It is still live at '''{{Strikethrough color|www.lawinfo.com/|textcolor=red}}'''.
''Lawinfo'' is an early legal website and provides public access to pre-qualified, pre-screened attorneys, and free legal resources.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lawinfo.com/about.html |title=About |publisher=LawInfo |access-date=2012-07-10}}</ref> It is still live at [https://www.lawinfo.com/ www.lawinfo.com/].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-24 |title=How LawInfo.com works for attorneys |url=https://www.lawyermarketing.com/blog/theres-no-such-thing-as-timeless-keeping-lawinfo-com-current-for-lawyers/ |access-date=2023-11-06 |website=Lawyer Marketing |language=en-US}}</ref>


=== Legislative Information System ===
=== Legislative Information System ===
Virginia's ''Legislative Information System'' (LIS) was developed by the Division of Legislative Automated Systems (dlas) and was launched at leg1.state.va.us. It remains active as '''{{Strikethrough color|lis.virginia.gov|textcolor=red}}''' but is also viewable in its original format at '''{{Strikethrough color|''LIS Classic''|textcolor=red}}'''.{{better source needed|date=November 2023|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ('''{{Strikethrough color|WP:NOTRS|textcolor=red}}''').}}
Virginia's ''Legislative Information System'' (LIS) was developed by the Division of Legislative Automated Systems (dlas) and was launched at leg1.state.va.us. It remains active as [https://lis.virginia.gov/ lis.virginia.gov] but is also viewable in its original format at [https://leg1.state.va.us/ ''LIS Classic''].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Legislative Information System > 2023 Special Session I |url=https://leg1.state.va.us/ |access-date=2023-11-05 |website=leg1.state.va.us}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=November 2023|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).}}


=== Links from the Underground ===
=== Links from the Underground ===
[[Justin Hall]]'s ''Links from the Underground'' is one of the earliest examples of personal [[weblog]]ging.<ref name="sfgate">Harmanci, Reyhan. "[http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2005/02/20/MNGBKBEJO01.DTL Time to get a life – pioneer blogger Justin Hall bows out at 31]." ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]].'' February 20, 2005, retrieved on July 20, 2006.</ref><ref name="nytimes">Rosen, Jeffrey. "[https://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/19/magazine/19PHENOM.html?pagewanted=print&position= Your Blog or Mine?]" ''[[New York Times Magazine]].'' December 14, 2004, retrieved on October 31, 2007.</ref><ref>[[Scott Rosenberg (journalist)|Rosenberg, Scott]], [http://www.sayeverything.com/excerpt/say-everything-chapter-one/ ''Say Everything: How Blogging Began, What It's Becoming, and Why It Matters''], New York: Crown Publishers, 2009. {{ISBN|978-0-307-45136-1}}</ref> It is still available at [https://www.links.net/vita/web/start/ www.links.net/vita/web/start/].
[[Justin Hall]]'s ''Links from the Underground'' is one of the earliest examples of personal [[weblog]]ging. It is still available at '''{{Strikethrough color|www.links.net/vita/web/start/|textcolor=red}}'''.


=== Literary Kicks ===
=== Literary Kicks ===
''[[Literary Kicks]]'' was an early literary website about the [[Beat Generation]], [[spoken word poetry]], and alternative literary scenes. This [[digital library]] was launched by [[Levi Asher]] on July 23, 1994, and is still active at '''{{Strikethrough color|litkicks.com/|textcolor=red}}'''.
''[[Literary Kicks]]'' was an early literary website about the [[Beat Generation]], [[spoken word poetry]], and alternative literary scenes. This [[digital library]] was launched by [[Levi Asher]] on July 23, 1994, and is still active at [https://litkicks.com/ litkicks.com/].<ref>{{cite web|title=Litkicks Turns Twenty: An Interview with Levi Asher|url=http://www.thenervousbreakdown.com/dswills/2014/06/litkicks-turns-twenty-an-interview-with-levi-asher|website=The Nervous Breakdown|date=5 June 2014}}</ref>


=== Lycos ===
=== Lycos ===
''[[Lycos]]'' was an early web [[search engine]].<ref name=":13" /> It was started in 1994 by [[Michael Loren Mauldin|Michael Mauldin]] as a university research project at [[Carnegie Mellon University]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/google0000scot |url-access=registration |title=Internet Archive |first=Virginia A. |last=Scott |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Worlock |first=David |title=Paradigm Lost |url=http://www.davidworlock.com/2010/08/ |access-date=April 14, 2013 |date=August 20, 2010}}</ref><ref name="lcyos">{{cite web |url=http://www.thehistoryofseo.com/The-Industry/Short_History_of_Early_Search_Engines.aspx |title=Short History of Early Search Engines – The History of SEO |website=www.thehistoryofseo.com |access-date=2019-01-28 |archive-date=2021-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119054718/https://www.thehistoryofseo.com/The-Industry/Short_History_of_Early_Search_Engines.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":13" /> It is still live at [https://www.lycos.com/ www.lycos.com/].
''[[Lycos]]'' was an early web [[search engine]]. It was started in 1994 by [[Michael Loren Mauldin|Michael Mauldin]] as a university research project at [[Carnegie Mellon University]]. It is still live at '''{{Strikethrough color|www.lycos.com/|textcolor=red}}'''.


=== Megadeth, Arizona ===
=== Megadeth, Arizona ===
''Megadeth, Arizona'' was the website for the band [[Megadeth]] and was also the first website for a band. It was created by Robin Sloan Bechtel of [[Capitol Records]] as a tie-in to a record promotion and featured news updates and a chatroom. Later, when Captial wanted to remove the website, Bechtel fought conventional wisdom that promotions were short-lived and helped establish the concept on ongoing marketing sites.
''Megadeth, Arizona'' was the website for the band [[Megadeth]] and was also the first website for a band.<ref>{{cite web|title=History|url=http://www.megadeth.com/history|website=Megadeth.com|publisher=Megadeth|access-date=3 March 2015|ref=1994|quote=Halloween, New website Megadeth Arizona is launched.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906102158/http://www.megadeth.com/history|archive-date=6 September 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Sloan Bechtel|first1=Robin|title=What The Hell Was Megadeth, Arizona?|url=https://medium.com/cuepoint/what-the-hell-was-megadeth-arizona-3519a751149d|website=Medium|publisher=cuepoint|access-date=3 March 2015|date=1 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Pasbani|first1=Robert|title=Dave Mustaine Invented The Internet|url=http://www.metalinjection.net/mustaine-mania/dave-mustaine-invented-the-internet|website=Metal Injection|access-date=3 March 2015|date=8 October 2013|quote=If you remember back: October 31, 1994, we were the first band to have a website.}}</ref> It was created by Robin Sloan Bechtel of [[Capitol Records]] as a tie-in to a record promotion and featured news updates and a chatroom.<ref name=":3" /> Later, when Captial wanted to remove the website, Bechtel fought conventional wisdom that promotions were short-lived and helped establish the concept on ongoing marketing sites.<ref name=":3" />


=== Microsoft ===
=== Microsoft ===
An early corporate site for [[Microsoft]] was launched in 1994.
An early corporate site for [[Microsoft]] was launched in 1994.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.com.au/microsofts-first-web-page-1994-2014-8?r=US&IR=T |title=This Is Microsoft's Very First Web Page ... Back In 1994 |publisher=Businessinsider.com.au |date=2014-08-08 |access-date=2019-10-08}}</ref>


=== Museum of Bad Art ===
=== Museum of Bad Art ===
[[Museum of Bad Art]] in [[Boston]], Massachusetts created a [[virtual museum]] in 1994.
[[Museum of Bad Art]] in [[Boston]], Massachusetts created a [[virtual museum]] in 1994.<ref name="levin198">Levin, 198</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Museum Of Bad Art – art too bad to be ignored|url=http://museumofbadart.org/|access-date=2020-09-26|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":12" />


=== The Nine Planets ===
=== The Nine Planets ===
[[Bill Arnett]].created ''[[The Nine Planets]]'', "a Multimedia Tour of the [[Solar System]]". It was one of the first examples of a [[multimedia]] website. It is still live at '''{{Strikethrough color|nineplanets.org/|textcolor=red}}'''.
[[Bill Arnett]].created ''[[The Nine Planets]]'', "a Multimedia Tour of the [[Solar System]]". It was one of the first examples of a [[multimedia]] website.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bill.nineplanets.org/vanity/index.html|title=Kudos|website=bill.nineplanets.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/2002-scitech-web-awards-a-2002-06-03/|title=2002 Sci/Tech Web Awards: ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS|author=The Editors|website=Scientific American}}</ref><ref>{{official website|http://nineplanets.org}}</ref> It is still live at [https://nineplanets.org/ nineplanets.org/].


=== Nando.net ===
=== Nando.net ===
[[Nando (media company)|''Nando.net'']] was the online presence of the [[Raleigh, North Carolina|Raleigh]], North Carolina [[The News & Observer|''News & Observer'']] and was one of the first newspaper websites.
[[Nando (media company)|''Nando.net'']] was the online presence of the [[Raleigh, North Carolina|Raleigh]], North Carolina [[The News & Observer|''News & Observer'']] and was one of the first newspaper websites.<ref>[https://ajrarchive.org/article.asp?id=2006&id=2006 "A Watershed Event for Online Newspapers"], American Journalism Review, June 1995</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pulitzer.org/prize-winners-by-year/1996|title=The Pulitzer Prizes, 1996|website=www.pulitzer.org}}</ref>


=== NetBoy ===
=== NetBoy ===
''[[NetBoy]]'' is a popular [[list of early webcomics|early webcomic]] created by [[Stafford Huyler]]. It started publishing in May 1994.<ref name="St. Louis Post-Dispatch">{{cite news|title=Cybertoons: Comic artists find an instant audience on the Internet|last=Silverman|first=Dwight|date=August 24, 1994|work=[[St. Louis Post-Dispatch]]|page=5C}}</ref><ref name="People Magazine">{{cite journal|url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20105271,00.html|title=Byting the Hand He Ain't Got No Body, but Stafford Huyler's Nettled Netboy Is the Satirical Scourge of the Internet|date=March 13, 1995|journal=[[People (magazine)|People Magazine]]|volume=43|issue=10|access-date=28 June 2010|quote=Stafford Huyler, 24, NetBoy was launched on the Internet last May}}</ref><ref name="The Milwaukee Journal">{{cite journal|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1499&dat=19950117&id=LKMaAAAAIBAJ&pg=5034,965872|title=Internet shows a sense of humor|date=January 17, 1995|journal=[[The Milwaukee Journal]]|agency=[[New York Times]]|page=D2|access-date=28 June 2010|quote=Netboy, the leading cartoon denizen of the Internet ... daily on computer screens for a little more than six months}}</ref> It is available online at [http://www.netboy.com/ www.netboy.com/].
''[[NetBoy]]'' is a popular [[list of early webcomics|early webcomic]] created by [[Stafford Huyler]]. It started publishing in May 1994. It is available online at '''{{Strikethrough color|www.netboy.com/|textcolor=red}}'''.


=== Netrek ===
=== Netrek ===
''[[Netrek]]'' is one of the first sites dedicated to multi-user video-game programming on the Internet. It was maintained at obsidian.math.Arizona.edu and is now defunct.
''[[Netrek]]'' is one of the first sites dedicated to multi-user video-game programming on the Internet. It was maintained at obsidian.math.Arizona.edu and is now defunct.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://larc.unt.edu/ian/pubs/dags95g.pdf|title=The Internet and the Aspiring Game Programmer.}}</ref>


=== Pathfinder.com ===
=== Pathfinder.com ===
[[Pathfinder (website)|''Pathfinder.com'']] was one of the first [[web portal]]s, created by [[Time Warner]] to link its various sites. It operated from 1994 to April 1999.
[[Pathfinder (website)|''Pathfinder.com'']] was one of the first [[web portal]]s, created by [[Time Warner]] to link its various sites.<ref name="babbage" /> It operated from 1994 to April 1999.


=== PizzaNet ===
=== PizzaNet ===
[[Pizza Hut]] started the website, ''PizzaNet'', which allowed people in [[Santa Cruz, California]] to order [[pizza]] over the Web
[[Pizza Hut]] started the website, ''PizzaNet'', which allowed people in [[Santa Cruz, California]] to order [[pizza]] over the Web<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.interesting-people.org/archives/interesting-people/199408/msg00057.html |title=PizzaNet – the killer app |publisher=Interesting-people.org |date=1994-08-22 |access-date=2012-07-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609100313/http://www.interesting-people.org/archives/interesting-people/199408/msg00057.html |archive-date=2012-06-09 }}</ref><ref name=":1" />


=== Powells.com ===
=== Powells.com ===
''[https://www.powells.com/ Powells.com]'' is the website of [[Powell's Books]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.portlandtribune.com/news/print_story.php?story_id=23515|title=Oregon Local News – Pamplin Media Group}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.powells.portland.or.us/ |date=1998-12-05 |access-date=2012-07-10 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19981205172357/http://www.powells.portland.or.us/ |archive-date=December 5, 1998 |title=Powell's Books - New, Used, and Out of Print }}</ref> It started with two employees, and the company's first online order was placed by an [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] employee.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.powells.com/info/details.html |title=The History of Powells.com – Powell's Books |publisher=Powells.com |date=2006-11-17 |access-date=2012-07-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716182907/http://www.powells.com/info/details.html |archive-date=2012-07-16 }}</ref> It pre-dates [[Amazon.com]].<ref>{{cite news | first = Lisa | last = Baker | title = Powell's success story adds a chapter | newspaper = [[Portland Tribune]] | date = March 19, 2004 | url = http://thevig.portlandtribune.com/news/print_story.php?story_id=23515 | access-date = 2012-08-27 }}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
'''''{{Strikethrough color|Powells.com|textcolor=red}}''''' is the website of [[Powell's Books]]. It started with two employees, and the company's first online order was placed by an [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] employee. It pre-dates [[Amazon.com]].


=== Purple.com ===
=== Purple.com ===
Launching on August 31, 1994, ''[[Purple.com]]'' is the first known [[single-serving site]]. It consisted of just a purple background. It was defunct by November 2017.
Launching on August 31, 1994, ''[[Purple.com]]'' is the first known [[single-serving site]]. It consisted of just a purple background.<ref>{{cite news|last=Arias|first=Ryan|date=1 November 2011|title=Five Things you need to know about|url=http://www.rutartan.com/wordpress/?p=2518|newspaper=The Tartan|location=Radford University|access-date=2014-12-02}}</ref><ref name="artnet">{{cite news |last=Johnson|first=Paddy|date=12 May 2014|title=Addictive Single-Serving Websites by 7 Artists|url=http://news.artnet.com/art-world/addictive-single-serving-websites-by-7-artists-14358|newspaper=News.artnet.com|access-date=23 October 2014}}</ref> It was defunct by November 2017.


=== Radio Prague ===
=== Radio Prague ===
[[Radio Prague]] is the official international [[Radio broadcasting|broadcasting station]] of the [[Czech Republic]]. It was an early media entity on the web and included transcripts of its news broadcasts and other current affairs content in five languages. Still active at '''{{Strikethrough color|english.radio.cz/|textcolor=red}}'''.
[[Radio Prague]] is the official international [[Radio broadcasting|broadcasting station]] of the [[Czech Republic]]. It was an early media entity on the web and included transcripts of its news broadcasts and other current affairs content in five languages. Still active at [https://english.radio.cz/ english.radio.cz/].<ref name="DX International">{{Cite web |date=2009-10-15 |title=Save Radio Prague! |url=https://dxinternational.blogspot.com/2009/10/save-radio-prague.html |access-date=2023-11-06 |website=Chrissy Brand's DX International Radio}}</ref>


=== Senator Edward Kennedy ===
=== Senator Edward Kennedy ===
The first website for a [[United States Senate|United States Senator]] was officially announced for [[Ted Kennedy|Senator Edward Kennedy]] on June 2, 1994. The site remains active.
The first website for a [[United States Senate|United States Senator]] was officially announced for [[Ted Kennedy|Senator Edward Kennedy]] on June 2, 1994.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Casey |first=Chris |date=June 4, 2013 |title=20 Years Ago: Sen. Kennedy Announces First Congressional Website |url=https://www.epolitics.com/2014/06/04/20-years-ago-sen-kennedy-announces-first-congressional-website/ |website=epolitics.com}}</ref> The site remains active.<ref>{{Cite web|title=tedkennedy|url=http://www.tedkennedy.org/|access-date=2020-09-26|website=www.tedkennedy.org|language=en}}</ref>


=== Saccharomyces Genome Database ===
=== Saccharomyces Genome Database ===
''[[Saccharomyces Genome Database]]'' is a [[National Institutes of Health|National Institute of Health]]-funded research project on the Web. It provides curation of all published results on budding yeast (aka. bakers, brewers, and wine yeast) genes and their products. Its current URL is [https://yeastgenome.org./ yeastgenome.org.]<ref name="pmid9169866">{{cite journal|author1=Cherry JM |author2=Ball C |author3=Weng S |author4=Juvik G |author5=Schmidt R |author6=Adler C |author7=Dunn B |author8=Dwight S |author9=Riles L |author10=Mortimer RK |author11=Botstein D | title = Genetic and physical maps of Saccharomyces cerevisiae| journal = [[Nature (journal)|Nature]]| volume = 387| issue = 6632 Suppl| pages = 67–73|date=May 1997| pmid = 9169866| doi = 10.1038/387s067| pmc=3057085}}</ref><ref name="NCBI">{{cite journal |last1=Cherry |first1=Michael |last2=Hong |first2=Eurie |author-link2=Eurie Hong |last3=amundsen |first3=Craig |last4=balakrishnan |first4=rama |last5=binkley |first5=gail |last6=chan |first6=esther |last7=christie |first7=karen |last8=costanzo |first8=maria |last9=dwight |first9=selina |last10=engel |first10=stacia |last11=fisk |first11=dianna |last12=hirschman |first12=jodi |last13=hitz |first13=benjamin |last14=karra |first14=kalpana |last15=krieger |first15=cynthia |date=2011 |title=Saccharomyces Genome Database: the genomics resource of budding yeast |journal=Nucleic Acids Research |volume=40 |issue=2012 |pages=D700–D705 |doi=10.1093/nar/gkr1029 |pmc=3245034 |pmid=22110037 |last16=miyasato |first16=stuart |last17=nash |first17=rob |last18=park |first18=julie |last19=skrzypek |first19=marek |last20=simison |first20=matt |last21=weng |first21=shuai |last22=wong |first22=edith}}</ref>
''[[Saccharomyces Genome Database]]'' is a [[National Institutes of Health|National Institute of Health]]-funded research project on the Web. It provides curation of all published results on budding yeast (aka. bakers, brewers, and wine yeast) genes and their products. Its current URL is '''{{Strikethrough color|yeastgenome.org.|textcolor=red}}'''


=== Sex.com ===
=== Sex.com ===
The website ''[[Sex.com]]'' was the subject of a twelve-year legal battle that established parameters of domain ownership.
The website ''[[Sex.com]]'' was the subject of a twelve-year legal battle that established parameters of domain ownership.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menn |first=Joseph |date=2004-04-21 |title=VeriSign to Settle Lawsuit Over Sex.com |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2004-apr-21-fi-sex21-story.html |access-date=2023-11-06 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref>


=== The Skeptic's Dictionary ===
=== The Skeptic's Dictionary ===
''[[The Skeptic's Dictionary]]'' at '''{{Strikethrough color|/www.skepdic.com/|textcolor=red}}''' was launched in 1994 and is still active. It features definitions, arguments, and essays on topics ranging from acupuncture to zombies.
''[[The Skeptic's Dictionary]]'' at [https://www.skepdic.com/ /www.skepdic.com/] was launched in 1994 and is still active. It features definitions, arguments, and essays on topics ranging from acupuncture to zombies.


=== The Simpsons Archive ===
=== The Simpsons Archive ===
''[[The Simpsons Archive]]'' was the first [[fan site]] for ''[[The Simpsons]]'' television show. It started as snpp.com and is now live at '''{{Strikethrough color|www.simpsonsarchive.com/|textcolor=red}}'''.
''[[The Simpsons Archive]]'' was the first [[fan site]] for ''[[The Simpsons]]'' television show.<ref name=":12" /> It started as snpp.com and is now live at [https://www.simpsonsarchive.com/ www.simpsonsarchive.com/].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menno |first=Christian |date=July 24, 2007 |title=Confessions of a Surrogate Simpson |url=http://www.playphilly.com/site/news.cfm?newsid=18620922&BRD=2766&PAG=461&dept_id=578220&rfi=6 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070920140417/http://www.playphilly.com/site/news.cfm?newsid=18620922&BRD=2766&PAG=461&dept_id=578220&rfi=6 |archive-date=2007-09-20 |access-date=2023-11-06 }}</ref>


=== Sirius Connections ===
=== Sirius Connections ===
''Sirius Connections'' was the first Internet service provider in the [[San Francisco Bay]] Area. Its owner, [[Arman Kahalili]], gave novice website creators technical assistance to get them started on-site building and expanding [[code]] that was used in later versions of Hypertext Markup Language ([[HTML]]) and other web technology.
''Sirius Connections'' was the first Internet service provider in the [[San Francisco Bay]] Area.<ref>{{cite web |title=Arman Khalili |url=https://www.kossresource.com/arman |website=Koss Resource |access-date=2021-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812021741/https://www.kossresource.com/arman |archive-date=2017-08-12 |url-status=unfit}}</ref> Its owner, [[Arman Kahalili]], gave novice website creators technical assistance to get them started on-site building and expanding [[code]] that was used in later versions of Hypertext Markup Language ([[HTML]]) and other web technology.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sirius.com/jobs/JuniorWAN.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961222072444/http://www.sirius.com/jobs/JuniorWAN.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=1996-12-22 |title=WAN Sales/Support |date=1996-12-22 |access-date=2019-10-08}}</ref>


=== [[Snopes]] ===
=== [[Snopes]] ===
''[[Snopes]]'', the fact-checking website, was created by David and Barbara Mikkelson in 1994. It was an early [[online encyclopedia]] focused on urban legends and rumors.
''[[Snopes]]'', the fact-checking website, was created by David and Barbara Mikkelson in 1994. It was an early [[online encyclopedia]] focused on urban legends and rumors.<ref name=":1" />


=== SpinnWebe ===
=== SpinnWebe ===
''[[SpinnWebe]]'' was an early humor site, called "a window on the weird" by ''[[The New Yorker]]''. It started as the personal website of [[Greg Galcik]].
''[[SpinnWebe]]'' was an early humor site, called "a window on the weird" by ''[[The New Yorker]]''.<ref>"Only Connect", ''[[The New Yorker]]'', 10 June 1996, p. 17, New York.</ref> It started as the personal website of [[Greg Galcik]].


=== Telegraph.co.uk ===
=== Telegraph.co.uk ===
[[Telegraph.co.uk]] or ''The Electronic Telegraph'' is the website of the British newspaper, ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''. It launched in November 1994<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chivers |first1=Tom |title=Telegraph.co.uk's 15th birthday: what life was like in 1994 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/6553864/Telegraph.co.uks-15th-birthday-what-life-was-like-in-1994.html |website=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |access-date=2021-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091115123531/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/6553864/Telegraph.co.uks-15th-birthday-what-life-was-like-in-1994.html |archive-date=2009-11-15 |date=2009-11-12 |url-status=unfit}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Tong |first=Jingrong |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Journalism_in_the_Data_Age/WUhHEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |title=Journalism in the Data Age |publisher=SAGE Publications |year=2022 |isbn=9781529765144 |quote=In the UK, The Daily Telegraph had the first British newspaper website (www.telegraph.co.uk) in 1994 |via=Google Books}}</ref>
[[Telegraph.co.uk]] or ''The Electronic Telegraph'' is the website of the British newspaper, ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''. It launched in November 1994


=== United States Department of State ===
=== United States Department of State ===
The [[United States Department of State]]'s [[Bureau of Public Affairs]] launched a [[Gopher (protocol)|text Gopher website]] via the [[Federal Depository Library Program|Federal Depository Library]] at the [[University of Illinois Chicago]] in the fall of 1994. The website was later relaunched in January 1995.
The [[United States Department of State]]'s [[Bureau of Public Affairs]] launched a [[Gopher (protocol)|text Gopher website]] via the [[Federal Depository Library Program|Federal Depository Library]] at the [[University of Illinois Chicago]] in the fall of 1994. The website was later relaunched in January 1995.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 2014 |title=The Web, At the Creation |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/stategov/index.htm |access-date=October 13, 2023 |website=United States Department of State |type=Archived}}</ref>


=== VeloNews ===
=== VeloNews ===
New South Network Service developed the first sports news site for cycling magazine [[VeloNews]]. It was originally called ''VeloNews Tour de France'' and was created to cover the [[Tour de France]] from June 30 to July 30, 1994.
New South Network Service developed the first sports news site for cycling magazine [[VeloNews]]. It was originally called ''VeloNews Tour de France'' and was created to cover the [[Tour de France]] from June 30 to July 30, 1994.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.desy.de/web/mosaic/old-whats-new/whats-new-0794.html|title=What's New, July 1994|website=www.desy.de}}</ref>


=== VirtuMall ===
=== VirtuMall ===
Dan Housman and Ron Schmelzer created ''VirtuMall'' in 1994. when they were fraternity brothers and roommates at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]. This website pioneered [[Shopping cart software|shopping cart]] technology and [[credit card]] payments sent via [[fax]] to mail order catalogs. It was also the first pooled-traffic site, helping foster standards for security. One of the first virtual "tenants" was [[Hickory Farms]]. The website's name changed to ChannelWave and was sold to Quick Commerce sometime after 1998.
Dan Housman and Ron Schmelzer created ''VirtuMall'' in 1994. when they were fraternity brothers and roommates at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]].<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=London |first=Jay |date=2015-04-17 |title=How Do You Connect Thousands of Entrepreneurs? Start with Breakfast. |url=https://alum.mit.edu/slice/how-do-you-connect-thousands-entrepreneurs-start-breakfast |access-date=2023-11-06 |website=alum.mit.edu |language=en}}</ref> This website pioneered [[Shopping cart software|shopping cart]] technology and [[credit card]] payments sent via [[fax]] to mail order catalogs. It was also the first pooled-traffic site, helping foster standards for security. One of the first virtual "tenants" was [[Hickory Farms]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/14264|title=Power Play &#124; Technology|first=Heather|last=Page|website=Entrepreneur|date=June 1997 }}</ref> The website's name changed to ChannelWave and was sold to Quick Commerce sometime after 1998.<ref name=":9" />


=== WWW Useless Pages ===
=== WWW Useless Pages ===
[[Paul Phillips (poker player)|Paul Phillips]] founded ''[[WWW Useless Pages]]'' or ''The Unless Pages'' in 1994. It is perhaps the first site that showcased bad or eccentric websites and helped distribute early minor [[Internet meme]]s and phenomena. It is now defunct.
[[Paul Phillips (poker player)|Paul Phillips]] founded ''[[WWW Useless Pages]]'' or ''The Unless Pages'' in 1994.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20000816121335/http://www.go2net.com/useless/history.html A Brief History of Uselessness on the Web]". ''Go2Net''. Archived from the [http://www.go2net.com/useless/history.html original] on August 16, 2000.</ref> It is perhaps the first site that showcased bad or eccentric websites and helped distribute early minor [[Internet meme]]s and phenomena. It is now defunct.


=== WebCrawler ===
=== WebCrawler ===
[[WebCrawler]] is an early search engine for the Web and the first with full-text searching. It was created by [[Brian Pinkerton]], a doctoral candidate at the [[University of Washington]]. It launched in June 1994.
[[WebCrawler]] is an early search engine for the Web and the first with full-text searching.<ref name=":13" /> It was created by [[Brian Pinkerton]], a doctoral candidate at the [[University of Washington]]. It launched in June 1994.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-20 |title=Brian Pinkerton {{!}} Computer Sciences |url=https://www.cs.wisc.edu/staff/pinkerton-brian/ |access-date=2023-11-06 |website=University of Wisconsin-Madison |language=en-US}}</ref>


=== Webmedia ===
=== Webmedia ===
''Webmedia'' is a London-based website design company founded by [[Steve Bowbrick]] and [[Ivan Pope]]. The domain name webmedia.com was registered on October 27, 1994. The website was launched in November 1994.
''Webmedia'' is a London-based website design company founded by [[Steve Bowbrick]] and [[Ivan Pope]]. The domain name webmedia.com was registered on October 27, 1994. The website was launched in November 1994.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.whois.com/whois/webmedia.com|title=Whois webmedia.com|website=www.whois.com}}</ref>


=== Whitehouse.gov ===
=== Whitehouse.gov ===
Line 360: Line 417:


=== World-Wide Web Worm ===
=== World-Wide Web Worm ===
The [[World-Wide Web Worm]] (WWWW) was one of the first search engines for the World-Wide Web. It was created by Oliver McBryan at the [[University of Colorado]] and was announced in March 1994.
The [[World-Wide Web Worm]] (WWWW) was one of the first search engines for the World-Wide Web. It was created by Oliver McBryan at the [[University of Colorado]] and was announced in March 1994.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Liveright |first=Penelope |date=November 6, 2016 |title=Was The World Wide Web Worm the First Web Search Engine? |url=https://www.internethistorypodcast.com/2016/11/was-the-world-wide-web-worm-the-first-web-search-engine/ |access-date=2023-11-06 |website=Internet History Podcast |language=en-US}}</ref>


=== Yahoo! ===
=== Yahoo! ===
The web portal ''[[Yahoo!]]'' was started by [[Jerry Yang]] and [[David Filo]] as ''[[Jerry's Guide to the World Wide Web]]''. It was a news site as well as a search engine and email provider. It was later renamed ''Yahoo'' without the exclamation mark.
The web portal ''[[Yahoo!]]'' was started by [[Jerry Yang]] and [[David Filo]] as ''[[Jerry's Guide to the World Wide Web]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 18, 2008 |title=Yahoo! |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Yahoo-Inc |access-date=2023-11-06 |website=Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":13" /> It was a news site as well as a search engine and email provider.<ref name=":1" /> It was later renamed ''Yahoo'' without the exclamation mark.


=== Zapatista National Liberation Army (EZLN) ===
=== Zapatista National Liberation Army (EZLN) ===
A website was created by Justin Paulson from the [[University of California, Santa Cruz|University of California at Santa Cruz]] in 1994 to provide information on the conflict in the Chiapas region between the Mexican government and the [[Zapatista Army of National Liberation|Zapatista]] forces primarily in English but later started posting information in Spanish at www.ezln.org. The Zapatistas usage of the internet made them among the first in the world to use the internet for activism purposes.
A website was created by Justin Paulson from the [[University of California, Santa Cruz|University of California at Santa Cruz]] in 1994 to provide information on the conflict in the Chiapas region between the Mexican government and the [[Zapatista Army of National Liberation|Zapatista]] forces primarily in English<ref>{{Cite book |last=Goggin |first=Gerard |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Routledge_Companion_to_Global_Intern/TzslDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |title=The Routledge Companion to Global Internet Histories |last2=McLelland |first2=Mark |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2017 |isbn=9781317607656 |pages=107 |via=Google Books}}</ref> but later started posting information in Spanish at www.ezln.org.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Downing |first=John D. H. |last2=Hall Downing |first2=John Derek |date=2011 |title=Encyclopedia of Social Movement Media |pages=564 |work=SAGE Publications |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Encyclopedia_of_Social_Movement_Media/iwPX23VameIC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=zapatista+website+1994&pg=PA564&printsec=frontcover |access-date=November 24, 2023 |via=Google Books}}</ref> The Zapatistas usage of the internet made them among the first in the world to use the internet for activism purposes.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rossi |first=Federico M. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Oxford_Handbook_of_Latin_American_So/lkOwEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |title=The Oxford Handbook of Latin American Social Movements |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2023 |isbn=9780190870362 |pages=698 |quote=It is worthwhile to note that much of the research on Latin American digital activism focuses on movements initiated post-Arab Spring, despite the fact that the Mexican Zapatista resistance in 1994 and its use of the internet to spread communiques and videos marked one of the world's first examples of online activism (Castells 2004). |via=Google Books}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
Line 372: Line 429:
*[[Internet Archive]]
*[[Internet Archive]]
*[[Wayback Machine]]
*[[Wayback Machine]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Websites founded before 1995 (list)}}
[[Category:1990s in mass media|Websites founded before 1995]]
[[Category:1990s-related lists|Websites founded before 1995]]
[[Category:Internet properties by year of establishment|Websites founded before 1995]]
[[Category:Lists of websites|Websites founded before 1995]]
[[Category:Web 1.0]]

Revision as of 01:23, 27 December 2023

The first website was created in August 1991 by Tim Berners-Lee at CERN, a European nuclear research agency. Berners-Lee's WorldWideWeb browser became publicly available the same month. By the end of 1992, there were ten websites.[1] The World Wide Web began to enter everyday use in 1993, helping to grow the number of websites to 130 by the end of the year.[2] In 1994, websites for the general public became available.[2] By the end of 1994, the total number of websites was 2,278, including several notable websites and many precursors of today's most popular services.[1]

By the end of 1995, the number of websites had expanded significantly, with some 23,500 sites.[1] Thus, this list of websites founded before 1995 covers the early innovators. Of the 2,879 websites established before 1995, those listed here meet one or more of the following:

For this list, the term website is interpreted as a unique hostname that can be resolved into an IP address.

1991 websites

The following list of websites established in 1991 is in chronological order.

CERN

CERN, a research center in Switzerland, created the first website.[3] The Web was publicly announced with a post to the Usenet newsgroup alt.hypertext on August 6, 1991.[4] There is a snapshot of the site from November 1992 at The World Wide Web project.[3]

World Wide Web Virtual Library

The World Wide Web Virtual Library is a website started as Tim Berners-Lee's web catalog at CERN. There is a snapshot of the site from November 1992 at Subject listing – Information by Subject.[5][6]

Stanford Linear Accelerator Center

Paul Kunz from Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) at Stanford University visited Tim Berners-Lee at CERN in September 1991. He was impressed by the WWW project and brought a copy of the software back to Stanford. SLAC launched the first web server in North America on December 12, 1991.[7] SLAC's first web page was the SLACVM Information Service.[8]

1992 websites

Near the end of 1992, there were fifty to sixty websites, according to a robot web crawl by Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica researcher Guido van Rossum.[9] The following list is in chronological order.

Nikhef

Nikhef, the Dutch National Institute for Subatomic Physics, launched the third website in the world in February 1992.[10][11] It was originally at nic.nikhef.nl.

National Center for Supercomputing Applications

The National Center for Supercomputing Applications created a website that was home to the NCSA Mosaic web browser, as well as documentation on the web and a "What's New?" list which many people used as an early web directory.[12]

FNAL

Fermilab, a high-energy physics laboratory in Illinois, created fnal.gov, the second or third website in the United States.[13] It was established in June 1992.[13]

SunSITE

SunSITE (Sun Software, Information & Technology Exchange) started in 1992 as an FTP service and was hosted by the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.[14] It was a comprehensive archiving project that was a collaboration between Sun Microsystems Computer Corporation and the Office of Information Technology at the University of North Carolina.[14]

Ohio State University

The Ohio State University Department of Computer and Information Science developed early gateway programs and undertook the mass conversion of existing documents, including the main page for RFCs, TeXinfo, UNIX, and the Usenet.

IN2P3

The French National Institute for Nuclear Physics and Particle Physics (IN2P3) launched its website at Centre de Calcul in 1992.[10]

HUJI

The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HUJI) Information Service launched its website in Hebrew and English in April 1992. It was the first RTL website and the tenth website to go online.[15]

The Exploratorium

The Exploratorium in San Francisco, California was one of the first science museums to go online.[16]

youngmonkey

Initially hosted as a .nb.ca domain, youngmonkey showcased music and writing projects and DOS and Amiga software.[17] It also included articles, technical information, and other resources for synthesizer enthusiasts and developers. It was home to what was likely the first online store using dial-up credit card verification; and the first web streaming video distribution, and pay-per-view online video system. It came online at some point between 1991 and 1992. It moved to www.youngmonkey.ca in April 1995.

simianpress

simianpress was a manifestation of youngmonkey. It was a showcase for graphic design and publishing projects, likely offering the first professional website design. It merged with youngmonkey in 1995.[citation needed]

CBSS

CBSS Inc., a consulting firm in Houston, Texas offered what was very likely the first commercial Website hosting service, coming online in late 1992. CBSS pioneered Web access via mobile phone through Motorola's proprietary cellular data interface. The Motorola service is no longer maintained, but the Website is still visible today at www.cbss.com.[18][better source needed]

KEK

KEK: The High Energy Accelerator Research Organization established the first web page in Japan. It was created by Yohei Morita [ja] at the suggestion of Tim Berners-Lee in September 1992. CERN's website was linked to the KEK page on September 30, 1992.[19] It is still online at KEK Entry Point.[20]

Cybergrass

Bob Cherr launched the Bluegrass Music News and Information, the first music-based website, on September 9, 1992.[21][17] Its name changed to Banjo on September 30, 1992, and Cybergrass in 1995.[22] Its content was bluegrass music, lyrics, and chords. It was hosted on the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center vax, parcvax.xerox.com. It now resides at www.cybergrass.com.[23]

1993 websites

By the end of 1993, there were 623 websites, according to a study by Massachusetts Institute of Technology researcher Matthew Gray.[24] The following list of websites established in 1993 is in alphabetical order.

ALIWEB

ALIWEB (Archie Like Indexing for the WEB) was the first search engine created for the Web.[25] It was announced in November 1993 by its developer Martijn Koster but was relatively short-lived.[26][25]

Bloomberg.com

Bloomberg.com is a financial portal with information on markets, currency conversion, news and events, and Bloomberg Terminal subscriptions.[27]

Chabad.org

Chabad.org is the flagship website of the Chabad Hasidic Judaism movement.[28]

CURIA

Peter Flynn from University College Cork (UCC) saw Tim Berners-Lee demonstrating the Web at a RARE WG3 meeting. He tasked Berner-Lee to install software at UCC for the CURIA project, now known as Corpus of Electronic Texts.[29]

Doctor Fun

Doctor Fun was one of the first webcomics. The National Center for Supercomputing Applications called it "a major breakthrough for the Web".[30][31][32] It laid the foundation for today's webcomics.[17]

Électricité de France

Électricité de France, the French utility company, had one of the first industrial websites in Europe. It started as the website of the company's research and development division (R&D) and was implemented by engineers Sylvain Langlois, Emmanuel Poiret, and Daniel Glazman. They did not have approval for the site and had to restart the server by connecting to RENATER through a 155Mb link, every time IT shut it down. Electricité de France's R&D later submitted patches to CERN httpd and was active in Web standardization.[citation needed]

Global Network Navigator

Created by O'Reilly Media, Global Network Navigator is an example of an early web directory and is one of the Web's first commercial sites. It was hosted at Bolt Beranek and Newman and was launched in October 1993.[33]

Haystack Observatory

Haystack Observatory's website explained its radio and radar remote sensing mission and provided data access for science users. John Holt rolled out its content on December 13, 1993.[citation needed] The website is still active at www.haystack.mit.edu. The original web page format is archived at www.haystack.mit.edu/orig/.[34][35]

IMDb

The Internet Movie Database (IMDb) was founded in 1990 by participants in the Usenet newsgroup rec.arts.movies.[36] IMDb was launched on the web in late 1993 and was initially hosted by the computer science department of Cardiff University in Wales.[37][38][39]

Internet Underground Music Archive

Internet Underground Music Archive (IUMA) was created by students at the University of California, Santa Cruz to help promote unsigned musical artists. It shared music using the MP2 format, presaging the later extreme popularity of MP3 sharing and online music stores.[40][41][42]

Joachim Jarre Society

The Joachim Jarre Society website was created by students at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology in November 1993. It was one of the first websites in Norway.[citation needed]

JumpStation

JumpStation was the world's first Web search engine.[43] It was launched by Jonathon Fletcher on December 12, 1993.[43][44][45][46][47][48] It was hosted at the University of Stirling in Scotland and operated until 1994.[49]

LANL preprint archive

The LANL preprint archive provided web access to thousands of papers in physics, mathematics, computer science, and biology. It was developed by Paul Ginsparg out of earlier Gopher, File Transfer Protocol (FTP), and e-mail archives at the Los Alamos National Laboratory[50][51][52] It was launched in April 1993 and moved to Cornell University as ArXiv when Ginsparg took a position there in 2001.[52] It is still active as arxiv.org

LSD.com

LSD.com, the "digital acid test" came online on November 18, 1993.[53][better source needed]

The OTIS Project

After a start as an anonymous FTP-based art gallery and collaborative collective, The OTIS Project (later SITO) moved to the web in January 1993.[54] This artist collaborative was hosted by SunSITE.[55][54] It remains at sito.org/.

The Tech

The Tech, the campus newspaper at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, was the first newspaper to deliver content over the Web, beginning in May 1993.[56][57]

NASA

NASA.gov is the website of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. It was launched in 1993.[36]

Nexor

Martijn Koster created a website for Nexor, an early Internet software company.[58]

MTV

MTV VJ Adam Curry registered the music television network's domain in 1993 and personally ran an unofficial site.[11] Later, MTV sued Curry over the rights to the domain.[11] The corporate website is still live at www.mtv.com/

Nippon Telegraph and Telephone

Nippon Telegraph and Telephone or NTT (WWW Servers in Japan (日本のホームページ, Nihon no houmu peiji, lit. "Home Pages in Japan") was the most famous web page in Japan in the mid-1990s.[59] The page launched in December 1993.[60] It still has a website at group.ntt/en

PARC Map Server

PARC Map Server is the earliest precursor of MapQuest and Google Maps.[citation needed]

PARC Researcher

PARC Researcher was created by PARC researcher, Steve Putz, who tied an existing map viewing program to the Web. It is now defunct.[61]

photo.net

Philip Greenspun designed and founded photo.net, an online photography resource and community.[62] Later, Greenspun released the software behind photo.net, the ArsDigita Community System, as a free open-source toolkit for building community websites.[63]

Principia Cybernetica

Francis Heylighen, Cliff Joslyn, and Valentin Turchin designed a website for Principia Cybernetica to develop a cybernetic philosophy.[64][65][66] This is probably the first complex, collaborative knowledge system, sporting a hierarchical structure, index, map, annotations, search, and hyperlinks. It went online in July 1993.

ExPASy

ExPASy was a project of the Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics and was the first life sciences website. it went online in August 1993 and is still active at www.expasy.org.[67][68]

Trojan Room coffee pot

Trojan Room coffee pot was the first webcam.[69][70][71] It started as a local system, XCoffee, in 1991 and was connected to the Web in November 1993.[72]

Trincoll Journal

Trincoll Journal was a multimedia webzine published by students at Trinity College in Hartford, Connecticut.[73][74][75] It was established in 1992 as a local network and moved to the web in November 1993.[75] It went defunct in the spring of 2000.

Wired.com

Previously called Wired News and HotWired, the online presence for Wired magazine launched in October 1994.[76] The website and magazine separated and Wired.com was purchased by Lycos.[77] It is still live at www.wired.com/.

1994 websites

By mid-1994, there were 2,738 websites, according to a study by Massachusetts Institute of Technology researcher Matthew Gray.[24] By the end of 1994, there were more than 10,000 websites. The following selected list of websites is in alphabetical order.

ALIWEB

ALIWEB, an acronym for Archie Like Indexing for the Web, was the first web search engine.[78] It was announced in November 1993 by Martijn Koster and went online in May 1994.[78][26]

Allied Artists Entertainment Group

The movie studio and film distribution company Allied Artists Entertainment Group (now Allied Artists International), registered URLs in 1993 and launched its website in 1994.[79][citation needed]

American Marketing Association

A group of marketing professors created a website for the American Marketing Association professional association in 1994. The website offered general marketing news for marketers and marketing professors. Approximately a year later, the site was moved to www.ama.org, where it remains.[80]

Amnesty International Canada

The International Secretariat and the Computer Communications Working Group of Amnesty International Canada created a human rights website in 1994. It still operates at amnesty.ca.[citation needed]

Apple Inc.

Apple Inc. created apple.com, an example of an early corporate site, using the NCSA Mosaic browser.[81] Snapshots of early versions of this site are available through the Version Museum.

Art.Net

Lile Elam created Art.Net or Art on the Net in June 1994 to showcase the artwork of San Francisco Bay Area artists as well as international artists.[citation needed] It offered free linkage and hosted extensive links to other artists' sites. This is not to be confused with Artnet, a publicly traded art market website based in New York City.

Art Crimes

Susan Farrell of the Art Crimes Gallery launched the website Art Crimes in September 1994. It was the first graffiti art website and originally served as an archive of photos from around the world. It became an important academic resource as well as a thriving online community.[82] Its early content was moved to the Graffiti Archives in August 2015.[83]

The Amazing FishCam

Lou Montulli created The Amazing FishCam which provided a continuous web feed of an aquarium in the Netscape headquarters, via a webcam.[84] This was the second live camera broadcast on the Web.[85] According to a contemporaneous article by The Economist, "In its audacious uselessness—and that of thousands of ego trips like it—lie the seeds of the Internet revolution." It went offline in the summer of 2007, showing an empty tank on the website It was later moved to a new site showing Montulli's new tank at the offices of Zetta, but has since ceased operations.

Automatic Complaint-Letter Generator

Scott Pakin created the Automatic Complaint-Letter Generator in April 1994. The site allows users to specify the name of the individual or company that the complaint is directed toward, as well as the number of paragraphs the complaint will have. After submitting the data, the computer generates sentences that are composed of arbitrary verbs, nouns, and adjectives. This website is still active at www.pakin.org/complaint.[86][87][88]

BBC Online

BBC Online started as BBCi in April 1994 with some regional information and content from the Open University Production Centre (OUPC). By September, it launched the first commercial service, providing transcription services via an FTP server. At its peak, it had 122 accounts, including FBI offices from around the world, taking daily updates from twelve feeds. It is still active at bbc.com.[89][90]

Bianca's Smut Shack

Bianca's Smut Shack was an early web-based chatroom and online community known for raucous free speech and deviant behavior.[91][92][93]

Birmingham City Council

Birmingham City Council created an early local government site, Birmingham Assist, that was initially hosted by the Computer Science Department at the University of Birmingham.[94] It was renamed in 1996 and still functions at www.birminghamalcitycouncil.org/.

Britannica Online

Encyclopaedia Britannica launched Britannica Online as a subscription service in 1994.[95][96][97] It was the first Internet-based encyclopedia.[97] The encyclopedia has been published exclusively online at www.britannica.com since 2016.[94]

Buzzweb.com

Buzzweb.com was the earliest website for alternative music artists and news. It was created by A. Joi Brown and Matthew Brown between 1993 and 994. They registered the website with Network Solutions in 1993.[citation needed]

CDNAir.ca

Canadian Airlines' website, CDNAir.ca, was the first website for an airline.[98]

Chabad.org

Chabad.org was the first "ask the rabbi" website. It was launched by Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak Kazen as an outgrowth of earlier discussion groups on FidoNet, which dated back to 1988.[99]

CitySites

CitySites, the first "City Site" web development company, created this website in 1994 to advertise businesses and review music and art events in the San Francisco Bay Area. CitySites was featured in Interactive Week Magazine in 1997. Founder Darrow Boggiano still operates CitySites.[100][101]

Classical MIDI Archives

Pierre R. Schwob founded Classical MIDI Archives in 1994 as an online digital music archive featuring MIDI sequences of classical music for free.[102] It became Classical Archives in August 2000 and now offers commercial label recordings for downloading and streaming.[102] It is still active at www.classicalarchives.com/

Cool Site of the Day

Webdesigner Glenn Davis created Cool Site of the Day in August 1994, featuring his daily pick of a website.[93][103][104] Its Cool Site of the Year Award, also known as the Webby Awards, became a coveted prize for Silicon Alley start-ups.[103] Davis disaffiliated with the site in November 1995 and it went dormant in February 2020.

Cybersell

Cybersell was the first commercial advertising service that focused on using spam. It came online as sell.com. It was set up by Laurence Canter and Martha Siegel, notorious for spamming Usenet newsgroups earlier that year.[105][106][107] It is no longer active.

CORDIS

CORDIS, an anacronym for the Community Research & Development Information Service, was the European Commission's first permanent website. Launched on ESPRIT day in November 1994 as www.cordis.lu, it provided a repository of EU-funded research projects.[108] It is still online at cordis.europa.eu/.

Dianne Feinstein

Dianne Feinstein used a website for her United States Senate campaign, becoming the first senatorial candidate to have utilized a website.[109]

The Economist

The Economist created its website in early 1994. One of the magazine's correspondents, Kenneth Cukier, paid $120 ($247 in today's money) to create the website which featured a web portal with search tools such as Archie, Gopher, Jughead, Veronica, and WAIS.[11] At the end of 1993, America Online selected it as one of the top-ten news sites in the world; beating Time-Warner's Pathfinder which cost $120 million ($246,681,634 in today's money).[110] It is still live today at www.economist.com/.

e-democracy

e-democracy went online in 1994 to help civic organizations in Minnesota would distribute information online and then hold the first online debates ever for US Gubernatorial and Senatorial candidates in October 1994.[111]

Einet Galaxy

Einet Galaxy was one of the first searchable web catalogs.[25] It was created at the Einet Division of the MCC Research Consortium at the University of Texas at Austin and went online in January 1994.[112] It passed through several commercial owners and is now run by Logika Corporation as gallexy.einet.

FogCam!

Jeff Schwartz and Dan Wong launched FogCam! in July 1994 at San Francisco State University to track changes in the local weather.[113][78] It is the oldest still-operating webcam in the world and can be found at www.fogcam.org

FolkBook

FolkBook: An Online Acoustic Music Establishment was a fansite dedicated to documenting folk music and folk musicians. It operated at Ohio State University at web.cgrg.ohio-state.edu/folkbook/ from September 1, 1994, until it went offline on March 7, 1998. After that, it was redirected to a similar site, folkmusic dot org, which still exists, but has not been updated since 2002.[114]

Flags of the World

Flags of the World is the Internet's largest website devoted to vexillology.[115] It was established by Giuseppe Bottasini in 1994 and is still live as www.crwflags.com.

GeneNetwork

GeneNetwork launched in January 1994 and was the first website on biomedical research and the earliest Uniform Resource Locator (URL) in PubMed.[116] It was initially known as the Portable Dictionary of the Mouse Genome and then as WebQTL.[117][118][119] This genetics site has been funded continuously by the National Institutes of Health and the University of Tennessee-Oak Ridge National Laboratory Governor's Chair to RW Williams.

HM Treasury

HM Treasury, the United Kingdom government department, formed a website in 1994.[120] It is live at www.gov.uk/government/organisations/hm-treasury.

Horror

Horror is the earliest website dedicated to horror movies and horror book/comic reviews and news.[121][122] It is still live at www.horror.com/.

HotWired

HotWired is the website of Wired magazine and features unique and innovative online content. It is noteworthy as the home of the first banner ads, for Zima and AT&T.[123][124]

IBM

IBM launched one of the early corporate websites in 1994. It is live at www.ibm.com/us-en.[125]

Innerviews

Innerviews was the first online music magazine. It was launched by music journalist Anil Prasad and is accessible at Innerviews: Music Without Borders[126][better source needed]

The Irish Times

In 1994, The Irish Times became the first newspaper in Ireland to have a website. The newspaper moved to ireland.com in 1999 and irishtimes.com in 2008.[127][better source needed]

Lawinfo

Lawinfo is an early legal website and provides public access to pre-qualified, pre-screened attorneys, and free legal resources.[128] It is still live at www.lawinfo.com/.[129]

Legislative Information System

Virginia's Legislative Information System (LIS) was developed by the Division of Legislative Automated Systems (dlas) and was launched at leg1.state.va.us. It remains active as lis.virginia.gov but is also viewable in its original format at LIS Classic.[130][better source needed]

Justin Hall's Links from the Underground is one of the earliest examples of personal weblogging.[131][132][133] It is still available at www.links.net/vita/web/start/.

Literary Kicks

Literary Kicks was an early literary website about the Beat Generation, spoken word poetry, and alternative literary scenes. This digital library was launched by Levi Asher on July 23, 1994, and is still active at litkicks.com/.[134]

Lycos

Lycos was an early web search engine.[25] It was started in 1994 by Michael Mauldin as a university research project at Carnegie Mellon University.[135][136][137][25] It is still live at www.lycos.com/.

Megadeth, Arizona

Megadeth, Arizona was the website for the band Megadeth and was also the first website for a band.[138][139][140] It was created by Robin Sloan Bechtel of Capitol Records as a tie-in to a record promotion and featured news updates and a chatroom.[11] Later, when Captial wanted to remove the website, Bechtel fought conventional wisdom that promotions were short-lived and helped establish the concept on ongoing marketing sites.[11]

Microsoft

An early corporate site for Microsoft was launched in 1994.[141]

Museum of Bad Art

Museum of Bad Art in Boston, Massachusetts created a virtual museum in 1994.[142][143][17]

The Nine Planets

Bill Arnett.created The Nine Planets, "a Multimedia Tour of the Solar System". It was one of the first examples of a multimedia website.[144][145][146] It is still live at nineplanets.org/.

Nando.net

Nando.net was the online presence of the Raleigh, North Carolina News & Observer and was one of the first newspaper websites.[147][148]

NetBoy

NetBoy is a popular early webcomic created by Stafford Huyler. It started publishing in May 1994.[149][150][151] It is available online at www.netboy.com/.

Netrek

Netrek is one of the first sites dedicated to multi-user video-game programming on the Internet. It was maintained at obsidian.math.Arizona.edu and is now defunct.[152]

Pathfinder.com

Pathfinder.com was one of the first web portals, created by Time Warner to link its various sites.[110] It operated from 1994 to April 1999.

PizzaNet

Pizza Hut started the website, PizzaNet, which allowed people in Santa Cruz, California to order pizza over the Web[153][36]

Powells.com

Powells.com is the website of Powell's Books.[154][155] It started with two employees, and the company's first online order was placed by an Apple employee.[156] It pre-dates Amazon.com.[157]

Purple.com

Launching on August 31, 1994, Purple.com is the first known single-serving site. It consisted of just a purple background.[158][159] It was defunct by November 2017.

Radio Prague

Radio Prague is the official international broadcasting station of the Czech Republic. It was an early media entity on the web and included transcripts of its news broadcasts and other current affairs content in five languages. Still active at english.radio.cz/.[160]

Senator Edward Kennedy

The first website for a United States Senator was officially announced for Senator Edward Kennedy on June 2, 1994.[161] The site remains active.[162]

Saccharomyces Genome Database

Saccharomyces Genome Database is a National Institute of Health-funded research project on the Web. It provides curation of all published results on budding yeast (aka. bakers, brewers, and wine yeast) genes and their products. Its current URL is yeastgenome.org.[163][164]

Sex.com

The website Sex.com was the subject of a twelve-year legal battle that established parameters of domain ownership.[165]

The Skeptic's Dictionary

The Skeptic's Dictionary at /www.skepdic.com/ was launched in 1994 and is still active. It features definitions, arguments, and essays on topics ranging from acupuncture to zombies.

The Simpsons Archive

The Simpsons Archive was the first fan site for The Simpsons television show.[17] It started as snpp.com and is now live at www.simpsonsarchive.com/.[166]

Sirius Connections

Sirius Connections was the first Internet service provider in the San Francisco Bay Area.[167] Its owner, Arman Kahalili, gave novice website creators technical assistance to get them started on-site building and expanding code that was used in later versions of Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) and other web technology.[168]

Snopes

Snopes, the fact-checking website, was created by David and Barbara Mikkelson in 1994. It was an early online encyclopedia focused on urban legends and rumors.[36]

SpinnWebe

SpinnWebe was an early humor site, called "a window on the weird" by The New Yorker.[169] It started as the personal website of Greg Galcik.

Telegraph.co.uk

Telegraph.co.uk or The Electronic Telegraph is the website of the British newspaper, The Daily Telegraph. It launched in November 1994[170][171]

United States Department of State

The United States Department of State's Bureau of Public Affairs launched a text Gopher website via the Federal Depository Library at the University of Illinois Chicago in the fall of 1994. The website was later relaunched in January 1995.[172]

VeloNews

New South Network Service developed the first sports news site for cycling magazine VeloNews. It was originally called VeloNews Tour de France and was created to cover the Tour de France from June 30 to July 30, 1994.[173]

VirtuMall

Dan Housman and Ron Schmelzer created VirtuMall in 1994. when they were fraternity brothers and roommates at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.[174] This website pioneered shopping cart technology and credit card payments sent via fax to mail order catalogs. It was also the first pooled-traffic site, helping foster standards for security. One of the first virtual "tenants" was Hickory Farms.[175] The website's name changed to ChannelWave and was sold to Quick Commerce sometime after 1998.[174]

WWW Useless Pages

Paul Phillips founded WWW Useless Pages or The Unless Pages in 1994.[176] It is perhaps the first site that showcased bad or eccentric websites and helped distribute early minor Internet memes and phenomena. It is now defunct.

WebCrawler

WebCrawler is an early search engine for the Web and the first with full-text searching.[25] It was created by Brian Pinkerton, a doctoral candidate at the University of Washington. It launched in June 1994.[177]

Webmedia

Webmedia is a London-based website design company founded by Steve Bowbrick and Ivan Pope. The domain name webmedia.com was registered on October 27, 1994. The website was launched in November 1994.[178]

Whitehouse.gov

Whitehouse.gov is the official website of the White House. The Clinton administration launched it on October 20, 1994 to the public.

World-Wide Web Worm

The World-Wide Web Worm (WWWW) was one of the first search engines for the World-Wide Web. It was created by Oliver McBryan at the University of Colorado and was announced in March 1994.[179]

Yahoo!

The web portal Yahoo! was started by Jerry Yang and David Filo as Jerry's Guide to the World Wide Web.[180][25] It was a news site as well as a search engine and email provider.[36] It was later renamed Yahoo without the exclamation mark.

Zapatista National Liberation Army (EZLN)

A website was created by Justin Paulson from the University of California at Santa Cruz in 1994 to provide information on the conflict in the Chiapas region between the Mexican government and the Zapatista forces primarily in English[181] but later started posting information in Spanish at www.ezln.org.[182] The Zapatistas usage of the internet made them among the first in the world to use the internet for activism purposes.[183]

See also

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