Chennai: Difference between revisions

Chennai

*Cennaī*
Madras
Chennai Cennaī Madras
Megacity
	Clockwise from top: Chennai Central railway station; Valluvar Kottam; the Marina; Ripon Building; Chennai skyline; Kathipara junction; the Triumph of Labour and Kapaleeswarar Temple
	Nickname(s): Gateway of South India, Detroit of India, Health Capital of India
	Chennai Location in Tamil Nadu Chennai Location in India
	Coordinates: 13°4′57″N 80°16′30″E / 13.08250°N 80.27500°E
Country	India
State	Tamil Nadu
Region	Coromandel
District	Chennai district
Established	1639
Government
• Type	Municipal Corporation
• Body	Greater Chennai Corporation
• Mayor	Priya R.
Area
• Megacity	426 km2 (164 sq mi)
• Metro	5,904 km2 (2,280 sq mi)
Elevation	7 m (23 ft)
Population (2011)
• Megacity	6,748,026
• Rank	6th
• Density	16,000/km2 (41,000/sq mi)
• Metro	8,696,010
• Metro rank	4th
Demonym	Chennaiite
Languages
• Native	Tamil ; English
Time zone	UTC+05:30 (IST)
Pincode(s)	600xxx
Area code	+91-44
Vehicle registration	TN-01 to TN-14, TN-18, TN-22, TN-85
GDP	$128.3 billion
Website	Chennai Corporation
	Population Note: The population as per 2011 census calculated basis pre-expansion city area of 174 sq.km. was 4,646,732. Post expansion of city limits to 426 sq.km., the population including the new city limits was provided by Government of Tamil Nadu was 6,748,026. The 2011 census data for the urban agglomeration is available and has been provided.

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Chennai (/ˈtʃɛnaɪ/ ^ⓘ, Tamil: [ˈt͡ɕenːaɪ̯], IAST: Cennaī), formerly known as Madras,^[b] is the capital city of Tamil Nadu, the southernmost state of India. It is the state's primate city and is located on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal. According to the 2011 Indian census, Chennai is the sixth-most populous city in India and forms the fourth-most populous urban agglomeration Incorporated in 1866, the Greater Chennai Corporation is the oldest municipal corporation of India and the second oldest in the world after London.

Historically, the region was part of the Chola, Pandya, Pallava and Vijayanagara kingdoms during various eras. The coastal land which then contained the fishing village Madrasapattinam, was purchased by the British East India Company from the Nayak ruler Chennapa Nayaka in the 17th century. The British garrison established the Madras city, port and built Fort St. George, the first British fortress in India and made the city as the winter capital of the Madras Presidency, a colonial province of the British Raj in the Indian subcontinent. After India gained its independence in 1947, Madras continued as the capital city of the Madras State and present-day Tamil Nadu. The city was officially renamed as Chennai in 1996.

The city is coterminous with Chennai district, which together with the adjoining suburbs constitutes the Chennai Metropolitan Area,^[c] the 35th-largest urban area in the world by population and one of the largest metropolitan economies of India. Chennai has the fifth-largest urban economy, and had the third-largest expatriate population in India. As a gateway to South India, Chennai is among the most-visited Indian cities ranking 36th among the most-visited cities in the world in 2019. Ranked as a beta-level city in the Global Cities Index, Chennai regularly features among the best cities to live in India and is amongst the safest cities in India.

Chennai is a major center for medical tourism and is termed "India's health capital". Chennai houses a major portion of India's automobile industry and hence the name "Detroit of India". It was the only South Asian city to be ranked among National Geographic's "Top 10 food cities" in 2015 and ranked ninth on Lonely Planet's best cosmopolitan cities of the world. In October 2017, Chennai was added to the UNESCO Creative Cities Network (UCCN) list. It is a major film production center and home to the Tamil-language film industry.

Etymology

The name Chennai was derived from the name of Chennappa Nayaka, a Nayak ruler who served as a general under Venkata Raya of the Vijayanagara Empire from whom the British East India Company acquired the town in 1639.^[11]^[12] As such, the city's name is of Telugu language origin.^[13] The first official use of the name was in August 1939 in a sale deed to Francis Day of the East India Company, before the Chennakesava Perumal Temple was built in 1646 while some scholars argue to the contrary.^[11]^[14]

The name Madras is of native origin, and has been shown to have been in use before the British established a presence in India.^[15] A Vijayanagara-era inscription found in 2015 was dated to the year 1367 and mentions the port of Mādarasanpattanam, along with other small ports on the east coast, and it was theorised that the aforementioned port is the fishing port of Royapuram.^[16] Madras might have been derived from Madraspattinam, a fishing village north of Fort St George but it is uncertain whether the name was in use before the arrival of Europeans.^[17] There are also suggestions that it may have originated from the Portuguese phrase Mãe de Deus or Madre de Dios, which means "mother of God", due to Portuguese influence on the port city, specifically referring to a Church of St. Mary.^[18]

In August 1996, the Government of Tamil Nadu officially changed the name from Madras to Chennai.^[19] The name Madras continues in occasional use for the city as well as for places or things named after the city earlier.^[20]

History

Stone age implements have been found near Pallavaram in Chennai and according to the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), Pallavaram was a megalithic cultural establishment, and pre-historic communities resided in the settlement.^[21] The region around Chennai was an important administrative, military, and economic center for many centuries. During the 1st century CE, Tamil poet named Thiruvalluvar lived in the town of Mylapore, a neighbourhood of present-day Chennai.^[22] The region was part of Tondaimandalam which was ruled by the Early Cholas in 2nd century A.D. by subduing Kurumbas, the original inhabitants of the region.^[23] Pallavas of Kanchi became independent rulers of the region from 3rd to 9th century and the areas of Mahabalipuram and Pallavaram were built during the reign of Mahendravarman I.^[24] In 879, Pallavas were defeated later by the Cholas led by Aditya I and Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan later brought the region under Pandya rule in 1264.^[23] The region came under the influence of Vijayanagara Empire in the 15th century.^[25]^[23]

The Portuguese arrived in 1522 and built a port named São Tomé after the Christian apostle, St. Thomas, who is believed to have preached in the area between 52 and 70 CE. In 1612, the Dutch established themselves near Pulicat, north of Chennai^[18] On 20 August 1639, Francis Day of the British East India Company along with the Nayak of Kalahasti Chennappa Nayaka met with the Vijayanager Emperor Peda Venkata Raya at Chandragiri and obtained a grant for land on the Coromandel coast on which the company could build a factory and warehouse for their trading activities.^[26] On 22 August, he secured the grant for a strip of land about 10 km (6 mi) long and 1.6 km (1 mi) inland in return for a yearly sum of five hundred lakh pagodas.^[27]^[28] The region was then formerly a fishing village known as "Madraspatnam".^[18] A year later, the company built Fort St. George, the first major English settlement in India, which became the nucleus of the growing colonial city and urban Chennai.^[29]^[30]

In 1746, Fort St. George and Madras were captured by the French under General La Bourdonnais, the Governor of Mauritius, who plundered the town and its outlying villages.^[18] The British regained control in 1749 through the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle and strengthened the town's fortress wall to withstand further attacks from the French and Hyder Ali, the king of Mysore.^[31] They resisted a French siege attempt in 1759.^[32] In 1769, the city was threatened by Hyder Ali during the First Anglo-Mysore War with the Treaty of Madras ending the conflict.^[33] By the 18th century, the British had conquered most of the region and established the Madras Presidency with Madras as the capital.^[34]

The city became a major naval base and became the central administrative center for the British in South India.^[35] The city served as the baseline for the Great Trigonometrical Survey of India started on 10 April 1802.^[36] With the advent of railways in India in the 19th century, the city was connected to other cities such as Bombay and Calcutta, promoting increased communication and trade with the hinterland.^[37]

After India gained its independence in 1947, the city became the capital of Madras State, predecssor of the current state of Tamil Nadu.^[38] The city was the location of the hunger strike and death of Potti Sreeramulu which eventually resulted in the re-organization of Indian states based on linguistic boundaries in 1956.^[39]

In 1965, agitations against the imposition of Hindi and in support of continuing English as a medium of communication arose which marked a major shift in the political dynamics of the city and and eventually led to English being retained as an official language of India alongside Hindi.^[40] On 17 July 1996, the city was officially renamed from Madras to Chennai, in line with then a nationwide trend to using less Anglicised names.^[41] On 26 December 2004, a tsunami lashed the shores of Chennai, killing 206 people in Chennai and permanently altering the coastline.^[42]^[43] The 2015 Chennai Floods submerged major portions of the city, killing 269 people and resulting in damages of ₹86.4 billion (US$1 billion).^[44]^[45]

Environment

Geography

Chennai is located on the south–eastern coast of India in the north–eastern part of Tamil Nadu on a flat coastal plain known as the Eastern Coastal Plains with an average elevation of 6.7 m (22 ft) and highest point at 60 m (200 ft).^[46]^[47] Chennai's soil is mostly clay, shale and sandstone.^[48] Clay underlies most of the city with sandy areas found along the river banks and coasts where rainwater runoff percolates quickly through the soil. Certain areas in South Chennai have a hard rock surface.^[49]^[50] As of 2018, the city had a green cover of 14.9 percent, against the World Health Organization recommendation of 9 square metres of green cover per capita in cities with a built-up area of 71 percent. Waterbodies cover an estimated 6 percent of the total area, and at least 8 percent of the area has classified as open space.^[51]

Two major rivers flow through Chennai, the Cooum River (or Koovam) through the center and the Adyar River to the south. The Buckingham Canal, 4 km (2.5 mi) inland, runs parallel to the coast, linking the two rivers. Kosasthalaiyar River traverses through the northern fringes of the city before draining into the Bay of Bengal, at Ennore.^[52] The Otteri Nullah, an east–west stream, runs through north Chennai and meets the Buckingham Canal at Basin Bridge.^[53] The ground water table in Chennai is at 4–5 m below ground on average and is replenished mainly by rain water.^[54] Of the 24.87 km coastline of the city, 3.08 km experiences erosion, with sand accretion along the shoreline can be noticed at the Marina beach and the area between the Ennore Port and Kosasthalaiyar river.^[55]

Geology

Chennai is classified as being in Seismic Zone III, indicating a moderate risk of damage from earthquakes.^[56] Owing to the geotectonic zone the city falls in, the city is considered a potential geothermal energy site. The crust has old granite rocks dating back to nearly a billion years indicating volcanic activities in the past with expected temperatures of 200 to 300 °C at 4 to 5 km depth.^[57]

Climate

Chennai has a dry-summer tropical wet and dry climate which is designated As under the Köppen climate classification.^[58] The city lies on the thermal equator and is also on the coast, which prevents extreme variation in seasonal temperature.^[58] The hottest time of the year is from April to June with an average temperature of 35–40 °C (95–104 °F).^[59] The highest recorded temperature was 45 °C (113 °F) on 31 May 2003.^[60] The coldest time of the year is in December–January, with average temperature of 19–25 °C (66–77 °F) and the lowest recorded temperature of 13.9 °C (57.0 °F) on 11 December 1895 and 29 January 1905.^[61]

Chennai receives majority of rainfall from the NE monsoon between October and December. The average annual rainfall is about 120 cm (47 in).^[62] The highest annual rainfall recorded is 257 cm (101 in) in 2005.^[63] Prevailing winds in Chennai are usually southwesterly between April and October and north-easterly during the rest of the year.^[64] The city relies on the annual monsoon rains to replenish water reservoirs.^[65] Cyclones and depressions are common features during the season.^[66] Water inundation and flooding happen in low lying areas during the season with significant flooding in 2015 and 2023.^[67]

Climate data for Chennai (Nungambakkam; rainfall from Chennai Airport) 1991–2020, extremes 1901–2012
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	34.4 (93.9)	36.7 (98.1)	40.6 (105.1)	42.8 (109.0)	45.0 (113.0)	43.3 (109.9)	41.1 (106.0)	40.0 (104.0)	38.9 (102.0)	39.4 (102.9)	35.4 (95.7)	33.0 (91.4)	45.0 (113.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	29.3 (84.7)	30.9 (87.6)	32.9 (91.2)	34.5 (94.1)	37.1 (98.8)	37.0 (98.6)	35.3 (95.5)	34.7 (94.5)	34.2 (93.6)	32.1 (89.8)	29.9 (85.8)	28.9 (84.0)	33.1 (91.6)
Daily mean °C (°F)	25.4 (77.7)	26.7 (80.1)	28.7 (83.7)	31.0 (87.8)	33.0 (91.4)	32.3 (90.1)	31.0 (87.8)	30.3 (86.5)	29.8 (85.6)	28.5 (83.3)	26.7 (80.1)	25.6 (78.1)	29.1 (84.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	21.2 (70.2)	22.2 (72.0)	24.2 (75.6)	26.6 (79.9)	28.0 (82.4)	27.5 (81.5)	26.4 (79.5)	25.9 (78.6)	25.6 (78.1)	24.6 (76.3)	23.1 (73.6)	21.9 (71.4)	24.8 (76.6)
Record low °C (°F)	13.9 (57.0)	15.0 (59.0)	16.7 (62.1)	20.0 (68.0)	21.1 (70.0)	20.6 (69.1)	21.0 (69.8)	20.5 (68.9)	20.6 (69.1)	16.7 (62.1)	15.0 (59.0)	13.9 (57.0)	13.9 (57.0)
Average rainfall mm (inches)	20.0 (0.79)	4.7 (0.19)	3.4 (0.13)	17.5 (0.69)	49.7 (1.96)	75.4 (2.97)	113.1 (4.45)	141.4 (5.57)	143.9 (5.67)	278.3 (10.96)	377.3 (14.85)	183.7 (7.23)	1,408.4 (55.45)
Average rainy days	1.4	0.6	0.2	1.0	1.8	4.5	6.7	8.8	7.4	10.6	11.5	5.7	60.2
Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST)	67	66	67	70	68	63	65	66	71	76	76	71	69
Mean monthly sunshine hours	232.5	240.1	291.4	294.0	300.7	234.0	142.6	189.1	195.0	257.3	261.0	210.8	2,848.5
Mean daily sunshine hours	7.5	8.5	9.4	9.8	9.7	7.8	4.6	6.1	6.5	8.3	8.7	6.8	7.8
Average ultraviolet index	7	7	7	8	8	8	8	7	7	6	7	7	7
Source 1: India Meteorological Department^[68]^[69]^[70]^[71]
Source 2: Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1991–2020)^[72] </ref>

Flora and fauna

Greater flamingos wintering at Mudaliarkuppam

A protected estuary on the Adyar forms a natural habitat for several species of birds and animals.^[73] Chennai is also a popular city for birding with more than 130 recorded species of birds have been recorded in the city.^[74] Marshy wetlands such as Pallikaranai and lakes also host a number of migratory birds during the monsoon and winter.^[75] The southern stretch of Chennai's coast from Tiruvanmiyur to Neelangarai are favored by the endangered olive ridley sea turtles to lay eggs every winter.^[76] Guindy National Park is a protected area within the city limits and wildlife conservation and research activities take place at Arignar Anna Zoological Park.^[77] Madras Crocodile Bank Trust is a herpetology research station, located 40 km (25 mi) south of Chennai.^[78] The city's tree cover is estimated to be around 64.06 square kilometres (24.73 sq mi) with 121 species belonging to 94 genera and 42 families and copper pod, Indian beech and Neem being the major species.^[79] Chennai with a coastline and its water bodies houses a number of fresh water, salt water fishes and marine organisms.^[80]^[81]

Environmental issues

Chitlapakkam Lake in the southern part of the city

Chennai had many lakes spread across the city but urbanization has led to the shrinkage of water bodies and wetlands.^[82]^[83] The number of wetlands in the city has decreased from 650 in 1970 to 27 in 2015.^[84] Nearly half of the native plant species in the city's wetlands have disappeared with only 25 percent of the erstwhile area covered with aquatic plants still viable.^[85] Adyar and Cooum rivers are heavily polluted with effluents and waste from domestic and commercial sources.^[86]^[87] The encroachment of urban development on wetlands has hampered the sustainability of water bodies and was a contributor to the floods in 2015 and 2023 and water scarcity crisis in 2019.^[88]^[89]

The Chennai River Restoration trust set up by the government of Tamil Nadu is working on the restoration of Adyar River.^[90] Environmentalist Foundation of India is a volunteering group working towards wildlife conservation and habitat restoration.^[91]^[92]

Demographics

Population

Historical population
Year	Pop.	±%
1639	7,000	—
1646	19,000	+171.4%
1670	40,000	+110.5%
1681	200,000	+400.0%
1685	300,000	+50.0%
1691	400,000	+33.3%
1715	100,000	−75.0%
1726	100,000	+0.0%
1733	100,000	+0.0%
1791	300,000	+200.0%
1871	367,552	+22.5%
1881	405,848	+10.4%
1891	452,518	+11.5%
1901	509,346	+12.6%
1911	518,660	+1.8%
1921	526,911	+1.6%
1931	647,232	+22.8%
1941	777,481	+20.1%
1951	1,416,056	+82.1%
1961	1,729,141	+22.1%
1971	2,469,449	+42.8%
1981	3,266,034	+32.3%
1991	3,841,396	+17.6%
2001	4,343,645	+13.1%
2011	6,748,026	+55.4%
Source: 1639–1791:^[93] 1871–1901:^[94] 1871–1931:^[95] 1931–1951:^[96] 1951–1961:^[97] 1991–2001:^[98] 2001:^[99] 2011:^[9]

A resident of Chennai is called a Chennaite'.^[100]^[101] According to 2011 census, the city had a population of 4,646,732, within an area of 174 square kilometres (67 sq mi).^[102] The city had 11 lakh households, with 51% of them living in rented houses.^[103] Post expansion of the city to 426 sq.km., the population including the new city limits as per the 2011 census was 6,748,026 with Chennai Municipal Corporation being renamed as Greater Chennai Corporation.^[9]^[4]^[104] As of 2019^[update], 712,000 (40%) of the 1.788 million families in the city live below poverty line.^[105]

Housing

In a 2013 survey titled 'Emerging trends in real estate in Asia Pacific 2014', Chennai emerged in the top 25 real estate destinations list in the Asia Pacific region. The city ranked 22nd in the list.^[106] There are about 1,240 slums in Chennai home to about 900,000 people.^[107]

Per 2011 census, there are 1.1 million households in the city and the residential housing stock available is 1,150,000 – a surplus of about 50,000 houses. About 43,700 of them are kept vacant. In the suburbs of Chennai located in Tiruvallur and Kancheepuram districts, the figures of vacant houses 56,000 and 71,000, respectively. Of the existing housing stock in the city, about 200,000 houses are not in good condition, necessitating either to rebuild or build new units. About 26,000 households live in houses without any room and another 427,000 families (with an average size of five members) live in small dwelling units with only one room. An earlier estimate shows that there is a need to generate about 420,000 units for low-income groups by 2016.^[108]

As of 2012^[update], an estimated population of 11,116 (0.16 percent) were homeless. Per Supreme Court guidelines, the city needs 65 shelters for the homeless. However, it has only 15, of which eight are functioning and two are under renovation.^[109]

As of 2017, there are more than 2.2 million households, with 40 percent of the residents not owning a house.^[110]

Chennai is broadly divided into four regions: North, Central, South, and West. North Chennai is primarily an industrial area, with a higher population density and narrower roads. South and West Chennai, previously mostly residential, are rapidly becoming commercial, home to a growing number of information technology firms, financial companies and call centres. The city is expanding quickly along the Old Mahabalipuram Road and the Grand Southern Trunk Road (GST Road) in the south and towards Ambattur, Koyambedu and Sriperumbdur in the west.^[111] Central Chennai comprises residential elements, but is primarily home to the downtown area, and surrounding areas, the most visited by travellers to the city.^[112]

Administration and politics

Administration

Chennai city is governed by the Greater Chennai Corporation (formerly "Corporation of Madras"), which was established in 1688.^[113] It is the oldest surviving municipal corporation in India and the second oldest surviving corporation in the world.^[114] In 2011, the jurisdiction of the Chennai Corporation was expanded from 174 km² (67 sq mi) to an area of 426 km² (164 sq mi), dividing into three regions North, South and Central covering 200 wards.^[115]^[116] The corporation is headed by a mayor, elected by the councillors who are elected through a popular vote by the residents.^[117]^[118]

The Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority (CMDA) is the nodal agency responsible for planning and development of Chennai Metropolitan Area, which is spread over an area of 1,189 km² (459 sq mi), covering the Chennai district and parts of Tiruvallur, Kanchipuram and Chengalpattu districts.^[119] The metropolitan area consists of four municipal corporations, 12 municipalities and other smaller panchayats.^[5]^[120]

Chennai, as the capital of the state of Tamil Nadu, houses the state executive and legislative headquarters primarily in the secretariat buildings in Fort St George. Madras High Court is the highest judicial authority in the state, whose jurisdiction extends across Tamil Nadu and Puducherry.^[121] Chennai has three parliamentary constituencies (Chennai North, Chennai Central and Chennai South) and elects 24 MLAs to the state legislature.^[122]

Law and order

The Greater Chennai Police is the major law enforcement agency in the city and is headed by a commissioner of police.^[123] The Greater Chennai Police is a division of the Tamil Nadu Police, and the administrative control lies with the Home ministry of Government of Tamil Nadu.^[124]^[125] Chennai City Traffic Police, Avadi Traffic Police and Tambaram Traffic Police is responsible for the traffic management in the city. The metropolitan suburbs are policed by the Chennai Metropolitan Police, headed by the Chennai Police Commissionerate, and the outer district areas of the CMDA are policed by respective police departments of Tiruvallur, Kanchipuram, Chengalpattu and Ranipet districts.^[126]

As of 2021^[update], Greater Chennai had 135 police stations across four zones with 20,000 police personnel.^[127]^[128] As of 2021^[update], the crime rate in the city was 101.2 per hundred thousand people.^[129] In 2009, Madras Central Prison, the major prison and one of the oldest in India was demolished with the prisoners moved to the newly constructed Puzhal Central Prison.^[130]

Politics

Being the capital of the Madras Province that covered a large area of the Deccan region, Chennai remained the center of politics during the British colonial era. Chennai is the birthplace of the idea of the Indian National Congress, which was founded by the members of the Theosophical Society movement basis the idea conceived in a private meeting after a Theosophical convention held in the city in December 1884.^[131]^[132] The city has hosted yearly conferences of the Congress seven times, playing a major part in the Indian independence movement.^[133] Chennai is also the birthplace of regional political parties such as the South Indian Welfare Association in 1916 which later became the Justice Party and Dravidar Kazhagam.^[134]^[135] Politics is characterized by a mix of regional and national political parties.^[136] During the 1920s and 1930s, the Self-Respect Movement, spearheaded by Theagaroya Chetty and E. V. Ramaswamy emerged in Madras.^[137]

Congress dominated the political scene post Independence in the 1950s and 1960s under C. Rajagopalachari and later K. Kamaraj.^[138] The Anti-Hindi agitations led to the rise of Dravidian parties with Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) forming the first government under C. N. Annadurai in 1967. In 1972, a split in the DMK resulted in the formation of the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) led by M. G. Ramachandran. The two Dravidian parties continue to dominate the electoral politics, the national parties usually aligning as junior partners to the two major Dravidian parties.^[139]^[140] Many film personalities became politicians and later chief ministers including C. N. Annadurai, M. Karunanidhi, M. G. Ramachandran, Janaki Ramachandran and Jayalalithaa.^[141]

The Chennai metropolitan area is spread across five parliamentary and 28 assembly constituencies.^[142]

Culture

Languages

Tamil is the major language spoken by the Chennai's population with English spoken largely by white-collar workers.^[143]^[144] As per the 2011 census, the number of speakers mother tongue wise are as follows, Tamil is the most spoken language with 3,640,389 (78.3%) of speakers followed by Telugu (432,295), Urdu (198,505), Hindi (159,474) and Malayalam (104,994).^[145] As of 2001^[update], out of the 2,937,000 migrants in the city, 61.5% were from other parts of the state, 33.8% were from rest of India and 3.7% were from outside the country.^[146] Korean,^[147] Japanese,^[148] French,^[149] Mandarin Chinese,^[150] German^[151] and Spanish are spoken by foreign expatriates residing in the city.^[149]

Religion and ethnicity

Religions in Chennai City (2011)^[152]
Religion			Percent
Hinduism			80.73%
Islam			9.45%
Christianity			7.72%
Others			2.10%

Chennai is home to a diverse population of ethno-religious communities.^[153] As per census of 2011, Chennai's population was majority Hindu (80.73%) with 9.45% Muslim, 7.72% Christian, 1.27% others and 0.83% with no religion or not indicating any religious preference.^[152] Tamils form majority of the population with minorities including Telugus, Marwaris, Gujaratis, Parsis,^[154] Sindhis,^[155] Odias,^[156] Goans,^[157] Kannadigas,^[158] Anglo-Indians,^[159] Bengalis,^[160] Punjabi,^[161] and Malayalees.

Architecture

Parthasarathy Temple is one of the oldest buildings in the city

With the history of city dating back to centuries, the architecture of Chennai ranges in a wide chronology. The oldest buildings in the city date from the 6th to 8th centuries CE, which include the Kapaleeshwarar Temple in Mylapore and the Parthasarathy Temple in Triplicane, built in the Dravidian architecture encompassing various styles developed during the reigns of different empires.^[162] The associated Agraharam architecture, which consists of traditional row houses can still be seen in the areas surrounding the temples.^[163] The heritage temples at Mamallapuram at the outskirts of the city were built by the Pallavas in the same period.^[164] Chennai has the second highest number of heritage buildings in the country.^[165]

With the Mugals influence in medieval times and the British later, the city saw a rise in a blend of Hindu, Islamic and Gothic revival styles, resulting in the distinct Indo-Saracenic architecture.^[166] The architecture for several institutions followed the Indo-Saracenic style with the Chepauk Palace designed by Paul Benfield amongst the first Indo-Saracenic buildings in India.^[167] Other buildings in the city from the era designed in this style of architecture include Fort St. George (1640) Madras High Court (1892), Southern Railway headquarters, Ripon Building, Government Museum, Senate House of the University of Madras, Amir Mahal, Bharat Insurance Building, Victoria Public Hall and the College of Engineering.^[168]

Gothic revival style buildings include the Chennai Central and Chennai Egmore railway stations. The Santhome Church, which was originally built by the Portuguese in 1523 and is believed to house the remains of the apostle St. Thomas, was rebuilt in 1893 in neo-Gothic style.^[169] By the early 20th century, the art deco made its entry upon the city's urban landscape with buildings in George Town including the United India building (presently housing LIC and the Burma Shell building (presently the Chennai House), both built in the 1930s, and the Dare House, built in 1940 examples of this architecture.^[170] After Independence, the city witnessed a rise in the Modernism and the completion of the LIC Building in 1959, the tallest building in the country at that time marked the transition from lime-and-brick construction to concrete columns.^[171]

The presence of the weather radar at the Chennai Port prohibited the construction of buildings taller than 60 m around a radius of 10 km till 2009.^[172]^[171] This resulted in the central business district expanding horizontally, unlike other metropolitan cities while the peripheral regions began experiencing vertical growth with the construction of taller buildings with the tallest building at 161 metres (528 ft).^[173]

Arts

Chennai is a major centre for music, art and dance in India.^[174] Madras Music Season, initiated by Madras Music Academy in 1927, is celebrated every year during the month of December and features performances of traditional Carnatic music by artists from the city.^[175] Madras University introduced a course of music, as part of the Bachelor of Arts curriculum in 1930.^[176] Gaana, a combination of various folk musics is sung mainly in the working-class area of North Chennai.^[177] Chennai Sangamam, an art festival showcasing various arts of South India is held every year.^[178] Chennai has been featured in UNESCO Creative Cities Network (UCCN) list since October 2017 for its old musical tradition.^[179]

The city has a diverse theater scene and is one of the important centres for Bharata Natyam, a classical dance form that originated in Tamil Nadu and is the oldest dance of India.^[180] Cultural centers in the city include Kalakshetra and Government Music college.^[181] Chennai is also home to some choirs, who during the Christmas season stage various carol performances across the city in Tamil and English.^[182]

Chennai is home to many museums, galleries, and other institutions which engage in arts research and are major tourist attractions.^[183] Established in the early 18th century, Government Museum and National Art Gallery are amongst the oldest in the country.^[184] The museum inside the premises of Fort St. George maintains a collection of objects of the British era.^[185] The museum is managed by the Archaeological Survey of India and has in its possession, the first Flag of India hoisted at Fort St George after the declaration of India's Independence on 15 August 1947.^[186]

Chennai is the base for Tamil cinema, nicknamed as Kollywood, alluding to the neighbourhood of Kodambakkam where a number of film studios are located..^[187]^[188] Chennai hosts major film studios, including AVM Productions, the oldest surviving studio in India.^[189]

Cuisine

Chennai cuisine is predominantly south Indian with rice as its base. Most local restaurants still retain their rural flavor, with many restaurants serving food over a banana leaf.^[190] Eating on a banana leaf is an old custom and imparts a unique flavor to the food and is considered healthy.^[191] Idly and dosa are popular breakfast dishes.^[192]^[193] Chennai has an active street food culture and various cuisine options for dining including North Indian, Chinese and continental.^[194]^[195]

Economy

Recent estimates of the economy of the entire Chennai Metropolitan Area range from $78.6 to $86 billion (PPP GDP), ranking it from fourth- to sixth-most productive metro area of India.^[196] Chennai has a broad industrial base in the automobile, computer, technology, hardware manufacturing and healthcare sectors. As of 2012^[update], the city is India's second-largest exporter of information technology (IT) and business process outsourcing (BPO) services.^[197]^[198] A major part of India's automobile industry is located in and around the city thus earning it the nickname "Detroit of India".^[2]^[199]^[200]^[201]^[202] Known as the "Gateway of South India",^[203]^[204]^[205]^[1] Chennai is the third-most visited city in India by international tourists according to Euromonitor.^[206] The city is also called the Cultural Capital of South India.^[207] The city was home to the Madras Stock Exchange, India's fourth stock exchange, one of four permanently recognised by SEBI, and India's third-largest by trading volume, ranked behind the Bombay Stock Exchange and the National Stock Exchange of India.^[208]^[209]^[210]

Industrialisation in the city dates back to the 16th century, when textile mills manufactured goods which were exported to British during its war with France. According to Forbes magazine, Chennai is one of the fastest-growing cities in the world and is ranked among the "Forbes-Top 10 Fastest Growing Cities in the World".^[211] It is ranked 4th in hosting the maximum number of Fortune 500 companies of India, next only to Mumbai, Delhi and Kolkata. It also is home to 24 Indian companies having a net worth of more than US$1 billion. As of 2012^[update], the city has about 34,260 identified companies in its 15 zones, of which 5,196 companies have a paid-up the capital of over ₹ 50 lakh.^[212]

Chennai has a diversified economic base anchored by the automobile, software services, hardware manufacturing, health care and financial services industries.^[197] According to the Confederation of Indian Industry, Chennai is estimated to grow to a US$100 billion economy, 2.5 times its present size, by 2025.^[213] As of 2012^[update], with ₹ 1 lakh crore investment in the pipeline over 5 years, the city is poised for major industrial investment.^[214] Chennai is classified as a global city by GaWC, with a ranking of Beta^[215] based on the extent of global reach and financial influence.^[216] It is estimated that about 400 financial industry businesses are headquartered in the city,^[217] half of which are located in the areas of Mylapore, R. A. Puram, Nungambakkam and T. Nagar.^[218]

The city is base to around 40 percent of India's automobile industry and 45 percent of auto components industry.^[219] A large number of automotive companies including Royal enfield, Hyundai, Renault, Robert Bosch, Nissan Motors, Ashok Leyland, Yamaha Motor, Daimler AG, Caterpillar Inc., Komatsu Limited, BharatBenz, Ford, BMW, Citroën and Mitsubishi have manufacturing plants in Chennai.^[220] The Heavy Vehicles Factory at Avadi produces military vehicles, including India's main battle tank: Arjun MBT.^[221] The Integral Coach Factory manufactures railway coaches and other rolling stock for Indian Railways.^[222] The Ambattur–Padi industrial zone houses many textile manufacturers, and a special economic zone (SEZ) for apparel and footwear manufacturing has been set up in the southern suburbs of the city.^[223] Chennai contributes more than 50 percent of India's leather exports.^[224]

Many software and software services companies have development centres in Chennai, which contributed 14 percent of India's total software exports of ₹ 14,42,140 lakh during 2006–07, making it the second largest Indian city software exporter following Bangalore.^[197] The Tidel Park in Chennai was billed as Asia's largest IT park when it was built.^[225]^[226] Major software companies have their offices set up here, with some of them making Chennai their largest base.^[198]

Prominent financial institutions, including the World Bank, Standard Chartered Bank, ABN AMRO, Bank of America, The Royal Bank of Scotland, Goldman Sachs, Barclays, HSBC, ING Group, Allianz, Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation, The Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ, Abu Dhabi Commercial Bank, Asian Development Bank, Credit Suisse, BNP Paribas Fortis, Irevna, Deutsche Bank and Citibank have back office and development centre operations in the city.^[227] Chennai is home to the national level commercial banks Indian Bank^[228] and Indian Overseas Bank^[229]^[230] and many state level co–operative banks, finance and insurance companies. Telecom and Electronics manufacturers based in and around Chennai include Samsung, Nokia Siemens, Motorola, Lenovo, Dell, Force10, Wipro, Flextronics and Siemens among others. Chennai is currently the largest electronics hardware exporter in India, accounting for 45% of the total exports in 2010–11.^[231] Telecom giants Ericsson and Alcatel-Lucent, pharmaceuticals giant Pfizer and chemicals giant Dow Chemicals have research and development facilities in Chennai. The TICEL bio–tech park at Taramani^[232] and Golden Jubilee bio–tech park at Siruseri^[233] houses biotechnology companies and laboratories. The World Trade Center complex is located at Perungudi on the southern side of the city.^[234] According to Jones Lang LaSalle, demand for investment-grade buildings in Chennai is high from IT companies. The average annual gross demand in Chennai is 4.5 million square feet.^[234]

A study conducted by the National Housing Bank on the residential price index of Indian cities showed that Chennai experienced the highest growth after the financial crisis of 2007–2008.^[235] Medical tourism is an important part of Chennai's economy with 45 percent of total medical tourists to India making to Chennai.^[236] The Tamil film industry^[237] and the Tamil television industry are also significant parts of Chennai's economy. The city also has a permanent exhibition complex in Nandambakkam called the Chennai Trade Centre.^[238] It hosted the Tamil Nadu Global Investors Meet in 2019 which was a business summit organised by the Government of Tamil Nadu.^[239] With 385 ultra-rich living in the city as of 2013, Chennai is positioned in the sixth place among Indian cities that are home to the country's super-rich.^[240] The city is the third largest market in India for luxury cars.^[241]

Banking and finance

The Reserve Bank of India ranked Chennai as third-largest deposit centre and third-largest credit centre nationwide as of June 2012.^{[citation needed]} Prior to the advent of modern commercial banks, the banking services in the city were offered to the public by Nattukottai Chettiars or Nagarathars, chiefly in and around the neighbourhood of George Town, who offered loans as well as accepted money deposits from the public, in addition to offering loans to the agricultural labourers. Even today, many of the banking offices are housed in heritage structures belonging to the colonial era that are chiefly clustered around Rajaji Road in George Town.^[242] Chennai is home to the first European-style banking system in India with the establishment of the 'Madras Bank' on 21 June 1683, almost a century before the establishment of the first commercial banks, such as the Bank of Hindustan and the General Bank of India, which were established in 1770 and 1786, respectively.^[243] Upon the recommendation of the British Finance Committee on the formation of a government bank, the Madras Bank, then known as the 'Government Bank', started functioning again from 1806. In 1843, the bank merged with the Carnatic Bank (1788), the British Bank of Madras (1795) and the Asiatic Bank (1804) and became the Bank of Madras, which was one of the three Presidency banks of India, the other two being the Bank of Bengal and the Bank of Bombay. In 1921, the three Presidency banks merged to form the Imperial Bank of India, which later became the State Bank of India in 1955.^[244]

Chennai is the headquarters of the Indian Bank, the Indian Overseas Bank and the erstwhile Bharat Overseas Bank, which merged with the Indian Overseas Bank in 2007.^[245] The city is home to the south zonal office of the Reserve Bank of India, the country's central bank, along with its zonal training centre and Reserve Bank Staff College, one of the two colleges of the bank.^[246] The city also houses the permanent back office of the World Bank, which is one of the largest buildings owned by the bank outside its headquarters in Washington, DC.^[247] The Chennai office handles corporate financial, accounting, administrative and IT services of the bank, in addition to several value-added operations of the bank that were earlier handled only in its Washington, DC office, including the bank's analytical work in bond valuation which is estimated to be US$100 billion.^[248] Several foreign banks have established their branches in the city. The first Sri Lankan Bank in India was established when the Bank of Ceylon opened its branch in Madras on 31 October 1995.^[249]

Infrastructure

Utility services

The city's water supply and sewage treatment are managed by the Chennai MetroWater Supply and Sewage Board. Water is drawn from Red Hills Lake and Chembarambakkam Lake, the major water reservoirs in the city and treated at water treatment plants located at Kilpauk, Puzhal, Chembarambakkam and supplied to the city through 27 water distribution stations.^[250]^[251] The city receives 530 million liters per day (mld) of water from Krishna River through Telugu Ganga project and 180 mld of water from the Veeranam lake project.^[252]^[253] 100 million liters of treated water per day is produced from the Minjur desalination plant, the country's largest sea water desalination plant^[254]^[255] Chennai is predicted to face a deficit of 713 mld of water by 2026 as the demand is projected at 2,248 mld and supply estimated at 1,535 mld.^[256] The city's sewer system was designed in 1910, with some modifications in 1958.^[257]

The Corporation of Chennai undertakes garbage collection and processing with collection in some of the wards contracted to private companies.^[258]^[259] As of 2023^[update], an average of 150 tonnes of garbage disposal is done in two landfill sites at Kodungaiyur and Pallikaranai daily.^[260]^[261] In market and business areas, the conservancy work is done during the night.^[262] Electricity is distributed by the Tamil Nadu Electricity Board.^[263] Fire services are handled by the Tamil Nadu Fire and Rescue Services which operates 33 operating fire stations.^[264]^[265]

As of 2022^[update], there are public toilets in 943 locations, managed by the city corporation.^[266] The corporation also owns 52 community halls across the city.^[267] The region has 568 post offices, of which nearly 460 operate from rented premises.^[268] Transport infrastructure is managed by Chennai Unified Metropolitan Transport Authority which works with the highways department and corporation for planning and construction.^[269]

Communication

Chennai is one of four Indian cities connected to the rest of the world by undersea fibre-optic cables, the other three being Mumbai, Kochi, and Tuticorin. The city is the landing point of major submarine telecommunication cable networks such as SMW₄ (connecting India with Western Europe, Middle East and Southeast Asia), i2i (connecting India with Singapore), TIC (connecting India with Singapore), BBG (connecting India with the Sultanate of Oman, Malaysia, the UAE, and Sri Lanka), Gulf Bridge International, and BRICS (connecting India with Brazil, Russia, China and South Africa). The 3,175-km-long, 8-fiber-paired i2i has the world's largest design capacity of 8.4 terabits per second.^[270]^[271]^[272]^[273] Work to lay a 2,300-km undersea optical submarine cable connecting Andaman and Nicobar Islands to mainland India through Chennai, carrying 100 Gbit/s optical waves, is slated to begin in December 2019 and completed by March 2020. It will connect Port Blair and the islands of Havelock, Little Andaman (Hutbay), Car Nicobar, Kamorta, Great Nicobar, Long Island and Rangat with Indian mainland.^[274]

As of 2013^[update], eight mobile phone service companies operate seven GSM networks including Airtel, Aircel, BSNL, Vodafone, Tata Docomo GSM, Idea, Reliance GSM and three CDMA networks including MTS, Reliance CDMA, Tata Docomo CDMA in the city. 2G Mobile internet connections are provided by all the operators, and 3G and 4G mobile broadband are provided by few operators in the city. There are four land line companies^[275]^[276] providing commercial and domestic broadband Internet services. Chennai was the first Indian city to deploy Wi-Fi internet access in a widespread manner.^[277] As of 2010^[update], there were 9.8 million mobile phone users in Chennai.^[278] In 2010, Chennai had the fourth highest number of active Internet users in India, with 2.2 million users.^[279] As of 2018, the city topped in broadband speed among Indian cities, with a recorded download speed of 32.67 Mbit/s.^[280]

Power

Major power plants in the city include North Chennai Thermal Power Station, GMR Vasavi Diesel Power Plant, Ennore Thermal Power Station, Basin Bridge Gas Turbine Power Station, Madras Atomic Power Station and Vallur Thermal Power Project. According to the Tamil Nadu Generation and Distribution Corporation Limited (TANGEDCO), as of 2013^[update], the city consumes about 20 percent of the electricity in the state of Tamil Nadu. The peak evening demand of the city is 1,500 MW which is about 50 percent of the state's peak evening demand of 3,000 megawatt. This includes 37 percent consumption by the industrial sector, 30 percent by the domestic sector, 18 percent by the agricultural sector, and 11.5 percent by the commercial sector. The peak power consumption is for four months between May and August, with the city consuming the highest during June because it is when the summer peaks. On 20 June 2013, the city consumed the highest of 52,785 MU.^[281]

As of 2014^[update], the city consumes around 3.83 crore units of power a day or 1,400 crore units annually. Hourly consumption of power in the city is about 2,000 to 3,000 MW.^[282] Availability of power in the city has become a concern in recent years due to increasing demand and slow-paced addition of power plants, due to which scheduled power cuts have become increasingly common. However, this situation was eradicated by the end of 2014.^[283]^[284] As of 2016^[update], the total electricity consumption by the street lamps in the city is 27 MW, costing about ₹ 60,000,000 per month.^[285] The 426 sq km of the city has over 248,000 streetlights, including 88,000 in the newly expanded areas.^[286]

Health care

Chennai is known for its advanced medical facilities, including both government-run and private hospitals. The government-aided hospitals include General Hospital, Adyar Cancer Institute, TB Sanatorium, and National Institute of Siddha. The National Institute of Siddha is one of the seven apex national-level educational institutions that promote excellence in Indian system of medicine and Ayurveda.^[287] Major hospitals in Chennai include Apollo Hospitals, Apollo Speciality Hospital, SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Chettinad Health City, MIOT Hospitals, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Fortis Malar Hospital, Lifeline Hospitals, Vasan Healthcare, Dr Mehta Hospitals, Global Hospitals & Health City, Sankara Nethralaya and Vijaya Medical & Educational Trust.^[288] Chennai attracts about 45 percent of health tourists from abroad and 30 percent to 40 percent of domestic health tourists. The city has been termed India's health capital.^[289]^[3]^[290]

The city has more than 12,500 beds in its hospitals,^[291] including about 5,000 in multi-specialty hospitals in the private sector and over 6,000 beds in the public sector.^[292] This works to 2.1 beds per 1,000 population against the national average of less than one bed per 1,000 population and the World Health Organization's norms of three beds per 1,000 persons, higher than any other city in the country.

Waste management

The city generates 4,500 tonnes of garbage every day of which 429 tonnes are plastic waste.^[293] The city has three dumpyards, one each at Perungudi, Kodungaiyur, and Pallikaranai. The corporation has planned to close these yards and create four new dumpyards at Malaipattu, Minjur, Vallur and Kuthambakkam villages, ranging in size from 20 acres (8 ha) to 100 acres (40 ha).^[294]^[295] The civic body also spends ₹ 400 crore a year on solid-waste management.^[296]

Media

Newspaper publishing started in Chennai with the launch of a weekly, The Madras Courier, in 1785.^[297] It was followed by the weeklies The Madras Gazette and The Government Gazette in 1795. The Spectator, founded in 1836, was the first English newspaper in Chennai to be owned by an Indian and became the city's first daily newspaper in 1853.^[298] The first Tamil newspaper, Swadesamitran, was launched in 1899.^[297] First Telugu journal printed from Madras was Satya Doota in 1835 and Andhra Patrika found in 1908 was the most successful Telugu newspaper from Madras.^[299]^[300]

The major English dailies published in Chennai are The Hindu, The New Indian Express, The Deccan Chronicle and The Times of India and many more. The evening dailies are, The Trinity Mirror and News Today. As of 2004^[update], The Hindu was the city's most read English newspaper, with a daily circulation of 267,349.^[301] The major business dailies published from the city are The Economic Times, The Hindu Business Line, Business Standard, Mint and The Financial Express. The major Tamil dailies include the Dina Thanthi, Dinakaran, Dina Mani, Dina Malar, The Hindu Tamil,^[302] Tamil Murasu, Makkal Kural and Malai Malar. Malayala Manorama and Mathrubhumi are the major Malayalam dailies while major Telugu dailies include Eenadu, Vaartha, Andhra Jyothi and Sakshi.^[303] The one and only Hindi Newspaper published from Chennai is the Rajasthan Patrika.^[304] The Local weekly Newspapers circulated to residents are T. Nagar Times, Nanganallur Talk, Pillar Times, Arcot Road Talk, Chrompet Times.^[305] Chennai's First Corporate Leisure Newspaper, The Shopping Express.^[306] Magazines published from Chennai include Ananda Vikatan, Kumudam, Kalki, Kungumam, Puthiya Thalaimurai, Thuglak, Frontline and Sportstar

Doordarshan runs two terrestrial television channels and two satellite television channels from its Chennai centre, which was set up in 1974. Private Tamil satellite television networks such as Sun TV, Raj TV, Zee Tamizh, Star Vijay, Jaya TV, Makkal TV, Vasanth TV, Kalaignar TV, Captain TV and PuthiyaThalaimurai TV broadcast out of Chennai. The Sun Network one of India's largest broadcasting companies is based in the city. While the cable TV service is entirely controlled by the state government,^[307] direct–to–home (DTH) is available via DD Direct Plus, Dish TV, Tata Sky, Videocon DTH, Sun direct DTH, Reliance Big TV and Digital TV.^[308]^[309] Chennai is the first city in India to have implemented the Conditional Access System for cable television.^[310] Radio broadcasting began in 1924 by the Madras Presidency Radio Club.^[311] The radio station at the Rippon Buildings complex was founded in 1930 and was then shifted to All India Radio in 1938.^[297] The city has four AM and 11 FM radio stations operated by All India Radio, Anna University and Suryan FM, Radio Mirchi, BIG FM, Hello FM, Radio City, Radio One among others.^[312]

Transport

Air

The Chennai International Airport is the fourth-busiest in India in terms of passenger traffic behind New Delhi, Mumbai and Bengaluru. It handled about 15.2 million passengers in 2013–2014;^[35]^[313]^[314] in terms of international passengers, Chennai is the third-busiest airport behind Indira Gandhi International Airport, Delhi, and Chatrapati Shivaji International Airport, Mumbai.^[315] Chennai handles 400 flights a day, again placing it fourth among Indian airports. The city is connected to major hubs across Asia, Europe, Middle East and Africa through more than 30 national and international carriers.^[316]

The existing airport is undergoing modernisation and expansion with an addition of 1,069.99 acres (433.01 ha), while a new greenfield airport is to be constructed at an estimated cost of ₹ 2,000 crore in Sriperumbudur on 4,200 acres (17 km²) of land.^[317] The new airport is said to be likely to handle cargo spillover traffic from the existing one.^[318]

Rail

Chennai hosts the headquarters of the Southern Railway. The city has four main railway terminals. Chennai Central, Chennai Egmore, Chennai Beach and Tambaram. Chennai Central station, the city's largest, provides nationwide access,^[319] whereas Chennai Egmore provides access to destinations primarily within Tamil Nadu; however, it also handles a few inter–state trains. A fifth terminal has been proposed to decongest Chennai Central.^[320] The Chennai suburban railway network, one of the oldest in the country, facilitates transportation within the city. It consists of four 5 ft 6 in (1,676 mm) broad gauge sectors terminating at two locations in the city, namely Chennai Central and Chennai Beach. While three sectors are operated on-grade, the fourth sector is primarily an elevated corridor, linking Chennai Beach to Velachery and is connected with the rest of the rail network.

Metro

Chennai Metro is a rapid-transit system serving the city and was partially commenced on 29 June 2015. To improve the city's public transportation system and prepare the city for the future commuting needs, the Chennai Metro was planned and approved by the state cabinet during 2007 for which construction began on 2009.^[321] Phase I of the Chennai Metro network consists of the Blue Line and the Green Line covering a length of 45.1 kilometres (28.0 mi) consisting of 40 stations with Alandur and Chennai Central serving as interchanges. 55% of the corridors in Phase I are underground and the rest are elevated. The first stretch of Phase I, covering seven stations from Koyambedu to Alandur over a distance of 10 km (6.2 mi), began operation on 29 June 2015. As of March 2023, the entire Phase 1 stretching from Chennai Central to Alandur on the Green line and Wimco Nagar to Chennai International Airport on Blue line are operational, bringing the total operational network over 45 km. With this, the entirety of Phase I is operational. In December 2016, the Chennai Metro Rail Limited (CMRL) announced the Phase-2 of Chennai Metro for a length of 104 km consisting of 104 stations, subject to approval from the State and Central governments. The Phase 2 was subsequently approved in late 2018, with certain provisos, and soil testing for various stations, which are now under construction since 2019.^[322] As of April 2019, ridership has risen considerably to around 100,000 daily commuters, post the inaugural of the entire Phase I.^[323] Phase I-A, which is an extension of the Blue line from Washermanpet to Thiruvottiyur was inaugurated in 2021.^[324]

Road

As of 2019, the city corporation maintains about 471 bus route roads and 33,0000 interior roads.^[325] The Chennai–Mumbai and Chennai–Kolkata prongs of the Golden Quadrilateral system of National Highways start from the city.^[326] In addition, four major National Highways (NH), namely, NH 4 to Mumbai (via Bangalore and Pune), NH 5 to Kolkata (linked via NH 6) (via Visakhapatnam and Bhubaneswar), NH 45 to Theni (via Villupuram, Tiruchirapalli and Dindigul) and NH 205 to Madanapalle (via Tirupati) originate in the city, connecting it to other Indian cities. Chennai is connected to other parts of the state and the Union Territory of Puducherry by state highways.^[327]

The government has constructed grade separators and flyovers at major intersections, and built Inner Ring Road and Outer Ring Road.^[328]^[329] The Gemini flyover, built in 1973, crosses over the arterial road, and eases the traffic movements towards Anna Salai and towards the Kathipara Flyover.^[328]^[329] As of 2011^[update], according to the Transport Department, there were 25.8 lakh two–wheelers and 5.6 lakh four–wheelers in the city, and the Metropolitan Transport Corporation (MTC) bus fleet were 3,421, equaling 0.1% of all vehicles in the city.^[330]

Bus transport

When opened, the Chennai Mofussil Bus Terminus (CMBT) was the largest bus station in Asia.^[1]^[331] It is the main intercity bus station of Chennai,^[332] administered by seven government-owned transport corporations, which operate intercity and interstate bus services. There are many private bus companies. The MTC provides an exclusive intracity bus service, consisting of 3,421 buses on 724 routes, which provides transportation to 55.2 lakh passengers daily.^[328]^[333] The Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation operates Volvo air-conditioned services from Chennai to nearby Pondicherry, Vellore, Hosur and Trichy.^[334]

Other modes

The other means of road transport in the city include vans, regionally known as Maxi Cabs, auto rickshaws, on-call metered taxis and tourist taxis.^[335]

The Chennai ORR is 62.3 km long connecting NH 45 (GST Road) at Perungalathur, NH 4 (GWT Road) at Nazarathpet, NH 205 (CTH Road) at Nemilicherry (Thiruninravur), NH 5 (GNT Road) at Nallur and TPP road at Minjur under the process by Chennai Metropolitan Area.

Chennai has currently one expressway–the Chennai Outer Ring Road. In the coming years, the city will get more expressways, which will connect other cities of India, resulting in better connectivity and commute with the rest of the country. They are as follows:

Chennai Port–Maduravoyal Expressway: Under construction since 2013,^[336] to be completed by December 2024.^[337]
Bangalore–Chennai Expressway: Under construction since August 2019,^[338] to be completed by March 2024.^[339]
Chennai–Salem Expressway: Proposed, to be completed by December 2025.^[340]
Surat–Chennai Expressway: Proposed, to be completed by December 2026.^[341]

Sea

The city is served by two major ports, Chennai Port, one of the largest artificial ports in India, and Ennore Port. Chennai Port is the largest in the Bay of Bengal, with an annual cargo tonnage of 61.46 million (2010–2011), and the second-largest container-hub in India, with an annual container volume of 1.523 million TEUs (2010–2011). The port handles transportation of automobiles, motorcycles and general industrial cargo.^[35] The Ennore Port with an annual cargo tonnage of 11.01 million (2010–2011), handles coal, ore and other bulk and rock mineral products.^[342] Royapuram fishing harbour is used by fishing boats and Kattupalli Shipyard near Ennore Port was inaugurated in January 2013.^[343]^[344]

Education

Indian Institute of Technology Madras is a premier engineering institute in India.

Chennai is home to some of the best educational institutions in the country.^[345] The city ranks second among Indian metropolitan city centres with a 90.33 percent literacy rate.^[346] Chennai has a mix of public and private schools, some of which also receive financial support from the government.

The public school system is managed by the Chennai Corporation with an enrollment of 142,387 students in over 330 schools.^[347] Tamil and English are the primary medium of instruction, though some schools also use Telugu and Urdu as medium of instruction in their schools.^[347] Public schools run by the Chennai Corporation are all affiliated with the Tamil Nadu State Board, while private schools may be affiliated with either of the Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education or the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE).^[348] A few schools are affiliated with the Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations,^[349] the National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS) board or the Montessori system. Education in Chennai starts with two years of Kindergarten from age three onward and then follows the Indian 10+2+3 plan, ten years of school, two years of higher secondary education, and three years of undergraduate education.^[350]^[351]

English is the medium of instruction in the majority of institutions for higher education.^[347] The University of Madras, founded in 1857, is one of India's first three modern universities.^[352] Colleges for science, arts, and commerce degrees are typically affiliated with the University of Madras, which has six campuses in the city.^[353] The Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IIT Madras) and the College of Engineering, Guindy, Anna University are two well-known centres for engineering education in the city. The Indian Army's Officers Training Academy is also headquartered in the city.

Chennai has a plethora of libraries, including British Council Library, American Library, Connemara Public Library, and Anna Centenary Library. The Connemara Public Library is one of four National Depository Centres in India that receive a copy of all newspapers and books published in the country.^[354]^[355] The Anna Centenary Library is the largest library in Asia.^[356]^[357]

Chennai has two CSIR research institutions namely Central Leather Research Institute and Structural Engineering Research Centre. Chennai Book Fair, an annual book fair organised in Chennai by the Booksellers and Publishers Association of South India (BAPASI), is the largest exhibition for Tamil book publishers to display their books. The fair is typically held for about 10 days between the last week of December and the third week of January.^[358]

Tourism and recreation

ITC Grand Chola Hotel, Chennai, is the largest hotel in South India.

With temples, beaches and centres of historical and cultural significance, including the UNESCO Heritage Site of Mahabalipuram, Chennai is one of the most-visited cities in India. The city serves as the gateway to the southern part of India with tourists landing in the city and then visiting the rest of the region. Chennai was the most-visited Indian city by foreign tourists in 2009 and issued the third-highest number of visas on arrival in 2014.^[359]^[360] In 2011, Chennai was ranked the 41st most visited city, with 3,174,500 tourists, a 14-percent increase from 2010.^[361] About 830,620 domestic tourists arrived in Chennai in March 2011.^[289] Chennai's leading tourist countries-of-origin are Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Singapore, the United Kingdom, France and the United States. In 2015, the city received 4,243,700 foreign tourists, making it the third-most-visited city in India after Delhi and Mumbai and 43rd-most visited city in the world by foreign tourists.^[206] As of 2012^[update], the city had 21 luxury hotels in the five-star category, with over 4,500 rooms in the inventory.^[362] The collective luxury room inventory across four- and five-star categories as of 2018 is around 7,000.^[363] About 85 percent of the room demand in Chennai comes from business travellers.^[364]

Entertainment

As of 2012^[update], there are 120 cinema screens and multiplexes. Major multiplexes include Sathyam Cinemas, Escape cinemas, Devi and Mayajaal.^[365] Chennai's expansive theatre network stages many Tamil plays of many genres: political satire, slapstick comedy, history, mythology and drama.^[366]^[367]^[368] English plays are popular in the city, along with the more common Tamil-language plays.^[369]

Recreation

Marina Beach

The zoo, beaches and wildlife parks form the primary recreation areas of the city. Chennai has a 19+ km coastline with its corporation limits. The city boasts two popular beaches, the Marina and the Elliot's. The Marina spans 13 km (8.1 mi) between the deltas of Cooum and Adyar, and is the second-longest urban beach in the world.^[370] Elliot's Beach lies south of the Adyar delta. Covelong Beach lies along the Coromandal Coast.^[371] Madras Crocodile Bank Trust is a reptile zoo located 40 km (25 mi) south of the city covering an area of 8.5 acres (3.4 ha) and had over 450,000 visitors in 2007. The center has one of the world's largest collections of reptiles and has bred 14 of the 23 existing species of crocodiles and alligators.^[372] The Arignar Anna Zoological Park, one of the largest zoological parks in the world, annually attracts nearly 2 million visitors.^[373] Guindy National Park, a protected area of Tamil Nadu, has a children's park and a snake park, which gained statutory recognition as a medium zoo from the Central Zoo Authority of India in 1995. Chennai is one of the few cities in the world to accommodate a national park, the Guindy National Park, within its limits.^[374] An estimated 4.5 percent of the city's area is under green cover.^[375] This enables birding. The seven zones of the old corporation limits have about 260 parks, many of which suffer poor maintenance.^[376] The city has a per capita park space of 0.41 sq m, which is the least among all metros in India.^[376] The eight zones in the newly added areas of the city have about 265 locations that have been identified for development of new parks.^[377] The largest park is the 358-acre Tholkappia Poonga, developed to restore the fragile ecosystem of the Adyar estuary.^[378] The horticulture department-owned Semmoli Poonga is a 20-acre downtown botanical garden.^[379]

Chennai houses several theme parks, namely MGM Dizzee World and Queen's Land.^[380]^[381] However, several fatal accidents have occurred in the theme parks.^[382] Wonderla plans to open an amusement park in 2017.^[383] Other important recreation centres include Madras Boat Club, which is over 140 years old, and Gymkhana Club, which is famous for its 18-hole golf courses. Built in 1867, Madras Boat Club is the second-oldest surviving Indian rowing club.^[384]

Shopping

Chennai is home to several malls, due to its status as an IT hub.^[385]^[386]^[387] Major ones include Express Avenue (EA), Citi Centre, Abirami mega mall, Spencer Plaza, Ampa Skywalk, Phoenix Market City and Forum Vijaya Mall.^[388] Chennai is an important gold market in India contributing to 45 percent of the 800-tonne annual national gold uptake.^[389] The city is also the base to the World Gold Council's India operations. The city's retail industry is majorly concentrated in T. Nagar which accounts for major share jewellery and clothes sold in Chennai.^[389] According to the 2012 report by property consultant Cushman & Wakefield, Main Streets Across the World, Khader Nawaz Khan Road at Nungambakkam ranked 10th position in the list of 'Top 10 Global Highest Retail Rental Growth Markets 2012', with 36.7 percent jump in rents.^[390]

Sports

M. A. Chidambaram Stadium, one of the premier cricket venues in India

Cricket is the most popular sport in Chennai and was introduced in 1864 with the foundation of the Madras Cricket Club.^[391] The M.A. Chidambaram Stadium established in 1916 is among the oldest cricket stadiums in India and has hosted matches during multiple ICC Cricket World Cups.^[392] Other cricketing venues include Chemplast Cricket Ground and Guru Nanak College Ground.^[393]^[394] Prominent cricketers from the city include former cricket captains S. Venkataraghavan and Kris Srikkanth.^[395]^[396] Established in 1987, MRF Pace Foundation is a bowling academy based in Chennai.^[397] Chennai is home to the most successful Indian Premier League (IPL) cricket team Chennai Super Kings and hosted the finals during the 2011 and 2012 seasons.^[398]^[399]

Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium is a multi-purpose venue which hosts football and athletics and also houses a multi–purpose indoor complex for volleyball, basketball, kabaddi and table tennis.^[400] Chennai hosted the 1995 South Asian Games.^[401] Football club Chennaiyin FC competes in Indian Super League (ISL), the top tier association football league of India and uses the Nehru Stadium for their home matches.^[402] Mayor Radhakrishnan Stadium is associated with hockey and was venue for the international hockey tournament the 2005 Men's Champions Trophy and the 2007 Men's Asia Cup.^[403] Water sports are played in the Velachery Aquatic Complex.^[404] Chennai was the host of the only ATP World Tour event in India, the Chennai Open held at SDAT Tennis Stadium from 1997 to 2017.^[405] Vijay Amritraj, Mahesh Bhupathi Ramesh Krishnan and Somdev Devvarman were professional tennis players from Chennai.^[406] Chennai is home to Chennai Slam, two-time national champion of India's top professional basketball division, the UBA Pro Basketball League.^[407]

Madras Boat Club (founded in 1846) and Royal Madras Yacht Club (founded in 1911) promote sailing, rowing and canoeing sports in Chennai.^[408] Inaugurated in 1990, Madras Motor Race Track was the first permanent racing circuit in India and hosts formula racing events.^[409] Formula One driver Karun Chandhok was from the city.^[410] Horse racing is held at the Guindy Race Course and the city has two 18-hole golf courses, the Cosmopolitan Club and the Gymkhana Club established in the late nineteenth century.^[411] Chennai is often dubbed "India's chess capital" as the city is home to multiple chess grandmasters including former world champion Viswanathan Anand.^[412]^[413] The city played host to the World Chess Championship 2013 and 44th Chess Olympiad in 2022.^[414]^[415] Other sports persons from Chennai include table tennis player Sharath Kamal and two–time world carrom champion, Maria Irudayam.^[416]^[417]

City based teams

Club	Sport	League	Home Stadium	Founded	Ref
Chennai Super Kings	Cricket	Indian Premier League	M.A. Chidambaram Stadium	2008	^[418]
Chennaiyin FC	Football	Indian Super League	Marina Arena	2013	^[402]
Chennai Slam	Basketball	UBA Pro Basketball League	Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium	2015	^[407]
Chennai Superstarz	Badminton	Premier Badminton League	Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium	2015	^[419]
Chepauk Super Gillies	Cricket	Tamil Nadu Premier League	M.A. Chidambaram Stadium	2016	^[420]
Tamil Thalaivas	Kabaddi	Pro Kabaddi League	Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium	2017	^[421]
Chennai Lions	Table tennis	Ultimate Table Tennis	Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium	2019	^[422]
Chennai Blitz	Volleyball	Prime Volleyball League	Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium	2021	^[423]

International relations

Foreign missions

The consular presence in the city dates back to 1794, when William Abbott was appointed US consular agent for South India.^[424]^[425] As of 2022^[update], there are 60 foreign representations in Chennai including 16 consulates general and 28 honorary consulates.^[426]^[427] American Consulate in Chennai is amongst the top employment-based visa processing centers.^[428] The Foreigners Regional Registration Office (FRRO) is in charge of immigration and registration activities in the city.^[429]

Sister cities

Chennai has sister city relationships with the following cities of the world:

City	Country	State/Region	Since	Ref.
Volgograd	Russia	Volgograd Oblast	1966	^[430]
Denver	United States	Colorado	1984	^[430]
San Antonio	United States	Texas	2008	^[431]
Kuala Lumpur	Malaysia	Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur	2010	^[432]
Chongqing	People's Republic of China	Municipality of Chongqing	2015	^[433]
Ulsan	South Korea	Ulsan Metropolitan City	2016	^[434]

Notes

^ ^a ^b The Chennai Metropolitan Area also includes portions of Kanchipuram, Chengalpattu, Tiruvallur districts adjoining the Chennai District
^ /məˈdrɑːs/ or /-ˈdræs/[10]
^ The term Chennai is often used to denote the Chennai Metropolitan Area, colloquially applied for the wider area than just the city. This area includes the city/district of Chennai, and adjacent parts from its three neighbouring districts. This wider usage of the term has been documented as far back as 1639, when the Madras Municipal Corporation was created

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External links

Official website of Chennai district
Official website of the Corporation of Chennai Archived 2 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine
Template:Curlie
Chennai Encyclopædia Britannica entry

[CMA-4] The Chennai Metropolitan Area also includes portions of Kanchipuram, Chengalpattu, Tiruvallur districts adjoining the Chennai District

[12] /məˈdrɑːs/ ^ⓘ or /-ˈdræs/^[10]

[13] The term Chennai is often used to denote the Chennai Metropolitan Area, colloquially applied for the wider area than just the city. This area includes the city/district of Chennai, and adjacent parts from its three neighbouring districts. This wider usage of the term has been documented as far back as 1639, when the Madras Municipal Corporation was created

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 {{Main|Sport in Chennai}}
 [[File:Ma ChidambaramStadium panaroma.jpg|thumb|200px|[[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]], one of the premier cricket venues in India]]
-[[Cricket]] is the most popular sport in Chennai and was introduced in 1864 with the foundation of the [[Madras Cricket Club]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=India Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wWDnTWrz4O8C|page=618|isbn=978-0-313-37462-3|last1=Kaminsky|first1=Arnold P|last2=Long|first2=Roger D|year=2011| publisher=Abc-Clio }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Geography of India:Sacred and Historic Places|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mjr0X-8jrLAC|page=184|isbn=978-1-61530-142-3|last=Pletcher|first=Kenneth|year=2010| publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group }}</ref> The [[M.A. Chidambaram Stadium]] established in 1916 is among the oldest cricket stadiums in India and has hosted matches during multiple [[ICC Cricket World Cup]]s.<ref>{{Cite news|title=MA Chidambaram stadium|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricket-grounds/ma-chidambaram-stadium-chepauk-chennai-58008|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=28 December 2022}}</ref> Other cricketing venues include [[Chemplast Cricket Ground]] and [[Guru Nanak College Ground]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/ground/58001.html |title=Guru Nanak College Ground|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=10 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricket-grounds/indian-institute-of-technology-chemplast-ground-chennai-58005|title=Chemplast Ground|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=10 April 2022}}</ref> Prominent cricketers from the city include former cricket captains [[Srinivasaraghavan Venkataraghavan|S.&nbsp;Venkataraghavan]] and [[Kris Srikkanth|Kris&nbsp;Srikkanth]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Srinivas Venkataraghavan|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/35656.html|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|last=Ramchand|first=Partab|access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Kris Srikkanth|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/34103.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|last=Ramchand|first=Partab|access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref> Established in 1987, [[MRF Pace Foundation]] is a [[Bowling (cricket)|bowling]] academy based in Chennai.<ref>{{Cite news|title=McGrath takes charge of MRF Pace Foundation|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/glenn-mcgrath-replaces-dennis-lillee-at-mrf-pace-foundation-580431|date=2 September 2012|access-date=16 January 2021|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|language=en}}</ref> Chennai is home to the most successful [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL) cricket team [[Chennai Super Kings]] and hosted the finals during the [[Indian premier league 2011|2011]] and [[2012 Indian Premier League|2012]] seasons.<ref>{{Cite news|title=RCB vs CSK: Chennai Super Kings beat Royal Challengers Bangalore to reach IPL 4 final|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/rcb-vs-csk-chennai-super-kings-beat-royal-challengers-bangalore-to-reach-ipl-4-final/articleshow/8557943.cms|date=24 May 2011|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=28 December 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407185942/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/rcb-vs-csk-chennai-super-kings-beat-royal-challengers-bangalore-to-reach-ipl-4-final/articleshow/8557943.cms|archive-date=7 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Chennai home to IPL final again in 2012|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/chennai-home-to-ipl-final-again-in-2012/articleshow/8641266.cms|date=30 May 2011|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=28 December 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407190123/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/chennai-home-to-ipl-final-again-in-2012/articleshow/8641266.cms|archive-date=7 April 2021}}</ref>
+[[Cricket]] is the most popular sport in Chennai and was introduced in 1864 with the foundation of the [[Madras Cricket Club]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=India Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wWDnTWrz4O8C|page=618|isbn=978-0-313-37462-3|last1=Kaminsky|first1=Arnold P|last2=Long|first2=Roger D|year=2011| publisher=Abc-Clio }}</ref> The [[M.A. Chidambaram Stadium]] established in 1916 is among the oldest cricket stadiums in India and has hosted matches during multiple [[ICC Cricket World Cup]]s.<ref>{{Cite news|title=MA Chidambaram stadium|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricket-grounds/ma-chidambaram-stadium-chepauk-chennai-58008|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=28 December 2022}}</ref> Other cricketing venues include [[Chemplast Cricket Ground]] and [[Guru Nanak College Ground]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/ground/58001.html |title=Guru Nanak College Ground|publisher=[[ESPNCricinfo]]|access-date=10 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricket-grounds/indian-institute-of-technology-chemplast-ground-chennai-58005|title=Chemplast Ground|publisher=[[ESPNCricinfo]]|access-date=10 April 2022}}</ref> Prominent cricketers from the city include former cricket captains [[Srinivasaraghavan Venkataraghavan|S.&nbsp;Venkataraghavan]] and [[Kris Srikkanth|Kris&nbsp;Srikkanth]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Srinivas Venkataraghavan|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/35656.html|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|last=Ramchand|first=Partab|access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Kris Srikkanth|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/34103.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|last=Ramchand|first=Partab|access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref> Established in 1987, [[MRF Pace Foundation]] is a [[Bowling (cricket)|bowling]] academy based in Chennai.<ref>{{Cite news|title=McGrath takes charge of MRF Pace Foundation|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/glenn-mcgrath-replaces-dennis-lillee-at-mrf-pace-foundation-580431|date=2 September 2012|access-date=16 January 2021|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|language=en}}</ref> Chennai is home to the most successful [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL) cricket team [[Chennai Super Kings]] and hosted the finals during the [[Indian premier league 2011|2011]] and [[2012 Indian Premier League|2012]] seasons.<ref>{{Cite news|title=RCB vs CSK: Chennai Super Kings beat Royal Challengers Bangalore to reach IPL 4 final|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/rcb-vs-csk-chennai-super-kings-beat-royal-challengers-bangalore-to-reach-ipl-4-final/articleshow/8557943.cms|date=24 May 2011|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|access-date=28 December 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407185942/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/rcb-vs-csk-chennai-super-kings-beat-royal-challengers-bangalore-to-reach-ipl-4-final/articleshow/8557943.cms|archive-date=7 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Chennai home to IPL final again in 2012|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/chennai-home-to-ipl-final-again-in-2012/articleshow/8641266.cms|date=30 May 2011|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|access-date=28 December 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407190123/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/chennai-home-to-ipl-final-again-in-2012/articleshow/8641266.cms|archive-date=7 April 2021}}</ref>
 [[File:Nehru_Stadium_Chennai.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]] multipurpose stadium]]
+[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]] is a multi-purpose venue which hosts [[Association football|football]] and [[athletics]] and also houses a multi–purpose indoor complex for [[volleyball]], [[basketball]], [[kabaddi]] and [[table tennis]].<ref name="SDAT">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sdat.tn.gov.in/jns.php?token=jns|title=Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Chennai|publisher=SDAT, Government of Tamil Nadu|access-date=4 July 2023}}</ref> Chennai hosted the [[1995 South Asian Games]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=31 May 2016|title=From sleepy Madras to sporting Chennai: How SAF Games helped put city on international athletics map|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/tracking-indian-communities/from-sleepy-madras-to-sporting-chennai-how-saf-games-helped-put-city-on-international-athletics-map/|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|access-date=28 December 2022}}</ref> Football club [[Chennaiyin FC]] competes in [[Indian Super League]] (ISL), the top tier association football league of India and uses the Nehru Stadium for their home matches.<ref name="CFC">{{Cite news|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/141006/sports-football/article/dhoni-becomes-isl-team-chennaiyin-fc-co-owner|title=Dhoni becomes ISL team Chennaiyin FC co-owner|newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=6 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007051743/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/141006/sports-football/article/dhoni-becomes-isl-team-chennaiyin-fc-co-owner|archive-date=7 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Mayor Radhakrishnan Stadium]] is associated with [[Field hockey|hockey]] and was venue for the international hockey tournament the [[2005 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy|2005 Men's Champions Trophy]] and the [[2007 Men's Hockey Asia Cup|2007 Men's Asia Cup]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sdat.tn.gov.in/mrk.php|title=Mayor Radhakrishnan Stadium|publisher=SDAT, Government of Tamil Nadu|access-date=4 July 2023}}</ref> [[Water sports]] are played in the Velachery Aquatic Complex.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sdat.tn.gov.in/aqc.php?token=aqc|title=Velachery Aquatic Complex|publisher=SDAT, Government of Tamil Nadu|access-date=4 July 2023}}</ref> Chennai was the host of the only [[ATP World Tour]] event in India, the [[Chennai Open]] held at [[SDAT Tennis Stadium]] from 1997 to 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sdat.tn.gov.in/ts.php|title=SDAT Tennis Stadium|publisher=SDAT, Government of Tamil Nadu|access-date=4 July 2023}}</ref> [[Vijay Amritraj]], [[Mahesh Bhupathi]] [[Ramesh Krishnan]] and [[Somdev Devvarman]] were professional tennis players from Chennai.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Off-court ace|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/off-court-ace/cid/1538733|last=Basu|first=Arundhati|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=19 March 2005|access-date=28 December 2022}}</ref> Chennai is home to [[Chennai Slam]], two-time national champion of India's top professional basketball division, the [[UBA Pro Basketball League]].<ref name="UBA">{{Cite news|url=http://www.indiansportsnews.com/other-sports/basketball-news/38988-uba-pro-basketball-league-delhi-capitals-chennai-slam-set-up-final-clash|title=UBA Pro Basketball League: Delhi Capitals, Chennai Slam set up final clash|newspaper=Indian Sports News|date=31 March 2016|access-date=5 May 2017}}</ref>
-The city's professional [[Association football|football]] club [[Chennaiyin FC]] competes in [[Indian Super League]] (ISL), the top tier association football league of India associated with [[Asian Football Confederation]] and recognized by [[FIFA]]. The club uses the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]] nicknamed the [[Marina Arena]] as their home ground and are champions of the Indian Super League in 2015 and 2018.
+[[Madras Boat Club]] (founded in 1846) and [[Royal Madras Yacht Club]] (founded in 1911) promote [[sailing]], [[rowing]] and [[canoeing]] sports in Chennai.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Geography of India:Sacred and Historic Places|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mjr0X-8jrLAC|page=184|isbn=978-1-61530-142-3|last=Pletcher|first=Kenneth|year=2010|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group}}</ref> Inaugurated in 1990, [[Madras Motor Race Track]] was the first permanent racing circuit in India and hosts formula racing events.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/madras-motor-race-track-the-ultimate-destination-for-speed/article17907793.ece|title=The view from the fast lane|date=10 April 2017|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> [[Formula One]] driver [[Karun Chandhok]] was from the city.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/racing/Karun-Chandhok-goes-the-Endurance-way/articleshow/11467253.cms|title=Karun Chandhok goes the Endurance way|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|access-date=28 December 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827074126/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/racing/Karun-Chandhok-goes-the-Endurance-way/articleshow/11467253.cms|archive-date=27 August 2013}}</ref> [[Horse racing]] is held at the [[Guindy Race Course]] and the city has two 18-hole golf courses, the [[Cosmopolitan Club (Chennai)|Cosmopolitan Club]] and the [[Gymkhana Club, Chennai|Gymkhana Club]] established in the late nineteenth century.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Survivors of time: Madras Race Club - A canter through centuries|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=21 February 2012|url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/article2916420.ece?homepage=true|access-date=1 May 2012}}</ref> Chennai is often dubbed "India's chess capital" as the city is home to multiple chess [[Grandmaster (chess)|grandmaster]]s including former world champion [[Viswanathan Anand]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espn.com/chess/story/_/id/29276320/back-chennai-viswanathan-anand-looks-forward-home-food-bonding-son|title=Back in Chennai, Viswanathan Anand looks forward to home food and bonding with son|date=6 June 2020|website=[[ESPN]]|first=Susan|last=Ninan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Shanker|first1=V. Prem|last2=Pidaparthy|first2=Umika|title=Chennai: India's chess capital|newspaper=Aljazeera|location=|pages=|language=|publisher=|date=27 November 2013|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2013/11/27/chennai-indias-chess-capital|access-date=27 July 2022}}</ref> The city played host to the [[World Chess Championship 2013]] and [[44th Chess Olympiad]] in 2022.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/chess/chess-olympiad-chennai-july-india-russia-ukraine-war-aicf-fide-sports-news/article38472034.ece|title=Chennai to host first ever Chess Olympiad in India from July 28|date=12 April 2022 |publisher=[[Sportstar]]|access-date=23 July 2022|archive-date=23 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723144224/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/chess/chess-olympiad-chennai-july-india-russia-ukraine-war-aicf-fide-sports-news/article38472034.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Fide offers 2013 World Chess C'ship to Chennai|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/chess/fide-offers-2013-world-chess-cship-to-chennai/articleshow/9567992.cms|first=Hari Hara|last=Nandanan|date=21 August 2011|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|location=Chennai|access-date=28 December 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407190310/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/chess/fide-offers-2013-world-chess-cship-to-chennai/articleshow/9567992.cms|archive-date=7 April 2021}}</ref> Other sports persons from Chennai include table tennis player [[Sharath Kamal]] and two–time world [[carrom]] champion, [[Maria Irudayam]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Srinivasan|first=Meera|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/09/07/stories/2007090760930400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012041902/http://hindu.com/2007/09/07/stories/2007090760930400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 October 2007|title=Four Chennai teachers have a reason to rejoice|date=7 September 2007|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sportal.nic.in/front.asp?maincatid=51&headingid=71|publisher=Government of India|title=Indian Teams in International Competitions|access-date=28 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927012135/http://sportal.nic.in/front.asp?maincatid=51&headingid=71|archive-date=27 September 2007}}</ref>
-Chennai was the venue of the [[1995 South Asian Games]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Thyagarajan|first=S|title=On the road to restoration|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/12/04/stories/2003120400820400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031224054746/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/12/04/stories/2003120400820400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 December 2003|date=4 December 2003|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref> Chennai is home to a [[World Series Hockey]] (WSH) team, the [[Chennai Cheetahs]]. The [[Mayor Radhakrishnan Stadium]] is associated with [[Field hockey|hockey]] and was venue for the international hockey tournament the [[2005 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy|2005 Men's Champions Trophy]] and the [[2007 Men's Hockey Asia Cup|2007 Men's Asia Cup]]. The [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Chennai|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]] is associated for hosting [[association football|Football]] and athletic competitions, it also houses a multi–purpose indoor complex for competition in volleyball, basketball and table tennis. [[Water sports]] are played in the Velachery Aquatic Complex. Tennis sport is popularising among the city youths, Since 1997 Chennai has been host to the only [[ATP World Tour]] event held in India, the [[Chennai Open]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=About the venue|url=http://www.chennaiopen.org|publisher=[[International Management Group]]|access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref> which has been shifted to [[Pune]] as [[Maharashtra Open]] from 2017. [[Vijay Amritraj]], [[Mahesh Bhupathi]] [[Ramesh Krishnan]] and [[Somdev Devvarman]] are tennis players from Chennai.<ref name="amirtharajs">{{Cite news|title=Off-court ace|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1050319/asp/weekend/story_4513588.asp|last=Basu|first=Arundhati|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=19 March 2005|access-date=28 December 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709152426/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1050319/asp/weekend/story_4513588.asp|archive-date=9 July 2017}}</ref>
-Chennai is home to [[Chennai Slam]],<ref>[http://www.indiansportsnews.com/other-sports/basketball-news/38988-uba-pro-basketball-league-delhi-capitals-chennai-slam-set-up-final-clash UBA Pro Basketball League: Delhi Capitals, Chennai Slam set up final clash] Indian Sports News, 31 March 2016. Retrieved 5 May 2017.</ref> two-time national champion of India's top professional basketball division, the [[UBA Pro Basketball League]].
-[[Madras Boat Club]] (founded in 1846) and the [[Royal Madras Yacht Club]] (founded by [[Francis Spring|Sir Francis Spring]] in 1911) promote the sailing sports in Chennai, and organise national and international sailing events.<ref name="Pletcher">{{Cite book|title=The Geography of India:Sacred and Historic Places|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mjr0X-8jrLAC|page=184|isbn=978-1-61530-142-3|last=Pletcher|first=Kenneth|year=2010| publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group }}</ref> Automobile racing in India has been closely connected with Chennai since its beginnings shortly after independence. Motor racing events are held on a special purpose track in [[Madras Motor Race Track]], [[Sriperumbudur]],<ref name="hindumotorsport">{{Cite news|last=Thyagarajan|first=S|title=On the right track|date=22 August 2002|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/08/22/stories/2002082200640400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031104145002/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/08/22/stories/2002082200640400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 November 2003|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref> which has also been the venue for several international competitions.<ref name="expressmotorsport">{{Cite news|title=Chennai on right track|date=5 February 1998|url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/ie/daily/19980205/03650544.html|work=The Indian Express|access-date=28 December 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011195517/http://www.expressindia.com/news/ie/daily/19980205/03650544.html|archive-date=11 October 2012}}</ref> [[Formula One]] driver [[Karun Chandhok]] was born in Chennai.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/racing/Karthikeyan-to-race-for-HRT-in-2012/articleshow/11740528.cms|title=Karthikeyan to race for HRT in 2012|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=28 December 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206111058/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/racing/Karthikeyan-to-race-for-HRT-in-2012/articleshow/11740528.cms|archive-date=6 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/racing/Karun-Chandhok-goes-the-Endurance-way/articleshow/11467253.cms|title=Karun Chandhok goes the Endurance way|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=28 December 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827074126/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/racing/Karun-Chandhok-goes-the-Endurance-way/articleshow/11467253.cms|archive-date=27 August 2013}}</ref>
-Horse racing is held at the [[Guindy Race Course]], while rowing competitions are hosted at the Madras Boat Club. The city has two 18-hole golf courses, the [[Cosmopolitan Club (Chennai)|Cosmopolitan Club]] and the [[Gymkhana Club, Chennai|Gymkhana Club]], both established in the late nineteenth century. The city has a [[rugby union]] team called the Chennai Cheetahs.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Chennai Cheetahs lifts title|date=16 April 2007|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/16/stories/2007041605951700.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070418095946/http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/16/stories/2007041605951700.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 April 2007|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref>
-Home to the country's first [[FIDE titles#International Master (IM)|international chess master]], the first [[Grandmaster (chess)|grandmaster]], the first [[FIDE titles#Woman Grandmaster (WGM)|female grandmaster]], the first [[Arbiter (chess)|international arbiter]], and 12 of the 34 world chess grandmasters from India, Chennai is often dubbed "India's chess capital".<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Shanker|first1=V. Prem|last2=Pidaparthy|first2=Umika|title=Chennai: India's chess capital|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=27 November 2013|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2013/11/27/chennai-indias-chess-capital|access-date=27 July 2022}}</ref> Former world chess champion [[Viswanathan Anand]] grew up and resides in Chennai.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Brijnath|first=Rohit|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/06/stories/2007100655521900.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011192157/http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/06/stories/2007100655521900.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 October 2007|title=India's most consistent champion|date=6 October 2007|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espn.com/chess/story/_/id/29276320/back-chennai-viswanathan-anand-looks-forward-home-food-bonding-son|title=Back in Chennai, Viswanathan Anand looks forward to home food and bonding with son|date=6 June 2020|publisher=[[ESPN]]|first=Susan|last=Ninan}}</ref> Other sports persons of repute from Chennai include table tennis players [[Sharath Kamal]] and two–time world [[carrom]] champion, [[Maria Irudayam]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Srinivasan|first=Meera|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/09/07/stories/2007090760930400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012041902/http://hindu.com/2007/09/07/stories/2007090760930400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 October 2007|title=Four Chennai teachers have a reason to rejoice|date=7 September 2007|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sportal.nic.in/front.asp?maincatid=51&headingid=71|publisher=Govt. of India|title=Indian Teams in International Competitions|access-date=28 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927012135/http://sportal.nic.in/front.asp?maincatid=51&headingid=71|archive-date=27 September 2007}}</ref> Chennai was the host of the [[World Chess Championship 2013]] match between Viswanathan Anand and [[Magnus Carlsen]].<ref name="fideoffer">{{Cite news|title=Fide offers 2013 World Chess C'ship to Chennai|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/chess/fide-offers-2013-world-chess-cship-to-chennai/articleshow/9567992.cms|first=Hari Hara|last=Nandanan|date=21 August 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]|location=Chennai|access-date=28 December 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407190310/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/chess/fide-offers-2013-world-chess-cship-to-chennai/articleshow/9567992.cms|archive-date=7 April 2021}}</ref><ref name="chennaihost">{{Cite news|title=world chess championship 2013 at chennai|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/chennai-will-host-world-chess-championship-jayalalithaa/article4594208.ece|work=The Hindu|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111225841/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/chennai-will-host-world-chess-championship-jayalalithaa/article4594208.ece|archive-date=11 November 2020}}</ref> In 2022, Chennai hosted the [[44th Chess Olympiad]],<ref name="TH_FIDEhost">{{Cite news|title=This is how Chennai is decked up for the 44th Chess Olympiad|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/watch-this-is-how-chennai-is-decked-up-for-the-44th-chess-olympiad/article65686785.ece|work=The Hindu|date=26 July 2022|access-date=27 July 2022}}</ref><ref name="BL_FIDEHost">{{Cite news|title=Chess Olympiad 2022: How Tamil Nadu clinched the hosting rights|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/chess-olympiad-2022-how-tamil-nadu-made-quick-move-to-clinch-the-hosting-rights/article65685225.ece|first1=V|last1=Narayanan|first2=T. E.|last2=Raja Simhan|date=26 July 2022|work=Business Line|location=Chennai|access-date=27 July 2022 }}</ref> in which 1,400 players from across 187 countries will participate.<ref name="BL_FIDEHost"/>
 ===City based teams===
@@ Line 469: / Line 462: @@
 {| class="wikitable"
 |-
-! Club !! Sport !! League !! Home Stadium !! Founded
+!Club
+!Sport
+!League
+!Home Stadium
+!Founded
+!Ref
+|-
+|[[Chennai Super Kings]]
+|[[Cricket]]
+|[[Indian Premier League]]
+|[[M.A. Chidambaram Stadium]]
+|2008
+|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chennaisuperkings.com/|title=Chennai Super Kings|publisher=CSK|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
+|-
+|[[Chennaiyin FC]]
+|[[Association football|Football]]
+|[[Indian Super League]]
+|[[Marina Arena]]
+|2013
+|<ref name="CFC"/>
 |-
 |[[Chennai Slam]]
@@ Line 475: / Line 487: @@
 |[[UBA Pro Basketball League]]
 |[[Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium]]
-| 2015
+|2015
+|<ref name="UBA"/>
 |-
 |[[Chennai Superstarz]]
@@ Line 481: / Line 494: @@
 |[[Premier Badminton League]]
 |[[Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium]]
-| 2015
+|2015
+|<ref>{{Cite news|date=25 December 2015|title=Smashers latch on to CSK identity|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/premier-badminton-league-chennai-smashers-latch-on-to-csk-identity/article8026304.ece|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
-|-
-|[[Chennai Super Kings]]
-|[[Cricket]]
-|[[Indian Premier League]]
-|[[M.A. Chidambaram Stadium]]
-| 2008
 |-
 |[[Chepauk Super Gillies]]
@@ Line 493: / Line 501: @@
 |[[Tamil Nadu Premier League]]
 |[[M.A. Chidambaram Stadium]]
-| 2016
+|2016
+|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/team/chepauk-super-gillies-1047327|title=Chepauk Super Gillies|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
-|-
-|[[Chennaiyin FC]]
-|[[Association football|Football]]
-|[[Indian Super League]]
-|[[Marina Arena]]
-| 2013
 |-
+||[[Tamil Thalaivas]]
-||[[Tamil Thalaivas]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.prokabaddi.com/teams/29-tamil-thalaivas-teamprofile|title=Tamil Thalaivas|access-date=8 October 2017|work=Prokabbadi|archive-date=3 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803005208/https://www.prokabaddi.com/teams/29-tamil-thalaivas-teamprofile|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 |[[Kabaddi]]
 |[[Pro Kabaddi League]]
 |[[Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium]]
-| 2017
+|2017
+|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.prokabaddi.com/teams/tamil-thalaivas-profile-29/players|title=Tamil Thalaivas|access-date=8 October 2023|publisher=Prokabbadi}}</ref>
 |-
 |[[Chennai Lions]]
@@ Line 512: / Line 516: @@
 |[[Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium]]
 |2019
+|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/flawless-chennai-lions-are-new-utt-champions/articleshow/70633951.cms|title=Flawless Chennai Lions are new UTT champions|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|date=3 March 2020}}</ref>
 |-
 |[[Chennai Blitz]]
@@ Line 518: / Line 523: @@
 |[[Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium]]
 |2021
+|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chennai Blitz Prime Volleyball League Team|url=https://primevolleyballleague.com/chennai-blitz/|url-status=live |access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
 |}

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