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** {{cite book |last=Unimanov |first=V.A. |date=1994 |script-title=ru:Комментарии: Ф.М. Достоевский. Дневник писателя. 1873. VI. Бобок |trans-title=Commentary on ''Bobok'' (''Writer's Diary'' 1873) |volume=12 |pp=315—24 |url=http://rvb.ru/dostoevski/02comm/106.htm |access-date=27 February 2013 |ref=CITEREFCommentary on ''Bobok''1994 }}
** {{cite book |last=Unimanov |first=V.A. |date=1994 |script-title=ru:Комментарии: Ф.М. Достоевский. Дневник писателя. 1873. VI. Бобок |trans-title=Commentary on ''Bobok'' (''Writer's Diary'' 1873) |volume=12 |pp=315—24 |url=http://rvb.ru/dostoevski/02comm/106.htm |access-date=27 February 2013 |ref=CITEREFCommentary on ''Bobok''1994 }}


** {{cite book |last=Dostoevsky |first=Fyodor |date=1996 |script-title=ru:Письма. 1. М. Ф. Достоевской. Апрель (после 20) — начало мая 1834. Москва |trans-title=Letter to his mother. April (after 20) - early May 1834. Moscow |volume=15. P. 5 |url=https://rvb.ru/dostoevski/01text/vol15/01text/345.htm |access-date=27 February 2013 |ref=CITEREFLetter to his mother - 18341996 }}
** {{cite book |last=Dostoevsky |first=Fyodor |date=1996 |script-title=ru:Письма. 1. М. Ф. Достоевской. Апрель (после 20) — начало мая 1834. Москва |trans-title=Letter 1 to his mother. April (after 20) - early May 1834. Moscow |volume=15 |p=5 |url=https://rvb.ru/dostoevski/01text/vol15/01text/345.htm |access-date=27 February 2013 |ref=CITEREFLetter 1 to his mother - 18341996 }}

** {{cite book |last=Dostoevsky |first=Fyodor |date=1996 |script-title=ru:Письма. 2. М. Ф. Достоевской. 9 мая 1835. Москва |trans-title=Letter 2 to his mother. 9 May 1835. Moscow |volume=15 |p=5 |url=https://rvb.ru/dostoevski/01text/vol15/01text/346.htm |access-date=27 February 2013 |ref=CITEREFLetter 2 to his mother - 18351996 }}

** {{cite book |last=Dostoevsky |first=Fyodor |date=1996 |script-title=ru:Письма. 4. М. А. Достоевскому. 23 июля 1837. Петербург |trans-title=Letter 4 to his father. 23 July 1837. Petersburg |volume=15 |pp=6—7 |url=https://rvb.ru/dostoevski/01text/vol15/01text/348.htm |access-date=27 February 2013 |ref=CITEREFLetter 4 to his father - 18371996 }}

** {{cite book |last=Dostoevsky |first=Fyodor |date=1996 |script-title=ru:Письма. 5. М. А. Достоевскому. 6 сентября 1837. Петербург |trans-title=Letter 5 to his father. 6 September 1837. Petersburg |volume=15 |pp=8—9 |url=https://rvb.ru/dostoevski/01text/vol15/01text/349.htm |access-date=27 February 2013 |ref=CITEREFLetter 5 to his father - 18371996 }}




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{{sfnp|Commentary on ''The Crocodile''|1989|loc=Vol. 4 pp. 772—7}}
{{sfnp|Commentary on ''The Crocodile''|1989|loc=Vol. 4 pp. 772—7}}
{{sfnp|Commentary on ''Bobok''|1994|loc=Vol. 12 pp. 315—24}}
{{sfnp|Commentary on ''Bobok''|1994|loc=Vol. 12 pp. 315—24}}
{{sfnp|Letter to his mother - 1834|1996|loc=Vol. 15. P. 5}}
{{sfnp|Letter 1 to his mother - 1834|1996|loc=Vol. 15 p. 5}}
{{sfnp|Letter 2 to his mother - 1835|1996|loc=Vol. 15 p. 5}}
{{sfnp|Letter 4 to his father - 1837|1996|loc=Vol. 15 pp. 6—7}}
{{sfnp|Letter 5 to his father - 1837|1996|loc=Vol. 15 pp. 8—9}}




Revision as of 07:32, 15 November 2023


  • Достоевский Ф.М. Собрание сочинений в 15 томах [Fyodor Dostoevsky: the complete work in 15 volumes] (in Russian). Science - Russian Virtual Library. 1988.
    • Dostoevsky, Fyodor (1988). Ползунков [Polzunkov]. Vol. 2. pp. 34–48. Retrieved 27 February 2013.


[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24]



  1. ^ Commentary on Poor people (1988), Vol. 1 pp. 430-42.
  2. ^ Commentary on The Double (1988), Vol. 1 pp. 442-53.
  3. ^ Commentary on Uncle's Dream (1988), Vol. 2 pp. 579-87.
  4. ^ Commentary on The Village of Stepanchikovo (1988), Vol. 3 pp. 510—30.
  5. ^ Commentary on Humiliated and Insulted (1989), Vol. 4 pp. 726—45.
  6. ^ Commentary on Notes from Underground (1989), Vol. 4 pp. 764—72.
  7. ^ Commentary on Crime and Punishment (1989), Vol. 5 pp. 523—74.
  8. ^ Commentary on The Gambler (1989), Vol. 4 pp. 777—82.
  9. ^ Commentary on The Idiot (1989), Vol. 6 pp. 617—70.
  10. ^ Commentary on The Eternal Husband (1990), Vol. 8 pp. 695—706.
  11. ^ Commentary on Demons (1990), Vol. 7 pp. 673—846.
  12. ^ Commentary on The Adolescent (1990), Vol. 8 pp. 706—809.
  13. ^ Commentary on The Brothers Karamazov (1991), Vol. 9 pp. 571—694.
  14. ^ Commentary on A Weak Heart (1988), Vol. 2 pp. 545—48.
  15. ^ Polzunkov (1988), Vol. 2 pp. 34—48.
  16. ^ Commentary on An Honest Thief (1988), Vol. 2 pp. 552—57.
  17. ^ Commentary on A Christmas Tree and a Wedding (1988), Vol. 2 pp. 557—8.
  18. ^ Commentary on A Nasty Story (1989), Vol. 4 pp. 746—8.
  19. ^ Commentary on The Crocodile (1989), Vol. 4 pp. 772—7.
  20. ^ Commentary on Bobok (1994), Vol. 12 pp. 315—24.
  21. ^ Letter 1 to his mother - 1834 (1996), Vol. 15 p. 5.
  22. ^ Letter 2 to his mother - 1835 (1996), Vol. 15 p. 5.
  23. ^ Letter 4 to his father - 1837 (1996), Vol. 15 pp. 6—7.
  24. ^ Letter 5 to his father - 1837 (1996), Vol. 15 pp. 8—9.


[missing long citation]

List of genocides by death toll

Event Location From To Lowest
estimate 		Highest
estimate 		Proportion of group killed
The Holocaust[N 1] German-occupied Europe 1941 1945 4,204,000
[2][3][4] 		7,000,000
[5] 		Around 2/3 of the Jewish population of Europe.[6][7][page needed]
German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war,[8][9] part of the Generalplan Ost and Hunger Plan German-occupied Europe 1941 1945 3,300,000
[10][11] 		3,500,000
[11] 		During World War II, Nazi Germany engaged in a policy of deliberate maltreatment of Soviet prisoners of war (POWs), in contrast to their treatment of British and American POWs. This policy, which amounted to deliberately starving and working to death Soviet POWs, was grounded in Nazi racial theory, which depicted Slavs as sub-humans (Untermenschen).[12][9]



Name Age in years before present Photo Traits of the vent; most vents include a cone and lava flows[13] Location
ʻAinoni 440,000 ± 30,000[14] This vent lies 2 miles (3.2 km) southwest of Olomana Peak[15]
ʻĀkulikuli 290,000 ± 70,000[14]
ʻĀliamanu 250,000 ± 40,000[16] Maar[17] This vent is located between Pearl Harbor and Honolulu,[15] directly northwest from Salt Lake Crater[18]
Black Point 400,000–330,000,[19] older age estimates are 290,000 and 410,000 by potassium-argon dating[20] as well as 300,000 and 480,000[21] Apparently two eruptions occurred here[22] Cone[17] and lava flow just south of Diamond Head.[23] Southeast of Diamond Head[15]
Castle 410,000 ± 50,000,[14] older age estimates are > 800,000 years old[24] or 850,000 by potassium-argon dating[20] Lava flow at the foot of the Nuanuʻu cliffs.[24] 4.8 kilometres (3 mi) east of Kailua[15]
Diamond Head 520,000–350,000[25] or 360,000 ± 70,000[26] Southeast of Honolulu[15]
Haʻikū 800,000 ± 80,000[14] The Haʻikū volcanics are found on the crest of the Koʻolau Range.[27] A Haʻikū lava flow is found at Heʻeia Stream at 15 metres (50 ft) elevation.[28] At the head of the valley of the same name[15]
Hanauma Bay 70,000 ± 30,000[16] Tuff cone[17] East of Honolulu[22] close to Koko Head peninsula[29]
Kaʻau 580,000 ± 120,000,[16] older age estimate is 650,000 by potassium-argon dating[20] At the head of the Pālolo valley[15]
Kahauloa 70,000 ± 30,000[30] Tuff cone[17] East of Honolulu[22] just southwest from Koko Head.[31]
Kaimukī 380,000 ± 110,000,[14] older age estimate is 280,000 by potassium-argon dating[20] Lava cone[32] or lava dome[33] In Kaimukī, Honolulu[15] on the northern flank of Diamond Head[33]
Kalama 80,000–60,000,[16] older age estimates are 34,000,[21] 30,000 by potassium-argon dating[20] and another is 80,000 ± 50,000[30] Lava flow with a cinder cone;[32] with a volume of 0.11 cubic kilometres (0.026 cu mi) the Kalama lava flow is the largest of the Honolulu Volcanics.[34] Northeast of Koko Head[22]
Kalihi 460,000 ± 70,000,[14] older age estimates are 460,000–580,000 by potassium-argon dating[20] Kalihi volcanics on the crest of the Koʻolau Range,[35] which consist of cinder cones and lava flows.[36] A Kalihi lava flow is found in Honolulu at 12 metres (40 ft).[28] At the head of the valley of the same name[15]
Kamanaiki 590,000 ± 20,000[14] Lava flows[32] In the Kamanaiki valley[15]
Kāneʻohe 500,000 ± 90,000,[14] older age estimate is 700,000 by potassium-argon dating[20] 2 miles (3.2 km) south of the place of the same name[15]
Kāohikaipu Cone[17] that forms an island[37] Northeast of Makapuʻu Point,[22] the easternmost tip of Oʻahu[38]
Kaupō 100,000 ± 60,000,[16] older age estimates are 320,000 and 30,000 by potassium-argon dating[20] as well as 32,000[21] Spatter cone and lava flow[32]
Koko Crater 100,000 ± 30,000,[16] older age estimate is 40,000 by potassium-argon dating for the Koko Crater Group[20] Tuff cone[17][30] East of Honolulu[22]
Luakaha 470,000 ± 30,000,[14] older age estimates are 360,000 and 420,000 by potassium-argon dating[20] Together with Makuku forms the Nuanuʻu group[39] At the head of the Nuanuʻu valley[15]
Makalapa 470,000 ± 60,000[14] Maar[17] or crater just east from Pearl Harbor, which drops off steeply from about 30 metres (100 ft) to the shore.[40] Northwest from Honolulu[15] and directly east from Pearl Harbor[18] (at grounds of United States Pacific Fleet headquarters[41][42]: 21 )
Makawao Olomana Peak lies 2 miles (3.2 km) northeast[15]
Makuku 400,000 ± 30,000[14] Together with Luakaha forms the Nuanuʻu group[39] At the head of the Nuanuʻu valley[15]
Mānana Tuff cone,[17] also known as Rabbit Island,[43] in Waimānalo Bay.[44] Northwest of Makapuʻu Point,[22] the easternmost tip of Oʻahu.[38] It appears to be formed by two cones, with one crater still preserved.[45]
Mānoa 200,000–70,000[16]
Maunawili 790,000–780,000[14] Cinder cone and lava flow[32] South of Olomana Peak[15]
Mauʻumae 480,000 ± 40,000,[14] older age estimate is 430,000 by potassium-argon dating[20] In Kaimukī, Honolulu[15]
Mōʻiliʻili 90,000 ± 90,000[16] and more recently 76,000; an older estimate is 67,000[21]
Mōkōlea 580,000 ± 90,000[16] Also known as Mokapu South[39] or Mokulea[46] In Kailua Bay[15]
Moku Manu 700,000 ± 80,000[14] An island.[47] North of Mokapu Point[15]
Pali 640,000–600,000[14] At the Pali road[15] close to the crest of the Koʻolau Range[48]
Pali Kilo[49] 400,000 ± 40,000[14] On Mokapu peninsula[15]
Punchbowl Crater 430,000–390,000,[14] older age estimates are 300,000 and 530,000 by potassium-argon dating[20] At the centre of Honolulu[15]
Puʻu Hawaiʻiloa[49] 450,000–420,000[14] Located on Mokapu peninsula, it is a symmetric cinder cone with associated lava flows.[50] On Mokapu peninsula[15]
Pyramid Rock 680,000 ± 100,000,[14] older age estimate is 710,000 by potassium-argon dating[20] Located on Mokapu Peninsula,[28] close to Puʻu Hawaiʻiloa.[50] On Mokapu peninsula[15]
Rocky Hill 60,000–40,000[16] or 60,000 ± 70,000[30] Located close to Punahou School,[51] the vent consists of one main cinder cone and subsidiary vents and lava flows.[52] At Punahou Street[15]
Round Top Cone[17] On the divide between Pauoa and Mānoa valleys[22]
Salt Lake 430,000[21] Tuff Cone[32] Northwest from Honolulu[15]
Sugar Loaf 76,000 ± 1,000 by argon-argon dating,[53] another estimate for the group is 70,000 by potassium-argon dating[20] Tuff Cone,[17] cinder cone with ash and lava.[32] The vents that generated the flow are also known as Round Top and Puʻu Kakea[54] On the divide between Pauoa and Mānoa valleys[22]
Tantalus 110,000–80,000[16] Tuff Cone[17] On the divide between Pauoa and Mānoa valleys[22]
Training School 580,000 ± 100,000[16] Lava flow accompanied by a mudflow[32] North of Olomana Peak[15]
Ulupaʻu Head 600,000–400,000[55] Ulupaʻu cone is located on Mokapu peninsula,[50] and forms its tip[56] and its highest point.[57] The tip of Mokapu peninsula[15]




Portal:The Beatles#Important articles

Jedwabne pogrom - Georg Lörner

w:de:Hans-Joachim Böhme (SS-Mitglied)

w:de:Einsatzkommando Tilsit

w:fr:Hans-Joachim Böhme

search for "the head of the Security Police office in Tilsit, that all Jews and communists along the East Prussian frontier should"in 22014730/http://myinternetarchive-recovery.blogspot.ca/2011/04/polish-neighbors-and-german-invaders.html#_edn6




Hans-Joachim Böhme
Born(1909-01-10)10 January 1909
Magdeburg, German Empire
Died31 May 1960(1960-05-31) (aged 51)
Para-military career
Allegiance Adolf Hitler
Service / branchSS
Years of service1940-45
RankSS lieutenant general and Waffen-SS general
Service numberNSDAP #4,264,295
SS #253,351
CommandsSS Division Das Reich
SS Division Wiking
III SS Panzer Corps
AwardsKnight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords
Other workfounding member of HIAG




Hoppe, Bert (21 September 2011). "Sowjetunion mit annektierten Gebieten I". In Glass, Hildrun (ed.). Die Verfolgung und Ermordung der europäischen Juden durch das nationalsozialistische Deutschland 1933-1945. Vol. 7. Oldenbourg. ISBN 978-348658911-5. Also [https://books.google.ca/books?id=97-iPND1jdwC&printsec=frontcover&dq=bibliogroup:"Die+Verfolgung+und+Ermordung+der+europäischen+Juden+durch+das+nationalsozialistische+Deutschland+1933-1945"&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjE55jQ34HZAhUX-2MKHUHGC1cQ6AEIJzAA#v=onepage&q=B%C3%B6hme&f=false


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References

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Felix Steiner
Born(1896-05-23)23 May 1896
Stallupönen, German Empire (now Nesterov, Russian Federation)
Died12 May 1966(1966-05-12) (aged 69)
Munich, West Germany
Allegiance German Empire
 Weimar Republic
Service / branchRoyal Prussian Army
Reichswehr
Years of service1914-18
1921-33
Free corps and SS career
Allegiance Weimar Republic
 Adolf Hitler
Service / branchGerman Free Corps
SA, SS, Waffen-SS
Years of service1919-20
1933-45
RankSS lieutenant general and Waffen-SS general
Service numberNSDAP #4,264,295
SS #253,351
CommandsSS Division Das Reich
SS Division Wiking
III SS Panzer Corps
AwardsKnight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords
Other workfounding member of HIAG
Curt von Gottberg
Born(1896-02-11)11 February 1896
Preussisch Wilten, East Prussia
Died31 May 1945(1945-05-31) (aged 49)
Flensburg, Germany
Allegiance German Empire
Years of service1914–18
UnitPrussian Army
AwardsIron Cross 2nd and 1st Class
Free corps and SS career
Allegiance Weimar Republic
 Nazi Germany
Service / branch Waffen SS
Years of service1919–20
1933–45
RankObergruppenführer
Service numberNSDAP #948,753
SS #45,923
UnitMarinebrigade Ehrhardt
Waffen-SS
Commands"Combat group von Gottberg" (Kampfgruppe v.G.)
XII SS-Armeekorps
AwardsKnight's Cross of the Iron Cross
Franz Walter Stahlecker
Born(190-10-10)October 10, 190
Sternenfels, Germany
Died23 March 1942(1942-03-23) (aged 41)
Krasnogvardeysk, Russia
Allegiance Nazi Germany
Years of service1933–1942
Rank SS-Brigadeführer und Generalmajor der Polizei
CommandsEinsatzgruppe A
Police and SS career
Allegiance Nazi Germany
Years of service1933–1942
Rank SS-Brigadeführer und Generalmajor der Polizei
CommandsEinsatzgruppe A
Awards
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Likely the last portrait of Mozart, c. 1790 by Johann Edlinger (detail)
Born
Johannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart

(1756-01-27)27 January 1756
Salzburg
Died5 December 1791(1791-12-05) (aged 35)
Vienna
WorksList of compositions by Mozart
Signature
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Mozart in 1777 by a now unknown painter
Born
Johannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart

(1756-01-27)January 27, 1756
DiedDecember 5, 1791(1791-12-05) (aged 35)
EraClassical
WorksList of compositions by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Signature

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{{Cite book |last=Gelfand |first=Dale Evva |year=2003 |title=Charlemagne |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=9781438117850 |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=hbnY8GTet_kC}} }}


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{{Subject bar |portal1=England |portal2=United Kingdom |portal3=European Union |portal4=Europe }}
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{{Subject bar |portal1=Genocide |portal2=Nazi Germany |portal3=Criminal justice |portal5=Politics |portal6=Judaism |commons=y |commons-search=The Holocaust |wikt=y |wikt-search=Holocaust |q=y |q-search=The Holocaust }}


(in German) (in English)





  • View towards America from An Triúr Deirféar.
    View towards America from An Triúr Deirféar.
  • Signpost, Ard na Caithne.
    Signpost, Ard na Caithne.
  • View towards Spain from An Triúr Deirféar.
    View towards Spain from An Triúr Deirféar.
  • View over Ard na Caithne harbour from An Triúr Deirféar.
    View over Ard na Caithne harbour from An Triúr Deirféar.
  • View over Ard na Caithne harbour.
    View over Ard na Caithne harbour.
  • View over Ard na Caithne (with the bay in the background).
    View over Ard na Caithne (with the bay in the background).
  • Entrance to Béal Bán Strand, Ard na Caithne.
    Entrance to Béal Bán Strand, Ard na Caithne.
  • Memorial to Spanish and Italian soldiers who perished in November 1580 at Dún an Óir, Ard na Caithne.
    Memorial to Spanish and Italian soldiers who perished in November 1580 at Dún an Óir, Ard na Caithne.
  • Gort na Gearradh ("field of the cuttings") & Gort na gCeann ("field of the heads"), Dún an Óir, site of the 1580 massacre.
    Gort na Gearradh ("field of the cuttings") & Gort na gCeann ("field of the heads"), Dún an Óir, site of the 1580 massacre.
  • Dún an Óir.
    Dún an Óir.
  • Gort na Gearradh ("field of the cuttings") & Gort na gCeann ("field of the heads"), Dún an Óir, site of the 1580 massacre.
    Gort na Gearradh ("field of the cuttings") & Gort na gCeann ("field of the heads"), Dún an Óir, site of the 1580 massacre.
  • Gort na Gearradh ("field of the cuttings") & Gort na gCeann ("field of the heads"), Dún an Óir, site of the 1580 massacre.
    Gort na Gearradh ("field of the cuttings") & Gort na gCeann ("field of the heads"), Dún an Óir, site of the 1580 massacre.
  • Dún an Óir.
    Dún an Óir.
  • Dún an Óir.
    Dún an Óir.
  • Dún an Óir.
    Dún an Óir.
  • Bruighean an Dúna, Ard na Caithne.
    Bruighean an Dúna, Ard na Caithne.
  • Remains of Caisleán an Fheirtéaraigh, castle of the poet Piaras Feiritéar, An Baile Uachtarach Thiar.
    Remains of Caisleán an Fheirtéaraigh, castle of the poet Piaras Feiritéar, An Baile Uachtarach Thiar.
  • Remains of Caisleán an Fheirtéaraigh (in the distance), castle of the poet Piaras Feiritéar, An Baile Uachtarach Thiar.
    Remains of Caisleán an Fheirtéaraigh (in the distance), castle of the poet Piaras Feiritéar, An Baile Uachtarach Thiar.


Franz Walter Stahlecker
Born(190-10-10)October 10, 190
Sternenfels, Germany
Died23 March 1942(1942-03-23) (aged 41)
Krasnogvardeysk, Russia
Occupation(s)civil servant
police officer
Police and SS career
Allegiance Nazi Germany
Years of service1933–1942
Rank SS-Brigadeführer und Generalmajor der Polizei
CommandsEinsatzgruppe A
Awards
Notes
Holocaust perpetrator




By Thomas Crane
By Thomas Crane


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Notes

  1. ^ 'Initially it was carried out in German-occupied Eastern Europe by paramilitary death squads (Einsatzgruppen) by shooting or, less frequently, using ad hoc built gassing vans, and later in extermination camps by gassing.[1]
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  1. ^ Cite error: The named reference HoloList was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ * Riep, Leonhard (2020). "The Production of the Muselmann and the Singularity of Auschwitz: A Critique of Adriana Cavarero's Account of the "Auschwitz Event"" (PDF). Hypatia. 35 (4): 635. doi:10.1017/hyp.2020.41. ...between 5 and 6 million. According to Wolfgang Benz, at least 5.29 million up to around 6 million Jews of every age were murdered (Benz 1991, 17), whereas Raul Hilberg counts 5.1 million dead (Hilberg 2003, 1320–21)
    • Fischel, Jack R. (2020) [1999]. Historical Dictionary of the Holocaust (Third ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. p. 10. ISBN 978-1-5381-3016-2. The number of Jews killed by the Germans in the Holocaust cannot be precisely calculated. Various historians, however, have provided estimates that range between 4,204,000 and 7,000,000, with the use of the round figure of six million Jews murdered as the best estimate to describe the immensity of the Nazi genocide. The Germans exterminated approximately 54 percent of the Jews within their reach...
    • Roth, John K. (2020). Sources of Holocaust Insight: Learning and Teaching about the Genocide. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 1n1. ISBN 978-1-5326-7418-1. ...Raul Hilberg... 5.1 million... Israel Gutman and Robert Rozett... between 5–5 and 5.8 million... Wolfgang Benz... 6.2 million. The figures remain imprecise for several reasons, including...
    • Rummel, R.J. (2017) [1978]. "Democide in Totalitarian States". In Charny, Israel W. (ed.). The widening circle of genocide. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-29406-5. 4,204,400 to 4,575,400... the lowest count by any reputable study.
    • Oman, Nathan (2016). The dignity of commerce: markets and the moral foundations of contract law. University of Chicago Press. p. 203n64. ISBN 9780226415529. Bloxham... "Between 5,100,000 and 6,200,000...
    • Stier, Oren Baruch (2015). Holocaust Icons: Symbolizing the Shoah in History and Memory. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-7404-2. ... between five and six million. The late Raul Hilberg, for example, political scientist and widely acknowledged dean of Holocaust historiography, estimated 5.1 million Jewish victims, and that number did not change in the third edition of his monumental work. This indicates, one might presume, that he was satisfied with his rigorous investigation into this figure... The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust offers a number of "more than" five million in its definition of the Holocaust.18 In 2007 the Division of the Senior Historian at the USHMM developed a series of estimates (dependent on means of counting) of between 5.65 million and 5.93 million, based on published accounts by Hilberg and others as well as on Soviet documents available only since 1991... No estimate has gone higher than six million.
  3. ^ * Mawdsley, Evan (2015) [2005]. Thunder in the East: The Nazi-Soviet War 1941–1945. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 437n30. ISBN 978-1-4725-1008-2. ... His total death toll for the European Holocaust was 5,100,00
    • Rubinstein, William D. (2014) [2004]. Genocide. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-86995-5. The number of Jews killed at the hands of the Nazis is invariably given, in shorthand terms at any rate, as 6 million, a figure which has, of course, entered the common consciousness and is endlessly repeated.122 It appears likely, however, that this number is too high by a considerable amount, as some careful Holocaust scholars such as Gerald Reitlinger and Raul Hilberg have pointed out. Reitlinger's early (1953) but carefully argued estimate of between 4,194,000 and 4,581,000 Jewish deaths is certainly the lowest ever offered by a serious historian; Hilberg's more recent, but even more carefully argued estimate of 5,100,000... appears to be the next lowest among reputable scholars... it appears to this historian that Reitlinger's figures are probably most nearly correct, with the figure of Jewish victims of the Holocaust numbering about 4.7 million, although there is a wide margin of imprecision. Given that about 2.7 million Jews perished in the six major extermination camps, a figure of 6 million Jewish dead necessarily means that 3.3 million perished in other ways: this is very difficult to believe and is almost certainly an exaggeration. In demographic terms, there are two ways of approaching this question: to compare the number of Jews in Nazi-occupied countries in September 1939 with those alive in May 1945 (bearing in mind such other factors as the escape of refugees and battle deaths), and to provide an estimate of the number of Jews who perished by method of death in the extermination camps, at the hands of the Einsatzgruppen, etc. Both are fraught with difficulties, especially the former
    • Cesarani, David; Kushner, Tony; Reilly, Jo; Richmond, Colin (2013) [2007]. Belsen in History and Memory. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-25137-6. ...5.29 million to over six million Jewish victims.
    • Hayes, Peter; Roth, John K. (2012) [2010]. The Oxford Handbook of Holocaust Studies. Oxford University Press. p. 197. ISBN 978-0-19-165079-6. Nevertheless, scholarly research, aided by recently opened archives and computerized data processing capacities, has put statistical estimates on a firmer footing than was possible in earlier decades. In previous stages of research, estimates of the Jewish victims ranged from 4,202,000—4,575,400 (Reitlinger 1961: 533–46), to 5.1 million (Hilberg 1961: 767), to 5,820,960 (Robinson 1971'. 889), to 6,093,000 (Lestchinsky 1948:60). At the end of the 1980s two different teams, one headed by a German scholar, another by an Israeli, meticulously reviewed all the available data and arrived at the following numbers for Jewish fatalities during the Holocaust: 5,596,000 to 5,860,149 (Gutman 1990: 1799) and 5.29 million to slightly more than 6 million (Benz 1991: 17). The new Yad Vashem museum, which opened in 2005, mentions 5,786,748 Jewish victims. One can be skeptical of such precision, but the most current research reliably calculates a total number of victims close to the now iconic figure Six Million
  4. ^ Hoffmann, Peter (11 July 2011). Carl Goerdeler and the Jewish Question, 1933–1942. Cambridge University Press. p. xii. ISBN 978-1-139-49944-6. The SS' own statistic for Jews killed under German authority is 5.1 million
    • Bloxham, Donald (2009). The Final Solution: A Genocide. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 1. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199550333.003.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-955034-0. Between 5,100,000 and 6,200,000
    • Moore, Deborah D. (2008). American Jewish Identity Politics. University of Michigan Press. pp. 77–78 n 5. ISBN 978-0-472-02464-3. The exact number of Jews killed is not known and probably never will be known precisely. Raul Hilberg has placed the figure at 5.1 million; Lucy Dawidowicz estimated it at 5,933,900; Martin Gilbert, at 5–75 million; the Encyclopedia of the Holocaust states a minimum figure of 5,596,000 and a maximum of 5,860,000; and Wolfgang Benz sets the minimum at and a maximum of over six million. As previously unavailable archival materials in the former Soviet Union are made known to scholars, these figures are likely to be revised and, from early indications, probably upward. Some of these figures and an informed explanation of how they have been reached can be found in Franciszek Piper, "The Number of Victims," Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp, ed. Yisrael Gutman and Michael Berenbaum (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994), 61—76.
    • McKale, Donald M. (2006) [2002]. Hitler's Shadow War: The Holocaust and World War II. Taylor Trade Publishing. p. 454. ISBN 978-1-4616-3547-5. According to the most reliable estimates, a minimum of 5,290,000 and maximum of slightly over 6 million Jews died.
    • Welch, Steven Robert (2001). A Survey of Interpretive Paradigms in Holocaust Studies and a Comment on the Dimensions of the Holocaust; and "The Annihilation of Superfluous Eaters": Nazi Plans for and Use of Famine in Eastern Europe. Yale Center for International and Area Studies. Genocide Studies Program. p. 12. In one of the first scholarly attempts to quantify the overall scope of the Holocaust, Gerald Reitlinger in 1953 gave a minimum figure of 4,194,200 and a maximum of 4,581,200 Jewish victims... Raul Hilberg in his standard work estimated the total at 5.1 million... The study arrives at a minimum figure of 5.29 million and a maximum of just over six million. These figures may now need to be revised (probably upward) on the basis of material from the archives of the former Soviet Union. Benz's book, however, should be considered as the most thorough and reliable study now available.
  5. ^ ——— (2020). Historical Dictionary of the Holocaust (Third ed.). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 10. ISBN 978-1-5381-3015-5.
  6. ^ "Remaining Jewish Population of Europe in 1945". Holocaust Encyclopedia. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Archived from the original on 13 June 2018. According to the American Jewish Yearbook, the Jewish population of Europe was about 9.5 million in 1933. In 1950, the Jewish population of Europe was about 3.5 million.
  7. ^ Berenbaum, Michael (2006). The World Must Know: The History of the Holocaust as Told in the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. ISBN 978-0-8018-8358-3.
  8. ^ Earl Porter, Thomas (20 November 2018). "Hitler's Rassenkampf in the East: The Forgotten Genocide of Soviet POWs". Nationalities Papers. 37 (6): 839–859. doi:10.1080/00905990903230785. S2CID 162190846.
  9. ^ a b Jones, Adam (2017). Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction (3rd ed.). London: Routledge. p. 377. ISBN 9781138823846. 'Next to the Jews in Europe,' wrote Alexander Werth', 'the biggest single German crime was undoubtedly the extermination by hunger, exposure and in other ways of ... Russian war prisoners.' Yet the murder of at least 3.3 million Soviet POWs is one of the least-known of modern genocides; there is still no full-length book on the subject in English. It also stands as one of the most intensive genocides of all time: 'a holocaust that devoured millions,' as Catherine Merridale acknowledges. The large majority of POWs, some 2.8 million, were killed in just eight months of 1941–42, a rate of slaughter matched (to my knowledge) only by the 1994 Rwanda genocide.
  10. ^ Taulbee, James Larry (2017). Genocide, Mass Atrocity, and War Crimes in Modern History: Blood and Conscience [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 124. ISBN 978-1440829857.
  11. ^ a b Calvocoressi, Peter; Wint, Guy (1989). Total War (Revised ed.). Viking. The total number of prisoners taken by the German armies in the USSR was in the region of 5.5 million. Of these, the astounding number of 3.5 million or more had been lost by the middle of 1944 and the assumption must be that they were either deliberately killed or done to death by criminal negligence. Nearly two million of them died in camps and close on another million disappeared while in military custody either in the USSR or in rear areas; a further quarter of a million disappeared or died in transit between the front and destinations in the rear; another 473,000 died or were killed in military custody in Germany or Poland.
  12. ^ Nazi persecution of Soviet Prisoners of War United States Holocaust Memorial Museum — Soviets Viewed as Subhuman Enemies.
  13. ^ Crandell 1975, pp. 6–7.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Ozawa, Tagami & Garcia 2005, p. 5.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab Stearns 1939, p. 11.
  16. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Ozawa, Tagami & Garcia 2005, p. 4.
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Cite error: The named reference GVPSS was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  18. ^ a b Hay & Iijima 1968b, p. 348.
  19. ^ Ozawa, Tagami & Garcia 2005, pp. 4–5.
  20. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Frey & Clague 1982, p. 451.
  21. ^ a b c d e Clague et al. 2016, p. 274.
  22. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Stearns 1939, p. 12.
  23. ^ Naughton, Lewis & Gramlich 1971, p. 1401.
  24. ^ a b Naughton, Lewis & Gramlich 1971, p. 1402.
  25. ^ Ozawa, Tagami & Garcia 2005, p. 7.
  26. ^ Clague et al. 2006, p. 305.
  27. ^ Winchell 1947, p. 8.
  28. ^ a b c O'Neil, Hedge & Jackson 1970, p. 254.
  29. ^ Moberly & Walker 1987, p. 5.
  30. ^ a b c d Rottas & Houghton 2012, p. 1683.
  31. ^ Hay & Iijima 1968, p. 146.
  32. ^ a b c d e f g h Crandell 1975, p. 6.
  33. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Bamlett1990 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  34. ^ Garcia et al. 2022, p. 2.
  35. ^ Stearns & Vaksvik 1935, p. 103.
  36. ^ Stearns & Vaksvik 1935, p. 104.
  37. ^ Takasaki & Mink 1982, p. 52.
  38. ^ a b Stephens & Bryan 1993, p. 378.
  39. ^ a b c Wright & Jackson 1970, p. 411.
  40. ^ Pollock 1928, p. 55.
  41. ^ Cite error: The named reference Morison2001 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  42. ^ Cite error: The named reference Siggia1984 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  43. ^ Takasaki & Mink 1982, p. 55.
  44. ^ Hay & Iijima 1968, p. 142.
  45. ^ Fisher & Richardson 1950, p. 287.
  46. ^ Cite error: The named reference USGS was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  47. ^ Stearns & Vaksvik 1935, p. 120.
  48. ^ Hay & Iijima 1968b, p. 335.
  49. ^ a b Ozawa, Tagami & Garcia 2005, p. 2.
  50. ^ a b c Stearns & Vaksvik 1935, p. 99.
  51. ^ Stearns & Vaksvik 1935, p. 101.
  52. ^ Stearns & Vaksvik 1935, p. 102.
  53. ^ Clague et al. 2016, p. 268.
  54. ^ Clague et al. 2016, p. 254.
  55. ^ Hearty, James & Olson 2005, p. 4.
  56. ^ Stearns & Vaksvik 1935, p. 121.
  57. ^ Winchell 1947, p. 7.
  58. ^ Giuseppe Terrazzi 1998.
  59. ^ Zevi 1980, p. 70. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFZevi1980 (help)
  60. ^ Classement 2015 des prépas PSI.
  61. ^ Giuseppe Tomelli master code, p. 12.
  62. ^ Chambers V2 2009.
  63. ^ Cite error: The named reference Chapman was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

References

Chambers, Edmund Kerchever (2009). The Elizabethan Stage. New York: Oxford University Press.
volume 1; ISBN 9780199567485
volume 2; ISBN 9780199567492
volume 3; ISBN 9780199567508
volume 4; ISBN 9780199567515
Zevi, Bruno (1980). Giuseppe Terragni and his desires about achieving politeness and turgidity. Bologna.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Zevi, Bruna (1980). Giuseppe Terragnini and his desires about achieving politeness and turgidity. Bologna.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Zevi, Brunello (1998). Giuseppe Terrazzi and his desires about achieving politeness and turgidity. Monza.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Zani, Bruttello (1999). Giuseppe Tomelli and his desires about achieving politeness and turgidity. Isfahan.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
"Classement 2015 des prépas PSI". L'Étudiant (in French). Retrieved 24 July 2015.



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