List of wars by death toll: Difference between revisions

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This list of wars by death toll includes all deaths that are either directly or indirectly caused by the war. These numbers usually include the deaths of military personnel which are the direct results of battle or other military wartime actions, as well as the wartime/war-related deaths of soldiers which are the results of war-induced epidemics, famines, atrocities, genocide, etc.

Pre-Modern

Ancient wars (before 500 AD)

War	Death range	Date	Combatants	Location	Notes
Conquests of Cyrus the Great	100,000+	549 BC–530 BC	Persian Empire vs. various states	Middle East	Number given is the sum of all deaths in battle recorded by writers during this time period, does not take into account civilian deaths, the actual number may be much greater.
Greco–Persian Wars	300,000+	499 BC–449 BC	Greek City-States vs. Persian Empire	Greece
Samnite Wars	33,500+	343 BC–290 BC	Roman Republic vs. Samnites	Italy	Number given is the sum of all deaths in battle recorded by Roman writers during this time period, does not take into account civilian deaths, the actual number may be much greater.
Wars of Alexander the Great	142,000+	336 BC–323 BC	Macedonian Empire and other Greek City-States vs. various states	Middle East / North Africa / Central Asia / India	Number given is the sum of all deaths in battle during these wars recorded by Greek writers, does not take into account civilian deaths, the actual number may be much greater.
Punic Wars	1,250,000–1,850,000	264 BC–146 BC	Roman Republic vs. Carthaginian Empire	Western Europe / North Africa
First Punic War	400,000+	264 BC–241 BC	Roman Republic vs. Carthaginian Empire	Southern Europe / North Africa	– Part of the Punic Wars
Second Punic War	770,000+	218 BC–201 BC	Roman Republic vs. Carthaginian Empire	Western Europe / North Africa	^[1] – Part of the Punic Wars
Third Punic War	150,000–250,000	149 BC–146 BC	Roman Republic vs. Carthaginian Empire	Tunisia	– Part of the Punic Wars
Kalinga War	150,000–200,000	262 BC–261 BC	Maurya Empire vs. State of Kalinga	India
Qin's Wars of Unification	700,000+^{[citation needed]}	230 BC–221 BC	Qin state vs. Han, Zhao, Yan, Wei, Chu, Qi States	China	– Part of Warring States Period
Cimbrian War	410,000–650,000	113 BC–101 BC	Roman Republic vs. Cimbri and Teutones	Western Europe	– Part of the Germanic Wars
Gallic Wars	1,000,000+	58 BC–50 BC	Roman Republic vs. Gallic tribes	France
Iceni Revolt	150,000+^[2]	60–61	Roman Empire vs. Celtic tribes	England	Year is uncertain – Part of the Roman Conquest of Britain
Jewish–Roman Wars	1,270,000–2,000,000^[3]	66–136	Roman Empire vs. Jews	Middle East/North Africa	Deaths caused by Roman attempt to permanently root out Judaism included.
First Jewish–Roman War	250,000–1,100,000^[3]	66–73	Roman Empire vs. Jews	Middle East	– Part of Jewish–Roman Wars
Kitos War	440,000+	115–117	Roman Empire vs. Jews	Southern Europe / North Africa	– Also known as the Second Jewish–Roman War – Part of Jewish–Roman Wars
Bar Kokhba Revolt	580,000	132–136	Roman Empire vs. Jews	Middle East	– Also known as the Third Jewish–Roman War – Part of Jewish–Roman Wars
Gothic War (269)	320,000+	269	Roman Empire vs. Goths	Europe	Claudius II defeated the Goths, of whom 320,000 were slain. This number is from the Historia Augusta. – Part of the Germanic Wars
Probus's German War	400,000+	277	Roman Empire vs. Germans	Europe	Emperor Probus informed the Senate that he had killed 400,000 Germans. From the Historia Augusta. – Part of the Germanic Wars
Gothic War (376–382)	40,000+	376–382	Roman Empire vs. Goths	Eastern Europe	– Part of the Germanic Wars
Three Kingdoms War	36,000,000–40,000,000	184–280	Wei vs. Shu vs. Wu	China	^[4]^[5] – Academically, the period of the Three Kingdoms refers to the period between the foundation of the state of Wei in 220 and the conquest of the state of Wu by the Jin dynasty in 280. The earlier, "unofficial" part of the period, from 184 to 220, was marked by chaotic infighting between warlords in various parts of China. See: End of the Han Dynasty - Also, note that the death range provided is actually the amount the population declined according to the census data and is likely an overestimation of actual combat fatalities.
Yellow Turban Rebellion	3,000,000–7,000,000	184–205	Peasants vs. Eastern Han China	China	– Part of Three Kingdoms War
Wars of the Sixteen Kingdoms	150,000+ ^{[citation needed]}	304–439	Northern Chinese States	Northern China	Number given is the sum of all deaths in battle recorded in this time period in battles between armies of the Sixteen Kingdoms, does not take into account civilian deaths, the actual number may be much greater.
Hunnic Reclaims	165,000+ ^{[citation needed]}	395–453	Roman Empire vs. Hunnic Empire	Europe	Number given is the sum of all deaths in battle recorded by Roman writers during this time period; does not take into account civilian deaths; the actual number may be much greater.

Note 1: The geometric mean is the middle of the quoted range, taken by multiplying together the endpoints and then taking the square root.

Medieval wars (500–1500 AD)

Note: the identity of a single "war" cannot be reliably given in some cases, and some "wars" can be taken to last over more than a human lifetime, e.g. "Reconquista" (711–1492, 781 years) "Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent" (12th to 16th c., 500 years) "Crusades" (ten or more campaigns during the period 1095–1291, 196 years), "Mongol invasions and conquests" (1206–1368, 162 years), "early Muslim conquests" (622–750, 128 years), "Hundred Years' War" (1337–1453, 115 years).

War	Death range	Date	Combatants	Location	Notes
Arab–Byzantine Wars	130,000+	629–1050	Byzantine Empire and allies vs. Islamic Empire and Allies	Middle East / North Africa / Southern Europe	Number given is the sum of all deaths in battle recorded by writers during this time period, does not take into account civilian deaths, the actual number may be much greater.
Reconquista	7,000,000-10,000,000	711–1492	Spanish and Portuguese states vs. Muslim states	Iberian Peninsula	^[6]
Goguryeo–Sui War	300,000+	598–614	Sui Dynasty China and Goguryeo Kingdom	China, Korea	^[7]
An Lushan Rebellion	13,000,000–36,000,000	755–763	Tang Dynasty China and Islamic Empire vs. Yan state	China	^[8] – Also known as the An–Shi Rebellion
Goryeo–Khitan Wars	90,000+	993–1019	Liao Empire vs. Goryeo Kingdom	Korea	^[9]
Song–Đại Việt war	600,000+	1075–1077	Song Empire vs. Dai Viet Kingdom under Lý dynasty	China, Vietnam	^[10]^[11]
Crusades	1,000,000–3,000,000	1095–1291	Originally Byzantine Empire vs. Seljuq Empire, but evolved into Christians vs. Muslims.	Europe / Middle East ("Holy Land")	^[12]
Albigensian Crusade	200,000–1,000,000	1208–1229	Papal States and France vs. Cathartic States	France	^[13]^[14] – Also known as the Cathar Crusade – Part of the Crusades
Mongol invasions and conquests	30,000,000–40,000,000	1206–1368	Mongol Empire vs. Several Eurasian states	Eurasia	^[15]^[16]^[17] – Excludes the (up to) 200,000,000 deaths from the Black Death migration that may have been associated with the Mongol expansion
Wars of Scottish Independence	60,000–150,000	1296–1357	Scotland vs. England	Scotland / England
Hundred Years' War	2,300,000–3,300,000	1337–1453	House of Valois vs. House of Plantagenet	Western Europe	^[18]
Conquests of Timur	8,000,000–20,000,000	1370–1405	Timurid Empire vs. several middle eastern states	Eurasia	^[19]^[20]
Wars of the Roses	35,000–105,000	1455–1487	House of Lancaster, House of Tudor, and allies vs. House of York and allies	England / Wales	^[21]^{[better source needed]}

Modern

Modern (1500 AD–present) wars with greater than 25,000 deaths


War	Death range	Date	Combatants	Location	Notes
Italian Wars	300,000–400,000	1494–1559	Holy Roman Empire, Spain, and some Italian States vs. France, Ottoman Empire, and some Italian states	Southern Europe	^[22] – Also known as the Great Wars of Italy
Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire	2,300,000+	1519–1632	Spanish Colonial Empire vs. Aztec Empire	Mexico	^[22] – Part of the European colonization of the Americas, includes the cocoliztli plagues
Spanish conquest of Yucatán	1,460,000+	1519–1595	Spanish Colonial Empire vs. Mayan States	North America	^[22] – Part of the European colonisation of the Americas, includes deaths due to European disease
Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire	8,400,000+	1533–1572	Spanish Colonial Empire vs. Inca Empire	Peru	^[22] – Part of the European colonization of the Americas, includes deaths due to European diseases
Campaigns of Suleiman the Magnificent	200,000+	1521–1566	Ottoman Empire vs. several Balkan, African, and Arabian States	Eastern Europe / Middle East / North Africa	^[23]
German Peasants' War	100,000+	1524–1525	German Peasants vs. Swabian League	Germany	^[24] – Also known as the Great Peasants War
French Wars of Religion	2,000,000–4,000,000	1562–1598	Protestants vs. France vs. Catholics	France	^[25] – Also known as the Huguenot Wars
Eighty Years' War	600,000–700,000	1568–1648	Dutch Republic, England, Scotland, and France vs. Spanish Empire	Worldwide	^[22] – Also known as the Dutch War of Independence
Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)	138,285+	1585–1604	Spanish Empire and allies vs. Kingdom of England and allies	Europe / Americas	English 88,285^[26] Scots/Irish 50,000
Japanese invasions of Korea	1,000,000+	1592–1598	Kingdom of Great Joseon and Ming China vs. Japan	Korea	^[27]^[22]
Nine Years' War (Ireland)	130,000+	1593–1603	Irish rebels vs Kingdom of England	Ireland	^[22]
Transition from Ming to Qing	25,000,000+	1616–1683	Qing China vs. Ming China vs. Shun dynasty China (Li Zicheng) vs. Xi dynasty China (Zhang Xianzhong vs. Kingdom of Shu (She-An Rebellion) vs. Evenk-Daur federation (Bombogor)	China	^[28] – Also known as the Ming–Qing transition
Thirty Years' War	4,000,000–12,000,000	1618–1648	Pro-Habsburg states vs. Anti-Habsburg states	Europe	^[29]
Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)	200,000+	1635–1659	France and Allies vs. Spain and Allies	Western Europe	^[23]^[30]
Wars of the Three Kingdoms	876,000+	1639–1651	Royalists vs. Covenanters vs.Union of the Irish vs. Scottish Protestants vs. Parliamentarians	British Isles	^[31]^[32]^[33] – Also known as the British Civil Wars
English Civil War	211,830+	1642–1651	Royalists vs. Parliamentarians	England, Scotland, and Ireland	Part of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms
Deluge	3,000,000	1655–1660 or 1648-1667	Primarily Poland vs. Sweden and Russia	Poland	^[34]
Mughal–Maratha Wars	5,000,000+	1658–1707	Maratha empire vs. Mughal Empire	India-Bangladesh	^[35]^[36]
Franco-Dutch War	342,000	1672–1678	France and allies vs. Dutch Republic and allies	Western Europe	Also known as the Dutch War
Great Turkish War	380,000+	1683–1699	Ottoman Empire vs. European Holy League	Eastern Europe	^[23] – Also known as the War of the Holy League
Nine Years' War	680,000+	1688–1697	France vs. League of Augsburg (Dutch, Habsburgs, England, Scotland, Spain and others)	Global (mainly Europe)	^[37]
Great Northern War	350,000+	1700–1721	Russia and allies vs. Swedish Empire	Eastern Europe	Sweden, the Swedish Baltic provinces, and Finland, together, with a population of only 2.5 million, lost some 350,000 dead during the war from all causes.^[38]
War of the Spanish Succession	400,000–1,250,000	1701–1714	Grand Alliance vs. Bourbon Alliance	Europe / Americas	^[23]
Maratha expeditions in Bengal	400,000+	1741–1751	Maratha Empire vs. Nawab of Bengal	India, Bangladesh	^[39]^[40]
Seven Years' War	868,000–1,400,000	1756–1763	Great Britain and allies vs. France and Allies	Worldwide	due to a dispute over territories in the Americas
Sino-Burmese War	70,000+	1765–1769	Burma vs. Qing China	Southeast Asia	– Also known as the Qing invasions of Burma
Tây Sơn rebellion	1,200,000–2,000,000+	1771–1802	Tây Sơn rebels then dynasty (British supports) and Chinese pirates vs Nguyễn lords, Trịnh lords, Lê dynasty of Vietnam; Siam; Qing dynasty of China; Kingdom of Vientiane; French army.	Southeast Asia
American Revolutionary War	37,324+	1775–1783	United States and allies vs. British Empire and German Mercenaries	Worldwide	37,324 battle dead, all sides, all theaters.^[23]^[41]^[42]^[43]^[44] – Also known as the American War of Independence
White Lotus Rebellion	100,000+	1794–1804	Qing China vs. White Lotus rebels	China
French campaign in Egypt and Syria	65,000+	1798–1801	France vs. Ottoman Empire and Great Britain	Middle East / North Africa	^[23]
Saint-Domingue expedition	135,000+	1802–1803	France vs. Haiti and UK	Haiti	^[30]
Napoleonic Wars	3,500,000–7,000,000	1803–1815	Coalition powers vs. French empire and allies	Worldwide	See: Napoleonic Wars casualties
French invasion of Russia	540,000+	1812	French Empire vs. Russia	Russia	^[23] – Part of the Napoleonic Wars
Spanish American wars of independence	600,000+	1808–1833	Spain and Portugal vs. American Independentists	Americas	^[45]
Venezuelan War of Independence	228,000+	1810–1823	Spain vs. Venezuelan states	Venezuela	– Part of Spanish American Wars of Independence
Mfecane	1,000,000–2,000,000	1810s–1840s	Ethnic communities in southern Africa	Modern day South Africa	^[46]^[47]^[48]^[49]
Carlist Wars	200,000+	1820–1876	Carlist Insurgents vs. Spain	Spain	^[45]
Greek War of Independence	170,000+	1821–1831	Greek Revolutionaries vs. Ottoman Empire	Greece	The war started between Greek Revolutionaries and the Ottoman Empire. The Greeks were later assisted by Russia, Great Britain, and France. The war led to the formation of modern Greece.
French conquest of Algeria	480,000–1,000,000	1830–1903	France vs. Algerian resistance	Algeria	The war started between France and the Deylik of Algiers, which was an Ottoman vassal, but after the early capitulation of the Deylik, resistance was led by different groups.
Taiping Rebellion	20,000,000–70,000,000	1850–1864	Qing China vs. Taiping Heavenly Kingdom	China	^[50]^[51]^[52] – Also known as the Taiping Civil War
Crimean War	356,000–615,000	1853–1856	Ottoman Empire and allies vs. Russia	Crimean Peninsula	One of the first wider uses of rifles
Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856)	1,000,000+	1854–1856	Qing China vs. Red Turban rebels	China	Not to be confused with the Red Turban Rebellions
Miao Rebellion	4,900,000 ^{[unreliable source?]}	1854–1873	Qing China vs. Miao	China	Also known as the Qian rebellion
Punti–Hakka Clan Wars	500,000–1,000,000+	1855-1868	Hakka vs. Punti	China
Panthay Rebellion	890,000–1,000,000	1856–1873	Qing China vs. Hui	China	– Also known as the Du Wenxiu Rebellion
Indian Rebellion of 1857	800,000–1,000,000	1857–1858	Sepoy Mutineers vs. British East India Company	India	^[53] – Also known as the Sepoy Mutiny or the Indian First War of Independence
American Civil War	650,000–1,000,000	1861–1865	Union States vs. Confederate States	USA	^[54]^[55]^[56]
Dungan Revolt	8,000,000–20,000,000	1862–1877	Qing China vs. Hui vs. Kashgaria	China	– Also known as the Tongzhi Hui Revolt
French intervention in Mexico	49,287+	1862–1867	Mexican Republicans vs. France and Mexican Empire	Mexico	^[30]
Paraguayan War	300,000–1,200,000	1864–1870	Triple alliance vs. Paraguay	South America	^[57] – Also known as the War of the Triple Alliance
Austro-Prussian War	40,000+	1866	Austrian states vs. German states	Central Europe
Ten Years' War	241,000+	1868–1878	Spain vs. Cuba	Cuba	^[30] – Also known as the Great War
Franco-Prussian War	433,571+	1870–1871	France vs. German states	France and Prussia
Conquest of the Desert	30,000–35,000	1870s–1884	Argentina vs. Mapuche people	Patagonia
Aceh War	97,000–107,000	1873–1914	Kingdom of the Netherlands vs. Aceh Sultanate	Indonesia	^[58] – Also known as the Infidel War
First Sino–Japanese War	48,311+	1894–1895	Qing China vs. Japan	East Asia	A large factor in the weakening of Qing China.
Cuban War of Independence	362,000+	1895–1898	USA and Cuba vs. Spain	Cuba	^[30]
War of Canudos	30,000+	1896-1897	First Brazilian Republic vs. Canudos inhabitants	Brazil
Thousand Days' War	120,000+	1899–1902	Colombian Conservatives vs. Colombian Liberals	Colombia	^[59]
Boxer Rebellion	100,000	1899–1901	Boxers vs. Foreign powers	China
South African War (Second Boer War)	73,000–90,000	1899-1902	United Kingdom and allies vs. South African Republic and Orange Free State	South Africa	^[60]
Philippine–American War	234,000+	1899–1912	Philippines vs. USA	Philippines	^[61] – Also known as the Philippine War
Russo-Japanese War	101,300–206,100	1904–1905	Russia vs. Japan	Northeast Asia
Mexican Revolution	500,000–2,000,000	1910–1920	In reality, a full blown Civil War with multiple sides	Mexico	^[62]
1911 Revolution	220,000	1911	Qing China vs. Revolutionaries	China	Ended over 2,000 years of Chinese imperial rule
Balkan Wars	140,000+	1912–1913	See Balkan wars	Balkan Peninsula	The First Balkan War war restricted Ottoman control in Europe to territories around Istanbul. Disputes among the Balkan League lead to the Second Balkan War and the Ottomans managed reclaim some of the territories from Bulgaria, which was also forced to cede some gains made in the First War.
World War I	16,000,000–40,000,000+ (the higher estimate also includes the first victims of the related Spanish flu epidemic who died by the end of 1918. Neither includes the subsequent Russian Civil War)	1914–1918	Allied Powers vs. Central Powers	Worldwide	^[23] – Also known as the Great War
Russian Civil War	5,000,000–9,000,000	1917–1922	Red army and allies vs. White army and allies	Russia	^[63]
Kurdish separatism in Iran	15,000–58,000	1918–present	Qajar dynasty vs. Shekak (tribe)	Iran	^[64]
Iraqi–Kurdish conflict	138,800–320,100	1918–2003	Kurdistan/Iraqi Kurdistan and allies vs. Iraq and allies	Iraq	^[65]^[66]
Rif War	30,500+	1921–1926	Spain vs. Republic of the Rif	Morocco
Kurdish–Turkish conflict	100,000+	1921–present	Turkey vs. Kurdish people	Middle East
Second Italo-Senussi War	40,000+	1923–1932	Italy vs. Senussi Order	Libya
Chinese Civil War	8,000,000–11,692,000	1927–1949	ROC vs. PRC	China	^[67]
Chaco War	85,000–130,000	1932–1935	Bolivia vs. Paraguay	Gran Chaco
Second Italo–Ethiopian War	278,000+	1935–1936	Ethiopian Empire vs. Italy	Ethiopia	According to Italian government statistics, the Italians suffered 1,148 KIA, 125 DOW, and 31 MIA.^[68] According to the Ethiopian government, at least 275,000 Ethiopians died in the brief war.^[68]^[69] – Also known as the Second Italo–Abyssinian War
Spanish Civil War	500,000–1,000,000	1936–1939	Nationalists vs. Republicans	Spain	^[30]
Second Sino-Japanese War	20,000,000–25,000,000	1937–1945	Republic of China and allies vs. Japan	China	^[70] – Part of World War II
World War II	85,000,000	1939–1945	Allied powers vs. Axis Powers	Worldwide	^[23] – Largest and deadliest war in history
Winter War	153,736–194,837	1939–1940	Finland vs. Soviet Union	Finland	– Part of World War II
Greco-Italian War	27,000+	1940–1941	Greece vs. Italy	Southeast Europe	– Part of World War II
Continuation War	387,300+	1941–1944	Finland and Germany vs. Soviet Union	Northern Europe	– Part of World War II
Soviet–Japanese War	33,420–95,768	1945	Soviet Union and Mongolia vs. Japan	Manchuria	– Part of World War II
First Indochina War	400,000+	1946–1954	France vs. Việt Minh, Lao Assara, and Khmer Issarak	Southeast Asia	– Also known as the Indochina War
Partition of India	200,000–2,000,000	1946–1948	India and Pakistan	South Asia	Partition of India
Greek Civil War	158,000+	1946–1949	Greek Government army vs. DSE	Greece	^[71]^[72]^[73]^[74]
Malagasy Uprising	11,342–89,000	1947–1948	France vs. Malagasy Insurgents	Madagascar	^[75]^[76]
Kashmir conflict	80,000–110,000	1947–present	India vs. Pakistan	North India / Pakistan
La Violencia	192,700–194,700	1948–1958	Colombian Conservative Party vs. Colombian Liberal Party	Colombia
Internal conflict in Myanmar	130,000–250,000	1948–present	Myanmar vs. Burmese Insurgent Groups	Myanmar	^[77]
Arab–Israeli conflict	116,074+	1948–present	Arab Countries vs. Israel	Middle East	^[78]
Annexation of Hyderabad	29,000–242,000	1948	Dominion of India vs. Hyderabad	India	– Also known as Operation Polo
Korean War	1,500,000–4,500,000	1950–1953	South Korea and allies vs. North Korea and allies	Korea	^[79]
Algerian War	400,000–1,500,000	1954–1962	Algeria vs. France	Algeria	^[80] – Also known as the Algerian War of Independence
Ethnic conflict in Nagaland	34,000+	1954–present	India and Myanmar vs. Naga People	Northeast India	^[81]
Vietnam War	1,300,000–4,300,000	1955–1975	South Vietnam and allies vs. North Vietnam and allies	Vietnam	^[82]^[83]^[84] – Also known as the Second Indochina War - Includes deaths in Cambodia and Laos
First Sudanese Civil War	500,000+	1955–1972	Sudan vs. South Sudanese Rebels	Sudan
Congo Crisis	100,000+	1960–1965	DRC, USA, and Belgium vs. Simba and Kwilu Rebels	Congo	^[85]
Angolan War of Independence	83,000–103,000	1961–1974	Angola vs. Portugal and South Africa	Angola
North Yemen Civil War	100,000–200,000	1962–1970	Kingdom of Yemen and Saudi Arabia vs. Yemen Arab Republic and United Arab Republic	Yemen	^[86]
Mozambican War of Independence	63,500–88,500	1964–1974	FRELIMO vs. Portugal	Mozambique	^[87]
Insurgency in Northeast India	25,000+	1964–present	India and allies vs. Insurgent Groups	Northeast India	^[77]
Colombian conflict	220,000+	1964–present	Colombia and allies vs. Far Left guerillas and Far Right paramilitares	Colombia	^[88]
Nigerian Civil War	1,000,000–3,000,000	1967–1970	Nigeria vs. Biafra	Nigeria	– Also known as the Biafran War
Moro conflict	120,000+	1969–2019	Philippines vs. Jihadist Groups vs. Bangsamoro	Philippines	^[89]
Communist rebellion in the Philippines	30,000–43,000	1969–present	Philippines vs. Communist Party of the Philippines	Philippines	^[90]
Bangladesh Liberation War	300,000–3,000,000+	1971	India and Bangladesh vs. Pakistan	Bangladesh	^[91] – Also known as the Bangladesh War of Independence
Ethiopian Civil War	500,000–1,500,000	1974–1991	Derg, PEDR, and Cuba vs. Anti-Communist rebel groups	Ethiopia
Angolan Civil War	504,158+	1975–2002	MPLA vs. UNITA	Angola
Lebanese Civil War	120,000–150,000	1975–1990	Various groups	Lebanon
Insurgency in Laos	100,000+	1975–2007	Laos and Vietnam vs. "Secret army" and Hmong people	Laos	^[92]
Afghanistan conflict	1,400,000–2,000,000	1978–present	see Afghanistan conflict	Afghanistan	^[93]
Kurdish–Turkish conflict	45,000+	1978–present	Turkey vs. KCK	Middle East	^[94] – Part of the Kurdish rebellions in Turkey
Soviet–Afghan War	600,000–2,000,000	1979–1989	Soviet Union and Afghanistan vs. Insurgent groups	Afghanistan	^[95]^[96]^[97] – Part of War in Afghanistan
Salvadoran Civil War	70,000–80,000	1979–1992	El Salvador vs. FMLN	El Salvador	^[98]^[99]
Iran–Iraq War	500,000	1980–1988	Iran and allies vs. Iraq and allies	Middle East	^[100]
Internal conflict in Peru	70,000+	1980–present	Peru vs. PCP-SL and MRTA	Peru	^[101]
Ugandan Bush War	100,000–500,000	1981–1986	ULNF and Tanzania vs. National Resistance Army	Uganda	^[102]^[103] – Also known as the Luwero War
Second Sudanese Civil War	1,000,000–2,000,000	1983–2005	Sudan vs. South Sudanese rebels	Sudan
Sri Lankan Civil War	80,000–100,000	1983–2009	Sri Lanka vs. Tamil Tigers	Sri Lanka	^[104]
Somali Civil War	300,000–500,000	1986–present	Varying Somali governments vs. insurgent groups	Somalia	^[105]^[106]
Lord's Resistance Army insurgency	100,000–500,000	1987–present	Lord's Resistance Army vs. Central African states	Central Africa	^[107]
Nagorno-Karabakh conflict	38,000+	1988–present	Artsakh and Armenia vs. Azerbaijan and allies	Caucasus region	– Also known as the Artsakh Liberation War
Gulf War	25,500–40,500	1990–1991	Iraq vs. Coalition Forces	Iraq	– Also known as the First Iraq War
Algerian Civil War	44,000–200,000	1991–2002	Algeria vs. FIS loyalists vs. GIA	Algeria	^[108]
Bosnian War	97,000–105,000	1991–1995	Bosnia and Herzegovinian governments and allies vs. Republika Srpska and allies	Bosnia
1991 Iraqi uprisings	85,000–235,000	1991	Iraq vs various rebels	Iraq	^[109]^[110]^[111] – Also known as the Sha'aban Intifada
Sierra Leone Civil War	50,000–300,000	1991–2002	see Sierra Leone Civil War	Sierra Leone
Burundian Civil War	300,000+	1993–2005	Burundi vs. Hutu rebels vs. Tutsi rebels	Burundi	^[112]
Rwandan genocide	800,000	April–July 1994	Hutu people vs. Tutsi Rebels	Rwanda	^[113]
First Congo War	250,000–800,000	1996–1997	Zaire and allies vs. AFDL and allies	Congo
Second Congo War	2,500,000–5,400,000	1998–2003	See Second Congo War	Central Africa	^[114]^[115]^[116]^[117] – Also known as the Great War of Africa
Ituri conflict	60,000+	1999–2003	Lendu Tribe vs. Hemu Tribe and allies	Congo	^[118] – Part of the Second Congo War
War on terror	272,000–1,260,000	2001–present	Anti-Terrorist Forces vs. Terrorist groups	Worldwide	^[119]^[120]^[121]^[122] – Also known as the Global War on Terrorism
War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)	212,191+	2001–2021	See War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)	Afghanistan	^[120] – Part of the War on Terror and Afghanistan conflict
Iraq War	405,000–654,965	2003–2011	See Iraq War	Iraq	^[121]^[122]^[120] – Also known as the Second Gulf War – Part of the War on Terror See: Casualties of the Iraq War
War in Darfur	300,000+	2003–present	SRF and allies vs. Sudan and allies vs. UNAMID	Sudan	^[123]
Kivu Conflict	100,000+	2004–present	see Kivu Conflict	Congo	– Part of the Second Congo War
Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa	45,900–79,000	2004–2017	Pakistan, USA, and UK vs. Terrorist groups	Pakistan	^[120] – Also known as the War in Waziristan – Part of the War on Terror and War in Afghanistan (2001–present)
Mexican drug war	150,000–250,000	2006–present	Mexico vs. Drug cartels	Mexico	^[124]^[125] – Also known as the Mexican War on Drugs
Boko Haram insurgency	350,000+	2009–present	Multinational Joint Task Force vs. Boko Haram	Nigeria	2,400,000 internally displaced
Syrian civil war	499,000–610,000+	2011–present	Syrian Arab Republic vs. Republic of Syria vs. ISIL vs. Syrian Democratic Forces	Syria	See: Casualties of the Syrian civil war
Rojava–Islamist conflict	50,000+	2013–present	Syrian Democratic Forces vs. Islamic States of Iraq and Levant vs. al-Nusra Front	Syria	100,000^[126] Syrian Kurds fleeing to Turkey
War in Iraq (2013–2017)	195,000–200,000+	2013–2017	Iraq and allies vs. ISIL	Iraq
Yemeni Civil War	377,000+	2014–present	Yemen's Supreme Political Council vs. Hadi Government, Saudi-led Coalition and the UAE-backed Southern Movement vs Al-Qaeda	Yemen	UNDP estimate for the end of 2021. 60% attributable to hunger and disease. Also part of the Arab Winter.
Russo-Ukrainian War	23,000–200,000	2014–present	Russia and DPR vs. Ukraine	Ukraine	Estimates of deaths vary widely.^[127]^[128]
Tigray War	300,000–500,000 (Including famine victims, per Ghent University)^[129]^[130]	2020–present	UFEFCF vs. Ethiopian and Eritrean Government	Ethiopia (Tigray, Afar and Amhara Regions)	Part of the Ethiopian civil conflict.

Modern wars with fewer than 25,000 deaths by death toll

22,000+ – Dominican Restoration War – One estimate placed total Spanish deaths from all causes at 18,000. The fatal losses among the Dominican insurgents were estimated at 4,000. (1863–1865)^[30]
22,211 – Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995)^[131]
21,000+ – Six-Day War (1967)^[132]
20,068 - Reform War (1857–1860)
20,000+ – Yaqui Wars (1533–1929)^[23]
20,000+ – War of the Quadruple Alliance (1718–1720)^[30]
20,000+ – Ragamuffin War (1835–1845)^[133]
20,000+ – Italo-Turkish War (1911–1912)^[23]
19,619+ – Rhodesian Bush War (1964–1979)
19,000+ – Mexican–American War (1846–1848)^[23]
18,069–20,069 – First Opium War (1839–1842)^[134]
17,294+ – 1940–44 insurgency in Chechnya (1940–1944)
17,200+ – First Anglo-Afghan War (1839–1842)^[135]
16,765–17,065 – Balochistan conflict (1948–present)^[136]^[137]^[138]
16,000+ – War of the Pacific (1879–1883)
16,000+ – Nepalese Civil War (1996–2006)
16,000+ – Spanish–American War (1898)^[23]
15,200–15,300 – Peasants' War (1798) – Part of the French Revolutionary Wars
15,000+ – Nigerian Sharia conflict (2009–present)^[139]^[140]^[141]
14,460–14,922 – South African Border War (1966–1990)
14,077–22,077 – Mau Mau Uprising (1952–1960)
13,929+ – Republic of the Congo Civil War (1997–1999)^[106]
13,812+ – Naxalite-Maoist insurgency (1967–present)^[142]^[143]
13,100–34,000 – Kurdish separatism in Iran (1918–present)^[132]
13,100–13,300 – Russo-Ukrainian War (2014–present)
13,073–26,373 – 1948 Arab–Israeli War (1948–1949)^[144]
11,500–12,843 – Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 – Part of the Bangladesh Liberation War
10,000+ – Assam separatist movements (1979–present)
10,000+ – Malayan Emergency (1948–1960)^[145]
10,000+ – War in Donbas^[146] – Part of the Russian military intervention in Ukraine (2014–present)
10,000+ – Rwandan Civil War (1990–1994)
10,000+ – First Italo-Ethiopian War (1894–1896)^[23]
10,000+ – Second Melillan campaign (1909)^[23]
10,000+ – Hispano-Moroccan War (1859–60)^[23]
10,000+ – Spanish conquest of Tripoli (1510)^[147]
9,400+ – Libyan Civil War (2011) (2011)^[148]
8,136+ – Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)^[149]
7,500–21,741 – War of 1812 (1812–1815)^[23]^[150]
7,400–16,200 – Yemeni Civil War (2015–present) (2015–present)
7,050+ - Portuguese conquest of Goa (1510)^[151]
7,104+ – Indo-Pakistani War of 1947 (1947–1949)^[152]
7,000+ – Chadian Civil War (2005–10) (2005–2010)^[153]
6,800–13,459 – Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 (1965)
6,859+ – 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict (2020–present)
5,641–6,991 - Opposition–ISIL conflict during the Syrian Civil War ( 2014–present )
6,543+ – South Thailand insurgency (2004–present)^[154]
6,295+ – Central African Republic conflict (2012–present)
5,641+ – Sudanese nomadic conflicts (2009–present)^[155]^[156]
5,100+ – Gaza–Israel conflict (2006–present) – Part of the Arab–Israeli conflict
5,000+ – Casamance conflict (1982–2014)^[157]
5,000+ – Chilean Civil War of 1891 (1891)^[158]
5,000+ - Cuban Revolution (1959)^[159]
4,715+ – Libyan Civil War (2014–present) (2014–present)
4,200+ – Shifta War (1963–1967)^[160]
4,000–10,000 – Conflict in the Niger Delta (2004–present)^[161]
3,699+ – Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen (1992–present)^[106]
3,552+ – First Schleswig War (1848–1852)
3,529+ – The Northern Ireland Troubles (1966–1998)^[162]
3,366+ – Insurgency in the North Caucasus (2009–2017)^[163]
3,270+ – Second Schleswig War (1864)
3,222–3,722 – Hungarian Revolution of 1956 (1956)
3,144+ – Allied Democratic Forces insurgency (1996–present)
3,114+ – 1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine (1947–1948) – Part of the 1948 Palestine war
3,007+ – War of the Golden Stool (1900)^{[citation needed]}
3,000–6,000 – Negro Rebellion (1912)^[164]^[165]
3,000–5,000 – Croatian-Slovene Peasant Revolt (1573) ^[166]
3,000+ – Second Ivorian Civil War (2010–2011)^[167]
3,000+ – Banana Wars (1914–1933)^[50]
2,944+ – Insurgency in the Maghreb (2004–present)
2,800+ – Northern Mali conflict (2012–present)
2,781+ – Iranian Revolution (1978–1979)^[168]
2,751+ – Third Anglo-Afghan War (1919)^[169]
2,557+ – Sudan internal conflict (2011–present) (2011–present)^[170]^[171]^[172]
2,394+ – Sinai insurgency (2011–present)^[173]
2,300+ – Conflict in the Niger Delta (2003–present)^[174]^[175]
2,221–2,406 – 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict (2014) – Part of the Gaza–Israel conflict
2,150+ – Persian Expedition of 1796 (1796)
2,096+ – Aden Emergency (1963–1967)
2,054+ – South Yemen insurgency (2009–2015)
~2,014 – Irish War of Independence (1919–1921)
2,000–3,800 - Albanian Civil War (1997)
2,000+ – Costa Rican Civil War (1948)
2,000+ – Six-Day War (2000) (2000)^[176]
2,000+ – 2010 South Kyrgyzstan ethnic clashes (2010)^[177]^[178]^[179]
2,000 – Iran crisis of 1946 (1946)^[180]
1,810+ – Anglo-Iraqi War (1941) – Part of World War II
1,774+ – Lapland War (1944–1945) – Part of World War II
1,648 – Sinaloa Cartel-Gulf Cartel conflict ( 2003–present )
1,643–2,237 – Transnistria War (1992)^[181]^[182]^[183]^[184]
1,561 – Islamic State-related terrorist attacks in Turkey (2013–present)
1,500+ – Irish Civil War (1922–1923)
1,449+ – M23 rebellion (2012–2013) – Part of the Kivu Conflict
1,444 – Taliban-ISIL conflict in Afghanistan ( 2015–present )
1,300+ – Allied Democratic Forces insurgency (1996–present)^[185]
1,295+ – Siachen conflict (1984–present)
1,229+ – Basque conflict (1959–2011)^[186]
1,227–5,600 – Kargil War (1999)^[187]^[188]^[189]^[190]
1,000–1,500 – Cabinda conflict (1994–present)^[191]
1,000+ – Djiboutian Civil War (1991–1994)
1,000+ – 1991–92 South Ossetia War (1991–1992)^[192]
1,000+ – Xinjiang conflict (1960–present)
1,000+ – Chincha Islands War (1864–1866)^[23]
1,000+ – Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict (2015–present) – Part of the Yemeni Civil War (2015–present)
1,000 – Second Mafia War (1980-1983)
907 – Falklands War (1982)^[193]
898 – Barbary Wars (1801–1815)
864 – Jamaican political conflict (1943–present)
850 – Syrian Civil War spillover in Lebanon (2011–2017) – Part of the Syrian Civil War
846 – 2011 Egyptian revolution (2011)
808 – Sino-Russian border conflicts (1652–1689)
789–1,874 – 2001–02 India–Pakistan standoff (2001–2002)
771 – Insurgency in Egypt (2013–present) (2013–present)
740 – Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation (1963–1966)^[194]^[195]
722 – Kamwina Nsapu rebellion (2016–present)
700–800 – Anglo-Aro War (1901–1902)
670+ – Infighting in the Gulf Cartel (2010–present)
659–2,496 – Russia–Georgia war (2008)
650+ – Infighting in Los Zetas (2010–present)
643–1,500 – Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile (2011–present)^[172]^[171]
621 – Second 'Ndrangheta war (1985-1991)
316 – Chiapas conflict (1994–present)
300+ – Islamic Army–Al-Qaeda conflict (2006-2007)
547 – Cyprus Emergency (1955–1959)
542 – East Prigorodny Conflict (1992)
500 – Anglo-Zanzibar War (1896)
422 – Franco-Thai War (1940–1941)
327 – RENAMO insurgency (2013–present)
275–569 – Second Afar insurgency (1995–present) Part of the Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict
236 – Batwa-Luba clashes (2013–present)
233 – First 'Ndrangheta war (1974–1976)
233 – Anglophone Crisis (2017–present)^[a]
213–523+ Jebel Akhdar War (1954–1959)^[201]
206–345 – Arab separatism in Khuzestan (1922–2022)
200+ – 1967 Opium War (1967)
200 – Miami drug war (1970s-1980s)
200 – 1935 Yazidi revolt (1935)^{[citation needed]}
174–194 – United States occupation of Veracruz (1914)^[202]
160+ – Quebec Biker War (1994-2002)
159 – ISIL insurgency in Tunisia (2015–present)^{[citation needed]}
141 – 2006 São Paulo violence outbreak (2006)
126 – 2016 Kasese clashes (2016)^[203]^[204]
115 – The Pool War (2016–present)
108 – Islamist insurgency in Mozambique (2017–present)^[b]
102–227 – India–Pakistan military confrontation (2016–present) (2016–present)
95 – 2013 Guinea clashes (2013)^[216]
84–134 – Lahad Datu standoff (2013)^[217]^[218]
82 – Quasi-War (1798–1800)
82 – North-West Rebellion (1885)^[219]
71 – Paraguayan People's Army insurgency (2005–present)^{[citation needed]}
70+ – DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey (1990–present)
63 – Ten-Day War (1991)
62–72 – First Biker War (1977–1984)
56+ – Dissident Irish Republican campaign (1998–present)
50+ – Castellammarese War (1930–1931)
50+ – Tong Wars (1800s–1930s)
46 – Annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli (1954)
45+ – 2020 China–India skirmishes (2020–present)
41 – 2010 Rio de Janeiro security crisis (2010)
39–111 – India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2014–2015) (2014–2015)
37 – 2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2013)
36 – Yama-Ichi War (1986-1989)
36 – 2016 Niger Delta conflict (2016–Present)^[220] – Part of the Conflict in the Niger Delta
30+ – Aldermen's wars (1916–1921)
23 – Mafia-Camorra War (1915–1917)
20 – Satan's Choice–Popeyes War (1974–1976)
20 – 2009 Vancouver gang war (2009)
20 – Rowan County War (1884–1887)
16 – Greene–Jones War (1860–present)
16 – Piracy on Falcon Lake (2010–present)
12–61 – 2017 Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmish (2017) – Part of the Afghanistan–Pakistan skirmishes
11–30 – 2008 Kufra conflict (2008)
11+ – Tutt–Everett War (1844–1850)
11 – Great Nordic Biker War (1994–1997)
8 – 2011 India–Pakistan border skirmish (2011)
7 – Bellevue War (1840)
2+ – Ontario Biker War (1999–2002)
2+ – Rock Machine-Rebels conflict (2009–present)

Charts and graphs

Notes

^ See^[196]^[197]^[198]^[199]^[200]
^ See^[205]^[206]^[207]^[208]^[209]^[210]^[211]^[212]^[213]^[214]^[215]

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Works cited

Carlton, Charles (2002). Going to the Wars: The Experience of the British Civil Wars 1638-1651. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-203-42558-9.
Čečuk, Božidar (March 1960). "Tragom poginulih seljaka u Seljačkoj buni 1573. godine" (PDF). Papers and Proceedings of the Department of Historical Research of the Institute of Historical and Social Research of Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts (in Croatian). 3. Zagreb, Croatia: Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts: 499–503. Retrieved 5 September 2017.

External links

An Interactive map of all the battles fought around the world in the last 4,000 years
Information on 1,500 conflicts since 1800
Max Roser: 'War and Peace'. (2016). Published online at OurWorldInData.org.

[201] See^[196]^[197]^[198]^[199]^[200]

[217] See^[205]^[206]^[207]^[208]^[209]^[210]^[211]^[212]^[213]^[214]^[215]

[1] White, Matthew. "Atrocity statistics from the Roman Era". Necrometrics.

[2] "Atrocity statistics from the Roman Era". users.erols.com.

[The_Jewish_Roman_Wars-3] "The Jewish Roman Wars". www.jewishwikipedia.info. Retrieved 2020-07-28.

[Robert_B._Marks-4] Robert B. Marks (2011). China: Its Environment and History (World Social Change). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 978-1442212756.

[Graziella_Caselli-5] Graziella Caselli (2005). Demography – Analysis and Synthesis: A Treatise in Population. Academic Press. ISBN 012765660X.

[6] Aletheia (1897). The Rationalist's Manual.

[7] Book of Sui. 636.

[8] White, Matthew. "Selected Death Tolls for Wars, Massacres and Atrocities Before the 20th Century". Necrometrics. Retrieved 2011-01-24.

[9] "귀주대첩 [네이버 지식백과] 귀주대첩 [龜州大捷] (두산백과)". Naver. Retrieved 4 July 2013.

[Chapuis77-10] Chapuis 1995, p. 77

[11] Xu Zizhi Tongjian Changbian《長編》卷三百上載出師兵員“死者二十萬”，“上曰：「朝廷以交址犯順，故興師討罪，郭逵不能剪滅，垂成而還。今廣源瘴癘之地，我得之未為利，彼失之未為害，一夫不獲，朕尚閔之，况十死五六邪？」又安南之師，死者二十萬，朝廷當任其咎。《續資治通鑑長編·卷三百》”。《越史略》載廣西被殺者“無慮十萬”。《玉海》卷一九三上稱“兵夫三十萬人冒暑涉瘴地，死者過半”。

[12] Robertson, John M., "A Short History of Christianity" (1902) p.278. Cited by White

[13] White, Matthew. "Crusades (1095-1291)". Necrometrics.

[14] "Massacre of the Pure". Time. April 28, 1961. Archived from the original on January 20, 2008.

[McEvedy&Jones1978-15] McEvedy, Colin; Jones, Richard M. (1978). Atlas of World Population History. New York, NY: Puffin. p. 172. ISBN 9780140510768.

[16] Ping-ti Ho, "An Estimate of the Total Population of Sung-Chin China", in Études Song, Series 1, No 1, (1970) pp. 33–53.

[17] White, Matthew. "Mongol Conquests". Necrometrics. Retrieved 2011-01-24.

[18] White, Matthew. "Twentieth Century Atlas – Historical Body Count". Necrometrics.

[19] White, Matthew. "Timur Lenk (1369–1405)". Necrometrics. Retrieved 2011-01-24.

[20] White, Matthew. "Miscellaneous Oriental Atrocities". Necrometrics. Retrieved 2011-01-24.

[21] "War Statistics – Death Tolls, Length, and More". Archived from the original on 10 March 2017.

[remilitari-22] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g "De re Militari: muertos en Guerras, Dictaduras y Genocidios". remilitari.com.

[Nash-23] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r Nash (1976). Darkest Hours. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9781590775264.

[24] White, Matthew. "Peasants' War, Germany (1524-25)". Necrometrics.

[25] Knecht, Robert J. (2002). The French Religious Wars 1562–1598. Osprey Publishing. pp. 91. ISBN 9781841763958.

[26] Carlton, Charles (2011-11-22). This Seat of Mars: War and the British Isles, 1485-1746. ISBN 978-0300180886.

[27] Jones, Geo H. (1899). "The Japanese Invasion of Korea — 1592" (PDF). The China Review. 23 (5): 234. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-07-10. Retrieved 2018-05-13. Thus ended for a time one of the bloodiest wars in history. During the two years and more the loss of life was frightful; nothing remains upon which to base a reliable estimate, but the War Monument at Kiuto, and the accounts of such battles as Kyong-chu, Choung-chu, Haing chu, the Im Chiu River, Pyongyang, Yenan, the massacre at Söul, Ulsan and Chiu-chu, and fifty other engagements would make a million lives a conservative estimate.

[28] McFarlane, Alan: The Savage Wars of Peace: England, Japan and the Malthusian Trap, Blackwell 2003, ISBN 0-631-18117-2, ISBN 978-0-631-18117-0 – cited by White

[29] White, Matthew. "The Thirty Years War (1618-48)". Necrometrics.

[clodfelter-30] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Clodfelter, M (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015, 4th ed. McFarland.

[Carlton-211-31] Carlton 2002, p. 211.

[Carlton-212-32] Carlton 2002, p. 212.

[Carlton-213-33] Carlton 2002, p. 213.

[34] Grabieże szwedzkie w Polsce (1). Przyczyny, charakterystyka i skutki

[35] Matthew White (2011). Atrocitology: Humanity's 100 Deadliest Achievements. Canongate Books. p. 113. ISBN 9780857861252.

[36] Matthew White (2011), Aurangzeb - in Atrocities: The 100 Deadliest Episodes in Human History, W.W. Norton & Co., ISBN 978-0393081923

[37] Levy, Jack S (1983). War in the Modern Great Power System: 1495 to 1975. University Press of Kentucky. Page 90.

[38] White, Matthew. "Northern War (1700-21)". Necrometrics.

[Marshall73-39] P. J. Marshall (2006). Bengal: The British Bridgehead: Eastern India 1740-1828. Cambridge University Press. p. 73. ISBN 9780521028226.

[Chaudhuri253-40] Kirti N. Chaudhuri (2006). The Trading World of Asia and the English East India Company: 1660-1760. Cambridge University Press. p. 253. ISBN 9780521031592.

[Howard_H._Peckham_1974-41] Peckham, Howard H., ed. (1974). The Toll of Independence: Engagements and Battle Casualties of the American Revolution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

[frenchcasualtiesrevolution-42] Dawson, Warrington. "The 2112 Frenchmen who died in the United States from 1777 to 1783 while fighting for the American Independence". Washington-Rochambeau Revolutionary Route. Journal de la societe des Americanistes. Archived from the original on 5 June 2017. Retrieved 4 June 2017.

[Necrometrics-43] "Spanish casualties in The American Revolutionary war". Necrometrics.

[Annual_Register,_1783-44] Annual Register, 1783 (1785), pp. 199–200.

[remilitari6-45] "De re Militari: muertos en Guerras, Dictaduras y Genocidios". remilitari.com.

[46] "Shaka: Zulu Chieftain". HistoryNet.com. June 12, 2006.

[47] Hanson, Victor (18 December 2007). Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise to Western Power. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-307-42518-8.

[48] Walter, Eugene Victor (1969). Terror and resistance: a study of political violence, with case studies of some primitive African communities. Oxford University Press.

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[Gruhl-50] Gruhl, Werner (2007). Imperial Japan's World War Two: 1931 - 1945. Transaction Publishers. p. 181. ISBN 9780765803528.

[51] Cao, Shuji (2001). Zhongguo Renkou Shi [A History of China's Population] (in Chinese). Shanghai: Fudan Daxue Chubanshe. pp. 455, 509.

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