Eritrean Defence Forces: Difference between revisions
Leechjoel9 (talk | contribs) Undid revision 1007530588 by Rastakwere (talk) The same in this article, there are a lot of unconfirmed reports and claims that contradicts each other, those suit on the article for Tigray war. |
→Tigray War: copyedit Tag: Reverted |
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====Tigray War==== |
====Tigray War==== |
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On 4 December 2020, [[Mesfin Hagos]], former Defence Minister of [[Eritrea]], stated that EDF divisions used in the early part of the [[Tigray War]] included:<ref name="AfricanArgs_ER_role" /> |
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* through [[Zalambessa]]: mechanised divisions: 42nd and 49th; infantry: 11th, 17th, 19th and 27th; |
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* after [[Idaga Hamus (Saesi Tsaedaemba)|Idaga Hamus]] was taken: five divisions, including the 2nd brigade of the 525th commando division; |
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* on the [[Adwa]] front: mechanised: 46th and 48th; infantry: 26th, 28th and 53rd.<ref name="AfricanArgs_ER_role" /> |
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On 27 January 2021, [[Mulugeta Gebrehiwot]], former [[Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front|EPDRF]] member and founder of the [[Institute for Peace and Security Studies]], stated that 42 EDF divisions were present in Tigray Region.<ref name="Mountains_Destroyed_Tigray_pdf" /> |
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The EDF was documented from first-hand testimony as carrying out [[sexual violence in the Tigray War]] on a large scale, according to [[Sehin Teferra]] of the feminist organisation ''Setaweet''.<ref name="GuardNG_confirmed_rape" /> |
The EDF was documented from first-hand testimony as carrying out [[sexual violence in the Tigray War]] on a large scale, according to [[Sehin Teferra]] of the feminist organisation ''Setaweet''.<ref name="GuardNG_confirmed_rape" /> |
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<ref name="CorriereSera_death_photo">{{cite news | last1= Alberizzi | first1= Massimo A. | language =it | title= Fotografie di morte |trans-title = Photography of a death | date= 2005-10-25 |newspaper= [[Corriere della Sera]] | url= https://www.corriere.it/Primo_Piano/Esteri/2005/09_Settembre/11/speciale_eritrea.shtml |access-date=2021-02-13 |archive-url= https://archive.today/drrdE |archive-date= 2021-02-13 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
<ref name="CorriereSera_death_photo">{{cite news | last1= Alberizzi | first1= Massimo A. | language =it | title= Fotografie di morte |trans-title = Photography of a death | date= 2005-10-25 |newspaper= [[Corriere della Sera]] | url= https://www.corriere.it/Primo_Piano/Esteri/2005/09_Settembre/11/speciale_eritrea.shtml |access-date=2021-02-13 |archive-url= https://archive.today/drrdE |archive-date= 2021-02-13 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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<ref name="AfricanArgs_ER_role">{{cite web | last1 =Hagos | first1 =Mesfin | author1-link =Mesfin Hagos | title= Eritrea's Role in Ethiopia's Conflict and the Fate of Eritrean Refugees in Ethiopia | website= [[African Arguments]] |date =2020-12-04 | url = https://africanarguments.org/2020/12/eritreas-role-in-ethiopias-conflict-and-the-fate-of-eritrean-refugees-in-ethiopia | access-date = 2021-02-07 |archive-url= https://archive.today/ZupbD |archive-date= 2021-02-07 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Mountains_Destroyed_Tigray_pdf">{{cite web | last1 = de Waal | first1 =Alex |author1-link =Alex de Waal | last2= Gebrehiwot Berhe | first2= Mulugeta |author2-link = Mulugeta Gebrehiwot |title= Transcript – Call between Mulugeta Gebrehiwot and Alex de Waal 27 January 2021 | website= [[World Peace Foundation]] |date = 2021-01-27 | url = https://sites.tufts.edu/reinventingpeace/files/2021/01/Mulugeta-Call-27-Jan-Full-transcript1-1.pdf | access-date = 2021-01-30 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210129211458/https://sites.tufts.edu/reinventingpeace/files/2021/01/Mulugeta-Call-27-Jan-Full-transcript1-1.pdf |archive-date= 2021-01-29 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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Revision as of 03:55, 22 February 2021
| Eritrean Defence Forces | |
|---|---|
| ሓይልታት ምክልኻል ሓይልታት ምክልኻል ኤርትራ | |
 National flag and ensign | |
| Founded | 1991 |
| Service branches | Eritrean Army Eritrean Air Force Eritrean Navy |
| Headquarters | Asmara |
| Leadership | |
| Commander-in-Chief | President Isaias Afewerki |
| Minister of Defence | General Sebhat Ephrem |
| Personnel | |
| Military age | 18 Years Old |
| Conscription | 18 Months |
| Available for military service | 1,985,023 males, age 18-40[3](2004 est.), 1,980,987 females, age 18-40[3](2004 est.) |
| Fit for military service | 1,599,979 males, age 18-40[3](2004 est.), 1,590,899 females, age 18-40[3](2004 est.) |
| Active personnel | 320,000 [1] |
| Reserve personnel | 500,000 [2] |
| Expenditure | |
| Percent of GDP | 20.9% (2009 est.) US$ 220.1 million |
| Industry | |
| Foreign suppliers |  Israel China Egypt Sudan Russia India Belarus |
| Related articles | |
| History | Military history of Eritrea Eritrean War of Independence Hanish Islands Crisis Eritrean–Ethiopian War Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict 2013 Eritrean Army mutiny Battle of Tsorona Tigray conflict |
| Ranks | Military ranks of Eritrea |
The Eritrean Defence Forces (EDF) are the defence forces of Eritrea, composed of three branches: Air Force, Army, and Navy. The Army is by far the largest, followed by the Air Force and Navy. The Commander-in-Chief of the EDF is the President of Eritrea. Their military role stems from Eritrea's strategic geographical location, located on the Red Sea with a foothold on the Straits of Bab al-Mandeb.
History
Pre-independence
Military history in Eritrea stretches back for thousands of years; during ancient times up until the current day, the society of Eritreans has dealt with war and peace. During the kingdom of Medri Bahri, the military fought numerous battles against the invading forces of the Abyssinians to the south and the Ottoman Turks at the Red Sea.[4]
In the 16th century the port of Massawa was used by the Ottomans to protect sea lanes from disruption, while more recently it was used by the Italians during their colonial occupation. The kingdom of Medri Bahri was dissolved and the Colony of Eritrea was founded by the Italians in 1890, shortly after the opening of the Suez Canal. When Italian troops occupied Ethiopia in 1936, Eritrean native soldiers (known as Askaris or Banda, the latter denotes their "betrayal" and service for the enemy) supported the invading force. However, this was reversed by British and Ethiopian troops in 1941. The Eritrean infantry battalions and cavalry squadrons of the "Regi Corpi Truppe Coloniali" (Royal Colonial Corps) saw extensive service in the various Italian colonial territories between 1888 and 1942.
During the war for Eritrea's independence rebel movements (the ELF and the EPLF) used volunteers. In the final years of the struggle for independence, the EPLF ranks grew to 110,000 volunteers (some 3% of the total population).[citation needed]
Independence (1991–present)
During the first two decades of independence, the EDF formally had the power to detain and arrest civilians, and used this power to help police detain and arrest civilians, which systematically happened for arbitrary reasons. Together with police, EPLF members and government officials, the EDF carried out widespread torture of Eritreans.[5]
Military-run prisons included the underground Track B (or Tract B) in the west of Asmara, holding 2000 detainees; Adi Abeto near Asmara; Wi'a, 32 km south of Massawa, for holding military prisoners (escaped conscripts and draft evaders) and members of unauthorised religions; Mitire, in north-eastern Eritrea for religious prisoners; Haddis Ma'askar, mostly underground, near the Sawa military base; Ala Bazit in a desert next to the Ala mountains; and Mai Dima near Berakit Mountain for Kunama detainees.[5]
Typical torture methods used by the army during these decades included the "helicopter" position.[5] Extrajudicial killings were commonly used by the army against people trying to avoid conscription. In 2005, an Italian diplomat witnessed and photographed, by chance, a summary execution in Asmara of a young man who escaped several metres from a truck collecting conscripts.[6]
EDF border guards had "standing orders to shoot on sight" to prevent Eritreans trying to escape from Eritrea.[5]
Tigray War
On 4 December 2020, Mesfin Hagos, former Defence Minister of Eritrea, stated that EDF divisions used in the early part of the Tigray War included:[7]
- through Zalambessa: mechanised divisions: 42nd and 49th; infantry: 11th, 17th, 19th and 27th;
- after Idaga Hamus was taken: five divisions, including the 2nd brigade of the 525th commando division;
- on the Adwa front: mechanised: 46th and 48th; infantry: 26th, 28th and 53rd.[7]
On 27 January 2021, Mulugeta Gebrehiwot, former EPDRF member and founder of the Institute for Peace and Security Studies, stated that 42 EDF divisions were present in Tigray Region.[8]
The EDF was documented from first-hand testimony as carrying out sexual violence in the Tigray War on a large scale, according to Sehin Teferra of the feminist organisation Setaweet.[9]
Manpower
The Eritrean Defence Forces are considerably small when compared to the largest in Africa such as those of Egypt, Algeria, and Morocco. The size of Eritrea's population is small, particularly when compared to its neighbors. During peacetime the military of Eritrea numbers approximately 45,000[10] with a reserve force of approximately 250,000.[11]
National service
Every able bodied man and woman is required to serve ostensibly for 18 months. In this time they receive six months of military training and the balance is spent working on national reconstruction projects. This is outlined in both the Constitution of Eritrea and Proclamation 82 issued by the National Assembly on 1995-10-23.[12] However, the period of enlistment may be extended during times of national crisis and the typical period of national service is considerably longer than the minimum. This program allegedly aims to compensate for Eritrea’s lack of capital and to reduce dependence on foreign aid, while welding together an ethnically diverse society, half Christian and half Muslim, representing nine ethnic groups.[13]
Military training is given at the Sawa Defence Training Centre and Kiloma Military Training Centre. Students, both male and female, are required to attend the Sawa Training Centre to complete the final year of their secondary education, which is integrated with their military service. If a student does not attend this period of training, he or she will not be allowed to attend university - many routes to employment also require proof of military training. However, they may be able to attend a vocational training centre, or to find work in the private sector. At the end of the 1½-year national service, a conscript can elect to stay on and become a career military officer. Conscripts who elect otherwise may, in theory, return to their civilian life but will continue to be reservists. In practice, graduates of military service are often chosen for further national service according to their vocation - for example, teachers may be compulsorily seconded for several years to schools in an unfamiliar region of the country. According to the Government of Eritrea, "The sole objective of the National Service program is thus to cultivate capable, hardworking, and alert individuals."[1]
Eritrean conscripts are used in non-military capacities as well. Soldiers are often used as supplemental manpower in the country's agricultural fields picking crops, though much of the harvested food is used to feed the military rather than the general population.[14]
References
- ^ a b "In Eritrea, youth frustrated by long service". Retrieved 1 March 2007.
- ^ "Eritrea | War Resisters' International". wri-irg.org. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
- ^ "CIA - World Factbook -- Eritrea". Central Intelligence Agency. 28 October 2009. Retrieved 10 November 2009.
- ^ Yohannes, O. (1991). Eritrea: A Pawn in World Politics. University of Florida Press. p. 31. ISBN 9780813010441. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
- ^ a b c d Tronvoll, Kjetil (22 July 2009). "The Lasting Struggle for Freedom in Eritrea – Human Rights and Political Development, 1991–2009" (PDF). Eritrean Human Rights Electronic Archive. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 February 2021. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
- ^ Alberizzi, Massimo A. (25 October 2005). "Fotografie di morte" [Photography of a death]. Corriere della Sera (in Italian). Archived from the original on 13 February 2021. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
- ^ a b Hagos, Mesfin (4 December 2020). "Eritrea's Role in Ethiopia's Conflict and the Fate of Eritrean Refugees in Ethiopia". African Arguments. Archived from the original on 7 February 2021. Retrieved 7 February 2021.
- ^ de Waal, Alex; Gebrehiwot Berhe, Mulugeta (27 January 2021). "Transcript – Call between Mulugeta Gebrehiwot and Alex de Waal 27 January 2021" (PDF). World Peace Foundation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 January 2021. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
- ^ "Ethiopia confirms reports of rape in Tigray war". The Guardian (Nigeria). AFP. 12 February 2020. Archived from the original on 13 February 2021. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
- ^ Killion, Tom (1998). Historical Dictionary of Eritrea. The Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-3437-5.
- ^ "Asmara's Finest". Retrieved 4 September 2006.
- ^ "Eritrea". Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 13 October 2006.
- ^ Connell, Dan (September 1997). "Eritrea". Archived from the original on 18 September 2006. Retrieved 19 September 2006.
- ^ ERITREAN TROOPS SENT TO HARVEST GRAIN (2008 November 3) https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/08ASMARA529_a.html
Attribution
- This article incorporates public domain text from U.S. State Department: Background Notes.
Further reading
- Warner, Jason (October 2013). "Eritrea's military unprofessionalism and US security assistance in the Horn of Africa". Small Wars & Insurgencies. 24 (4).