Wiktionary

root

See also: Root

English

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English Wikipedia has an article on:
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Pronunciation

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Some roots (1)
 
Some visible tree roots (1)

Etymology 1

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From Middle English rote, root, roote (“the underground part of a plant”), from late Old English rōt, from Old Norse rót (Icelandic rót), from Proto-Germanic *wrōts, from Proto-Indo-European *wréh₂ds (“root”); Doublet of wort, radish, and radix.

Noun

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root (countable and uncountable, plural roots)

  2. The part of a plant, generally underground, that anchors and supports the plant body, absorbs and stores water and nutrients, and in some plants is able to perform vegetative reproduction.
    Hyponym: taproot
    This tree's roots can go as deep as twenty metres underground.
  3. A root vegetable.
    • 1943 November – 1944 February (date written; published 1945 August 17), George Orwell [pseudonym; Eric Arthur Blair], Animal Farm […], London: Secker & Warburg, published May 1962, →OCLC:
      [...] two fields which should have been sown with roots in the early summer were not sown because the ploughing had not been completed early enough.
  4. The part of a tooth extending into the bone holding the tooth in place.
    Root damage is a common problem of overbrushing.
  5. The part of a hair under the skin that holds the hair in place.
    The root is the only part of the hair that is alive.
  6. The part of a hair near the skin that has not been dyed, permed, or otherwise treated.
    He dyed his hair black last month, so the grey roots can be seen.
  7. (figurative) The primary source; origin.
    Synonyms: basis, origin, source
    The love of money is the root of all evil.
    • 1689 December (indicated as 1690), [John Locke], Two Treatises of Government: […], London: […] Awnsham Churchill, […], →OCLC:
      , Book 1
      They were the roots out of which sprang two distinct people.
    • 1936, Rollo Ahmed, The Black Art, London: Long, page 160:
      Phallicism was, therefore, at the root of all religion, and was definitely the opponent of evil and darkness.
  8. (aviation) The section of a wing immediately adjacent to the fuselage.
  9. (engineering) The bottom of the thread of a threaded object.
    Antonym: crest
    The root diameter is the minor diameter of an external thread and the major diameter of an internal one.
  10. (arithmetic) Of a number or expression, a number which, when raised to a specified power, yields the specified number or expression.
    Hyponyms: cube root, functional root, square root
    The cube root of 27 is 3.
  11. (arithmetic) A square root (understood if no power is specified; in which case, "the root of" is often abbreviated to "root").
    Multiply by root 2.
    • 1899, Dante Gabriel Rossetti (transl.), The New Life (La Vita Nuova) of Dante Alighieri, Siddall edition, page 122.
      The number three is the root of the number nine; […] being multiplied merely by itself, it produceth nine, as we manifestly perceive that three times three are nine.
  13. (mathematical analysis) A zero (of an equation).
    Synonym: zero
    Antonym: pole
    Holonym: kernel
  14. (graph theory, computing) The single node of a tree that has no parent.
  15. (linguistic morphology) The primary lexical unit of a word, which carries the most significant aspects of semantic content and cannot be reduced into smaller constituents. Inflectional stems often derive from roots.
    Coordinate term: stem
    • 1530 July 18, Iohan Palſgrave, “The Introduction”, in Leſclarciſſement de la langue francoyſe […] ‎[2], London: Richard Pynſon, Iohan Haukyns, →OCLC, page 32; reprinted as Lesclarcissement de la langue françoyse, Genève: Slatkine Reprints, 1972:
      In ſo moche that if any verbe be of the thyꝛde coniugation / I ſet out all his rotes and tenſes […]
    • 2006, Donald Ringe, From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎[3], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 12:
      A considerable number of derived nominals, especially thematic nouns, also exhibited o-grade roots.
  16. (linguistics) A word from which another word or words are derived.
    Synonym: etymon
  17. (music) The fundamental tone of any chord; the tone from whose harmonics, or overtones, a chord is composed.[1]
  18. The lowest place, position, or part.
    • 1667, John Milton, “Book X”, in Paradise Lost. […], London: […] [Samuel Simmons], and are to be sold by Peter Parker […]; [a]nd by Robert Boulter […]; [a]nd Matthias Walker, […], →OCLC; republished as Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:
      deep to the roots of hell
    • 1812, Robert Southey, Omniana:
      the roots of the mountains
  19. (computing) In UNIX terminology, the first user account with complete access to the operating system and its configuration, found at the root of the directory structure; the person who manages accounts on a UNIX system.
    Synonyms: superuser, root account, root user
    I have to log in as root before I do that.
  20. (computing) The highest directory of a directory structure which may contain both files and subdirectories.
    Coordinate term: home directory
    I installed the files in the root directory.
  21. (slang) A penis, especially the base of a penis.
Derived terms
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Terms derived from root (noun)
Translations
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The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
Translations to be checked
See also
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Other terms used in arithmetic operations:

Advanced hyperoperations: tetration, pentation, hexation

Verb

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root (third-person singular simple present roots, present participle rooting, simple past and past participle rooted)

  1. To grow roots; to enter the earth, as roots; to take root and begin to grow.
    The cuttings are starting to root.
    • 1707, J[ohn] Mortimer, The Whole Art of Husbandry; or, The Way of Managing and Improving of Land. […], London: […] J[ohn] H[umphreys] for H[enry] Mortlock […], and J[onathan] Robinson […], →OCLC:
      In deep grounds the weeds root the deeper.
    • 2014 October 26, Jeff Howell, “Is the Japanese knotweed threat exaggerated? Our troubleshooter calls for calm about Japanese knotweed in the garden – and moss on the roof [print version: Don't panic about an overhyped invasion, 25 October 2014, p. P13]”, in The Daily Telegraph (Property)‎[4]:
      Some old, underfired clay pantiles might be damaged by button mosses rooting in cracks and fissures. But most post-war tiles are hard enough to withstand a bit of moss growth.
  2. To prepare, oversee, or otherwise cause the rooting of cuttings.
    We rooted some cuttings last summer.
  3. To fix firmly; to establish.
    • 1823, Gilbert Burnet, The Life of Sir Matthew Hale, Knt., Sometime Lord Chief Justice of His Majesty's Court of King's-Bench:
      If any irregularity chanced to intervene and to cause misapprehensions, he gave them not leave to root and fasten by concealment.
    • 1981 April 18, Michael Bronski, “Good Production — Bad Play”, in Gay Community News, page 10:
      Small theater companies come and go very quickly — many times after one show — but community response to Triangle has been strong, and there is a good chance that they will make it through those early growing stages and firmly root.
    • 2020 October 15, Frank Pasquale, “‘Machines set loose to slaughter’: the dangerous rise of military AI”, in The Guardian‎[5]:
      Massacres that take place during war often seem to be rooted in irrational emotion.
  5. (computing slang, transitive) To get root or privileged access on (a computer system or mobile phone), often through bypassing some security mechanism.
    Synonym: (mobile phone) jailbreak
    We rooted his box and planted a virus on it.
    I want to root my Android phone so I can remove the preinstalled crapware.
Translations
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Etymology 2

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From Middle English wrōten (“to dig with the snout”), from Old English wrōtan, from Proto-Germanic *wrōtaną (“to dig out, to root”). Related to Old English wrōt (“snout; trunk”). Loss of initial w- probably due to influence from the related noun (Etymology 1).

Verb

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root (third-person singular simple present roots, present participle rooting, simple past and past participle rooted)

  2. (transitive, intransitive) To turn up or dig with the snout.
    A pig roots the earth for truffles.
    • c. 1515–1516, published 1568, John Skelton, Againſt venemous tongues enpoyſoned with ſclaunder and falſe detractions &c.:
      Such tunges ſhuld be torne out by the harde rootes,
      Hoyning like hogges that groynis and wrotes.
  3. (by extension) To seek favour or advancement by low arts or grovelling servility; to fawn.
  4. (intransitive) To rummage; to search as if by digging in soil.
    Synonyms: dig out, root out, rummage
    rooting about in a junk-filled drawer
  5. (intransitive) Of a baby: to turn the head and open the mouth in search of food.
    • 2016, Rachel Waddilove, The Baby Book: How to enjoy year one: revised and updated, page 179:
      When your baby is rooting, his head will turn to the side and he will open and close his mouth. If you put your finger in your baby's hand, she has a grasping reflex that makes her curl her fingers around yours and hold on.
  6. (transitive) To root out; to abolish.
  7. (equestrianism, of a horse) To tug or pull at the reins aggressively by driving the head downwards while wearing a bit.
  8. (Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, vulgar, slang) To sexually penetrate.
    Synonyms: screw, bang, (US) drill, (British) shag; see also Thesaurus:copulate with
Usage notes
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  • The Australian/New Zealand sexual sense is somewhat milder than fuck but still quite coarse, and certainly not for polite conversation. The sexual sense will often be understood, unless care is taken with the context to make the rummage sense clear, or root through or root around is used. The past participle rooted is equivalent to fucked in the figurative sense of broken or tired, but rooting has only the direct verbal sense; it is not an all-purpose intensive like fucking.
Derived terms
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Translations
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to turn up or dig with the snout - as pigs

Noun

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root (plural roots)

  1. (Australia, New Zealand, vulgar, slang) An act of sexual intercourse.
    Synonyms: (UK, US) screw, (UK) shag; see also Thesaurus:copulation
    Fancy a root?
  2. (Australia, New Zealand, vulgar, slang) A sexual partner.
    Synonym: (US) screw
Usage notes
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  • The Australian/New Zealand sexual sense of root is somewhat milder than fuck but still quite coarse, certainly not for polite conversation. The normal usage is to have a root or similar.
Translations
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Etymology 3

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Possibly an alteration of rout (“to make a loud noise”), influenced by hoot.

Verb

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root (third-person singular simple present roots, present participle rooting, simple past and past participle rooted)

  1. (intransitive, with "for" or "on", US) To cheer (on); to show support (for) and hope for the success of. (See root for.) [late 19th century]
    Synonyms: (Australia, New Zealand) barrack, cheer on
    I'm rooting for you, don't let me down!
Translations
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References

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  1. ^ 1817, Thomas Busby, A Dictionary of Music, Theoretical and Practical

Anagrams

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Chinese

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Etymology

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Borrowed from English root.

Verb

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root

  1. (computing slang) to root (an Android device) (to get root or privileged access)
    這部手機root後不保修。 [MSC, trad.]
    这部手机root后不保修。 [MSC, simp.]
    Zhè bù shǒujī root hòu bù bǎoxiū. [Pinyin]
    This mobile phone will not be guaranteed if it is rooted.

See also

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French

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Pronunciation

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Noun

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root m (plural roots)

  1. (computing) root

German Low German

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Alternative forms

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Etymology

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From Old Saxon rōd, from Proto-Germanic *raudaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rowdʰós < *h₁rewdʰ-. Compare Dutch rood, German rot, West Frisian read, English red, Danish rød.

Adjective

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root (comparative röder, superlative röödst)

  1. red

Declension

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Positive forms of root
gender singular plural
masculine feminine neuter all genders
predicative he is root se is root dat is root se sünd root
partitive een Roods een Roods wat Roods allens Rood
strong declension
(without article) 		nominative rode rode root rode
oblique roden rode root rode
weak declension
(with definite article) 		nominative de rode de rode dat rode de roden
oblique den roden de rode dat rode de roden
mixed declension
(with indefinite article) 		nominative en rode/roden en rode en root/rodet (keen) roden
oblique en roden en rode en root/rodet (keen) roden
Comparative forms of root
gender singular plural
masculine feminine neuter all genders
predicative he is röder se is röder dat is röder se sünd röder
partitive een röders een röders wat röders allens röder
strong declension
(without article) 		nominative rödere rödere röder rödere
oblique rödern rödere röder rödere
weak declension
(with definite article) 		nominative de rödere de rödere dat rödere de rödern
oblique den rödern de rödere dat rödere de rödern
mixed declension
(with indefinite article) 		nominative en rödere/röderen en rödere en röder (keen) rödern
oblique en rödern en rödere en röder (keen) rödern
Superlative forms of root
gender singular plural
masculine feminine neuter all genders
predicative he is de Röödste se is de Röödste dat is dat Röödste se sünd de Röödsten
strong declension
(without article) 		nominative röödste röödste röödst röödste
oblique röödsten röödste röödst röödste
weak declension
(with definite article) 		nominative de röödste de röödste dat röödste de röödsten
oblique den röödsten de röödste dat röödste de röödsten
mixed declension
(with indefinite article) 		nominative en röödste/röödsten en röödste en röödst (keen) röödsten
oblique en röödsten en röödste en röödst (keen) röödsten
Note: This declension is one of many; neither its grammar nor spelling apply to all dialects.

Middle Dutch

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Etymology

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From Old Dutch rōt, from Proto-Germanic *raudaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rowdʰós, from the root *h₁rewdʰ-.

Adjective

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rôot

  1. red

Inflection

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Adjective
Masculine Feminine Neuter Plural
Nominative Indefinite rôot rôde rôot rôde
Definite rôde rôde
Accusative Indefinite rôden rôde rôot rôde
Definite rôde
Genitive Indefinite rôots rôder rôots rôder
Definite rôots, rôden rôots, rôden
Dative rôden rôder rôden rôden

Descendants

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  • Dutch: rood
    • Afrikaans: rooi
    • Jersey Dutch: rôi
    • Negerhollands: rooi, ro, roo, rood
    • Skepi Creole Dutch: aro
  • Limburgish: roead

Further reading

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Middle English

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Etymology 1

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Noun

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root

  1. Alternative form of rote (“root”)

Etymology 2

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Noun

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root

  1. Alternative form of rote (“habit”)

Etymology 3

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Noun

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root

  1. Alternative form of rot

Plautdietsch

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Etymology

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From Middle Low German rōt, from Old Saxon rōd.

Adjective

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root

  1. red

Portuguese

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Etymology

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Unadapted borrowing from English root.

Pronunciation

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  • (Brazil) IPA(key): /ˈʁut͡ʃ/ [ˈhut͡ʃ], /ˈʁu.t͡ʃi/ [ˈhu.t͡ʃi]
    • (Rio de Janeiro) IPA(key): /ˈʁut͡ʃ/ [ˈχut͡ʃ], /ˈʁu.t͡ʃi/ [ˈχu.t͡ʃi]
    • (Southern Brazil) IPA(key): /ˈʁut͡ʃ/ [ˈhut͡ʃ]

Noun

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root m (plural roots)

  1. (computing) root (user with complete access to the operating system)
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