Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰeg-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root 1

*bʰeg-^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]

to break
Synonyms: *bʰreg-, *bʰrew-, *bʰrews-, *Hrewp-, *kelh₂-, *h₃lem-, *lewǵ-, *(s)kep-, *weh₂ǵ-, *wreh₁ǵ-

Alternative forms

*bʰeng-

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰeg- (break) (17 c, 0 e)

*bʰég-e-ti (thematic root present)^[2]
- Proto-Celtic: *begeti (“to break”)^[5]
  - Old Irish: do·beig
*bʰég-t ~ *bʰg-ént (athematic root aorist)^[2]
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: եբեկ (ebek, “broke”)
*bʰ-né-g-ti ~ *bʰ-n̥-g-énti (nasal-infix present)^[2]^[6]^[7]
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: բեկանեմ (bekanem, “to break”)
- >? Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: bengiú, beñgti (“to break up”)
  - ⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *baigtei^[8]
    - Lithuanian: baĩgti
  - ⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *beigtei^[9]
    - Latvian: bèigt
    - Lithuanian: beĩgti
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰanákti
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰanákti
    - Sanskrit: भनक्ति (bhanákti)
*bʰég-n̥to- ~ *bʰg-n̥to-^[10]
- Proto-Tocharian: *p(ä)känte
  - Tocharian A: pkänt (“separate”)
  - Tocharian B: pkante (“obstacle”)
*bʰog-o-^[5]
- Proto-Celtic: *dī-bogo-
  - Middle Welsh: di-fo, diuo (“destroying”)
*bʰog-smn̥^[1]
- Proto-Celtic: *boxsman
  - Middle Irish: boimm (“piece, fragment”)
*bʰog-tós^[5]^[11]
- Proto-Celtic: *boxtos
  - Old Irish: bocht (“poor”)
    - Irish: bocht
    - Manx: boght
    - Scottish Gaelic: bochd
- >? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰaktás (or from *bʰeh₂g-) (see there for further descendants)
*bʰog-yo-s^[5]
- Proto-Celtic: *bogyos
  - Old Irish: ráthbuige (“ramparts builder”)
Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Germanic: *bikjaną (see there for further descendants)
- >? Proto-Germanic: *bangōną (see there for further descendants)
- Sanskrit: भङ्ग (bhaṅgá)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰaǰ-
  - Proto-Iranian: *baǰ-^[11]
    - (perhaps) Khotanese: bajsīha- (“mortar”)
    - Persian: سونجه (sunje), [script needed] (vsönǰ-), [script needed] (sönǰ-, “to tear, break”) (Tār dialect)

Descendants

Proto-Indo-Iranian:
- Proto-Indo-Aryan:
  - Sanskrit: भञ्ज् (bhañj)

Root 2

*bʰeg-

to bend, curve, arch ^?
to billow, swell
a body of water: river ~ marsh, bog ^?

Alternative forms

*bʰeng-

Reconstruction notes

The existence of this root is highly tentative, as most of the descendants have disputed etymologies and are only loosely semantically related.

Synonyms

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰeg- (bend) (14 c, 0 e)

*bʰ-né-g-ti ~ *bʰ-n̥-g-énti (nasal-infixed present)
- ⇒ *bʰeng- (virtual root) (back-formed)
  - ⇒? *bʰong-éh₂^[12] (unless from the sense “to break” above^[13])
    - Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bangā́ˀ
      - Latvian: bañga, buôga (“multitude, crowd, grove; downpour, cloud”)
      - Lithuanian: bangà (“billow, wave; multitude”)
  - ⇒ *bʰong-i-s
    - >? Proto-Germanic: *bankiz (“bulge, hillock; bench”)^{[note 1]} (see there for further descendants)
  - ⇒ *bʰong-ō
    - >? Proto-Germanic: *bankô (“bank; hill”)^[12]^{[note 1]} (see there for further descendants)
  - ⇒ *bʰéng-ō ~ *bʰn̥g-n-és
    - >? Proto-Germanic: *bunkô (“bump, heap; bunch, crowd”)^{[note 1]} (see there for further descendants)
*bʰog-i-s
- >? Proto-Germanic: *bakiz (“brook; beach”) (see there for further descendants)
*bʰog-o-m
- >? Proto-Germanic: *baką (“back”) (see there for further descendants)
*bʰóg-ō ~ *bʰg-né-s
- >? Proto-Germanic: *bakô, *bakkô
  - >? Proto-West Germanic: *bakō (“back”), *bakkō (see there for further descendants)
Unsorted formations:
- >? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bōgnás (“swamp, bog, marsh”) (unless from a substrate source)
  - >? Lithuanian: bognà
  - Proto-Slavic: *bagnò (see there for further descendants)

Notes

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Alternatively from *bʰenǵʰ- (“to swell, be thick”), with devoicing in the Germanic oblique n-stems from *gn to *kk via Kluge's law, followed by degemination.

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Pokorny, Julius (1959) “bheg-, bheng-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 114-115
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*bʰeg-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 66-67
^ Wodtko, Dagmar S., Irslinger, Britta, Schneider, Carolin (2008) “*bʰeg-”, in Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, page 6
^ Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q. (2006) “*bʰeg-”, in The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world, Oxford University Press
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*bego-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 60
^ Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) “bekanem”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, pages 174-175
^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “bengti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 86-87
^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “baigti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 76
^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “beigti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 86
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “pkante*”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 439
↑ ^11.0 ^11.1 Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*baǰ-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 3-4
↑ ^12.0 ^12.1 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*bankan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 51
^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “banga”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 81

[note_1-14] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Alternatively from *bʰenǵʰ- (“to swell, be thick”), with devoicing in the Germanic oblique n-stems from *gn to *kk via Kluge's law, followed by degemination.

[IEW-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Pokorny, Julius (1959) “bheg-, bheng-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 114-115

[LIV-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*bʰeg-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 66-67

[3] Wodtko, Dagmar S., Irslinger, Britta, Schneider, Carolin (2008) “*bʰeg-”, in Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, page 6

[TOitPIEatPIEw-4] Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q. (2006) “*bʰeg-”, in The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world, Oxford University Press

[Matasovic-5] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*bego-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 60

[Martirosyan-6] Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) “bekanem”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, pages 174-175

[7] Derksen, Rick (2015) “bengti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 86-87

[8] Derksen, Rick (2015) “baigti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 76

[9] Derksen, Rick (2015) “beigti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 86

[Adams2013-10] Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “pkante*”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 439

[Cheung2007-11] 11.0 ^11.1 Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*baǰ-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 3-4

[EDPG51-12] 12.0 ^12.1 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*bankan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 51

[13] Derksen, Rick (2015) “banga”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 81

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