See also:
U+662F, 是
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-662F

[U+662E]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+6630]

Translingual

edit
Stroke order
 
Stroke order
 

Han character

edit

(Kangxi radical 72, +5, 9 strokes, cangjie input 日一卜人 (AMYO), four-corner 60801, composition 𤴓 or ⿱)

  1. Shuowen Jiezi radical №32

Derived characters

edit

References

edit
  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 493, character 26
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 13859
  • Dae Jaweon: page 858, character 6
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1497, character 5
  • Unihan data for U+662F

Chinese

edit
simp. and trad.
alternative forms
𣆞

Glyph origin

edit
Historical forms of the character
Shang Western Zhou Spring and Autumn Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Qin slip script Shizhoupian script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
                 

Originally a phono-semantic compound (形聲形声, OC *djeʔ) : semantic + phonetic (OC *kjɯʔ), but the original meaning is unclear. It has been suggested that looks like a spoon, so may have been the original character for (OC *dje, “spoon”). As early as in late bronze inscriptions, the lower part of split off and combined with to give , which carried over to the small seal script, and Shuowen considers this a compound of (sun) + (upright; right) (i.e. as the upright sun).

Etymology

edit

“This [an independent pronoun] > this, it [object recapitulation], be right, correct, so > to be, indeed”. The modern copulative sense only emerged by the Eastern Han dynasty (Dobson, 1964; Norman, 1988; Zürcher, 2013), and gradually replaced the archaic (OC *ɢʷi, “to be”) and the classical copulative construction with (OC *laːlʔ).

This was due to the lack of a left-branching copula as archaic 唯 shifted into a contrasting and restricting particle, as well as its frequent use in presentational copulative constructions, often in the form of "A, 是 B 也" ("A, this is B"), which led to it being gradually reinterpreted as the copula instead of 也. Also note the semantic opposition with literary negative copula (OC *pɯl) as in "right" and "wrong", which emerged by the Warring States period from the frequent collocation of the expression "是 X 也, 非 Y 也" (This is X, not Y) (Pulleyblank, 1995) .

To understand this development, compare (OC *tjɯ, “him, it, this > possessive”), (OC *kɯ, “he, his, its > dialectal possessive”). Compare French c’est which in colloquial speech often replaces copula est, as well as Japanese , the topic particle like Old Chinese (OC *tjaːʔ), (OC *laːlʔ, “topicalizer”) and left-branching (OC *ba), but frequently misinterpreted as the copula by learners.

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-daj ~ m-di (that; this). In Chinese, cognate with (OC *djɯɡ, “this (subject contrastive)”), (OC *ɦliɡ, “this (subject contrastive)”), (OC *tjɯ, “this; him; her; it (oblique)”), (OC *djeʔ, “to examine, to consider”). In Tibeto-Burman, cognate with Tibetan དེ (de, that), Jingpho dai, ndai (this), and Burmese ဒီ (di, this).

Pronunciation 1

edit

Note: 4ze (Shaoxingese) - vernacular pronunciation.
Note:
  • shr5 - vernacular;
  • shr4 - literary.

    Rime
    Character
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial () (25)
    Final () (11)
    Tone (調) Rising (X)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division () III
    Fanqie
    Baxter dzyeX
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang
    /d͡ʑiᴇX/
    Pan
    Wuyun
    /d͡ʑiɛX/
    Shao
    Rongfen
    /d͡ʑjɛX/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank
    /d͡ʑiə̆X/
    Li
    Rong
    /ʑieX/
    Wang
    Li
    /ʑǐeX/
    Bernard
    Karlgren
    /ʑie̯X/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex
    shì
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex
    si6
    BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)
    shì
    Middle
    Chinese
    ‹ dzyeX ›
    Old
    Chinese
    /*[d]eʔ/
    English this

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 11645
    Phonetic
    component
    Rime
    group
    Rime
    subdivision
    0
    Corresponding
    MC rime
    Old
    Chinese
    /*djeʔ/
    Notes

    Definitions

    edit

    1. (literary) this; this thing
        ―  shì  ―  this day
      1. (literary, archaic) a pronoun that refers to an anteposed object of the verb, usually introduced by the a topicalizer or constrative like in the form of …… 是 + V, adding emphasis to the object of the verb. Compare (zhī), which as a pronoun can also refers to the topic as the object, and in earlier forms was also placed before the verb.
        [Classical Chinese, trad.]
        [Classical Chinese, simp.]
        From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4th century BCE
        wéi yú mǎ shǒu shì zhān [Pinyin]
        Just look at my horse's head
    2. (copulative) to be
      1. indicating that the subject and object are the same.
        泰晤士河英國第二河流 [MSC, trad.]
        泰晤士河英国第二河流 [MSC, simp.]
        Tàiwùshìhé shì Yīngguó dì'èr cháng de héliú. [Pinyin]
        The River Thames is the second longest river in the UK.
      2. indicating that the subject has the qualities described by a noun or noun phrase.
        老師老师  ―  shì lǎoshī.  ―  I am a teacher.
        中國人中国人  ―  shì zhōngguórén.  ―  I am Chinese.
      3. indicating a place being occupied by the object, where the place forms the subject.
        房子前面禾場 [MSC, trad.]
        房子前面禾场 [MSC, simp.]
        Fángzǐ qiánmiàn shì hécháng. [Pinyin]
        The threshing floor is in front of the house.
        到處到处  ―  dàochù dōu shì  ―  to be everywhere
    3. a particle emphasizing the word following it.
      昨天 [MSC, trad.]
      昨天 [MSC, simp.]
      shì zuótiān mǎi de piào. [Pinyin]
      It was yesterday when I bought the ticket.
      昨天 [MSC, trad.]
      昨天 [MSC, simp.]
      Wǒ mǎi piào shì zài zuótiān. [Pinyin]
      It was yesterday when I bought the ticket.
    4. a particle showing agreement. In this meaning, is stressed. truly; indeed.
      天氣天气  ―  Tiānqì shì lěng.  ―  It is indeed cold.
      裙子漂亮但是 [MSC, trad.]
      裙子漂亮但是 [MSC, simp.]
      Zhè jiàn qúnzi shì hěn piàoliàng, dànshì tài guì le. [Pinyin]
      Although this dress is truly beautiful, it's too expensive.
    5. a particle used in an alternative or a negative question
      喝茶咖啡 [MSC, trad.]
      喝茶咖啡 [MSC, simp.]
      shì hēchá háishì hē kāfēi? [Pinyin]
      Would you like coffee or tea?
    6. (in affirmative answers) yes; right
      張三 [MSC, trad.]
      张三 [MSC, simp.]
      Nǐ shì Zhāng Sān ma? Shì. [Pinyin]
      Are you Zhang San? Yes.
      長官长官  ―  Shì, zhǎngguān.  ―  Yes, sir.
      明白  ―  Shì, míngbái le.  ―  Yes, got it.
    7. true; correct
        ―  shì  ―  fault; mistake; wrongdoing
        ―  nǐ shuō de shì  ―  What you said is right
        ―  gè xíng qí shì  ―  to have each going his own way, i.e., doing what he considers right
        ―  gòng shāng guóshì  ―  to discuss national affairs (This is a fossil word from Ancient Chinese where (OC *djeʔ) originally means "what is right (for the country)", i.e., "laws and policies")
    8. a surname
    Usage notes
    edit

    When translated as "to be", is used only to link two nouns or nominal expressions.

    老師老师  ―  shì lǎoshī  ―  I am a teacher
    泰晤士河英國第二河流 [MSC, trad.]
    泰晤士河英国第二河流 [MSC, simp.]
    Tàiwùshìhé shì Yīngguó dì'èr cháng de héliú. [Pinyin]
    The River Thames is the second longest river in the UK.

    is not used to link a noun and an adjective. The following sentence would be incorrect:

    **  ―  * zhè shì hǎo  ―  *

    The correct sentence is

      ―  zhè hěn hǎo  ―  This is (very) good

    Here, (hěn) is used as a filler to link a noun and an adjective and is not interpreted as "very".

    A way to use with an adjective is to use (de) after the adjective to turn it into a noun.

      ―  nà zhī māo shì hēi de  ―  This cat is black (This cat is a black one)
    Synonyms
    edit
    Descendants
    edit
    • Wutunhua: hai
    Compounds
    edit

    Pronunciation 2

    edit

    simp. and trad.
    alternative forms

    Definitions

    edit

    1. (Northern Wu) Pronominal prefix
      [Northern Wu]  ―  I, me
    Compounds
    edit

    References

    edit

    Japanese

    edit

    Kanji

    edit

    (Jōyō kanji)

    1. this
    2. right, correct, just
    3. indicates agreement or affirmation

    Readings

    edit

    Etymology 1

    edit
    Kanji in this term

    Grade: S
    goon

    From Middle Chinese (MC dzyeX)

    Pronunciation

    edit

    Noun

    edit

    () (ze

    1. right, justice
      ()()区別(くべつ)する
      ze to hi o kubetsu suru
      to tell apart right and wrong

    Etymology 2

    edit
    Kanji in this term
    これ
    Grade: S
    kun'yomi
    For pronunciation and definitions of – see the following entry.
    これ
    [pronoun] this
    [pronoun] (deictically) this one (near the speaker)
    [pronoun] (anaphorically) this one I am talking about (only the speaker knows)
    [pronoun] (archaic) I; me
    [pronoun] (archaic) you
    [pronoun] (literary, calque of Literary Chinese , , , etc.) Repeats the topic with a correct case marker to avoid any misunderstanding if it is not a subject.
    Alternative spellings
    此れ, , ,
    (This term, , is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

    References

    edit
    1. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

    Korean

    edit

    Etymology 1

    edit

    Hanja

    edit

    (eumhun (i si))

    1. hanja form? of (this, to be)

    Etymology 2

    edit

    Hanja

    edit

    (eumhun 바를 (bareul si))

    1. hanja form? of (right)

    Old Korean

    edit

    Etymology 1

    edit

    A semantically adopted phonogram (hun'gaja). means "this" in Chinese, and the native Korean word for "this" is (i).

    Phonogram

    edit

    (*-i)

    1. A syllabic phonogram denoting final vowel *-i
      Synonym:

    Etymology 2

    edit

    A phonetically adopted phonogram (eum'gaja), from the Middle Chinese reading (MC dzyeX).

    Phonogram

    edit

    (*-si)

    1. A syllabic phonogram denoting final syllable *-si
      Synonym:

    Etymology 3

    edit

    Particle

    edit

    (*-i)

    1. Nominative case marker
      Synonyms: , 弋只
    Descendants
    edit
    • Middle Korean: (-i, nominative case marker)
      • Korean: (-i, nominative case marker)

    Etymology 4

    edit

    Adjective

    edit

    (*i-)

    1. to be
    Descendants
    edit

    Vietnamese

    edit

    Han character

    edit

    : Hán Nôm readings: thị

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.