Wikipedia

Timeline of Leicester

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Leicester, the county town of Leicestershire, in England.

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

Prehistory and protohistory

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See also: Prehistory and Protohistory

Palaeolithic

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Mesolithic

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  • 9,500–4,500 BC – Late hunter gatherers active in the area. Stone tools found at Humberstone and Mowmacre Hill.[3]

Neolithic

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  • 4,500–2,500 BC – Farming begins in the area and forests are cleared. More than 50 axes and other worked flint tools have been discovered scattered across every part of the city and its suburbs.[4]

Copper Age

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  • 2,500–2,000 BC - pottery craft was discovered.[5]

Bronze Age

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  • 2,000-1,000 BC
    • Metal working begins: metal remains found in High Street, Abbey Meadows, Eyres Monsell, and Glenfield. Pottery remains have been found in Glenfield in large quantities, as well as in Western Park and the modern city centre.
    • Evidence of ritual areas, crop marks and burial mounds, survive in Western Park and New Parks (for pre Roman Leicester religion see Druidism).
    • Burial area near High Street with a crematorium urn and another crematorium urn from Aylestone Park.[5]
  • 1,000 BC – earliest permanent settlement on Glenfield Ridge overlooking Soar Valley from the west (today Glenfield).[6]

Iron Age

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Roman period

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See also: Roman Britain

1st century CE (AD)

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  • 44–46 – Roman Conquest of the area by Legio XIV Gemina under Aulus Plautius.[13]
  • c. 48–60 – The Corieltauvi become allied with Rome (approx. date):
    • Tribespeople were made Civitas stipendaria of the Roman Empire.[14]
    • The gradually Romanising settlement of Ratae Corieltauvorum (meaning Ramparts of the Corieltauvi) was recognised as the Corieltauvi's Civitas Capital.[15] The plural conjugation of the name Ratae might have either referred to the different sided ramparts of a single oppidum or to the ramparts of several oppida surrounding the main one excavated east of the River Soar.[16]
  • c. 48 – The Fosse Way was constructed just to the north of the original Iron Age oppidum, perhaps initially as a defensive ditch. The northern most boundary of the first wave of Romano-British occupied territories, it came to be a major route of transportation connecting Lincoln to the north east and Cirencester, Bath, and Exeter to the south west. It was also came to act as the Decumanus Maximus (principal street running east to west) of the city of Ratae. Outside the city walls the Fosse way is the road northeast to Belgrave, Syston, and Melton (today's A46), and southwest to Coventry (today's B4455 and A429) until the mid 20th century. In the 18th and 19th the areas around the Fosse Way had been developed while the straight road was preserved as today's:
  • c. 51 — Watling Street constructed about 12 miles south of the city connecting Canterbury, London, and St Albans in the south east with Wroxeter in the north west, later extending to Chester. This road followed the route of today's A5 and marks the border between Leicestershire and Warwickshire.[17][18]
  • c. 70 – The Via Devana is gradually constructed connecting Ratae to the Roman capital Colchester in the south east and Chester in the north west vier Watling Street. This road eventually constituted the southern section of Ratae's divided Cardo Maximus (principal street running north to south) connecting what is still Southgates with the old Forum (roughly today's Jubilee Square) vier Vaughan Way before joining the Fosse way in the western half of the Decumanus Maximus, exiting vier the former West Gates, and continuing towards Mancetter where it met Watling Street. To the south east it passed through Medbourne to Godmanchester. The route survives today as
  • c. 75–99 – A drainage ditch, most likely with a defensive rampart of some kind, was dug around an area north of the original Iron Age oppidum.[16] These boundaries will mark the site of the 3rd century stone walls and the boroughs boundaries with very few changes until the 19th century. Within the boundaries of the outer ditch a gridded network of streets (cardines, decumani, and insulae) were laid out, including the split Cardo Maximus and the continuous Decumanus Maximius.
    • The route the Cardo Maximus followed is now:
      • South Gates;
      • The short footpath continuous with Wyggeston's House as far as Applegate (the route of the Decumanus, i.e. the Fosse Way);
      • The route of the present Highcross Street over Vaughn Way as far as Sanvey Gate and Soar Lane.
    • The Decumanus Maximius, following the route of the 48 AD Fosse Way, is now:
      • East Gates opposite the Haymarket and Belgrave Gate;
      • Silver Street;
      • Guildhall lane past Wyggeston's House and Jubilee Square;
      • beneath St Nicolas Circle to the lost west gate around St Augustine's Road.
    • Raw Dykes likely constructed during this stage of development.[20]

2nd century

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  • 122 – the Emperor Hadrian visited Ratae.[21]
  • c. 130–200 – Ratae developed into well established Municipium:
    • The Forum and Basilica complex were constructed on the north side of the Fosse Way between what is presently Highcross Street and Vaughan Way.[16] The site is now Jubilee Square.[19]
    • Thermae (public bath house) constructed. Ruins preserved in the courtyard of the Jewry Wall Museum.[22]
    • Jewry Wall constructed, the wall of a communal Palaestra or Gymnasium constructed on the eastern side of the bath complex, the archways are likely the surviving entry between the exercise hall and the baths.[23][24]
    • The Mithraeum, a temple to the deity Mithra, was constructed on what is now St Nicholas Circle.[25]
    • The "Cyparissus Pavement" laid (approx. date).[26][27]
    • The four "Blackfriars Pavements" laid (approx. date).[26][27]
    • The "Peacock Pavement" laid (approx. date).[26]

3rd century

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  • c. 208 – Emperor Septimius Severus likely visited Ratae during his journey to Hadrians Wall for the Caledonian Campaign.
  • c. 220 – Civic buildings expand:
    • Large Macellum (indoor market hall) constructed immediately to the north of the Forum, around the site of the Medieval Blue Boar Inn in between today's Highcross Street, Vaughan Way, and Jubilee Square.[16][28]
    • Semi circular Theatrum constructed adjacent to the north wall of the Macellum (today under Vaughan Way).[16][29]
    • A Septisolium shrine was probably constructed around this time according surviving written testimony and some possible archaeological evidence. Inspired by the Roman Septisolium, although on a far smaller scale, it was devoted to the seven planetary deities (Saturn, Sol, Luna, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, and Venus).[25]
  • c. 270 — City walls constructed in stone along the route of the earlier ditches (see entry for c. 80–99 AD above). Stone defensive structures remain until the 16th century and surviving stones can be seen reused in the wall between St Mary de Castro churchyard and the gardens of the Newarke Houses Museum.[30]
    • The entrance roads and tracks along the walls extern have almost all survived as thoroughfares in the modern city. Working round the boundary, to and from the focal point of the Victorian Haymarket Memorial Clock Tower, and starting from East Gates these are:
      • Gallowtree Gate,
      • Horsefair Street,
      • Millstone Lane,
      • past Southgates and Vaughan way,
      • The Newarke, particularly the south wall of the 11th century Leicester Castle,
      • Castle Gardens,
      • St Nicholas Circle,
      • Bath Lane,
      • Soar Lane,
      • past Northgate and Highcross Streets,
      • Sanvey Gate,
      • and Church Gate.[20]
    • The walls had four major gateways of which no visible remains survive. Three of them have been preserved in the names of the streets. They were:
      • South Gate – today commemorated in the street name Southgates, they stood roughly where Millstone Lane meets Vaughan Way. Two roads branched from here; the Via Devana to Medbourne and Godmanchester, and an unnamed road to the local settlement of Tripontium on Watling Street (now the Caves Inn near Lutterworth). The Newarke Street Cemetery grew up in between the two forks in the road.
      • East Gate – today East Gates, it stood roughly between Cheapside and Gallowtree Gate. This was the eastern entrance of the Fosse Way (Belgrave Gate and Melton Road) into the city and the road to Lincoln. In the Middle Ages the two tracks following the east wall became Church Gate to the north leading up to St Margaret's and Gallowtree Gate to the south leading up to the gallows where the track met the Via Divana at the top of St Mary's Hill (opposite the Victoria Park gates on London Road).
      • North Gate – today the crossroads of Highcross Street, Northgate Street, Sanvey Gate, and Soar Lane. In the Middle Ages the road to Leicester Abbey and a procession route between St Martins Church (the Cathedral) and St Margaret's Church (Sanvey Gate being an Anglo Saxon distortion of the Latin Sacra Via or Holy Way).
      • West Gate – today where St Augustine's Road meets St Nicholas Circle. The onward route of both the Fosse Way (Narborough Road) to Bath and Exeter and the Via Devana (possibly Glenfield Road).[20]

4th century

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  • 360 – major fire destroyed the public baths and many other buildings never to be rebuilt.[31]
  • c. 375 — Antonine Itinerary records Ratae on a postal route between London and Lincoln.[32]

5th century

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Early Middle Ages

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See also: Early Middle Ages, Kingdom of Mercia, Heptarchy, and Danelaw

6th century

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  • c. mid 5th – early 6th cent — Middle Angles begin to inhabit the Trent and Soar Valleys including a small settlement on the edge of the old Roman city of Ratae, near Southgates.[33]

7th century

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  • 653 — Cedd's mission to the Middle Angles.[34]
  • 680 — Cuthwine was installed as the first Anglo-Saxon Bishop of Leicester.

8th century

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9th century

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10th century

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High Middle Ages

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See also: High Middle Ages and Kingdom of England

11th century

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  • c. 1070 – The Norman Conquerors reached the city.
  • 1072 — The ancient bishopric of Dorchester, Leicester and Lindsey in exile, was moved to Lincoln under the new Norman bishop Remigius de Fécamp. Leicester and Leicestershires churches became part of the Diocese of Lincoln until 1541.[39] During this period the Cathedral church of the town is Lincoln Cathedral.
  • 1086 – The Domesday Survey report on the town of Ledecestre (Leicester):
    • Leicester Castle was completed.
    • The walled town occupied 130 acres and had 322 houses.[44]
    • The walled town had several churches of which 5 survive:
      • St Nicholas Church, the old Anglo Saxon Minster dating back to the 6th or 7th century constructed in the shell of the old Roman Gymnasium;
      • St Mary de Castro in the precincts of Leicester Castle;
      • All Saints on Highcross Street, the northern section of the old Roman city's split Cardo Maximus, the first church reached on entering the North Gate;
      • St Margaret's Church, just outside the north eastern corner of the walls at the crossroads of Sanvey Gate and Church Gate;
      • & St Martin's Church, constructed on Fosse Way, the city's old Decumanus Maximus, roughly midway between the East and West Gates;
    • And three churches which do not:
      • St Clement's Church, later the Blackfriars Church in the northwest corner of the town;
      • St Michael's Church, in the northeast corner of the town around what is today Vaughan Way, Burgess Street, and East Bond Street;
      • & St Peter's Church, near what is now Free School Lane, its stones surviving in the structure of the Free School.[46][47]
    • The town operated along principles of pre-conquest Anglo-Saxon and Danish law and authority.
      • There were 65 Burgesses or Freemen, the ancestor of the current Guild of Leicester Freemen and the established core of the towns Burgher class.[48]
      • The town was governed by a Portmanmoot of 24 Jurats elected from among the Burgesses (the ancestor of the 1589 Corporation & the modern City Council).[48]
    • Leicester Market (known as the Saturday Shambles) was active.[49]
  • 1092 – First recorded existence of the Archdeaconry of Leicester. Title held by Ranulph appointed by Bishop Remigius.[50][51]

12th century

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13th century

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Late Middle Ages

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See also: Late Middle Ages

14th century

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15th century

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Early Modern period

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16th century

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17th century

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18th century

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  • 1708 — Great Meeting House constructed for the towns Protestant Dissenters on East Bond Street. Today Leicester Unitarian Chapel.[94]
  • 1717 – Last English witch trial conducted by Leicester Assizes. The two accused women, both of Wigston, were acquitted by the jury who disregarded the testimony of 25 witnesses.[95][88][89]
  • 1751 – Leicester Journal newspaper began publication.[96]
  • 1760 – Leicester's last recorded accusation of witchcraft. Two elderly ladies of Glenn Magna accused one another of witchcraft and were subjected to the ducking stool, which one passed and the other failed. Other accusations followed. The only court proceedings to arise were fines for rioting as the crime of witchcraft was removed from the statute books.[89]
  • 1770 – Daniel Lambert was born in Leicester[97]
  • 1771 – Leicester Royal Infirmary opened.[98]
  • 1773 – The High Cross in High Street was removed.[46]
  • 1785 – The Greencoat School was established with money left by Alderman Gabriel Newton .[85]
  • 1792 – Leicester Chronicle newspaper began publication.[99]
  • 1794 – The corporation sanctioned several fairs.[23]

19th century

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1800s – 1810s

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1820s

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1830s

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1840s

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1850s

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1860s

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1870s

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1880s

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1890s

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20th century

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1900s

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1910s

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  • 1911 — ‘Great Fire of Leicester’ - Church of St. George the Martyr & surrounding factories (today's Cultural Quarter) gutted by fire on 5 October & subsequently rebuilt.[140][141]
  • 1913 – De Montfort Hall opened.
  • 1918–1919 – the Spanish Influenza epidemic killed approximately 1600 people in Leicester.[142]
  • 1919
    • King George V and Queen Mary made a state visit the city on 10 June.[143]
    • Leicester granted city status in the aftermath of the Royal visit in June. It was seen as a restoration of the historic city status held during Roman times.[109][143]

1920s

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1930s

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  • 1932 – The Little Theatre opened in Dover Street.
  • 1933 — Joe Orton, noted satirical playwright, was born in the city on Jan 1st.
  • 1935
  • 1936
    • The city boundaries were further extended to include most of Evington [135]
    • Odeon Cinema opened.
    • The Jarrow Marchers arrived in Leicester on Thursday 23 October from Loughborough and continued on the next day to Market Harborough.[149]

1940s

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1950s

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1960s

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1970s

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1980s

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1990s

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21st century

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2000s

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2010s

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2020s

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  • 2020–2022 – The COVID-19 pandemic. Between 13 March 2020 and 19 December 2022 the city reported 128,123 cases of the virus and the lives of 1,171 of its citizens were lost to it. The city was one of Britain's worst affected and was subject to an additional hundred days of lockdown.[165]
  • 2020 – New St Margaret's Bus Station building completed in November and opened 31 December.[166]
  • 2022 – The 2022 Leicester unrest. A notable summer outbreak of ethno-religious tension between members of the city's Hindu and Muslim communities.
  • 2024 – Tension between a Far Right protest and an Anti Racist protest around East Gates and the Haymarket Memorial Clock Tower and other instances of unrest, 6 August (part of the 2024 United Kingdom riots).[167]

See also

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References

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  2. ^ Clay, Patrick (1988). Leicester Before the Romans. Leicestershire Museum Publications. p. 7. ISBN 0-85022-244-3.
  3. ^ Clay, Patrick (1988). Leicester Before the Romans. Leicestershire Museum Publications. p. 10. ISBN 0-85022-244-3.
  4. ^ Clay, Patrick (1988). Leicester Before the Romans. Leicestershire Museum Publications. pp. 12–15. ISBN 0-85022-244-3.
  5. ^ a b Clay, Patrick (1988). Leicester Before the Romans. Leicestershire Museum Publications. pp. 15–17. ISBN 0-85022-244-3.
  6. ^ Clay, Patrick (1988). Leicester Before the Romans. Leicestershire Museum Publications. pp. 16–17. ISBN 0-85022-244-3.
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Further reading

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Published before the 19th century

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Published in the 19th century

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1800s–1840s

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1850s–1890s

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Published in the 20th century

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1900s–1940s

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1950s–1990s

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  • A. Temple Patterson (1954). Radical Leicester: A History of Leicester, 1780–1850. University College London. SBN 7185 1003 8.
  • R A McKinley, ed. (1958), "A History of the County of Leicester: The City of Leicester", Victoria County History, London
  • A.E. (Tony) Brown, ed. (1970). The Growth of Leicester: A History of the City in 10 Essays (2nd. 1972 ed.). University of Leicester Press. ISBN 0-7185-1100-X.
    • A.E. (Tony) Brown, "Roman Leicester", The Growth of Leicester, pp. 11–18
    • Levi Fox, "Leicester Castle", The Growth of Leicester, pp. 19–26
    • G.H. Martin, "Church Life in Medieval Leicester", The Growth of Leicester, pp. 27–38
    • A.M. Everitt, "Leicester and its Markets: The Seventeenth Centuries", The Growth of Leicester, pp. 39–46
    • G.A. Chinnery, "Eighteenth Century Leicester", The Growth of Leicester, pp. 47–54
    • G.R. Potts, "The Development of the New Walk and King Street Area", The Growth of Leicester, pp. 55–62
    • R.H. Evans, "The Expansion of Leicester in the Nineteenth Century", The Growth of Leicester, pp. 63–70
    • R.H. Evans, "The Local Government of Leicester in the Nineteenth Century", The Growth of Leicester, pp. 71–78
    • G.C Martin, "Twentieth Century Leicester: Garden Suburbs and Council Estates", The Growth of Leicester, pp. 79–86
    • Jack Simmons, "Leicester Past and Present", The Growth of Leicester, pp. 87–92
  • Malcolm Elliott (1983). Leicester,a pictorial history (2nd. 1999 ed.). Chichester: Phillimore. ISBN 1-86077-099-1.
  • Patrick Clay (1988). Leicester Before the Romans. Leicestershire Museum Publications. ISBN 0-85022-244-3.

Published in the 21st century

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Leicester.

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