Suspense

Suspense is a state of anxiety or excitement caused by mysteriousness, uncertainty, doubt, or undecidedness.^[1] In a narrative work, suspense is the audience's excited anticipation about the plot or conflict (which may be heightened by a violent moment, stressful scene, puzzle, mystery, etc.),^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5] particularly as it affects a character for whom the audience feels sympathy.^[6] However, suspense is not exclusive to narratives.

In narratives

In literature, films, television, and plays, suspense is a major device for securing and maintaining interest. It may be of several major types: in one, the outcome is uncertain and the suspense resides in the question of who, what, or how; in another, the outcome is inevitable from foregoing events, and the suspense resides in the audience's anxious or frightened anticipation in the question of when.^[7] Readers feel suspense when they are deeply curious about what will happen next, or when they know what is likely to happen but do not know how it will happen. Even in historical fiction, with characters whose life stories are well known, the why usually brings suspense to the novel.^[8]

An adjunct to suspense is foreshadowing, as found in hints of national crisis or revolution in Isabel Allende's House of the Spirits (1982).^[9]

Examples

In Sophocles' Oedipus Rex (429 B.C.), suspense is achieved through a withholding of the knowledge that Oedipus himself has killed Laius, his father. During the play, the spectators, aware that Oedipus will eventually make the discovery, share the hero's uncertainties and fears as he pursues the truth of his own past.^[10]
In George Washington Cable's story "Jean-ah Poquelin" (1875), the reader wants to know the cause of the strange smell and the unexplained disappearance of a brother.^[11]
In Mark Twain's Pudd'nhead Wilson (1895), the reader anticipates the outcome of the switching of a black infant with a white infant.^[12]
In Ernest J. Gaines's A Gathering of Old Men (1983), the reader waits for the court's decision at a murder trial.^[13]

Paradox of suspense

Some authors have tried to explain the "paradox of suspense", namely: a narrative tension that remains effective even when uncertainty is neutralized, because repeat audiences know exactly how the story resolves.^[14]^[15]^[16]^[17]^[18] Some theories assume that true repeat audiences are extremely rare because, in reiteration, we usually forget many details of the story and the interest arises due to these holes of memory;^[19] others claim that uncertainty remains even for often told stories because, during the immersion in the fictional world, we forget fictionally what we know factually^[20] or because we expect fictional worlds to look like the real world, where exact repetition of an event is impossible.^[21]

The position of Yanal is more radical and postulates that narrative tension that remains effective in true repetition should be clearly distinguished from genuine suspense, because uncertainty is part of the definition of suspense. Baroni proposes to name rappel this kind of suspense whose excitement relies on the ability of the audience to anticipate perfectly what is to come, a precognition that is particularly enjoyable for children dealing with well-known fairy tales. Baroni adds that another kind of suspense without uncertainty can emerge with the occasional contradiction between what the reader knows about the future (cognition) and what he desires (volition), especially in tragedy, when the protagonist eventually dies or fails (suspense par contradiction).^[22]

Notes

References

Baroni, R. (2007), La tension narrative. Suspense, curiosité, surprise, Paris: Éditions du Seuil
Beckson, Karl; Ganz, Arthur (1989), Literary Terms: A Dictionary (3rd ed.), New York: Noonday Press, LCCN 88-34368
Brewer, W. (1996). "The Nature of Narrative Suspense and the Problem of Rereading". In Vorderer, P.; H. J. Wulff; M. Friedrichsen (eds.). Suspense: Conceptualizations, theoretical analyses, and empirical explorations. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Carey, Gary; Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (1999), A Multicultural Dictionary of Literary Terms, Jefferson: McFarland & Company, ISBN 0-7864-0552-X
Gerrig, R. (1989). "Suspense in the Absence of Uncertainty". Journal of Memory and Language. 28 (6): 633–648. doi:10.1016/0749-596X(89)90001-6.
Harmon, William (2012), A Handbook to Literature (12th ed.), Boston: Longman, ISBN 978-0-205-02401-8
Henry, Laurie (1995), The Fiction Dictionary, Cincinnati: Story Press, ISBN 1-884910-05-X
Walton, K. (1990), Mimesis as Make-Believe, Cambridge: Harvard University Press
Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary, Springfield: G. & C. Merriam Company, 1969
Yanal, R. (1996). "The Paradox of Suspense". British Journal of Aesthetics. 36 (2): 146–158. doi:10.1093/bjaesthetics/36.2.146.

External links

"The Paradox of Suspense" entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

[1] Webster (1969)

[2] Beckson & Ganz (1989)

[3] Carey & Snodgrass (1999)

[4] Harmon (2012)

[5] Henry (1995)

[6] Harmon (2012)

[7] Harmon (2012)

[8] Henry (1995)

[9] Carey & Snodgrass (1999)

[10] Beckson & Ganz (1989)

[11] Carey & Snodgrass (1999)

[12] Carey & Snodgrass (1999)

[13] Carey & Snodgrass (1999)

[14] Baroni (2007)

[15] Brewer (1996)

[16] Gerrig (1989)

[17] Walton (1990)

[18] Yanal (1996)

[19] Brewer (1996)

[20] Walton (1990)

[21] Gerrig (1989)

[22] Baroni (2007, pp. 279–295)

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