Examine individual changes

'{{pp-semi|small=yes}} {{Short description|Russian painter (1842–1910)}} <!--Per [[MOS:PLACE]], "Avoid anachronism. An article about Junípero Serra should say he lived in Alta Mexico, not in California, because the latter entity did not yet exist in Serra's time. The Romans invaded Gaul, not France, and Thabo Mbeki was the president of the Republic of South Africa, not of the Cape Colony. "--> {{Infobox artist | name = Arkhip Kuindzhi | image = Vasnetsov Kuindzhi.jpg | alt = Portrait of Arkhip Kuindzhi | caption = Portrait of Kuindzhi by [[Viktor Vasnetsov]], 1869 | birth_date = {{Birth date|1841|1|27|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Mariupolsky Uyezd]], [[Russian Empire]] (present-day [[Mariupol]], [[Ukraine]]) | death_date = {{Death date and age|1910|7|24|1841|1|27|df=yes}} | death_place = [[St. Petersburg]], [[Russian Empire]] | known_for = Painting | alma_mater = {{Imperial Academy of Arts|Alumni|1868}} | education = {{Imperial Academy of Arts|Full|1893}} | movement = [[Realist art|Realism]] | notable_works = ''Evening in Ukraine'' (1878–1901), ''Night on the Dnepr'' (1882) | patrons = [[Pavel Tretyakov]] | awards = Bronze Medal ([[London]], 1874) }} '''Arkhip Ivanovich Kuindzhi''' ({{lang-ru|Архип Иванович Куинджи}} {{IPA-ru|ɐrˈxʲip kʊˈindʐɨ|}}; {{Lang-el|Αρχίπ Κουίντζι}}; {{OldStyleDate|27 January|1841|15 January}} – {{OldStyleDate|24 July|1910|11 July}}) or '''Arkhyp Kuindzhi''' ({{lang-uk|Архип Іванович Куїнджі}})<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arkhyp Kuindzhi (Arkhip Ivanovich Kuindzhi) {{!}} Red Sunset |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/436833 |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kuindzhi, Arkhyp |url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CU%5CKuindzhiArkhyp.htm |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine}}</ref> was a [[Landscape art|landscape]] [[Painting|painter]] from the [[Russian Empire]]. ==Date of birth== Kuindzhi's exact date of birth is not known. Although it was believed that he was born in 1842, the latest discoveries in archives suggest that he was born in 1841. Kuindzhi himself, when asked by [[St. Petersburg Academy of Arts]] to clarify his date of birth, "clearly wrote 1841, then, with doubt, January, and then several times crossed out the month".<ref name =birthday>{{Cite web|url=https://www.0629.com.ua/news/3314818/so-ne-tak-z-datou-narodzenna-kuindzi-ta-comu-google-pomilivsa-privitavsi-vsih-z-jogo-180-riccam|title=Що не так з датою народження Куїнджі, та чому Google помилився, привітавши всіх з його 180-річчям|author=Марина Молошна|date=January 27, 2022|website=www.0629.com.ua|publisher=0629.com.ua|language=uk|accessdate=January 27, 2022}}</ref> The researchers believe he was born somewhere between January and March 1841. The commonly recognized date is January 27, although Kuindzhi celebrated his [[name day]] on February 19 [[Old Style and New Style dates|O.S.]] (March 4 [[Old Style and New Style dates|N.S.]]), on the feast of [[Archippus]].<ref name =birthday/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dn.gov.ua/news/27-sichnya-1841-roku-narodivsya-ukrayinskij-zhivopisec-pejzazhist-arhip-kuyindzhi|title=27 січня 1841 року народився український живописець-пейзажист Архип Куїнджі|last=|first=|date=January 27, 2022|website=dn.gov.ua|publisher=[[Governor of Donetsk Oblast]]|language=uk|accessdate=}}</ref> ==Biography== Arkhip Kuindzhi was born in [[Mariupol uezd]] (one of the subdivisions of the [[Yekaterinoslav Governorate]] of the Russian Empire) but spent his youth in the city of [[Taganrog]]. His Christian name is a Russian rendering of the Greek, Ἄρχιππος, (Archippos, from ἄρχος (archos) "master" and ἱππος (hippos) "[[horse]]": "master of horses"; cf. Colossians 4:17, Philemon 1:2) and his surname came from his grandfather's vocational nickname meaning '[[goldsmith]]' in [[Crimean Tatar language|Crimean Tatar]] ({{lang-crh|quyumcı|links=no}}).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://artroots.com/ra/bio/kuinji/arkhipkuinjibio.htm|title=Biography of Arkhip Ivanovich Kuinji (1842-1910), Russian Artist|date=2000|access-date=8 May 2021}}</ref> He grew up in a poor family; his father was a [[Pontic Greeks|Pontic Greek]] [[shoemaker]], Ivan Khristoforovich Kuindzhi (elsewhere Emendzhi). Arkhip was six years old when he lost his parents, so he was forced to make a living working at a church building site, grazing [[domestic animals]], and working at the corn merchant's shop. He received the rudiments of an education from a Greek friend of the family who was a [[teacher]] and then went to the local school. In 1855, at age 13–14, Kuindzhi visited [[Feodosia]] to study art under [[Ivan Aivazovsky]], however, he was engaged merely with mixing paints<ref name="Bowlt"/> and instead studied with Adolf Fessler, Aivazovsky's student.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Manin|first1=Vitaly|authorlink1=:ru:Манин, Виталий Серафимович|title=Архип Куинджи|date=2000|publisher=Belyĭ gorod|location=Moskva|isbn=978-5-7793-0219-7|page=6|language=ru|quote=в Феодосию к знаменитому Айвазовскому. Куинджи прибыл в тихую Феодосию, по-видимому, летом 1855 года.&nbsp;... Устройством Куинджи занялся Адольф Фесслер, ученик и копиист Айвазовского. Жил Архип во дворе под навесом в&nbsp;...}}</ref> A 1903 encyclopedic article stated: "Although Kuindzhi cannot be called a student of Aivazovsky, the latter had without doubt some influence on him in the first period of his activity; from whom he borrowed much in the manner of painting."<ref>{{cite book|title=[[Russian Biographical Dictionary]]|contribution=Куинджи Архип Иванович|date=1903|publisher=[[Imperial Russian Historical Society]]|location=Saint Petersburg|language=ru|quote=Хотя Куинджи и нельзя назвать учеником Айвазовского, но последний имел на него, несомненно, некоторое влияние в первый период его деятельности; от него он заимствовал многое в манере писать, в выборе тем, в любви к широким пространствам.}} [http://rulex.ru/01110969.htm online view]</ref> English art historian [[John Ellis Bowlt|John E. Bowlt]] wrote that "the elemental sense of light and form associated with Aivazovsky's sunsets, storms, and surging oceans permanently influenced the young Kuindzhi."<ref name="Bowlt">{{cite journal|last1=Bowlt|first1=John E.|authorlink1=John Ellis Bowlt|title=A Russian Luminist School? Arkhip Kuindzhi's "Red Sunset on the Dnepr"|journal=Metropolitan Museum Journal|date=1975|volume=10|pages=123–125|doi=10.2307/1512704|jstor=1512704|publisher=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]|s2cid=192949837}}</ref> During the five years from 1860 to 1865, Arkhip Kuindzhi worked as a retoucher in the photography studio of Simeon Isakovich in [[Taganrog]]. He tried to open his own photography studio, but without success. After that Kuindzhi left [[Taganrog]] for [[Saint Petersburg]]. He studied painting mainly independently and at the [[St. Petersburg Academy of Arts]] (from 1868; a full member since 1893). He was co-partner of travelling art exhibitions ([[Peredvizhniki]]), a group of [[Realism (art)|realist]] artists of Russian Empire who in protest to academic restrictions formed an artists' cooperative which evolved into the Society for Traveling Art Exhibitions ([[Peredvizhniki]]) in 1870. In 1872 the artist left the academy and worked as a freelancer. The painting ''On the [[Valaam]] Island'' was the first artwork which [[Pavel Tretyakov]] acquired for his art gallery. In 1873 Kuindzhi exhibited his painting ''The Snow'' which received the bronze medal at the International Art Exhibition in London in 1874. In the middle of the 1870s he created a number of paintings in which the [[Landscape art|landscape]] motif was designed for concrete social associations in the spirit of [[Peredvizhniki]] (''Forgotten Village'', 1874; ''Chumatski Path'', 1875; both – in the [[Tretyakov Gallery]]). In his mature period Kuindzhy aspired to capture the most expressive illuminative aspect of the natural condition. He applied composite receptions (high horizon, etc.), creating panoramic views. Using light effects and intense colors shown in main tones, he depicted the illusion of illumination (''Evening in Ukraine'', 1876; ''The Birch Grove'', 1879; ''After a Thunderstorm'', 1879; all three are in the [[Tretyakov Gallery]]; ''[[Moonlit Night on the Dnieper]]'', 1880 in the [[Russian Museum]], St. Petersburg). His later works are remarkable for their decorative effects of color building. Kuindzhi also developed a close friendship with the chemist [[Dmitri Mendeleev]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gordin |first1=Michael D. |title=A well-ordered thing : Dmitrii Mendeleev and the shadow of the periodic table |date=2019 |location=Princeton |isbn=9780691172385 |pages=182 |edition=Revised}}</ref> who taught at [[Saint Petersburg State University|Saint Petersburg University]]. Kuindzhi attended his classes as an auditor or student. Kuindzhi frequently visited Mendeleev and his wife's weekly gatherings, and he developed a life-long interest in the study of light, color, and perception.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Paranyuk |first1=Viktoria |title=Painting Light Scientifically: Arkhip Kuindzhi's Intermedial Environment |journal=Slavic Review |date=2019 |volume=78 |issue=2 |pages=456–480 |doi=10.1017/slr.2019.97}}</ref> Kuindzhi lectured at the [[St. Petersburg Academy of Arts]] (Professor since 1892; professor-head of landscape workshop since 1894; but was fired in 1897 for support of students' protests). Among his students were artists such as [[Arkady Rylov]], [[Nicholas Roerich]], [[Konstantin Bogaevsky]], and others. Kuindzhi initiated the creation of the Society of Artists in 1909, later the Society was named after him. ==Theft and potential destruction of work== In January 2019, his work ''Ai-Petri. Crimea'' was stolen from Moscow's [[Tretyakov Gallery]], but was found and safely recovered the next day.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tass.com/emergencies/1042052|title=Painting stolen in Tretyakov Gallery heist 'not damaged', source says|website=TASS}}</ref> The man who stole the painting was sentenced to three years in prison.<ref name="rferl">{{cite web|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/moscow-tretyakov-gallery-theft/30183763.html|title=Three Years For Stealing Painting From Moscow's Tretyakov Gallery|website=rferl.org|date=25 September 2019}}</ref> On 21 March 2022, during the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]], the [[Kuindzhi Art Museum]] was destroyed in an airstrike during the [[siege of Mariupol]]. None of Kuindzhi's original work was in the museum at the time. Although three original paintings by Kuindzhi that had been held in the collection—a sketch for ''Red Sunset'', and two preparatory works, ''Elbrus'' and ''Autumn''—had been removed from the museum prior to the bombing, they were then taken by Russian troops as part of a looting campaign.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sorokina |first=Yanina |date=2022-07-06 |title=How Russia 'Removed' Priceless Kuindzhi Artworks from Ukraine's Mariupol |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2022/07/06/how-russia-removed-priceless-kuindzhi-artworks-from-ukraines-mariupol-a77765 |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=The Moscow Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-06 |title=Culture war: Russia ransacks art to rub out Ukraine's history |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/ukraine-fights-back-as-russia-aims-to-rub-out-its-history/ |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=POLITICO |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bushard |first=Brian |date=2023-01-14 |title=These Are Some of the Most Famous Ukrainian Works of Art Looted by Russia |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/brianbushard/2023/01/14/these-are-some-of-the-most-famous-ukrainian-works-of-art-looted-by-russia/ |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> ==Tribute== On 27 January 2022, [[Google Doodle]] celebrated Arkhip Kuindzhi's 180th birthday.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=OV Digital |date=2023-01-26 |title=27 January: Remembering Arkhip Kuindzhi on Birthday |url=https://observervoice.com/27-january-remembering-arkhip-kuindzhi-on-birthday-13225/ |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=Observer Voice |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Arkhip Kuindzhi's 180th Birthday |url=https://www.google.com/doodles/arkhip-kuindzhis-180th-birthday |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=www.google.com |language=en}}</ref> ==Gallery== <gallery widths="150" heights="150" perrow="4" mode="packed"> File:Archip Iwanowitsch Kuindshi 008.jpg|''Lake Ladoga'' (1873) File:Archip Iwanowitsch Kuindshi 005.jpg|''The Birch Grove'' (1879) File:Archip Iwanowitsch Kuindshi 001.jpg|''[[Dnieper]] in the Morning'' (1881) File:Arkhip Kuindzhi - Ночь на Днепре - Google Art Project.jpg|''[[Moonlit Night on the Dnieper]]'' (1880) File:Archip Iwanowitsch Kuindshi 004.jpg|''Surf and Clouds'' (1882) File:Archip Iwanowitsch Kuindshi 002.jpg|''[[Elbrus]]'' (1890–1895) File:Archip Iwanowitsch Kuindshi 007.jpg|''Evening in Ukraine'' (1878–1901) File:Archip Iwanowitsch Kuindshi 003.jpg|''Moonspots in the Forest, Winter'' (1898–1908) File:WLA metmuseum Red Sunset on the Dnieper Arkhip Ivanovich Kuindzhi.jpg|''[[Red Sunset on the Dnieper]]'' (1905) </gallery> ==See also== {{Commons category|Arkhip Kuindzhi}} * [[List of Russian artists]] ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} *V.S. Manin ''Arkhip Ivanovich Kuinji'', Leningrad, 1990, {{ISBN|5-7370-0098-2}} ==External links== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110226032440/http://pontosworld.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1196&Itemid=82 Arkhip Ivanovich Kuindzhi (1842-1910)] * [http://www.tanais.info/art/en/kuindzhi.html Kuindzhi - Artist of Light] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110716175453/http://www.tretyakovgallery.ru/en/collection/_show/image/_id/199 Collection — GTG] {{Authority control (arts)}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kuindzhi, Arkhip}} [[Category:1841 births]] [[Category:1910 deaths]] [[Category:People from Mariupol]] [[Category:People from Yekaterinoslav Governorate]] [[Category:Russian people of Greek descent]] [[Category:Peredvizhniki]] [[Category:19th-century painters from the Russian Empire]] [[Category:Russian male painters]] [[Category:20th-century Russian painters]] [[Category:Russian landscape painters]] [[Category:Landscape artists]] [[Category:Imperial Academy of Arts alumni]] [[Category:Burials at Tikhvin Cemetery]] [[Category:19th-century male artists from the Russian Empire]] [[Category:Full Members of the Imperial Academy of Arts]] [[Category:19th-century Greek painters]] [[Category:20th-century Russian male artists]] [[Category:Artists from Taganrog]] [[Category:Landscape painters from the Russian Empire]]'