Sattagydia (Old Persian: 𐎰𐎫𐎦𐎢𐏁 Thataguš, country of the "hundred cows") was one of the easternmost regions of the Achaemenid Empire, part of its Seventh tax district according to Herodotus,[5] along with Gandārae, Dadicae and Aparytae.[6][7][8] It was situated east of the Sulaiman Mountains up to the Indus River in the basin around Bannu in modern day's southern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.[9]
| Sattagydia | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Satrapy of the Achaemenid Empire | |||||||||
| 513 BCE–c. 4th century BCE | |||||||||
.svg) | |||||||||
 Sāttagydiⁿa was part of the eastern territories of the Achaemenid Empire | |||||||||
| Government | |||||||||
| • Type | Monarchy | ||||||||
| King or King of Kings | |||||||||
• 513–499 BCE | Darius I (first) | ||||||||
• 358–338 BC | Artaxerxes III | ||||||||
| Historical era | Achaemenid era | ||||||||
| 513 BCE | |||||||||
• Disestablished | c. 4th century BCE | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Today part of |  Pakistan | ||||||||
Geography
editThe location of Sattagydia has been subject to debate. Its association with Gandara in the 7th tax district of the Herodotus list implies that it was close to Gandara. Olmstead believed that it stretched from "the lower slopes of the Hindu Kush".[10] Based on these considerations, two locations have been proposed: the first being "the area of the confluence of the Ghorband and Panjshir rivers in Afghanistan", and the second, "the area of the middle Indus, around the modern city of Bannu".[11]
Following recent archaeological findings, the Bannu basin has become the favoured choice. David Fleming points out that it is close to Kurram and Tochi rivers and it has four routes to the west, via the Khyber Pass, the Kurram river valley, the Gomal Pass and the Bolan Pass in Balochistan.[9] Magee et al. have reported findings of recent archaeological excavations at Akra, noting that it was a large urban site that existed throughout the Iron Age and had trade relations with Central Asia.[12]
People
editRepresentatives of Sattagydia are depicted as delegates bringing gifts to the king on the Apadana staircases, and as throne/ dais bearers on the Tripylon and Hall of One Hundred Columns reliefs at Persepolis. The representatives of Sattagydia are characterized by their loincloths, sandals, and exposed upper body, which distinguish them from the representatives of other eastern provinces such as Bactria and Arachosia.[13]
History
editSattagydia is mentioned for the first time in the Behistun inscription of Darius the Great as one of the provinces in revolt while the king was in Babylon. The revolt was presumably suppressed in 515 BCE. The satrapy disappears from sources after 480 BCE, possible being mentioned by another name or included with other regions.[14][unreliable source?]
After being conquered by Alexander the Great, Sattagydia became part of the Seleucid Empire. Under the Seleucids this area was adjacent to Sind, which was itself adjacent to Abiria (corresponding roughly to Rajasthan), with the coastal region being called Syrastrene.[15] The area was taken from the Seleucids by the Mauryans under Chandragupta in 316 BCE.[16][need quotation to verify][17] And, beginning in the 1st century BC, the area was incorporated into the burgeoning Kushan Empire, referred to as "Scythia" in the Periplus.[15]
References
edit- ^ "Susa, Statue of Darius - Livius". www.livius.org.
- ^ Yar-Shater, Ehsan (1982). Encyclopaedia Iranica. Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 10. ISBN 9780933273955.
- ^ Naqs-e Rostam – Encyclopaedia Iranica.
- ^ Naqs-e Rostam – Encyclopaedia Iranica List of nationalities of the Achaemenid military with corresponding drawings.
- ^ Herodotus III 91, III 94
- ^ Mitchiner, Michael (1978). The ancient & classical world, 600 B.C.-A.D. 650. Hawkins Publications ; distributed by B. A. Seaby. p. 44. ISBN 9780904173161.
- ^ Jigoulov, Vadim S. (2016), The Social History of Achaemenid Phoenicia: Being a Phoenician, Negotiating Empires, Routledge, p. 21, ISBN 978-1-134-93809-4
- ^ Eggermont, Alexander's Campaigns in Sind and Baluchistan 1975.
- ^ a b Fleming, Achaemenid Sattagydia 1982, p. 105.
- ^ Olmstead, History of the Persian Empire 1948, pp. 48–49.
- ^ Fleming, Achaemenid Sattagydia 1982, p. 103.
- ^ Magee et al., The Achaemenid Empire in South Asia and Recent Excavations 2005, p. 735.
- ^ Magee et al., The Achaemenid Empire in South Asia and Recent Excavations 2005, p. 713.
- ^ "Sattagydians - Livius". www.livius.org.
- ^ a b Periplus of the Erythraean Sea[non-primary source needed]
- ^ De La Fosse, Claude Fraser, (1917) History of India (revised edition) Macmillan & Co., London, pp. 39-42, OCLC 13241962
- ^ see also, Junianus Justinus Historiarum Philippicarum libri XLIV, XV.4.19[usurped][non-primary source needed]
Bibliography
edit- Eggermont, Pierre Herman Leonard (1975), Alexander's Campaigns in Sind and Baluchistan and the Siege of the Brahmin Town of Harmatelia, Peeters Publishers, ISBN 978-90-6186-037-2
- Fleming, David (1982). "Achaemenid Sattagydia and the geography of Vivana's campaigns (DB III, 54–75)". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland. 114 (2): 102–112. doi:10.1017/S0035869X00159155. ISSN 0035-869X.
- Magee, Peter; Petrie, Cameron; Knox, Richard; Khan, Farid; Thomas, Ken (2005), "The Achaemenid Empire in South Asia and Recent Excavations in Akra in Northwest Pakistan", American Journal of Archaeology, 109 (4): 711–741, doi:10.3764/aja.109.4.711, S2CID 54089753
- Olmstead, A. T. (1948), History of the Persian Empire, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 978-0-226-62777-9
External links
edit- "Sattygydia" Livius: Articles on Ancient History