The Medical Research Council (MRC) is responsible for co-coordinating and funding medical research in the United Kingdom. It is part of United Kingdom Research and Innovation (UKRI), which came into operation 1 April 2018, and brings together the UK's seven research councils, Innovate UK and Research England. UK Research and Innovation is answerable to, although politically independent from, the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy.
 | |
| Abbreviation | MRC |
|---|---|
| Formation | 1913 |
| Type | Research Council within UKRI |
| Purpose | Co-ordinating and funding medical research in the United Kingdom |
| Location | |
Region served | United Kingdom |
Executive Chair | Patrick Chinnery |
Main organ | MRC Council |
Parent organisation | |
| Website | www |
The MRC focuses on high-impact research and has provided the financial support and scientific expertise behind a number of medical breakthroughs, including the development of penicillin and the discovery of the structure of DNA. Research funded by the MRC has produced 32 Nobel Prize winners to date.
History
editThe MRC was founded as the Medical Research Committee and Advisory Council in 1913,[1] with its prime role being the distribution of medical research funds under the terms of the National Insurance Act 1911. This was a consequence of the recommendation of the Royal Commissions on Tuberculosis, which recommended the creation of a permanent medical research body. The mandate was not limited to tuberculosis, however.[citation needed]
In 1920, it became the Medical Research Council under Royal Charter. A supplementary Charter was formally approved by the Queen on 17 July 2003. In March 1933, MRC established the British Journal of Clinical Research and Educational Advanced Medicine, the first scientific published medical patrol, as a periodical publication intended to further the progress of science, usually by reporting new research. It contains articles that have been peer reviewed, in an attempt to ensure that articles meet the journal's standards of quality, and scientific validity, allow researchers to keep up to date with the developments of their field and direct their own research.[citation needed]
In August 2012, the creation of the MRC-NIHR Phenome Centre, a research centre for personalised medicine, was announced.[2][3] The MRC-NIHR National Phenome Centre is based at Imperial College London and is a combination of inherited equipment from the anti-doping facilities used to test samples during the 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games[2][3] and additional items from the Centre's technology partners Bruker and Waters Corporation. The Centre, led by Imperial College London and King's College London, is funded with two five-year grants of £5 million from the Medical Research Council and the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR)[2][3] and was officially opened in June 2013.[4]
Notable research
editImportant work carried out under MRC auspices has included:
- the identification of the dietary cause of rickets by Sir Edward Mellanby.[5] Mellanby also carried out human experimentation regarding vitamin A and C deficiencies on volunteers at the Sorby Research Institute;[citation needed]
- the discovery, in 1918, that influenza is caused by a virus;[6]
- the description of neurotransmission and the first neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, by Sir Henry Hallett Dale and Otto Loewi, leading to a Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1936;
- the development of penicillin by Sir Alexander Fleming, Sir Ernst Boris Chain and Lord Florey, gaining them the 1945 Nobel Prize;[7]
- linkage of lung cancer to tobacco smoking by Sir Richard Doll and Sir Austin Bradford Hill in the British doctors study, published in 1956;[8]
- the discovery of the structure of DNA by James D. Watson, Francis Crick, Rosalind Franklin and Professor Maurice Wilkins.[9] Three would receive the 1962 Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine for their discovery;
- the development of magnetic resonance imaging in 1973 by Professor Peter Mansfield and independently by Paul Lauterbur. This would lead to the 2003 Nobel Prize;[10]
- the development of monoclonal antibodies[11] at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology by César Milstein and Georges Köhler in 1975 (1984 Nobel Prize);
- the development of DNA sequencing by Frederick Sanger of the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology in 1977 (1980 Nobel Prize);
- the identification, in 1983, of folic acid as a preventive measure for spina bifida and neural tube defects;[12]
- the conducting of large studies in the 1970s and 1980s which established that aspirin can decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease;
- the publication of the genome of C. elegans, the first multicellular organism to receive this treatment, in 1998;
- the ongoing Heart Protection Study,[13] showing benefits of primary prevention with simvastatin in patients at high risk for cardiovascular disease;
- Dr Venki Ramakrishnan of the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology winning the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 2009[14] for showing how ribosomes, the tiny protein-making factories inside cells, function at the atomic level;
- the discovery that early treatment of HIV-infected babies with anti-retroviral therapy can dramatically increase their chances of survival;
- the development of a test for detecting infectious prions on surgical instruments which is more accurate than previous tests and 100 times faster;
- the identification of the second ever genetic variant associated with obesity;[15] and
- the finding that high quality surgery combined with a short course of radiotherapy can halve the rate of recurrence of colorectal cancer.[16]
Scientists associated with the MRC have received a total of 32 Nobel Prizes, all in either Physiology or Medicine or Chemistry.[17]
Organisation and leadership
editThe MRC is one of seven Research Councils[18] that are part of UK Research and Innovation, in turn part of the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy.[19] In the past, the MRC has been answerable to the Office of Science and Innovation, part of the Department of Trade and Industry.[citation needed]
The MRC is advised by a council which directs and oversees corporate policy and science strategy, ensures that the MRC is effectively managed, and makes policy and spending decisions. Council members are drawn from industry, academia, government and the NHS. Members are appointed by the Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy. Daily management is in the hands of the Executive Chair. Members of the council also chair specialist boards on specific areas of research. For specific subjects, the council convenes committees.[20]
Chairmen
edit- 1913–1916: Lord Moulton
- 1916–1920: Major Waldorf Astor
- 1920–1924: George Goschen, 2nd Viscount Goschen
- 1924: E. F. L. Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax
- 1924–1929: Earl of Balfour
- 1929–1934: Edgar Vincent, 1st Viscount D'Abernon
- 1934–1936: Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow
- 1936–1948: George John Gordon Bruce, 7th Lord Balfour of Burleigh
- 1948–1951: Christopher Addison, 1st Viscount Addison
- 1952–1960: Edmund Pery, 5th Earl of Limerick
- 1960–1961: Viscount Amory
- 1961–1965: Lord Shawcross
- 1965–1969: Viscount Amory
- 1969–1978: Hugh Percy, 10th Duke of Northumberland
- 1978–1982: Malcolm Shepherd, 2nd Baron Shepherd
- 1982–1990: George Jellicoe, 2nd Earl Jellicoe
- 1990–1998: Sir David Plastow
- 1998–2006: Sir Anthony Cleaver
- 2006–2012: Sir John Chisholm
- 2012–2018: Sir Donald Brydon
Chief executives
editAs Chief Executives (originally secretaries) served:
- 1914–33: Sir Walter Morley Fletcher
- 1933–49: Sir Edward Mellanby
- 1949–68: Sir Harold Himsworth
- 1968–77: Sir John Gray
- 1977–87: Sir James L. Gowans
- 1987–96: Sir Dai Rees
- 1996–2003: Professor Sir George Radda
- 2003–2007: Professor Sir Colin Blakemore
- 2007–2010: Professor Sir Leszek Borysiewicz
- 2010–2018: Professor Sir John Savill
Executive chairs
editFollowing the formation of UK Research and Innovation, the executive chair role replaced the chief executive officer role, and has been held by:
- 2018–2022: Professor Fiona Watt
- 2022-2023 (interim post): Professor Sir John Iredale
- 2023-present: Professor Patrick Chinnery[21]
Institutes, centres and units
editThe MRC has units, centres and institutes in the UK, with units addressing medical issues in The Gambia and Uganda managed by the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine.[23]
The following is a list of the MRC's institutes, centres and units as of June 2024:[update][23]
Bristol
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol (IEU)
Cambridge
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, Cambridge (BSU)
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge (EU)
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology (LMB)
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge (MDU)
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit at the University of Cambridge
- MRC Toxicology Unit at the University of Cambridge
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge
Dundee
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit at the University of Dundee
Edinburgh
- Institute of Genetics and Cancer at the University of Edinburgh
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh
- MRC Human Genetics Unit at the University of Edinburgh
Exeter
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Exeter
Glasgow
- MRC & CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow (SPHSU)
- MRC–University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research
Harwell
- Research Complex at Harwell
London
- Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London
- Francis Crick Institute (partnership between the MRC, Cancer Research UK, Imperial College London, King's College London, the Wellcome Trust and University College London)
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (at King's College London)
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection at Imperial College London
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis at Imperial College London
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit UCL (CTU)
- MRC Laboratory of Medical Sciences (at Imperial College London)
- MRC Prion Unit at University College London
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, UCL (home of the National Survey of Health & Development
- MRC Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
- MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit
Oxford
- MRC Brain Network Dynamics Unit (at the University of Oxford)
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit at the University of Oxford
- MRC Translational Immune Discovery Unit at the University of Oxford
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine at the University of Oxford
- Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford
Southampton
- Versus Arthritis/MRC Centre for Musculoskeletal Health and Work, University of Southampton
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit at the University of Southampton (LEU)
Multiple sites across UK
- Health Data Research UK (central team in London)
- MRC/Versus Arthritis Centre for Integrated research into Musculoskeletal Ageing, Liverpool/Sheffield/NCL (universities of Liverpool, Sheffield and Newcastle) (CIMA)
- MRC/Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research (CMAR), Birmingham/Nottingham (universities of Birmingham and Nottingham)
- UK Dementia Research Institute (hub at UCL; centres hosted by universities of Cambridge, Cardiff, Edinburgh, Surrey, Imperial College London and King’s College London)
Facilities and resources
editMRC facilities and resources include, as of June 2024:[update][24] In the UK:
- Better Methods, Better Research guidance portal
- Central Laser facility at the Rutherford-Appleton Laboratory
- Clinical trials data sharing: ReShare (at the UK Data Service)
- Cohort Directory
- Diamond Light Source (UK national synchrotron facility, Harwell)
- Dementias Platform UK
- Electron Bio-imaging Centre at the Diamond Light Source
- Genomics England
- Health Data Research Innovation Gateway
- ISIS Neutron and Muon Source at the Rutherford-Appleton Laboratory
- LifeArc
- Mary Lyon Centre (UK national facility for mouse genetics, Harwell)
- MRC Biomedical Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Centre
- MRC Centre for Macaques
- MRC scales (MRC dyspnoea scale; MRC muscle scale; neurological scle)
- MRC-Wellcome Trust Human Developmental Biology Resource (HDBR)
- Regulatory Support Centre
- Research Complex at Harwell
- UK Biobank
- UK Stem Cell Bank
- UK Clinical Research Collaboration (UKCRC) Tissue Directory
International collaborations:
- Beamtime at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, France
- Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure (European Research Infrastructure Consortium)
- Institut Laue-Langevin neutron source, France
- Instruct – European infrastructure for structural biology (European Research Infrastructure Consortium)
See also
editNotes and references
edit- ^ "Records created or inherited by the Medical Research Council". The National Archives. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
- ^ a b c "London 2012 legacy to include medical research centre". Times Higher Education. 1 August 2012. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
- ^ a b c "Legacy for anti-doping centre". BBC News. 1 August 2012. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
- ^ "New centre will decipher roles of nature and nurture in human health". Imperial College News and Events. Imperial College London. 5 June 2013. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
- ^ "Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography: Mellanby, Edward". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
- ^ "Social History of Medicine – Uses of a Pandemic: Forging the Identities of Influenza and Virus Research in Interwar Britain". Oxford University Press. 15 December 2011. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
- ^ Bud, Robert (2007). Penicillin Triumph and Tragedy. Oxford University Press. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-19-925406-4.
- ^ Doll, R.; Peto, R.; Boreham, J.; Sutherland, I. (2005). "Mortality from cancer in relation to smoking: 50 years observations on British doctors". British Journal of Cancer. 92 (3): 426–429. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6602359. PMC 2362086. PMID 15668706.
- ^ Torsten, Krude; Klug, Aaron (2004). Changing Science and Society. Cambridge University Press. pp. 3–26. ISBN 0-521-82378-1.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2003". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
- ^ "Therapeutic Antibodies and the LMB". MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology. Archived from the original on 22 December 2012. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
- ^ Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (1991). "Use of folic acid for prevention of spina bifida and other neural tube defects—1983–1991". MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 40 (30): 513–516. PMID 2072886.
- ^ Collins, R.; Armitage, J.; Parish, S.; Sleigh, P.; Peto, R.; Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group (2003). "MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol-lowering with simvastatin in 5963 people with diabetes: A randomised placebo-controlled trial". Lancet. 361 (9374): 2005–2016. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(03)13636-7. PMID 12814710. S2CID 28111189.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2009". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
- ^ Loos, R. J. F. (2009). "Recent progress in the genetics of common obesity". British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 68 (6): 811–829. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2009.03523.x. PMC 2810793. PMID 20002076.
- ^ "Press release: Doctors more than halve local relapse of rectal cancer". insciences.org. 6 March 2009. Archived from the original on 2 May 2013. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
- ^ "Nobel Prize Winners". Medical Research Council. Archived from the original on 28 February 2012. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
- ^ "Governance and structure – UK Research and Innovation". Research Councils UK. Retrieved 10 October 2017.
- ^ "UKRI: Councils". Research Councils UK. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
- ^ "MRC Council". Medical Research Council. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
- ^ "Professor Patrick Chinnery appointed as MRC Executive Chair". 22 August 2023.
- ^ "Angelina Jolie made dame in thousand-strong Queen's birthday honours list". The Guardian. 13 June 2014. Retrieved 14 June 2014.
- ^ a b "MRC list of institutes, units and centres". Medical Research Council. Retrieved 21 June 2024.
- ^ "Find an MRC facility or resource". UKRI. Retrieved 21 June 2024.
Further reading
edit- Austoker, Joan, and Linda Bryder, eds. Historical perspectives on the role of the MRC: essays in the history of the Medical Research Council of the United Kingdom and its predecessor, the Medical Research Committee, 1913–1953 (Oxford UP, 1989)
- Fisher D. "The Rockefeller Foundation and the Development of Scientific Medicine in Britain" Minerva (1987) 16#1, 20–41.
- Sussex, Jon, et al. "Quantifying the economic impact of government and charity funding of medical research on private research and development funding in the United Kingdom." BMC Medicine 14#1 (2016): 1+
- Viergever, Roderik F., and Thom CC Hendriks. "The 10 largest public and philanthropic funders of health research in the world: what they fund and how they distribute their funds." Health Research Policy and Systems 14#1 (2016): 1.