The Maimana Khanate (Persian: خانات میمنه, Uzbek: میمنه خانلیغی) was an Uzbek[1] Khanate in Northern Afghanistan centered around the town of Maimana. It was founded in 1747 with the death of Nader Shah. The Mings had been the governors of Maimana since 1621.[2] Hajji Bi Ming was the first independent ruler of the khanate. After the death of Ahmad Khan in 1814, Sar-i Pul seceded from the khanate.[2][3] In the 1830s Sar-i Pul took the district of Gurziwan from Maimana.[2] The Aimaq tribes of the Murghab broke away from Maimana by 1845.[4] In 1847 and 1850 it resisted attempts by the Emirate of Herat to annex it.[3][2] In 1875 the khanate rebelled against Afghanistan but it was crushed and the city sacked.[5] In 1892 the khanate was annexed by Afghanistan.[4]
Maimana Khanate خانات میمنه (Persian) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Capital | Maymana | ||||||||
| Common languages | Persian Uzbek (lingua franca, language of commerce) | ||||||||
| Ethnic groups | Uzbeks Arabs Hazaras Baluch people | ||||||||
| History | |||||||||
• Established | 1747 | ||||||||
• Disestablished | 1892 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Today part of | Afghanistan | ||||||||
History
editInvasion by Yar Mohammad Khan
editIn 1844, the rulers of the Chahar Wilayat broke out into open war again. Mizrab Khan of Maimana and Rustam Khan of Sheberghan mounted a joint attack on the new ruler of Andkhui, Ghazanfar Khan.[2] Ghazanfar was overthrown and his uncle, Sufi Khan, was installed as the new ruler. Ghazanfar fled to Bukhara and agreed to pay tribute if Nasrullah Khan would restore him to the throne of Andkhui. Nasrullah agreed and sent Ghazanfar to the Mir Wali of Khulm (who was an ally of Bukhara).[2][5] Mir Wali was eager to settle old scores. Aided by the Ishans of Balkh and Mazar-i Sharif, Mir Wali marched into the Chahar Wilayat. Sar-i Pul defected and attacked Shebarghan. Rustam Khan requested help from Mizrab Khan, however, in early 1845, Mizrab Khan died after he was poisoned by one of his wives. As a result, his two sons (Hukumat Khan and Sher Mohammad Khan) not only made a truce with each other but also supported Bukhara's invasion.[2][5][3] Therefore, Shebarghan was annexed by Sar-I Pul and Ghazanfar Khan was re-instated as the ruler of Andkhui. However, Ghazanfar refused to pay tribute to Bukhara and as a result Nasrullah supported Rustam Khan in recapturing Sherbarghan and deposing Ghazanfar Khan (once more re-instating Sufi Khan as head of the Andkhui Afshars).[2]
At the same time, the truce between Hukumat Khan and Sher Mohammad Khan broke down and the two fought for control of Maimana. Yar Mohammad Khan intervened and temporarily settled the dispute. Sher Mohammad was given control of Maimana while Hukumat Khan would control agriculture and mercantile trade,[2][3] effectively becoming Sher Mohammad's diwanbegi.[2] In addition to this, Yar Mohammad also attempted to create two Tajik battalions in the hopes that they would be more loyal to Herat.[2][6]
In the Summer of 1847, Hukumat Khan requested assistance against Sher Mohammad Khan, becoming the pretext for war Yar Mohammad needed.[5] Yar Mohammad marched against Maimana with 20,000 troops (half of those being composed of Aimaq and Turkmen tribesmen eager for loot).[2] When the army reached Chichaktu (on the frontier between Herat and Maimana), it quickly fell and the town was sacked.[2][3] When Hukumat Khan heard of this, he quickly rushed to tender his submission and provided the army with supplies, preventing the Heratis from doing the same to other regions of Maimana.[2] Yar Mohammad also punished the looters by amputating their noses and ears even though it was quite obvious he had sanctioned the sacking.[2]
They soon marched on Sher Mohammad Khan's stronghold of Khairabad and the fortress was torn apart. Sher Mohammad initially fled and eventually reconciled with his brother.[2] Ghazanfar Khan of Andkhui also requested Yar Mohammad Khan's aid in overthrowing Sufi Khan. Sufi Khan was put to death and Andkhui was subjected to a brutal sacking.[5][2][3] Yar Mohammad intended to continue his advance to Aqcha and Balkh even though it was in the winter. He swiftly occupied Aqcha but failed to take Sheberghan and was forced to retreat to Maimana. The population refused to open their gates, so Hukumat Khan guided the army through a route going around the capital. The march back to Bala Morghab was devastating and many Herati soldiers died due to the cold or hunger.[2][5][3] Yar Mohammad Khan returned to Herat in late February or Early March 1848, and attempted to recover from the defeat.
In November 1849, Yar Mohammad demanded Hukumat Khan to pay tribute to Herat. When this offer was refused, Maimana was besieged with a force of 6,000 men and the city was surrounded for 11 months.[2][3] However, Maimana continued to hold out and it was detrimental to Herat's future as an independent state.[2] In 1849 and 1850, the Barakzais had already incorporated significant parts of Afghan Turkestan into their kingdom, and if all of the region was to fall then Herat could be simultaneously attacked from Maimana and Qandahar. The siege of Maimana also helped the Barakzais because it made sure that Maimana's powerful army wouldn't come to the aid of the petty states of the region.[2] Eventually, in September 1850, the siege of Maimana was lifted and Yar Mohammad Khan returned in defeat to Herat.[2][5][3]
Territory Administration
editBy 1888, Maimana's territory had been greatly reduced. The area of Daulatabad, serving as an important defense along the borders of Andkhui, had been seized by the Afghan administration and given to Aqcha. Darzab and Gurziwan had also been lost, becoming administered from Sar-i Pul.[7]
In 1888, Maimana was divided into 8 districts:[8]
- Maimana میمنه
- Namusa va Langar ناموسا و لنگر
- Almar المار
- Karai کری
- Qaisar قیصار
- Chichaktu چیچکتو
- Shirin Tagao شیرین تگاب
- Khairabad خیرآباد
The breakdown of each individual district can be found below.
Maimana district
edit| Village
ده |
Ethnic composition | Population (families) |
|---|---|---|
| Maimana
میمنه |
Mostly Uzbeks | 4,000 houses |
| Tailan valley | Mostly Uzbek | 770 families (total) |
| Tailan
تیلان |
Shah Kamani Uzbeks | 60 |
| Haoz-i Amir Bai
حوض امیر بای |
Shah Kamani Uzbeks | 120 |
| Sang-i Zard
سنگ زرد |
Shah Kamani Uzbeks | 15 |
| Aq Darra
آق دره |
Shah Kamani Uzbeks | 40 |
| Deh-i Pir Khisht
ده پیر خشت |
Khwajas and Firozkohis | 60 |
| Aq Chashmah[a]
آق چشمه |
Shah Kamani Uzbeks | 20 |
| Bai Mukhli (Mughuli)
بای مخلی (مغلی) |
Sungh Ali Uzbeks | 80 |
| Chahartut
چهارتوت |
Sungh Ali Uzbeks | 20 |
| Dahan-i Darra (Qal'ah-yi Niyaz Beg)
دهان دره (قلعه نیاز بیگ) |
Uzbeks and Arabs | 30 |
| Kusht-i Girma
کشت گرمه |
Allakah Uzbeks | 40 |
| Shah Folad
شاه فولاد |
Shah Kamani Uzbeks | 40 |
| Unchelad
اونچلاد |
Baluch | 70 |
| Gurziwani[b]
گرزیوانی |
Gurziwani Uzbeks | 60 |
| Jam Shiri
جمشیری |
Jamshiri Uzbeks | 30 |
| Kotal Gumai[c]
کوتل گمی |
Kotari Uzbeks | 55 |
| Toghachi[d]
توغچی |
Toghachi Uzbeks | 30 |
| Namusa Tagao
ناموسا تگاو |
Mixed | 315 families (total) |
| Bibi A'ineh
بی بی آئینه |
Sartarash Arabs | 30 |
| Torpakhtu
تورپاختو |
Surkhabi (Hazaras?) | 30 |
| Muzi[e]
موزی |
Muzi Uzbeks | 60 |
| Kaush Khel[f]
کاوشخیل |
Kaush Uzbeks | 40 |
| Sar Bulaq
سر بولاق |
Bazari Uzbeks | 70 |
| Takatuzi
تکتزی |
Baimaqli | 30 |
| Bad Qaq
باد قاق |
Salor Turkmen (Begi Sarkar section) | 55 |
| Darra Sel and Agha Lara | Mixed | 280 families (total) |
| Aqsai
آق سی |
Uzbeks and Arabs | 50 |
| Omakhai[g]
اومخی |
Sadullai Firozkohis | 30 |
| Mir Shikar
میر شکر |
Uzbeks and Firozkohis | 200 |
Namusa va Langar district
edit| Village | Ethnic Composition | Population |
|---|---|---|
| Namusa | Solely Baluch | 144 families (total) |
| Bai Ghesi
بای غسی |
Baluch | 10 |
| Gadai Qal'ah
گدای قلعه |
Baluch | 40 |
| Imarat
عمارت |
Baluch | 14 |
| Katta Qal'ah
کته قلعه |
Baluch | 12 |
| Qunjagh 'Ali
قنجغ علی |
Baluch | 11 |
| Shah Nazar
شاه نظر |
Baluch | 7 |
| Uima Qal'ah
اویمه قلعه |
Baluch | 38 |
| Gulnabad
گلونآباد |
Baluch | 12 |
| Langar | Mostly Baluch | 99 families (total) |
| Chim Qal'ah
چیم قلعه |
Baluch | 20 |
| Aq Mazar[h]
آق مزار |
Baighazi Uzbeks | 12 |
| Qasabah Qal'ah
قصبه قلعه |
Baluch | 25 |
| Khwaja Qul
خواجه قل |
Baluch | 12? |
| Mingdarakht
منگ درخت |
Baluch | 30 |
Almar district
edit| Villages | Ethnic composition | Population (families) |
|---|---|---|
| Qarah Quli
قره قلی |
Allach Uzbeks | 45 |
| Ituraq
ایتوراق |
Allach Uzbeks | 50 |
| Qilichli
قلیچلی |
Qilichi Allach Uzbeks | 40 |
| Jilgildah
جلگلده |
Jilgildi Allach Uzbeks | 50 |
| Qarah Quli (2nd) | Qarah Quli Allach Uzbeks | 80 |
| Surf 'Ali
صرفعلی |
Surf 'Ali Allach Uzbeks | 30 |
| Qarah Tanak
قره تنک |
Qarah Tanak Allach Uzbeks | 55 |
| Akhund Baba
آخوند بابا |
Khwajas | 35 |
| Noghai-yi Bala
نوغی بالا |
Noghai Allach Uzbeks | 30 |
| Khudai Mad | Khudai Mad Allach Uzbeks | 70 |
| Chaghatai
چغتای |
Chaghatai Allach Uzbeks | 70 |
| Noghai-yi Pa'in
نوغی پائین |
Noghai Allach Uzbeks | 40 |
| Baighazi[i]
بایغازی |
Baighazi Allach Uzbeks | 50 |
| Bukhara Qal'ah
بخارا قلعه |
Bukharan Uzbeks | 60 |
| Qal'ah-yi Niyaz Atal
قلعه نیاز اتال |
Khudai Mad Allach Uzbeks | 20 |
| Diwanah Khanah
دیوانه خانه |
Mixed Allach Uzbeks | 40 |
Karai
editThis district was inhabited by the Karais, a tribe of Qara Qipchaq origin.[12] They were the large flock-owners of Maimana, and were able to protect their flocks from Turkmen raids by retreating to the hills. By 1888, they had largely assimilated into the Uzbek population.[12]
| Village | Ethnic composition | Population (families) |
|---|---|---|
| Gaojan | Mostly Karais | 270 families |
| Qishlaq-i 'Aqil
قشلاق عقیل |
Khalifa Karais | 100 |
| Another Mohalla near Farhad Beg | Karais | 50 |
| Dewanah Khanah
دیوانه خانه |
Karais | 40 |
| Qishlaq-i Ata Murad
قشلاق آتا مراد |
Khwajas | 20 |
| Qishlaq-i Farhad Beg
قشلاق فرهاد بیگ |
Karais | 60 |
| Parakhaman | All Karais | 325 families |
| 1st Mohalla
محله یکم |
Karais | 65 |
| 2nd Mohalla
محله دوم |
Karais | 85 |
| 3rd Mohalla
محله سوم |
Karais | 70 |
| 4th Mohalla
محله چهارم |
Karais | 50 |
| 5th Mohalla
محله پنجم |
Karais | 55 |
Qaisar district
edit| Village | Ethnic composition | Population (families) |
|---|---|---|
| Tagao-i Karai | Mostly Karai | 130 families |
| Qaisar proper | Mixed | 370 families |
| Tangi-yi Pa'in
تنگی پائین |
Ungajit Uzbeks | 40 |
| Qishlaq-i Mirha
قشلاق میرها |
Mirs | 30 |
| Bori | 70 | |
| Arzulak[j]
ارزولک |
Surkhabi Hazaras | 40 |
| Kohi
کوهی |
Kohi Ungajit Uzbeks | 25 |
| Sar Asiab
سر آسیاب |
Khwajas | 15 |
| Mad Khwaja[k]
ماد خواجه |
Haidari Ungajit Uzbeks | 30 |
| Za'faran
زعفران |
Khwajas | 20 |
| Sazai Kalan[l]
سازی کلان |
Ungajit Uzbeks | 20 |
| Ghora
غوره |
Mixed | 80 |
| Hirah | Uzbeks and Khwajas | 260 families |
| Five villages
پنج ده |
Mikrit Uzbeks | 200 |
| Khwajah Kenti
خواجه کنتی |
Khwajas | 60 |
Chichaktu district
editShirin Tagao district
editKhairabad district
edit| Village | Ethnic composition | Population (families) |
|---|---|---|
| Top Khanah Qal'ah
توپ خانه قلعه |
Arghun Uzbeks | 60 |
| Khairabad
خیرآباد |
Arghun Uzbeks | 200 |
| Khuda-yi Mad
خدایمد |
Arghun Uzbeks | 90 |
| Total | Arghun Uzbeks | 350 |
Rulers
editThe following is a list of rulers of the Maimana Khanate according to Johnathan Lee's book.[2]
- Ataliq Uraz Ming bin Baruti Bi (1612–30/1653–56)
- Hajji Bi Khan Ming (1731–1772)
- Jan Khan (1772–1795)
- In 1795 Jan Khan was briefly succeeded by his eldest son, however the name is not given.
- Muhammad Rahim Khan (1795–1804)
- Ataliq Ahmad Quli Khan (1804–1814)
- Ali Yar Khan (1814–1830)
- In 1830 an unnamed Persian regent governed the khanate before being deposed.
- Abd al-Mu'min Khan (1830–31)
- Mizrab Khan (1831–1845)
- Hukumat Khan and Sher Muhammad Khan (1845–48)
- Hukumat Khan (1845–1862)
- Muhammad Husain Khan bin Mizrab Khan (1862–March 1876)
- From March 1876 to February 1879 the Maimana Khanate was annexed into Afghanistan and Afghan governors were appointed.
- Muhammad Husain Khan (February–May 1879)
- From May to November 1879 the khanate was again annexed into Afghanistan.
- Between November 1879 and February 1880 there was a civil war in Maimana between the two main contenders to the throne: Dilawar Khan and Mohammad Husain Khan. eventually Dilawar Khan emerged victorious.
- Dilawar Khan (February 1880–21 May 1884)
- Muhammad Husain Khan bin Mizrab Khan (21 May 1884–88)
- In 1888 Maimana was under Herat due to the revolt of Sardar Ishaq Khan.
- Muhammad Sharif Khan (1889–1892)
Notes
edit- ^ Coordinates: 35-?N 64-?E according to page 48 of the Gazetteer
- ^ Coordinates: 35-?N 64-?E according to page 231 of the Gazetteer
- ^ Coordinates: 35-?N 64-?E according to page 366 of the Gazetteer
- ^ Coordinates: 35-?N 64-?E according to page 579 of the Gazetteer
- ^ Coordinates: 36-?N 64-?E according to page 424 of the Gazetteer
- ^ Coordinates: 36-?N 64-?E according to page 318 of the Gazetteer
- ^ Coordinates: 36-2N 66-38E according to page 432 of the gazetteer.
- ^ Coordinates: 36-1N 64-29E according to page 52 of the Gazetteer.
- ^ Coordinates: 35-?N 64-?E, according to page 93 of the Gazetteer.
- ^ Coordinates: 33-?N 64-?E, according to page 85 of the Gazetteer
- ^ Coordinates: 35-?N 64-?E, according to page 377 of the Gazetteer
- ^ Coordinates: 35-?N 64-?E, according to page 522 of the Gazetteer
References
edit- ^ McChesney, R. D. (2014-07-14). Waqf in Central Asia: Four Hundred Years in the History of a Muslim Shrine, 1480-1889. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-6196-5.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Lee, Jonathan L. (1996-01-01). The "Ancient Supremacy": Bukhara, Afghanistan and the Battle for Balkh, 1731-1901. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-10399-3.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Noelle, Christine (2012-06-25). State and Tribe in Nineteenth-Century Afghanistan: The Reign of Amir Dost Muhammad Khan (1826-1863). Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-60317-4.
- ^ a b Lee, Jonathan L. (1987). "The History of Maimana in Northwestern Afghanistan 1731-1893". Iran. 25: 107–124. doi:10.2307/4299788. ISSN 0578-6967. JSTOR 4299788.
- ^ a b c d e f g Lee, Jonathan L. (2019-01-15). Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present. Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1-78914-010-1.
- ^ Noelle-Karimi, Christine (2014). The Pearl in Its Midst: Herat and the Mapping of Khurasan (15th-19th Centuries). Austrian Academy of Sciences Press. ISBN 978-3-7001-7202-4.
- ^ L. Lee, Johnathan (1996). The "Ancient Supremacy": Bukhara, Afghanistan, and the Battle for Balkh, 1731-1901. E. J. Brill. p. 448. ISBN 9789004103993.
- ^ India. Army. General Staff Branch (1972). Historical and political gazetteer of Afghanistan. Graz : Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt. p. 380. ISBN 978-3-201-00857-0.
- ^ India. Army. General Staff Branch (1972). Historical and political gazetteer of Afghanistan. Graz : Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt. pp. 381–82. ISBN 978-3-201-00857-0.
- ^ India. Army. General Staff Branch (1972). Historical and political gazetteer of Afghanistan. Graz : Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt. p. 383. ISBN 978-3-201-00857-0.
- ^ India. Army. General Staff Branch (1972). Historical and political gazetteer of Afghanistan. Graz : Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt. p. 384. ISBN 978-3-201-00857-0.
- ^ a b c India. Army. General Staff Branch (1972). Historical and political gazetteer of Afghanistan. Graz : Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt. p. 386. ISBN 978-3-201-00857-0.
- ^ India. Army. General Staff Branch (1972). Historical and political gazetteer of Afghanistan. Graz : Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt. p. 392. ISBN 978-3-201-00857-0.