The ionones, from greek ἴον ion "violet",[1] are a series of closely related chemical substances that are part of a group of compounds known as rose ketones, which also includes damascones and damascenones. Ionones are aroma compounds found in a variety of essential oils, including rose oil. β-Ionone is a significant contributor to the aroma of roses, despite its relatively low concentration, and is an important fragrance chemical used in perfumery.[2] The ionones are derived from the degradation of carotenoids.
alpha-ionone
| |||
beta-ionone
| |||
gamma-ionone
| |||
| Names | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| IUPAC names
α: (3E)-4-(2,6,6-Trimethylcyclohex-2-en-1-yl)but-3-en-2-one
β: (3E)-4-(2,6,6-Trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl)but-3-en-2-one γ: (3E)-4-(2,2-Dimethyl-6-methylenecyclohexyl)but-3-en-2-one | |||
| Other names
Cyclocitrylideneacetone, irisone, jonon
| |||
| Identifiers | |||
3D model (JSmol)
|
|||
| ChEBI | |||
| ChemSpider | |||
PubChem CID
|
|||
| UNII | |||
| |||
| |||
| Properties | |||
| C13H20O | |||
| Molar mass | 192.30 g/mol | ||
| Density | α: 0.933 g/cm3 β: 0.945 g/cm3 | ||
| Melting point | β: −49 °C (−56 °F; 224 K) | ||
| Boiling point | β: 126 to 128 °C (259 to 262 °F; 399 to 401 K) at 12 mmHg | ||
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
| |||
The combination of α-ionone and β-ionone is characteristic of the scent of violets and used with other components in perfumery and flavouring to recreate their scent.[3][4]
The carotenes α-carotene, β-carotene, γ-carotene, and the xanthophyll β-cryptoxanthin, can all be metabolized to β-ionone, and thus have vitamin A activity because they can be converted by plant-eating animals to retinol and retinal. Carotenoids that do not contain the β-ionone moiety cannot be converted to retinol, and thus have no vitamin A activity.
Biosynthesis
editCarotenoids are the precursors of important fragrance compounds in several flowers. For example, a 2010 study of ionones in Osmanthus fragrans Lour. var. aurantiacus determined its essential oil contained the highest diversity of carotenoid-derived volatiles among the flowering plants investigated. A cDNA encoding a carotenoid cleavage enzyme, OfCCD1, was identified from transcripts isolated from flowers of O. fragrans Lour. The recombinant enzymes cleaved carotenes to produce α-ionone and β-ionone in in vitro assays.[5]
The same study also discovered that carotenoid content, volatile emissions, and OfCCD1 transcript levels are subject to photorhythmic changes, and principally increased during daylight hours. At the times when OfCCD1 transcript levels reached their maxima, the carotenoid content remained low or slightly decreased. The emission of ionones was also higher during the day; however, emissions decreased at a lower rate than the transcript levels. Moreover, carotenoid content increased from the first to the second day, whereas the volatile release decreased, and the OfCCD1 transcript levels displayed steady-state oscillations, suggesting that the substrate availability in the cellular compartments is changing or other regulatory factors are involved in volatile norisoprenoid formation. The formation of ionones proceeds by a process mediated by the carotenoid dioxygenases.[5]
Organic synthesis
editIonone can be synthesised from citral and acetone with calcium oxide as a basic heterogeneous catalyst and serves as an example of an aldol condensation followed by a rearrangement reaction.[6][7]
The nucleophilic addition of the carbanion 3 of acetone 1 to the carbonyl group on citral 4 is base catalysed. The aldol condensation product 5 eliminates water through the enolate ion 6 to form pseudoionone 7.
The reaction proceeds by acid catalysis where the double bond in 7 opens to form the carbocation 8. A rearrangement reaction of the carbocation follows with ring closure to 9. Finally a hydrogen atom can be abstracted from 9 by an acceptor molecule (Y) to form either 10 (extended conjugated system) or 11.
Genetic differences in odor perception
editA single-nucleotide polymorphism in the OR5A1 receptor (rs6591536[8]) causes very significant differences in the odor perception of beta-ionone, both in sensitivity and also in subjective quality. Individuals who contain at least one G allele are sensitive to beta-ionone and perceive a pleasant floral scent, while individuals who are homozygous AA are ~100 times less sensitive and at higher concentrations perceive a pungent sour/vinegar odor instead.[9]
See also
edit- Irones, a group of related chemical compounds
- Alpha-isomethyl ionone, a type of ionone
References
edit- ^ Genaust, Helmut (1976). Etymologisches Wörterbuch der botanischen Pflanzennamen. doi:10.1007/978-3-0348-7650-6. ISBN 978-3-0348-7651-3.
- ^ Leffingwell, JC (3 February 2005). "Rose (Rosa damascena)". Aroma from Carotenoids - Rose. Leffingwell & Associates. Retrieved 14 January 2014.
- ^ Curtis, T; Williams, DG (2001). Introduction to Perfumery (2nd ed.). Fort Washington, New York: Micelle Press. ISBN 9781870228244.
- ^ Jensen, B (6 February 2010). "Violet". Essential Oils. Retrieved 14 January 2014.
- ^ a b Baldermann, S; Kato, M; Kurosawa, M; Kurobayashi, Y; Fujita, A; Fleischmann, P; Watanabe, N (2010). "Functional characterization of a carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 1 and its relation to the carotenoid accumulation and volatile emission during the floral development of Osmanthus fragrans Lour". Journal of Experimental Botany. 61 (11): 2967–2977. doi:10.1093/jxb/erq123. hdl:10297/6189. PMID 20478967.
- ^ Noda, C; Alt, GP; Werneck, RM; Henriques, C. A.; Monteiro, JLF (1998). "Aldol condensation of citral with acetone on basic solid catalysts". Brazilian Journal Chemical Engineering. 15 (2): 120–125. doi:10.1590/S0104-66321998000200004.
- ^ Russell, A; Kenyon, RL (1943). "Pseudoionone". Organic Syntheses. 23: 78. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.023.0078.
- ^ "rs6591536". SNPedia.
- ^ Jaeger SR, McRae JF, Bava CM, Beresford MK, Hunter D, Jia Y, Chheang SL, Jin D, Peng M, Gamble JC, Atkinson KR, Axten LG, Paisley AG, Tooman L, Pineau B, Rouse SA, Newcomb RD (2013). "A Mendelian Trait for Olfactory Sensitivity Affects Odor Experience and Food Selection". Current Biology. 23 (16): 1601–1605. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013.07.030. PMID 23910657.