ꦲ (ha), is a syllable in the Javanese script which represent the sound /ɦɔ/ or /ɦa/. The letter can also represent a null consonant, in which it would be pronounced as /ɔ/ or /a/. It is commonly transliterated to Latin as "ha" or "a" and sometimes as "ho" and "o".
ha | |
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![]() Aksara nglegena | |
![]() Aksara pasangan | |
Javanese script | |
Latin orthography | ha, a |
Phoneme | [h], [ɔ], [a] |
Unicode | A9B2 |
Pasangan
editThe letter's pasangan (◌꧀ꦲ) is one of six which are located on the right hand side of previous syllable, making it possible to stack two pasangans without the use of pangkon.
Extended form
editꦲ doesn't have a murda form.
Final consonant
editꦲ has a syllable-final form called wignyan (ꦃ) which replaces ha-pangkon combination. For example: "gajah" (elephant) is written as ꦒꦗꦃ, not ꦒꦗꦲ꧀
Glyphs
editNglegena forms | Pasangan forms | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ꦲ ha | ꦲꦃ hah | ꦲꦁ hang | ꦲꦂ har | ◌꧀ꦲ -ha | ◌꧀ꦲꦃ -hah | ◌꧀ꦲꦁ -hang | ◌꧀ꦲꦂ -har |
ꦲꦺ he | ꦲꦺꦃ heh | ꦲꦺꦁ heng | ꦲꦺꦂ her | ◌꧀ꦲꦺ -he | ◌꧀ꦲꦺꦃ -heh | ◌꧀ꦲꦺꦁ -heng | ◌꧀ꦲꦺꦂ -her |
ꦲꦼ hê | ꦲꦼꦃ hêh | ꦲꦼꦁ hêng | ꦲꦼꦂ hêr | ◌꧀ꦲꦼ -hê | ◌꧀ꦲꦼꦃ -hêh | ◌꧀ꦲꦼꦁ -hêng | ◌꧀ꦲꦼꦂ -hêr |
ꦲꦶ hi | ꦲꦶꦃ hih | ꦲꦶꦁ hing | ꦲꦶꦂ hir | ◌꧀ꦲꦶ -hi | ◌꧀ꦲꦶꦃ -hih | ◌꧀ꦲꦶꦁ -hing | ◌꧀ꦲꦶꦂ -hir |
ꦲꦺꦴ ho | ꦲꦺꦴꦃ hoh | ꦲꦺꦴꦁ hong | ꦲꦺꦴꦂ hor | ◌꧀ꦲꦺꦴ -ho | ◌꧀ꦲꦺꦴꦃ -hoh | ◌꧀ꦲꦺꦴꦁ -hong | ◌꧀ꦲꦺꦴꦂ -hor |
ꦲꦸ hu | ꦲꦸꦃ huh | ꦲꦸꦁ hung | ꦲꦸꦂ hur | ◌꧀ꦲꦸ -hu | ◌꧀ꦲꦸꦃ -huh | ◌꧀ꦲꦸꦁ -hung | ◌꧀ꦲꦸꦂ -hur |
ꦲꦿ hra | ꦲꦿꦃ hrah | ꦲꦿꦁ hrang | ꦲꦿꦂ hrar | ◌꧀ꦲꦿ -hra | ◌꧀ꦲꦿꦃ -hrah | ◌꧀ꦲꦿꦁ -hrang | ◌꧀ꦲꦿꦂ -hrar |
ꦲꦿꦺ hre | ꦲꦿꦺꦃ hreh | ꦲꦿꦺꦁ hreng | ꦲꦿꦺꦂ hrer | ◌꧀ꦲꦿꦺ -hre | ◌꧀ꦲꦿꦺꦃ -hreh | ◌꧀ꦲꦿꦺꦁ -hreng | ◌꧀ꦲꦿꦺꦂ -hrer |
ꦲꦽ hrê | ꦲꦽꦃ hrêh | ꦲꦽꦁ hrêng | ꦲꦽꦂ hrêr | ◌꧀ꦲꦽ -hrê | ◌꧀ꦲꦽꦃ -hrêh | ◌꧀ꦲꦽꦁ -hrêng | ◌꧀ꦲꦽꦂ -hrêr |
ꦲꦿꦶ hri | ꦲꦿꦶꦃ hrih | ꦲꦿꦶꦁ hring | ꦲꦿꦶꦂ hrir | ◌꧀ꦲꦿꦶ -hri | ◌꧀ꦲꦿꦶꦃ -hrih | ◌꧀ꦲꦿꦶꦁ -hring | ◌꧀ꦲꦿꦶꦂ -hrir |
ꦲꦿꦺꦴ hro | ꦲꦿꦺꦴꦃ hroh | ꦲꦿꦺꦴꦁ hrong | ꦲꦿꦺꦴꦂ hror | ◌꧀ꦲꦿꦺꦴ -hro | ◌꧀ꦲꦿꦺꦴꦃ -hroh | ◌꧀ꦲꦿꦺꦴꦁ -hrong | ◌꧀ꦲꦿꦺꦴꦂ -hror |
ꦲꦿꦸ hru | ꦲꦿꦸꦃ hruh | ꦲꦿꦸꦁ hrung | ꦲꦿꦸꦂ hrur | ◌꧀ꦲꦿꦸ -hru | ◌꧀ꦲꦿꦸꦃ -hruh | ◌꧀ꦲꦿꦸꦁ -hrung | ◌꧀ꦲꦿꦸꦂ -hrur |
ꦲꦾ hya | ꦲꦾꦃ hyah | ꦲꦾꦁ hyang | ꦲꦾꦂ hyar | ◌꧀ꦲꦾ -hya | ◌꧀ꦲꦾꦃ -hyah | ◌꧀ꦲꦾꦁ -hyang | ◌꧀ꦲꦾꦂ -hyar |
ꦲꦾꦺ hye | ꦲꦾꦺꦃ hyeh | ꦲꦾꦺꦁ hyeng | ꦲꦾꦺꦂ hyer | ◌꧀ꦲꦾꦺ -hye | ◌꧀ꦲꦾꦺꦃ -hyeh | ◌꧀ꦲꦾꦺꦁ -hyeng | ◌꧀ꦲꦾꦺꦂ -hyer |
ꦲꦾꦼ hyê | ꦲꦾꦼꦃ hyêh | ꦲꦾꦼꦁ hyêng | ꦲꦾꦼꦂ hyêr | ◌꧀ꦲꦾꦼ -hyê | ◌꧀ꦲꦾꦼꦃ -hyêh | ◌꧀ꦲꦾꦼꦁ -hyêng | ◌꧀ꦲꦾꦼꦂ -hyêr |
ꦲꦾꦶ hyi | ꦲꦾꦶꦃ hyih | ꦲꦾꦶꦁ hying | ꦲꦾꦶꦂ hyir | ◌꧀ꦲꦾꦶ -hyi | ◌꧀ꦲꦾꦶꦃ -hyih | ◌꧀ꦲꦾꦶꦁ -hying | ◌꧀ꦲꦾꦶꦂ -hyir |
ꦲꦾꦺꦴ hyo | ꦲꦾꦺꦴꦃ hyoh | ꦲꦾꦺꦴꦁ hyong | ꦲꦾꦺꦴꦂ hyor | ◌꧀ꦲꦾꦺꦴ -hyo | ◌꧀ꦲꦾꦺꦴꦃ -hyoh | ◌꧀ꦲꦾꦺꦴꦁ -hyong | ◌꧀ꦲꦾꦺꦴꦂ -hyor |
ꦲꦾꦸ hyu | ꦲꦾꦸꦃ hyuh | ꦲꦾꦸꦁ hyung | ꦲꦾꦸꦂ hyur | ◌꧀ꦲꦾꦸ -hyu | ◌꧀ꦲꦾꦸꦃ -hyuh | ◌꧀ꦲꦾꦸꦁ -hyung | ◌꧀ꦲꦾꦸꦂ -hyur |
Orthography
editThere are several rules regarding the writing of ꦲ, whether pronounced as "ha" or "a".
- ꦲ in front of a word is always transliterated as "a", except for foreign loan words. The same rule applies when sandhangan swara (vowel diacritics) is used.
- Read as "a": ꦲꦏꦸ - aku (me), ꦲꦺꦴꦫ - ora (not), ꦲꦶꦭꦁ - ilang (lost)
- Read as "ha": ꦲꦗꦶ - haji (hajj), ꦲꦺꦴꦠꦺꦭ꧀ - hotèl, ꦲꦶꦏ꧀ꦩꦠ꧀ - hikmat (wisdom)
- (Whether a word is considered a native Javanese or not will depend on the dictionary definition.)
- ꦲ in the middle of a word is almost always transliterated as "ha".
- ꦠꦲꦸ - tahu (tofu), not tau
- ꦫꦲꦪꦸ - ra-hayu (blessed), not rah-ayu (from root word ꦲꦪꦸ ayu (beauty))
- With the exception
- Certain words such as ꦩꦲꦺꦴꦱ꧀ - maos (reading) or ꦏꦺꦴꦱ꧀ - kaos (shirt)
- Words that end with "a" and has suffix -a, such as ꦲꦤꦲ - ana-a (let there be)
- Reduplicated word, where ꦲ in the beginning of the second word always transliterated as "a"
- In root word that ends with /h/ sound (in this sense, using wignyan) and has suffix (-i, -an, etc.), ꦲ (as in "ha") is added before the suffix.
- ꦥꦤꦼꦩ꧀ꦧꦃꦲꦤ꧀ - panembah-han (to address a royalty), from the root word ꦤꦼꦩ꧀ꦧꦃ - nembah (to bow, to respect)
- Root words that end with a vowel sound and have suffix -ake, its suffix is written as ꦏ꧀ꦲꦏꦺ
- ꦏꦠꦩ꧀ꦠꦺꦴꦏ꧀ꦲꦏꦺ - katamtokaké (have been chosen), not katamtokhaké, from the root word ꦠꦩ꧀ꦠꦸ - tamtu - (certain)
- ꦲ are added in front of root words with prefix ng-, ny-, m-, and n-, although this is not mandatory.
- ꦲꦔꦤ꧀ꦢꦶꦏ - ngandika (said), not hangandika nor angandika
- Root words that start with ꦲ with added prefix pi- or pri-, the syllable ꦲ become ꦪ (ya)
- ꦥꦶꦪꦒꦼꦩ꧀ - piyagem, from root word ꦲꦒꦼꦩ꧀ - agem.
Unicode block
editJavanese script was added to the Unicode Standard in October, 2009 with the release of version 5.2.
Javanese[1][2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF) | ||||||||||||||||
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
U+A98x | ꦀ | ꦁ | ꦂ | ꦃ | ꦄ | ꦅ | ꦆ | ꦇ | ꦈ | ꦉ | ꦊ | ꦋ | ꦌ | ꦍ | ꦎ | ꦏ |
U+A99x | ꦐ | ꦑ | ꦒ | ꦓ | ꦔ | ꦕ | ꦖ | ꦗ | ꦘ | ꦙ | ꦚ | ꦛ | ꦜ | ꦝ | ꦞ | ꦟ |
U+A9Ax | ꦠ | ꦡ | ꦢ | ꦣ | ꦤ | ꦥ | ꦦ | ꦧ | ꦨ | ꦩ | ꦪ | ꦫ | ꦬ | ꦭ | ꦮ | ꦯ |
U+A9Bx | ꦰ | ꦱ | ꦲ | ꦳ | ꦴ | ꦵ | ꦶ | ꦷ | ꦸ | ꦹ | ꦺ | ꦻ | ꦼ | ꦽ | ꦾ | ꦿ |
U+A9Cx | ꧀ | ꧁ | ꧂ | ꧃ | ꧄ | ꧅ | ꧆ | ꧇ | ꧈ | ꧉ | ꧊ | ꧋ | ꧌ | ꧍ | ꧏ | |
U+A9Dx | ꧐ | ꧑ | ꧒ | ꧓ | ꧔ | ꧕ | ꧖ | ꧗ | ꧘ | ꧙ | ꧞ | ꧟ | ||||
Notes |
References
edit